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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Royal Government of Bhutan'
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Dorji, Tshewang, and n/a. "Transfer of learning from the Out-country Training Programs (Ministry of Education, Bhutan) Royal Government of Bhutan." University of Canberra. Education & Community Studies, 2005. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20070122.131430.
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This study explores the effectiveness of the out-country training programs, undertaken by the Ministry of Education personnel in Bhutan, between the period 1999 and 2003. The particular emphasis is on the Transfer of Learning.
The transfer literature shows that there are several factors affecting the transfer process (Baldwin & Ford, 1988; Cheng & Ho, 2001). They range from trainees� personal characteristics through training design to organisational support. The transfer process is also said to differ according to the types of organisations, types of training, and duration of training (Holton et al., 2003). While some factors can be influenced by the organisation, some may be beyond the control of the organisation. Therefore, transfer evaluation should focus on those parts of the transfer system that the organisation can influence (Noe, 2000).
Baldwin and Ford�s (1988) theoretical framework was adapted to help answer the research questions. This framework is based on the concept that the transfer of learning is governed by several pre-conditions viz. pre-training motivation, training design and work environment factors. These three pre-conditions consist of several factors, and have been placed under three stages of the training process: pre-training, training and post-training. Through the perspectives of trainees and their supervisors, this research can look back into all the three stages of the transfer system and identify what parts of the transfer system need intervention (Holton et al., 2003).
Both quantitative data and qualitative data have been used. Quantitative data were collected using a trainee survey questionnaire, and the qualitative data were gathered using trainee in-depth personal interview and supervisor structured interview. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive normative figures, means, percentages, tables and graphs. The Software Product for Social Studies (SPSS) has been used to generate the descriptive figures, means and percentages. On the other hand, dominant themes of the qualitative data have been extracted and grouped in rank order.
The training process was split into three main stages, pre-training, training and post-training, in order to assess the effectiveness of the whole training process through self-reported data. The questions were geared towards ascertaining the trainees� motivational level prior to training, quality of training and work environment factors that have affected the process of transfer.
Overall, the trainees participated in their training with a good level of pre-training motivation. However, trainees� attitude towards their training changed once they experienced the training. For example, the level of perceived ability to transfer learning to workplaces by the trainees in the academic category reduced after they experienced the training. Perceived utility of the training differed between job utility and career utility. While trainees in all the categories foresaw job utility of their training to be positive, a few trainees in the technical category did not foresee career utility of their training.
There are several direct and indirect factors that affected the transfer process. The direct factors include excessive workload, inadequate requisite materials and mismatch of jobs and skills after training. On the other hand, the indirect factors range from lack of clearly laid training objectives to lack of monitoring and evaluation after training. The lack of these main elements in HR system limited opportunities for trainees and their supervisors to ensure transfer of learning acquired from training.
On the whole, the out-country training programs were effective. However, there is a great scope for optimising the benefits of out-country training programs and enhancing the rate of transfer. The Ministry of Education needs to streamline and strengthen its HRD system, particularly in terms of clearly identifying training objectives and pursuing monitoring and
evaluation after the training.
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Harrison, Andrew John. "Scientific naturalists and the government of the Royal Society, 1850-1900." n.p, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/.
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Harrison, A. J. "Scientific naturalists and the government of the Royal Society, 1850-1900." Thesis, Open University, 1988. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57044/.
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The everyday life of the Royal Society in the second half of the nineteenth century is a largely unworked field within the history of Victorian science. As the principal forum for English science, the Royal Society was a crucial context for' the working out of the major changes in science over the period. The Society made its own singular responses to the developing needs of science for funds to support increasingly expensive researches, and for a more efficient means of publication for the growing number of active workers. These aspects are dealt with at length in the first section. The image of science which was held to by some of its leading practitioners and organisers is very significant in tracing the developing tensions within Victorian science. This led to a widespread sensitivity to any commercial or political involvements on the part of prominent men of science, which might have seemed to compromise their disinterestedness. An area which is very revealing of many characteristic modes of thought entertained by Victorian men of' science, is the evaluation of' scientific performance. Enshrined in the refereeing procedures of the Royal Society, this process provides many insights into the contemporary meaning of the issues of the day. For a long period following 1870 the government of the Royal Society was in the hand of the group of scientific naturalists who surrounded Thomas Huxley. Their personal ambitions and energetic support of the cause of' scientific naturalism contributed to an extremely vigourous phase of the Royal Society's history. A detailed coverage is provided of the spectacular rise and surprisingly rapid decline of the power and influence of this group in this focal point of Victorian science.
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Page, Mark. "Royal and comital government and the local community in thirteenth-century Cornwall." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319004.
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Worthington, Paul. "Royal government in the counties palatine of Lancashire and Cheshire : 1460-1509." Thesis, Swansea University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292655.
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Earle, Rebecca. "The restoration and fall of royal government in New Granada, 1815-1820." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1994. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/104927/.
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This thesis studies Spain’s failure to halt the revolution which led to Colombia’s independence in 1822. After Napoleon’s occupation of the Spanish peninsula in 1808, most of Spain’s South American colonies removed themselves from European control and functioned as sovereign states. The thesis explores, first, the activities of royalists in the Viceroyalty of New Granada during this period. It then turns to events after 1815. In that year, following the defeat of Napoleon, Spain’s restored monarchy despatched a substantial army to Venezuela and New Granada, in an effort to return the viceroyalty to Spanish control. This expedition, while initially successful, failed ignominiously in its task. The thesis examines the reasons for Spain’s defeat, which was more the result of Spanish error than Colombian patriotism. To begin with, Spain’s policies for solving the American problem suffered from several fundamental defects. All attempts at ending the American insurgencies were based on an inadequate understanding of American realities. Moreover, the only policy to which Spain committed itself wholeheartedly, namely military reconquest, was seen by many as merely exacerbating the problem, and was further restricted by financial considerations. Spain thus lacked a coherent policy for counter-revolution, and failed to carry through those plans it succeeded in putting into operation. New Granada saw the effects of this non-policy. Colonial officials there, like officials in Spain, disagreed profoundly in their proposed cures for the insurgency. Furthermore, mutual distrust between members of the civil administration and the royalist army at times overshadowed efforts to defeat the insurgents. Disagreement over policy was but one strand of the royalist crisis in New Granada. Equally serious was the chronic shortage of money suffered by both the army and the civilian administration. Their continual demands for food, funding and supplies wore away Neogranadans’ initial support for Spain’s reconquest, as did the arrogant and offensive behaviour of royalist troops. Perennially short of cash, the army and the administration relied on forced loans and confiscation to keep afloat. These proved an unstable base for a reimposition of Spanish control. The effect was that the inhabitants of New Granada, most of whom had welcomed the royalist army in 1816, by 1819 gave enthusiastic support to Simón Bolivar’s campaign against Spain’s General Morillo. The thesis examines these issues, setting them in the context of Spain’s effort to restore its authority in New Granada. It then charts the consequent collapse of royal government from 1819 to 1822. It concludes with an assessment of the Spanish response to the loss of the American colonies.
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Cheung, Shun-ho Edwin. "Quality management in the Royal Hong Kong Police Force : its implementation and the way forward /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17963217.
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Ma, Hok-hon Leonard. "Evaluation and implementation of service quality (TQM) in (Royal) Hong Kong Police /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18837001.
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Liddy, Christian D. "Urban communities and the crown : relations between Bristol, York, and the Royal Government, 1350-1400." Thesis, University of York, 1999. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2482/.
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Winkler, Emily Anne. "Royal responsibility in post-conquest invasion narratives." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:128435f6-4192-4265-af1a-75ac6855a590.
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Much has been written about twelfth-century chroniclers in England, but satisfactory reasons for their approaches to historical explanation have not yet been advanced. This thesis investigates how and why historians in England retold accounts of England's eleventh-century invasions: the Danish Conquest of 1016 and the Norman Conquest of 1066. The object is to illuminate the consistent historical agendas of three historians: William of Malmesbury, Henry of Huntingdon and John of Worcester. I argue that they share a view of royal responsibility independent both of their sources (primarily the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle) and of any political agenda that placed English and Norman allegiances in opposition. Although the accounts diverge widely in the interpretation of character, all three are concerned more with the effectiveness of England's kings than with their origins. Part One outlines trends in early insular narratives and examines each of the three historians' background, prose style and view of English history to provide the necessary context for understanding how and why they rewrote narratives of kings and conquest. Part Two analyzes narratives of defending kings Æthelred and Harold; Part Three conducts a parallel analysis of conquering kings Cnut and William. These sections argue that all three writers add a significant and new degree of causal and moral responsibility to English kings in their invasion narratives. Part Four discusses the implications and significance of the thesis's findings. It argues that the historians' invasion narratives follow consistent patterns in service of their projects of redeeming the English past. It contends that modern understanding of the eleventh-century conquests of England continues to be shaped by what historians wrote years later, in the twelfth. In departing from prior modes of explanation by collective sin, the three historians' invasion narratives reflect a renaissance of ancient ideas about rule.
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Amt, E. M. "From tempus werre to pax publica : The reconstruction of royal government in England, c. 1149 to c. 1159." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384050.
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Cheung, Shun-ho Edwin, and 張遜豪. "Quality management in the Royal Hong Kong Police Force: its implementation and the way forward." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3126704X.
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Durflinger, Serge Marc. "The Royal Canadian Navy and the Salvadorean crisis of 1932 /." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66159.
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Newton, Joshua David. "The Royal Navy and the British West African settlements, 1748-1783." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648224.
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Campbell, Laurie. "The Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Confidentiality of Health Records in Ontario and access to government information." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq36861.pdf.
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Campbell, Laurie (Laurie Gwen) Carleton University Dissertation Law. "The Royal Commission of Inquiry into the confidentiality of health records in Ontario and access to government information." Ottawa, 1999.
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Lloyd, James William. "Reeves as agents of royal government in the English shires, from the reign of Alfred to Domesday Book." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708738.
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Crawford, Matthew James. "Empire's experts the politics of knowledge in Spain's royal monopoly of quina (1751-1808) /." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3358583.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 9, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 369-389).
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Harrison, Elaine. "Women members and witnesses on British government ad hoc committees of inquiry 1850-1930, with special reference to royal commissions of inquiry." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1998. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2609/.
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The thesis describes the participation of women as witnesses and members of British government committees of inquiry during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It examines this participation both from the point of view of the women concerned and of the administrations which appointed them. It seeks to establish that such committee work was a form of political activity for individual women; and, by indicating the extent of the organisations and networks which linked these and similar women, demonstrates the existence of a small group of women working within the political elite who collaborated in the shaping of certain aspects of public policy during this time. The thesis also considers the institutional implications of women's membership of committees by examining governmental and civil service attitudes to their appointments. It attempts to uncover how and why women were chosen, and argues that women's committee participation was instrumental in the formation of ideas about women's political work. In committees women became established as an interest group to be represented in the same way and in much the same proportions as other class or professional groupings. They thus achieved representation through interest rather than through equity, which contributed to enduring precedents for their subsequent political roles after they were granted the franchise. I examine the work of women on committees as the committee form itself evolved to incorporate them and other groups from within and outside the elite social classes, providing a means by which the political nation could expand through slight changes in existing forms. Appointment to an advisory committee is not commonly seen as political representation, but during the proliferation of such committees through the nineteenth century, it offered a means of participation in political life for some of those denied direct representation through the franchise. In Britain women began to be appointed to such committees some thirty years before they were granted a limited franchise in 1918. Through the committee form women were offered a representative voice in a growing but clearly delimited range of issues that were deemed to concern them, broadly within education, social welfare, and employment. However, their achievements were limited both by their confinement to such issues, and by their consistently low numbers on committees. The thesis concludes that women's committee participation was fixed at almost the same time as it began, and that the period of women's most decisive involvement with this form was during the years between about 1908 and the early 1920s.
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Woodlock, Kylie Michelle. "William's America: Royal Perspective and Centralization of the English Atlantic." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1404605/.
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William III, Prince of Orange, ascended the throne of England after the English Glorious Revolution of 1688. The next year, the American colonists rebelled against colonial administrations in the name of their new king. This thesis examines William's perception of these rebellions and the impact his perception had on colonial structures following the Glorious Revolution. Identifying William's modus operandi—his habit of acceding to other's political choices for expediency until decisive action could be taken to assert his true agenda—elucidates his imperial ambitions through the context of his actions. William, an enigmatic and taciturn figure, rarely spoke his mind and therefore his actions must speak for him. By first establishing his pattern of behavior during his early career in the Netherlands and England, this project analyzes William's long-term ambitions to bring the Americas under his direct control following the 1689 rebellions and establish colonial administrations more in line with his vision of a centralized English empire.
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Lianou, Margarita. "The sources of royal power : a study on the migration of power structures from the kingdom of Argead Makedonia to early Ptolemaic Egypt." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1966.
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This thesis discusses the sources of royal power in the kingdoms of Argead Makedonia and early Ptolemaic Egypt. The overarching aim is to assess the degree of change and continuity between the structures and networks that framed Argead and Ptolemaic royal power. Viewing power not as an abstraction but as the outcome of the real and observable interrelations between individuals and groups, this thesis builds upon the historical sociology of Michael Mann in order to identify four main sources of royal power: dynastic, courtly, military and economic. In their capacity to enhance or limit royal power, the social networks that are formed between the king and representatives of these groups in each context, as well as the structures that produce and reproduce their behaviour, form the focal points of this research. As such, this thesis distances itself from that segment of socio-historical tradition, which grants ultimate primacy to human agency. The Introduction presents the main scholarly debates surrounding the nature of Ptolemaic and Argead kingship and highlights the fact that although both have received considerable attention separately, they have not yet been the focus of a systematic, comparative analysis. At the same time, this chapter brings in the theoretical and methodological framework employed in the thesis. Chapter One discusses the structural organisation of the dynasty, focusing on patterns of marriage and succession, and the manipulation of dynastic connections, real or constructed, as instruments of legitimation. It is argued that the colonial circumstances in early Ptolemaic Egypt led to an amplification of the importance of the dynasty as a source of power. Chapter Two examines the interrelations of the ruler with his extended circle of friends and associates, i.e. the courtiers. A discussion of the physical and social structure of the courts in Aigai, Pella and Alexandria in the early Ptolemaic period confirms that administration at the highest level continued to be organised around personal relations. Chapter Three identifies the enabling mechanisms, which sustained the military power of the Makedonian king. It is argued that royal military leadership and the integration of facets of military organisation (e.g. the institution of klerouchia) and values (through education) in society remained integral to the social organisation of early Ptolemaic Egypt. Finally, Chapter Four examines the economic power of the ruler, as revealed by the organisation of property rights. The absence of the Makedones and the prominence of temples as economically significant groups in early Ptolemaic Egypt underline the structural discontinuities that arise from the necessary adaptation to different local conditions. This thesis concludes that the structures that framed Argead royal power were in their majority remembered and instantiated in the organisational practices of the early Ptolemaic rulers. Deviations from the Argead paradigm occurred when pragmatism led to the introduction of corrective practices, such as the co-regency principle aimed at eradicating the dynastic instability that had plagued the Argead monarchy, and when ecological and political considerations, such as the needs of their non-Hellenic, non-Makedonian audience, dictated a greater degree of accommodation to local conditions, especially in the field of economic organisation. Even there, however, one can discern the influence of the flexible, all-inclusive model of Argead administration of its New Lands as an organisational template.
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Scott, Nicola R. "The court and household of James I of Scotland, 1424-1437." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/379.
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This thesis examines the importance of the royal court and household in Scotland during the reign of James I (1424-37). The medieval royal court and household has received little concentrated attention in recent Scottish studies. However, a significant body of published research exists elsewhere in Britain and Europe which shows the importance of this arena for other kingdoms at this time. These studies have emphasised how the court and household was an important centre for politics and culture in the medieval period, indicating how a similar study of the Scottish evidence is essential for a fuller understanding of James I’s reign. Through a variety of sources, the composition of James’s household and court affinity has been examined. It is evident from this that James lacked an appropriate body of companions and high-status administrative officers for a medieval ruler and this was to have significant consequences for his reign. Additionally, by looking at some of the cultural aspects of the royal court, in particular the architecture, literature and religion, a clearer picture of the socio-political dynamics and tensions of James I’s reign emerges. In contrast to the generally held view of James as a politically successful, strong and active monarch for much of his reign, this study instead indicates a king who failed to establish an attractive and useful court and household that could be exploited for royal political gain. With his failure to establish a suitable court and household, James was a king incomplete and it is the contention that this contributed significantly to the king’s assassination.
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Selepe, Mocheudi Martinus. "The role of traditional leaders in the promotion of municipal service delivery in South Africa." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-09272009-095511/.
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Blanchard, Mary Elizabeth. "The late Anglo-Saxon royal agent : the identity and function of English ealdormen and bishops c.950-1066." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0e8f6abc-a959-4b4a-a19a-0d1055ffc2f4.
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This thesis examines the identities and functions of late Anglo-Saxon royal agents (c. 950-1066), focusing on bishops and ealdormen. To establish who royal agents were, the thesis explores the family relationships among the leading men in the ecclesiastical and secular spheres, especially those linking men administering ealdordoms to the senior clergy. It also examines the offices of royal agents in late Anglo-Saxon England and argues that the duties of ecclesiastical and secular officials were not fundamentally different. While traceable kin networks appear among senior clerics and among high secular officials, few familial links connect the senior clergy to ealdormen. Thus, this thesis divides these kin-groups into those who gained secular offices, 'lay families', and those who sought power through the ecclesiastical positions, 'church families'. The analysis of the strategies adopted by 'lay families' and 'church families' to secure and maintain political power indicates how the aristocracy served both the king and their own ambitions in the governance of late Anglo-Saxon England. Although these royal agents came from different family groups, their obligations as royal agents appear remarkably similar with the exception of their military functions. This information provides a better understanding of the pool of men from whom English kings generally chose their officials, how rulers may have kept this group from becoming too small, and what was expected of these royal agents. The lack of (recorded) nepotism across episcopal and secular lines provides a more nuanced understanding of the aristocracy in Anglo-Saxon England. Furthermore, by offering an examination of both the identities and the functions of royal agents, this thesis provides a better understanding of the late Anglo-Saxon kingdom and its administration. In addition it creates a clearer picture of the aristocracy, the king, and the Church as well as the relationships between all three.
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Owens, Brian McCullough. "Record-keeping in World War I, in relation to the development of modern bureaucracy in Great Britain and Canada : a study of government institutions and of the Royal Army Medical Corps and Canadian Army Medical Corps." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299178.
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Eric, MANIRAGUHA, NTAGWIRUMUGARA Etienne, and Nenad GLODIC. "UTILIZATION OF WIND POWER IN RWANDA: Design and Production Option." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-240659.
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This Master Thesis is the research done in the country of Rwanda. The project leads to study the climate of this country in order to establish whether this climate could be used to produce energy from air and to implement the first wind turbine for serving the nation. After an introduction about the historical background of wind power, the thesis work deals with assessment of wind energy potential of Rwanda in focusing of the most suitable place for wind power plants. The best location with annual mean wind speed, the rate of use of turbine with hub height for an annual production per year, the mean wind speeds for 6 sites of Rwanda based on ECMWF for climatic data for one year at relief of altitude of 100m and coordinates are reported too. The result of energy produced and calculations were done based on power hitting wind turbine generator in order to calculate Kinetic energy and power available at the best location to the measurement over the period of 12 months, that could be hoped for long term. With help of logarithmic law, where wind speed usually increases with increasing in elevation and the desired wind speeds at all 6 sites were used. The annual energy production was taken into account at the best site with desired wind speed at the initial cost of turbine as well as the cost of energy (COE).However, with comparison of the tariff of EWSA, the price of Wind designed in this Research per kWh is cheaper and suitable for people of Rwanda.I WISH TO PUBLISH MY THESIS
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Cope, Nicholas Lidbrook Griffin. "The Zulu royal family under the South African Government, 1910- 1933 : Solomon kaDinuzulu, Inkatha and Zulu nationalism." Thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8665.
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Gomes, Delfina. "Accounting change in central government: the institutionalization of double entry bookkeeping at the Portuguese Royal Treasury (1761-1777)." Doctoral thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/6754.
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Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Empresariais - Especialização em Contabilidade.This Comparative International Accounting History (CIAH) study examines the adoption and institutionalization of double entry bookkeeping (DEB) at the Royal Treasury, Portugal, and the subsequent diffusion of accounting technology to the Portuguese colonies, under the leadership of the Chief Minister, the Marquis of Pombal, dating from 1750 to 1777. The Royal Treasury was the first central government organization in Portugal to adopt double entry bookkeeping and this constituted a crucial first step in the institutionalisation of the technique within Country and Empire. The analysis of the accounting change occurred at the Portuguese Royal Treasury is situated in the context of similar reforms in other European countries. A framework of questions drawn from the International Technology Transfer , as proposed by Jeremy (1991) and first applied to the diffusion of accounting by Carnegie and Parker (1996), is used to structure the broader process of transfer of accounting technology from different European countries to Portugal. A new question is added for the purposes of this study to specifically analyse the transfer of accounting technology to the Portuguese colonies. Set firmly in the archive, this study adopts Institutional Theory, specifically New Institutionalism , as developed by Powell and DiMaggio (1991, within the wider framework of CIAH, with an emphasis on identifying and analysing the institutional pressures affecting the accounting developments in Portugal during the period from 1750 to 1777, especially the adoption of DEB at the Royal Treasury and the subsequent diffusion of accounting technology within the Portuguese Empire, from its establishment in 1761 until 1777. The study identifies key pressures exerted over and by the Royal Treasury which resulted in the adoption of specific accounting practices. In so doing, the study confirms that State actors are more likely to employ coercion in pursuing their ends. It provides further evidence of the importance of accounting as a system of rational beliefs through which the organizational structure is legitimized and of the State as an important agent in the process of institutionalization of accounting practices. It highlights for Portugal the importance of individual actors who, as powerful change agents, made key decisions that influenced the institutionalization of accounting practices.
No âmbito da noção de Comparative Internacional Accounting History (CIAH) tal como desenvolvida por Carnegie e Napier (1996, 2002), este estudo analisa a adopção e institucionalização das Partidas Dobradas no Erário Régio Português, e a subsequente difusão do método para as colónias portuguesas, sob a liderança do Marquês de Pombal, no período 1750 a 1777. O Erário Régio foi a primeira organização governamental a adoptar o método das Partidas Dobradas o que constituiu um passo decisivo na institucionalização desta técnica no país e nas colónias. A análise da mudança contabilística no Erário Régio ocorre no contexto de reformas similares implementadas em outros países europeus. Para estruturar o amplo processo de transferência de técnicas e práticas contabilísticas de diferentes países europeus para Portugal é adoptado um conjunto de cinco questões propostas por Jeremy (1991), para a transferência internacional de tecnologia, e aplicadas à difusão da contabilidade por Carnegie e Parker (1996). A estas cinco questões foi adicionada uma nova questão para analisar especificamente a transferência de práticas contabilísticas para as colónias portuguesas. Baseado em fontes de arquivo, este estudo adopta a Teoria Institucional, mais especificamente o Novo Institutionalismo tal como desenvolvido em Powell e DiMaggio (1991), no quadro da CIAH, incidindo na identificação e análise das pressões institucionais que influenciaram os desenvolvimentos da contabilidade em Portugal entre 1750 e 1777, principalmente a adopção das Partidas Dobradas no Erário Régio e a sua difusão para o Império Português desde o seu estabelecimento em 1761 até 1777. O estudo identifica as pressões chave exercidas sobre e pelo Erário Régio as quais resultaram na adopção de práticas contabilísticas específicas. O estudo confirma que entidades ligadas ao Estado são mais propensas a exercerem pressões coercivas com vista a atingir os objectivos definidos. Reforça a ideia da importância da contabilidade como sistema de valores racionais através dos quais a estrutura organizacional é legitimada, bem como a importância do Estado no processo de institucionalização das práticas contabilísticas. No caso Português salienta-se também a importância de actores individuais que, como poderosos agentes de mudança, tomam decisões chave que influenciam a institucionalização de práticas contabilísticas.
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT).
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Lima, Armindo Fernando de Sousa. "A Contabilidade do Governo Local no período Pombalino e pós-Pombalino: o Município do Porto." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/59026.
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Tese de Doutoramento em ContabilidadeNo âmbito da História da Contabilidade e enquadrado como um estudo histórico longitudinal, esta investigação analisa as inter-relações entre a Contabilidade e o Estado ao nível do Governo Central e Local, tendo por base o Município do Porto, durante o período de 1762 a 1833. O principal objetivo desta investigação remete-nos para a compreensão do sistema contabilístico adotado na gestão do Município do Porto bem como o papel desempenhado pela contabilidade nas relações entre o governo central e o governo local, e ainda na relação do poder local com organizações locais. Centrado em dois momentos diferentes da vida da sociedade portuguesa (Absolutismo e Liberalismo), este estudo adota a investigação interpretativa, com recurso à Teoria Institucional e às relações de poder de Foucault e Bourdieu, para explicar os factos ocorridos no período em análise, tendo sido usado a metodologia qualitativa de pesquisa em arquivo. Os dados foram obtidos com recurso a análise de registos contabilísticos que se encontram em arquivo e que constituem “artefactos históricos” que ajudam a refletir a história social e económica do período de investigação. O contexto pós-terramoto de 1755, aliado aos movimentos e ideias administrativas difundidas na Europa do século XVIII, qualificam como emergente a aplicação e orientação de novos princípios administrativos e novas políticas como fundamentais para o prosseguimento do bem público. A centralização da administração da Fazenda em Portugal, verificada em 1762, assenta no princípio da eliminação da dispersão e descontrolo da receita no contexto da Casa dos Contos e Reino. Marquês de Pombal e subsequentemente Mouzinho da Silveira usaram a contabilidade como ferramenta de poder e de repressão. Pombal, com o centralismo do poder implementa um conceito de auditoria e controlo dos livros e das contas públicas, e Mouzinho, com um carácter mais liberal, acrescenta ainda o conceito de accountability, no governo central. As reformas administrativas e o método de contabilidade adotado visavam a adoção de um controlo governamental e uma eficaz arrecadação da receita. Porém, este estudo confirma que estas reformas não alcançaram os objetivos pretendidos, uma vez que o atraso na arrecadação da receita e a sua posterior entrega no governo central persistiu. No governo local e em particular no Município do Porto, não é implementado o método das partidas dobradas e o sistema contabilístico adotado não sofreu alterações face às reformas propostas.
In the context of the Accounting History and framed as a longitudinal historical study, this investigation analyzes the interrelations between Accounting and the State at the level of Central and Local Governments, based on the Oporto Municipality, during the period from 1762 to 1833. The main objective of this investigation is to understand the accounting system adopted in the management of the Oporto’s Municipality, as well as the role played by accounting in the relations between central and local governments and also in the relation of local power with local organizations. Centered on two different moments such as Absolutism and Liberalism, this study adopts interpretative research, in particular it adopts Institutional Theory and power relation as developed by Foucault e Bordieu, to explain how the facts occurred in the period under study, and qualitative methodology of archival research. The data were obtained by the analysis of accounting records that are in archive and that constitute "historical artifacts" that help to reflect the social and economic history of the period of investigation. The post-earthquake context of 1755, together with the movements and administrative ideas spread in eighteenth-century Europe, described as emerging the application and orientation of new administrative principles and new policies as fundamental for the pursuit of the public good. The centralization of Treasury’s administration in Portugal, verified in 1762, is based on the principle of eliminating the dispersion and lack of control of revenues in the context of the Customs House. Marquês de Pombal and subsequently Mouzinho da Silveira used accounting as a tool of power and repression. Pombal, with the centralism of power implements a concept of auditing and control of books and public accounts, and Mouzinho, with a more liberal character, also adds the concept of accountability in the central government. The administrative reforms and the accounting method adopted were aimed at the adoption of governmental control and an efficient revenue collection. However, this study confirms that these reforms did not achieve the desired objectives, since the delay in revenue collection and its subsequent delivery to the central government persisted. In local government and in particular in the Oporto’s Municipality, the double entry method is not implemented and the accounting system adopted has not changed with the proposed reforms.
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Demisie, Deschasa Abebe. "Socio-economic history of North Shawa, Ethiopia (1880s-1935)." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19891.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis attempts to address how and why North Shäwa deteriorated from a political heartland to a region of impoverished peasants by the beginning of the 20th century. One of the factors that determine the selection of the place for a seat of the government for a region or country and sustainability of its system is its resource potential. In this case, arable and grazing land with other related land resources were decisive. They were some of the major factors contributing to both the origin and development of the kingdom. However, by the beginning of the 20th century, the region was abandoned by the court and by a significant proportion of its population. This was mainly because of the impoverishment of the region. The growth of the number of consumers (town dwellers) and the supplies needed by the kingdom exceeded the carrying capacity of North Shäwa. The economic productivity of the region could not correspond to the development of its needs. Thus, this thesis accords due emphasis to the factors that contributed to the impoverishment of North Shäwa and the consequences that followed. Throughout the thesis, North Shäwan peasants are the main subject of discussion. Political, social, cultural and geographical factors that impacted on the peasants’ economy and that retarded its development are discussed in the study. It also attempts to unearth the measures taken by the court and peoples of North Shäwa to withstand or escape from the prevailing socio-economic problems. Finally a comparison is made with other regions of the country to describe the political and socio-economic status of North Shäwans that continue to live in the region. This discussion covers the period from the 1880s up to the Italian occupation of Ethiopia in 1935History
D.Litt. et Phil. (History)
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Demisie, Dechasa Abebe. "Socio-economic history of North Shawa, Ethiopia (1880s-1935)." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19891.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis attempts to address how and why North Shäwa deteriorated from a political heartland to a region of impoverished peasants by the beginning of the 20th century. One of the factors that determine the selection of the place for a seat of the government for a region or country and sustainability of its system is its resource potential. In this case, arable and grazing land with other related land resources were decisive. They were some of the major factors contributing to both the origin and development of the kingdom. However, by the beginning of the 20th century, the region was abandoned by the court and by a significant proportion of its population. This was mainly because of the impoverishment of the region. The growth of the number of consumers (town dwellers) and the supplies needed by the kingdom exceeded the carrying capacity of North Shäwa. The economic productivity of the region could not correspond to the development of its needs. Thus, this thesis accords due emphasis to the factors that contributed to the impoverishment of North Shäwa and the consequences that followed. Throughout the thesis, North Shäwan peasants are the main subject of discussion. Political, social, cultural and geographical factors that impacted on the peasants’ economy and that retarded its development are discussed in the study. It also attempts to unearth the measures taken by the court and peoples of North Shäwa to withstand or escape from the prevailing socio-economic problems. Finally a comparison is made with other regions of the country to describe the political and socio-economic status of North Shäwans that continue to live in the region. This discussion covers the period from the 1880s up to the Italian occupation of Ethiopia in 1935History
D.Litt. et Phil. (History)
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Magongo, Ellen Mary. "Kingship and transition in Swaziland, 1973-1988." Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3200.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation focuses on the Liqoqo years in Swaziland and the extent to which King
Sobhuza’s reign and the introduction of the 1973 Decree created the conditions that led to the
crises that plagued the country after the monarch’s death in 1982. It argues that Sobhuza II’s
brand of cultural nationalism, the removal of the Independence Constitution, the introduction of
Tinkhundla governance and the transformation of the Liqoqo sowed the seeds for political crisis
that engulfed the kingdom. This study refutes the traditionalist/modernist debate and proposes
that King Sobhuza II, albeit unwittingly, was the architect of a scenario that almost destroyed the
long reigning Swazi monarchy. While this dissertation focuses on events leading up to and
during the Liqoqo era, the aftermath is equally fascinating witnessing unparalleled civic
dissatisfaction and the emergence of more vocal and organised opposition groups during the final
decade of the century.History
M.A (History)
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Tyler, John. "A Pragmatic Standard of Legal Validity." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-05-10885.
Full textAbstract:
American jurisprudence currently applies two incompatible validity standards to determine which laws are enforceable. The natural law tradition evaluates validity by an uncertain standard of divine law, and its methodology relies on contradictory views of human reason. Legal positivism, on the other hand, relies on a methodology that commits the analytic fallacy, separates law from its application, and produces an incomplete model of law.
These incompatible standards have created a schism in American jurisprudence that impairs the delivery of justice. This dissertation therefore formulates a new standard for legal validity. This new standard rejects the uncertainties and inconsistencies inherent in natural law theory. It also rejects the narrow linguistic methodology of legal positivism.
In their stead, this dissertation adopts a pragmatic methodology that develops a standard for legal validity based on actual legal experience. This approach focuses on the operations of law and its effects upon ongoing human activities, and it evaluates legal principles by applying the experimental method to the social consequences they produce. Because legal history provides a long record of past experimentation with legal principles, legal history is an essential feature of this method.
This new validity standard contains three principles. The principle of reason requires legal systems to respect every subject as a rational creature with a free will. The principle of reason also requires procedural due process to protect against the punishment of the innocent and the tyranny of the majority. Legal systems that respect their subjects' status as rational creatures with free wills permit their subjects to orient their own behavior. The principle of reason therefore requires substantive due process to ensure that laws provide dependable guideposts to individuals in orienting their behavior.
The principle of consent recognizes that the legitimacy of law derives from the consent of those subject to its power. Common law custom, the doctrine of stare decisis, and legislation sanctioned by the subjects' legitimate representatives all evidence consent.
The principle of autonomy establishes the authority of law. Laws must wield supremacy over political rulers, and political rulers must be subject to the same laws as other citizens. Political rulers may not arbitrarily alter the law to accord to their will.
Legal history demonstrates that, in the absence of a validity standard based on these principles, legal systems will not treat their subjects as ends in themselves. They will inevitably treat their subjects as mere means to other ends. Once laws do this, men have no rest from evil.
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Eric, MANIRAGUHA. "UTILIZATION OF WIND POWER IN RWANDA : Design and Production Option." Thesis, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-149574.
Full textAbstract:
This Master Thesis is the research done in the country of Rwanda. The project leads to study the climate of this country in order to establish whether this climate could be used to produce energy from air and to implement the first wind turbine for serving the nation. After an introduction about the historical background of wind power, the thesis work deals with assessment of wind energy potential of Rwanda in focusing of the most suitable place for wind power plants. The best location with annual mean wind speed, the rate of use of turbine with hub height for an annual production per year, the mean wind speeds for 6 sites of Rwanda based on ECMWF for climatic data for one year at relief of altitude of 100m and coordinates are reported too. The result of energy produced and calculations were done based on power hitting wind turbine generator in order to calculate Kinetic energy and power available at the best location to the measurement over the period of 12 months, that could be hoped for long term. With help of logarithmic law, where wind speed usually increases with increasing in elevation and the desired wind speeds at all 6 sites were used. The annual energy production was taken into account at the best site with desired wind speed at the initial cost of turbine as well as the cost of energy (COE).However, with comparison of the tariff of EWSA, the price of Wind designed in this Research per kWh is cheaper and suitable for people of Rwanda.Rwanda has considerable opportunities development energy from hydro sources, methane gas, solar and peat deposits. Most of these energy sources have not been fully exploited, such as solar, wind and geothermal. As such wood is still being the major source of energy for 94 per cent of the population and imported petroleum products consume more than 40 per cent of foreign exchange. Energy is a key component of the Rwandan economy. It is thus recognized that the current inadequate and expensive energy supply constitutes a limiting factor to sustainable development. Rwanda’s Vision 2020 emphasizes the need for economic growth, private investment and economic transformation supported by a reliable and affordable energy supply as a key factor for the development process. To achieve this transformation, the country will need to increase energy production and diversify into alternative energy sources. Rwandan nations don’t have small-scale solar, wind, and geothermal devices in operation providing energy to urban and rural areas. These types of energy production are especially useful in remote locations because of the excessive cost of transporting electricity from large-scale power plants. The application of renewable energy technology has the potential to alleviate many of the problems that face the people of Rwanda every day, especially if done so in a sustainable manner that prioritizes human rights.