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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Wilson, Richard Connor. Utilisation of routinely collected data in health services research: A study of their application across the West Midlands region of the national health service. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1998.

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2

Grayson, Narelle. Use of routinely collected national data sets for reporting on induced abortion in Australia. Sydney: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, National Perinatal Statistics Unit, 2005.

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3

Yates, J. M. The use of routinely collected information in the monitoring of performance in the health service. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1986.

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4

Abrahamsen, Thomas A. Ecological data collected in the Santee River basin and coastal drainages, North and South Carolina, 1996-98. Columbia, S.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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5

Abrahamsen, Thomas A. Ecological data collected in the Santee River basin and coastal drainages, North and South Carolina, 1996-98. Columbia, S.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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6

Abrahamsen, Thomas A. Ecological data collected in the Santee River basin and coastal drainages, North and South Carolina, 1996-98. Columbia, S.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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7

Shuaib, Muhammad. A review of the primary data on child survival and development indicators being collected by selected agencies in Bangladesh. [Dhaka: Unicef Dhaka, Programme Planning Unit, 1993.

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8

Balding, John. Young people and illegal drugs into 2000: Did illegal drug levels peak in the mid-1990's : a report based on data collected using the Health Related Behaviour Questionnaire from more than 300,000 young people since 1987, and in particular from 40,229 between the ages of 9 and 15 in 1999. Exeter: Schools Health Education Unit, 2000.

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9

Wacks, Raymond. 5. Data protection. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198725947.003.0005.

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The routine functions of government and private institutions require a continual supply of data about us in order to administer effectively the many services that are an integral part of modern life. The provision of health services, social security, credit, insurance, and the prevention and detection of crime assume the availability of a considerable quantity of personal data and, hence, a willingness by individuals to supply it. The ubiquity of computers and computer networks facilitates almost instant storage, retrieval, and transfer of data, a far cry from the world of manual filing systems. At the core of all data protection legislation is the proposition that data relating to an identifiable individual should not be collected in the absence of a genuine purpose or the consent of the individual concerned. Adherence to, and enforcement of, this idea (and the associated rights of access and correction) has been mixed in the nearly 100 jurisdictions that have enacted data protection legislation. This chapter assesses the extent to which these statutes have succeeded in protecting personal data.

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10

Evaluation of the Adherence Guidelines for Chronic Diseases in South Africa Using Routinely Collected Data. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/31480.

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11

Evaluation of the National Adherence Guidelines for Chronic Diseases in South Africa Using Routinely Collected Data. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/32623.

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12

Evaluation of the National Adherence Guidelines for Chronic Diseases in South Africa Using Routinely Collected Data. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/32625.

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13

Almeida, Fabiane de Amorim, Carolline Billett Miranda, and Edmara Bazoni Soares Maia. Implementation of the Therapeutic Play in pediatric hospital units from the perspective of health professionals who are members of BrinquEinstein. Ludomedia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36367/ntqr.13.2022.e710.

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Introduction: The benefits of the application of therapeutic play (TP) in pediatrics are widely reported in the literature. Evidence supports its use in the care of hospitalized children with a positive impact on reducing anxiety and fear, not only for the child, but for her family members. This study sought to investigate the perception of professionals from a reference group for the application of TP (BrinquEinstein) in relation to its implementation in a pediatric hospital unit. Objectives: To understand how professionals who belong to the BrinquEinstein group evaluate the process of systematic implementation of TP in pediatric hospital units; outlining the facilitating factors and barriers for this implementation to occur from the perspective of these professionals. Method: Exploratory study, with a qualitative approach, developed in the pediatric and intensive care units of a general hospital, extraport, in the city of São Paulo. Professionals from different categories who work in these units and who belong to BrinquEinstein participated in the sample. Data were collected through individual semi-structured and audio-recorded interviews, being analyzed using the Inductive Thematic Analysis proposed by Braun & Clark. Results: From the analysis of the interviews, two themes emerged that represent the perspective of BrinquEinstein members about the TP implementation process: “experiencing a transforming process” and “establishing future perspectives”. Conclusion: For the professionals interviewed, it is essential that the use of TP becomes a routine practice in the different contexts of child health care. Managers and institutions play a fundamental role in the implementation of this practice, in the identification of needs and in the search for solutions to make it a reality.

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14

Minnesota. Dept. of Health., ed. Data collected and reviewed regarding a health study for people living near a nuclear facility. St. Paul, Minn: Minnesota Dept. of Health, 2004.

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15

Balding, John. Young people and illegal drugs, 1989-1995: Facts and predictions : a report based on data collected between 1989 and 1994, using the Health Related Behaviour Questionnaire.. 1994.

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16

Bueno de Mesquita, Judith R., Connor Fuchs, and Dabney P. Evans. The Future of Human Rights Accountability for Global Health through the Universal Periodic Review. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672676.003.0025.

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This chapter examines the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), a new peer-review procedure that provides scrutiny of each UN member state’s human rights record every five years. The review process culminates in a set of recommendations issued to each “State-under-Review” (SuR). The UPR provides an unprecedented opportunity to routinely hold all states to account for their obligations under international human rights law, including health-related human rights. Health recommendations have featured prominently in the recommendations issued to SuRs and have a comparatively high implementation rate. Empirical data indicate that the UPR could have a potentially, or already, important role in holding states to account for health-related human rights as well as political global health commitments, such as those found in the Sustainable Development Goals. However, certain shortcomings should be addressed, including an uneven spread of recommendations across different health issues and limited engagement of the public health community.

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17

J, Prucha Edward, ed. Cancer sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about major forms and stages of cancer, featuring facts about primary and secondary tumors of the respiratory, nervous, lymphatic, circulatory, skeletal, and gastrointestinal systems, and specific organs : along with statistical and demographic data, treatment options, strategies for coping, a glossary, and directory of sources for additional help and information. 3rd ed. Detroit: Omnigraphics, 2000.

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18

Resources on Evidence-Based Nursing, nurseAdvanceTM Collection on (Nurseadvance Collection). Sigma Theta Tau International, 2006.

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19

Megan, Jones, ed. Problem drug use reported by services in Greater London: A collaborative report on data for Greater London collected between April 1991 and March 1994 by the Thames Regional Health Authorities' Drug Misuse Databases. [s.l.]: [s.n.], 1995.

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20

Cancer sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about major forms and stages of cancer, featuring facts about head and neck cancers, lung cancers, gastrointestinal cancers, genitourinary cancers, lymphomas, blood cell cancers, endocrine cancers, skin cancers, bone cancers, metastatic cancers, and more; along with facts about cancer treatments, cancer risks and prevention, a glossary of related terms, statistical data, and a directory of resources for additional information. 5th ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2006.

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21

Karen, Bellenir, ed. Cancer sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about major forms and stages of cancer, featuring facts about head and neck cancers, lung cancers, gastrointestinal cancers, genitourinary cancers, lymphomas, blood cell cancers, endocrine cancers, skin cancers, bone cancers, metastatic cancers, and more; along with facts about cancer treatments, cancer risks and prevention, a glossary of related terms, statistical data, and a directory of resources for additional information. 5th ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2007.

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22

Brazier, John, Julie Ratcliffe, Joshua A. Salomon, and Aki Tsuchiya. Design and analysis of health state valuation data for model-based economic evaluations and for economic evaluations alongside clinical trials. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725923.003.0009.

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This chapter focuses upon the needs of two approaches, economic evaluations based on decision analytic models, and those alongside clinical trials in terms of the collection and analysis of health state values. The first section of the chapter presents requirements that are likely to be common to any study in which health state values are collected from patients and/or members of the general population, including: who to ask, mode of administration, timing of assessments, sample size, and handling uncertainty. The second section of the chapter considers issues specific to trial-based economic evaluations, and the final section considers issues specific to the design and analysis of health state valuation data for economic models.

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23

Bernasco, Wim. Modeling Offender Decision Making with Secondary Data. Edited by Wim Bernasco, Jean-Louis van Gelder, and Henk Elffers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199338801.013.28.

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Many questions about offender decision making are answered by analyzing data from secondary sources, which include police records and other law enforcement sources, but also full population registries containing data on birth, death, family composition, schooling, employment, and social and health service usage. Although secondary data are not collected for research purposes, they have a number of advantages over regular survey data. This chapter discusses the use of secondary data, using as examples two types of offender decisions: whether or not to offend (explored in developmental and life course criminology) and where to offend (explored in geographic and environmental criminology). These are decisions that can fruitfully be studied from a rational choice perspective.

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24

Brunton-Smith, Ian. Systematic Social Observation. Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.34.

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Systematic social observation (SSO) is the application of rigorous, replicable, and generalizable approaches from survey methodology to field observation (ethnography). SSO provides researchers with independent, robust, and quantifiable data about the forms of social interactions most commonly obtained through qualitative inquiry. This chapter begins with a general overview of the SSO approach. Section 14.3 describes the application of SSO approaches to environmental settings. Section 14.4 discusses the ecometric approach first proposed by Raudenbush and Sampson (1999), demonstrating how the science of SSO and the science of ecological analysis were intimately related. Finally, section 14.5 discusses current developments in SSO for environmental analysis. It focuses on three areas: interviewer observational data routinely collected as part of larger social surveys; participant-generated observations using space–time budgets; and Google Street View as a repository for environmental audit data. Developments in crowdsourced SSO data like Mapilliary are also briefly discussed.

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25

Products, LRC, Measures of Health (Firm), Henley Centre for Forecasting, and Nielsen Marketing Research, eds. The Durex report 1991: A summary of research into the usage of, and attitudes towards, condoms, conducted on behalf of LRC Products, manufacturers of the UK's leading condom brand, Durex, and incorporating data collected by Measures of Health, conducted by the Henley Centre in collaboration with Nielsen Market Research. [Great Britain]: [s.n.], 1991.

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26

Mullan, Killian. A Child's Day. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529201697.001.0001.

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We routinely judge how well children are doing in their lives by how they spend their time, yet we know remarkably little about it. This rigorous review of four decades of data provides the clearest insights yet into the way children use their time. With analysis of changes in the time spent on family, education, culture and technology, as well as children's own views on their habits, it provides a fascinating perspective on behaviour, well-being, social change and more. This is an indispensable companion to the work of policy makers, academics and researchers, and anyone interested in the daily lives of children. The book begins by tracing some of the major strands of social change thought to have had an impact on different areas of children's daily time use. The past several decades have witnessed rapid social, economic, and technological change, widely thought to have affected many aspects of children's daily lives. It then examines the relationship between children's time use and outcomes relating to their health, development, and well-being, drawing together strands of thought from the sociology of childhood and research on child well-being. The book discusses overall trends in children's time doing homework and study. It examines associations between children's time use and a range of different health outcomes, and moves on to investigate the context of children's daily life linked to family, in particular concentrating on the time children spend at home and with parents. It evaluates children's time using technology, and focuses on the affective component of subjective well-being, specifically in connection with how children feel about how they spend their time. In conclusion, the book identifies areas of expected change as well as other areas of surprising stability. It reveals how change and stability in children's time use blend together to comprise a child's day, uncovering also the multi-layered contexts of a child's day.

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27

Gugerty, Mary Kay, and Dean Karlan. Un Kilo de Ayuda. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199366088.003.0013.

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This case explores two common challenges facing organizations around the world: how to collect the right amount of data, and how to credibly use outcome data collected during program monitoring. Health promoters at Un Kilo de Ayuda (UKA) in Mexico use regularly collected health data on more than 50,000 children to structure their work, track their progress, and identify at-risk children in time to treat health problems. In this case, readers will assess the tradeoffs between actionability and responsibility that UKA faces in determining how much data to collect. They will also examine the challenges of monitoring data on a program’s outcomes instead of outputs, particularly when it comes to asserting a program’s impact on those outcomes. Finally, readers will propose ways to generate credible data on one of the organization’s programs when plans for an impact evaluation fall through.

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28

Hoover Green, Amelia. “Mind the Gap”. Edited by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Naomi Cahn, Dina Francesca Haynes, and Nahla Valji. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199300983.013.25.

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This chapter outlines two key methodological gaps in conflict data analysis: (1) the gap between collected data and underlying reality; and (2) the gap between measurements of specific experiences and the broader reality of the conflict. With respect to the first gap, the chapter reviews potential shortcomings in various forms of data collection including data from surveys, media sources, health sector sources, legal mechanisms, and nongovernmental organization (NGO) case files. With respect to the second gap, the chapter describes three common issues in translating measurements of specific experiences into broader knowledge about conflict: misunderstanding the gendered nature of violence; making incorrect inferences of subjective experiences of violence; and overlooking potential gendered benefits of conflict. The chapter offers recommendations for researchers and suggests a more careful acknowledgment of the shortcomings of data when presenting findings.

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29

Hanson, Ardis, Bruce Lubotsky Levin, and Aimon Miranda. Informatics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190238308.003.0013.

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Given the amount and types of data collected by public and private organizations, as well as by local, city, county, state, and national agencies, purposes and information systems remain disparate in their structure and function. Hence, there is a significant need to develop high-quality data standards that provide the basis for uniform, comparable, and good-quality information on populations, disorders, and services that address the dual needs of pharmacy and public health. This chapter examines initiatives at the global, regional, and national levels, tying the semantics of health and surveillance to pharmacy practice to issues of technology, such as m-health, re-engineering, and automation.

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30

Protocol to estimate mortality from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma attributable to viral hepatitis B and C. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275123768.

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One of the goals to be achieved by 2030 of the Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis 2016-2021 is to reduce mortality from hepatitis viruses B (HBV) and C (HCV). To measure and monitor it, countries need to implement a systematic process to generate national estimates of mortality from viral hepatitis, which many lack. This document is aimed at the institutions and/or ministries in charge of monitoring progress in each country. The main objective of this protocol is to present simple methods to estimate the proportion of patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma who have HBV and HCV infection, and then calculate the national mortality due to these sequelae attributable to viral hepatitis, preferably within a surveillance system. In addition, a general framework is provided on how the surveillance system should function, how to collect the data, and ethical considerations. The surveillance system will be based on sentinel centers where information will be collected from patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. These data will be used to estimate the fraction of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma attributable to HBV and HCV. On the other hand, data will be collected on the number of deaths nationwide from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. With this information, mortality from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma attributable to HBV and HCV will be estimated.

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31

Márquez-Peláez, Sergio, Juan Antonio Blasco-Amaro, and Mª José Aguado-Romeo. Incompatible living-donor kidney transplantation (an update). AETSA Área de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias de Andalucía, Fundación Progreso y salud. Consejería de Salud y Familias. Junta de Andalucía, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52766/kpnf6027.

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Background This report responds to a need to update the available information about incompatible living-donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) previously published in 2014 which, based on 14 case series and 1 cohort study, concluded that this type of transplants could be a therapeutic option with survival, graft and patient outcomes, adequate and similar to a compatible living-donor kidney transplant, however, these report only included ABO-incompatible information. Objective The purpose of the report is to provide updated evidence on effectiveness and safety in terms of graft survival and survival of patients undergoing incompatible LDKT. Method To answer the question a systematic review of the literature was carried out, by updating the structured searches of the previous existing report. The selection of the references was carried out first by title and abstract. Next, the full-text papers were selected by applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, defined a priori, by a single researcher. In the same way, we proceeded to extract the data from the articles finally selected, and their synthesis in tables similar to those of the previous report, with special attention to the HLA incompatibility LDKT data, since no information was collected in the previous report. Results From 232 localized references, 35 papers on incompatible LDKT have finally been included, 16 with information on HLAi transplant patients and 19 with ABO incompatible transplant patients. In all cases, case series with or without a control group and a very limited number of patients were treated, only 1 study registered more than 1000 patients undergoing incompatible LDKT in 22 centers (Orandi et al. 2014) in the case of HLAi. The information on graft survival in patients undergoing HLA-incompatible LDKT at 1 year is between 90 % (Laftavi et al. 2011) and 100 % (Blumberg et al. 2013; Yamanaga et al. 2013), while the data recorded over five years survival were lower, from 69 % (Couzi et al. 2015) to 94.7 % (Jakson et al. 2015). The 1-year patient survival registered was found between 90.5 % by Sharif et al. 2014 and 100 % (Blumberg et al. 2013 and Laftavi et al. 2011). The 5-year patient survival recorded is in the range of 59.2 % (in one of the subgroups described by Orandi et al. ) when the other HLAi subgroup does offer similar figures to the rest of the studies, around 86 % survival and the 5-year value provided by Kim et al. which registered 95.8 %. In general, for LDKT with ABO incompatibility, the results of the previous review from 2012 are maintained, with a 1-year graft survival in ABOi-type living donor kidney transplants recorded in up to 8 of the 19 included studies and one 84 % minimum (Bachmann et al. 2018). For patient survival at 1 year, it is 100 % or very close in all the studies on ABOi and figures are high, but somewhat lower, for patient survival at five years (between 92 % of Melexopoulus et al. and 97.7 % from Subramanian et al.). Conclusions There is great variability in the information presented by the studies, so that it make difficult to group together. The quality of the evidence is very limited, as these are case series studies with a high risk of bias, many without a control group, and others with comparative cohort results (historical retrospectives). However, the results shown are consistent and the claims of the previous 2012 report are maintained. Graft survival and patient survival for patients undergoing HLA-incompatible LDKT are high and comparable to values offered by ABOi transplants and ABO compatible transplants. In the studies on LDKT with ABOi data, the results collected on both survival variables maintain the statements of the previous report, remaining at high values. A single localized study about economic efficiency aspects was carried out in the United States, the authors conclude that the LDKT can be an efficient option in terms of cost per QALY, although this conclusion is not directly transferable to our National Health System.

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32

Hukić, Mirsada, and Mirza Ponjavić. COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina: March – June 2020. Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/pi20.190.00.

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At the end of 2019 the world became aware of the existence of a new virus stemming from the Coronaviridae family and causing a specific disease – COVID-19. In less than three months, the virus and its consequences, developed from being a local public health problem in China to a daunting global problem we all had to face. On March 11, 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic of COVID-19. On the international scale, even in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), the response of the professionals and scientists has been rapid, although not always consistently efficient enough. Despite the selfless cooperation of scientists and practitioners worldwide, countries with developed economies, good public health and a strong scientific system have had the advantage in the fight against the disease over developing countries. Despite the fact that by these criteria BiH is not one of the most resilient countries, so far, its response to the pandemic has seemed to be satisfactory. The Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ANUBiH) was one of the first institutions of the science system to respond to the pandemic. On the initiative and under the leadership of academician Mirsada Hukić, on March 22, 2020 the development of the project "Epidemic Location Intelligence System (ELIS)" and its Geoportal began on a voluntary basis, with the task of permanently monitoring the spread of COVID-19. Theoretical and professional parts of the project in the areas of medicine, public health and informatics were completed by April 2, 2020. Thanks to the support to the project by the Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr. Šefik Džaferović, the expert system received additional hardware support and was filled in time with data from across the country. This enabled the system to become operational as early as on April 8, 2020. The results of all these efforts are visible in this publication. Initially, the ELIS project was important for the epidemiological and public health area. The abundance of collected data and obtained virus samples enabled the extension of the project idea to the sequencing of viruses found in BiH and their typology. The transition of research to the clinical aspects of COVID-19 is the next phase in the development of the ELIS project. ANUBiH has already started the work on examining the economic and pedagogical consequences of COVID-19 in order to look at this medical phenomenon in the broadest possible context. All the results of ANUBiH in response to the epidemic challenges of COVID-19 are achieved due to the synergistic action of numerous individuals and institutions in different fields of science and public health in cooperation with government. Therefore, I believe that the ELIS project has shown the way to go in solving the burning problems of our society which we will encounter in the future.

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33

Taking Stock of Regional Democratic Trends in Latin America and the Caribbean Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.63.

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This GSoD In Focus Special Brief provides an overview of the state of democracy of Latin America and the Caribbean at the end of 2019, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, and assesses some of the preliminary impacts that the pandemic has had on democracy in the region in 2020. Key findings include: • Democratically, the region was ailing prior to the pandemic, with some countries suffering from democratic erosion or backsliding, others from democratic fragility and weakness. Overall, trust in democracy had been in steady decline in the decade preceding the pandemic. Citizen discontent has culminated in a protest wave hitting several countries in the region at the end of 2019. • The COVID-19 pandemic has hit a Latin American and Caribbean region plagued by unresolved structural problems of high crime and violence, political fragmentation and polarization, high poverty and inequality, corruption, and weak states. • Long-overdue political and socio-economic reforms have compounded the health and economic crises caused by the pandemic. This, coupled with heavy-handed approaches to curb the virus, risk further entrenching or exacerbating the concerning democratic trends observed in the region prior to the COVID-19 outbreak. • The challenges to democracy Latin America and the Caribbean during the pandemic include: the postponement of elections; excessive use of police force to enforce restrictions implemented to curb the pandemic; use of the military to carry out civil tasks; persistent crime and violence; new dangers for the right to privacy; increases in gender inequality and domestic violence; new risks posed to vulnerable groups; limited access to justice; restrictions on freedom of expression; executive overreach; reduced parliamentary oversight; political polarization and clashes between democratic institutions; new openings for corruption; and a discontented socially mobilized citizenry that rejects traditional forms of political representation. • Despite the challenges, the crisis ultimately provides a historic opportunity to redefine the terms of social contracts across the region, and for governments to think innovatively about how to open up spaces for dialogue and civic participation in order to build more inclusive, sustainable and interconnected societies, as well as more accountable, transparent and efficient democratic systems of government. The review of the state of democracy during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 uses qualitative analysis and data of events and trends in the region collected through International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights, an initiative co-funded by the European Union.

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34

Taking Stock of Regional Democratic Trends in Africa and the Middle East Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.2.

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This GSoD In Focus aims at providing a brief overview of the state of democracy in Africa and the Middle East at the end of 2019, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, and then assesses some of the preliminary impacts that the pandemic has had on democracy in the region in the last 10 months. Key facts and findings include: Africa • In 2019 alone, 75 per cent of African democracies saw their scores decline, and electoral processes in Africa have failed to become the path for political reform and democratic politics. The reasons are many, including weak electoral management and executive aggrandizement. • The key challenges to democracy brought about by the pandemic involve the management of elections, restrictions on civil liberties (especially freedom of expression), worsening gender equality, deepening social and economic inequalities, a disruption to education, deterioration of media integrity, disruption of parliaments and an amplified risk of corruption. These challenges exacerbate and accelerate long-standing problems in the region. • Despite the challenges, the COVID-19 pandemic might galvanize governments to reinforce public health and social protection mechanisms, rendering the state more able to cushion the impact of the crisis, and enhancing its legitimacy. The Middle East • The Middle East is the most undemocratic region in the world. Only 2 out of 13 countries in the region are democracies. The COVID-19 pandemic has deepened the economic and social problems of the region, which could exacerbate the pre-existing democratic challenges. • Freedoms of expression and media were severely curtailed in many countries in the region prior to the pandemic. In some cases, COVID-19 has aggravated this. Countries have closed media outlets and banned the printing and distribution of newspapers, under the pretext of combating the spread of COVID-19. This has restricted citizens’ access to information. • Migrant workers and internally displaced people have been disproportionally affected by COVID-19. A significant proportion of the infections in the region have been in impoverished migrant and refugee communities. In the Gulf region, curfews and lockdowns have resulted in many migrants losing their livelihood, right to medical attention and even repatriation. Migrants have also faced discrimination often being held in detention centres, in poor conditions, as part of governmental efforts to curb the number of COVID-19 infections among citizens. The review of the state of democracy during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 uses qualitative analysis and data of events and trends in the region collected through International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights, an initiative co-funded by the European Union.

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35

Taking Stock of Global Democratic Trends Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.66.

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This GSoD In Focus provides a brief overview of the global state of democracy at the end of 2019, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, and assesses some of the preliminary impacts that the pandemic has had on democracy globally in 2020. Key findings include: • To address the COVID-19 pandemic, starting in March 2020, more than half the countries in the world (59 per cent) had declared a national state of emergency (SoE), enabling them to take drastic temporary (and in most cases necessary) measures to fight the pandemic. These measures have included in most cases temporarily curbing basic civil liberties, such as freedom of assembly and movement, and in some cases postponing elections. • International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights finds that more than half the countries in the world (61 per cent) had, by the end of November 2020, implemented measures to curb COVID-19 that were concerning from a democracy and human rights perspective. These violated democratic standards because they were either disproportionate, illegal, indefinite or unnecessary in relation to the health threat. • Concerning developments have been more common in countries that were already non-democratic prior to the pandemic (90 per cent) and less common, although still quite widespread, in democracies (43 per cent). • The democracies that have implemented democratically concerning measures are those that were already ailing before the pandemic. More than two-thirds were democracies that were either backsliding, eroding or weak prior to the pandemic. • Almost a year since the first outbreak of COVID-19, the pandemic seems to have deepened autocratization in most of the countries that were already non-democratic. However, in at least 3 of those countries (Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Thailand), the pandemic has also tapped into existing simmering citizen discontent and may have been the tipping point in unleashing massive protest waves demanding democratic reform. The pandemic has also seemingly deepened democratic backsliding processes and exposed the democratic weakness and fragility of new or re-transitioned democracies (Malaysia, Mali, Myanmar, Sri Lanka). In a few cases, the pandemic has also exposed countries that showed no apparent sign of democratically ailing prior to the pandemic, but where concerning democratic developments have occurred during the pandemic and which risk seeing a significant deterioration in their democratic quality as a result (i.e. Argentina, El Salvador). • The aspects of democracy that have seen the most concerning developments during the pandemic are freedom of expression, media integrity, and personal integrity and security. However, the freedoms that have been restricted across most countries are freedom of movement and assembly. Another core democratic process that has been heavily affected by the pandemic is the electoral, with half the elections scheduled between February and December 2020 postponed due to the pandemic. • The pandemic has also shown democracy’s resilience and capacity for renovation. Innovation through accelerated digitalization has occurred across most regions of the world. And democratic institutions, such as parliaments, courts, electoral commissions, political parties, media and civil society actors, have fought back against attempts at executive overreach and democratic trampling or collaborated to ensure effective responses to the pandemic. The review of the state of democracy during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 uses qualitative analysis and data of events and trends in the region collected through International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights, an initiative co-funded by the European Union.

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Taking Stock of Regional Democratic Trends in Asia and the Pacific Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.70.

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This GSoD In Focus Special Brief provides an overview of the state of democracy in Asia and the Pacific at the end of 2019, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, and assesses some of the preliminary impacts that the pandemic has had on democracy in the region in 2020. Key fact and findings include: • Prior to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, countries across Asia and the Pacific faced a range of democratic challenges. Chief among these were continuing political fragility, violent conflict, recurrent military interference in the political sphere, enduring hybridity, deepening autocratization, creeping ethnonationalism, advancing populist leadership, democratic backsliding, shrinking civic space, the spread of disinformation, and weakened checks and balances. The crisis conditions engendered by the pandemic risk further entrenching and/or intensifying the negative democratic trends observable in the region prior to the COVID-19 outbreak. • Across the region, governments have been using the conditions created by the pandemic to expand executive power and restrict individual rights. Aspects of democratic practice that have been significantly impacted by anti-pandemic measures include the exercise of fundamental rights (notably freedom of assembly and free speech). Some countries have also seen deepened religious polarization and discrimination. Women, vulnerable groups, and ethnic and religious minorities have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic and discriminated against in the enforcement of lockdowns. There have been disruptions of electoral processes, increased state surveillance in some countries, and increased influence of the military. This is particularly concerning in new, fragile or backsliding democracies, which risk further eroding their already fragile democratic bases. • As in other regions, however, the pandemic has also led to a range of innovations and changes in the way democratic actors, such as parliaments, political parties, electoral commissions, civil society organizations and courts, conduct their work. In a number of countries, for example, government ministries, electoral commissions, legislators, health officials and civil society have developed innovative new online tools for keeping the public informed about national efforts to combat the pandemic. And some legislatures are figuring out new ways to hold government to account in the absence of real-time parliamentary meetings. • The consideration of political regime type in debates around ways of containing the pandemic also assumes particular relevance in Asia and the Pacific, a region that houses high-performing democracies, such as New Zealand and the Republic of Korea (South Korea), a mid-range performer (Taiwan), and also non-democratic regimes, such as China, Singapore and Viet Nam—all of which have, as of December 2020, among the lowest per capita deaths from COVID-19 in the world. While these countries have all so far managed to contain the virus with fewer fatalities than in the rest of the world, the authoritarian regimes have done so at a high human rights cost, whereas the democracies have done so while adhering to democratic principles, proving that the pandemic can effectively be fought through democratic means and does not necessarily require a trade off between public health and democracy. • The massive disruption induced by the pandemic can be an unparalleled opportunity for democratic learning, change and renovation in the region. Strengthening democratic institutions and processes across the region needs to go hand in hand with curbing the pandemic. Rebuilding societies and economic structures in its aftermath will likewise require strong, sustainable and healthy democracies, capable of tackling the gargantuan challenges ahead. The review of the state of democracy during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 uses qualitative analysis and data of events and trends in the region collected through International IDEA’s Global Monitor of COVID-19’s Impact on Democracy and Human Rights, an initiative co-funded by the European Union.

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