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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Routes'
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Monast, Robineau Pascal Provencher Léo Dubois Jean-Marie. "Évaluation environnementale et économique de la méthode du tiers inférieur pour l'entretien des fossés routiers." [Québec : Transports Québec], 2008. http://collections.banq.qc.ca/ark:/52327/bs707226.
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Lorentz, Rudy. "Roots and Routes." Thesis, Konstfack, Grafisk design & illustration, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-6338.
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The project Roots and Routes is an intergenerational narrative connecting three locations: London, Mandeville and Stockholm, focusing primarily on the histories of women and non-binary people. It looks at what affect it has on our sense of cultural identity to grow up in the diaspora, disconnected from the country of our parents or grandparents. Roots and Routes presents the search for a sense of belonging, whilst existing in the in-between. This report explores the different elements of the project, through text and image.
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Thirunavukkarasu, Muthukumar. "Reinforcing Reachable Routes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9904.
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Reachability routing is a newly emerging paradigm in networking, where the goal is to determine all paths between a sender and a receiver. It is becoming relevant with the changing dynamics of the Internet and the emergence of low-bandwidth wireless/ad hoc networks. This thesis presents the case for reinforcement learning (RL) as the framework of choice to realize reachability routing, within the confines of the current Internet backbone infrastructure. The setting of the reinforcement learning problem offers several advantages, including loop resolution, multi-path forwarding capability, cost-sensitive routing, and minimizing state overhead, while maintaining the incremental spirit of the current backbone routing algorithms. We present the design and implementation of a new reachability algorithm that uses a model-based approach to achieve cost-sensitive multi-path forwarding. Performance assessment of the algorithm in various troublesome topologies shows consistently superior performance over classical reinforcement learning algorithms. Evaluations of the algorithm based on different criteria on many types of randomly generated networks as well as realistic topologies are presented.Master of Science
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Horsten, Frederik Hendrik. "Historische wegenatlas van Nederland : 16e tot 19e eeuw /." [S.l. : s.n], 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35588172n.
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Yerpez, Joël. "Le risque routier dans la ville : essai sur une commune provençale /." Paris : Anthropos : diff. Economica, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb369997779.
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Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Aix-Marseille III, Institut d'aménagement régional, 1994. Titre de soutenance : Structuration de l'espace social, aménagement urbain et sécurité routière au miroir de la localité, essai sur les territoires circulatoires dans une commune provençale.Bibliogr. p. 205-214. Glossaire.
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Khosh, Khooee Saba. "Routes Splitting Urban Areas." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-47855.
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Since automobiles are detachable elements of contemporary urban life, studying the interactions imposed by them to urban forms is helpful to develop urban areas. The isolated neighborhoods locating along highways are the common picture that easily can be found in most of developed cities. The more advanced traffic networks a city possesses the more detached neighborhoods can be detected in it. The main question trying to be answered in this study is how to reattach these separated areas together and how to create a peaceful coexistence between highways and their neighborhoods. In order to find an answer, a municipality named Upplands Väsby (in the north of Stockholm) has been studied and analyzed. This real sample with internal connectivity problems was supposed to provide a ground to analyze the outcome of proposed interventions. This process resulted in obtaining a general policy in approaching this issue and some flexible interventions proper for this specific site of study. Finally, the study implies on the possibility of reattaching isolated area over high-speed roads. It also brought up some suggestions for improvement of mobile passenger’s perception of the road and surrounding areas while facilitating the pedestrian’s movement through the site.
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Ma, Xinyi M. Arch Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "From roots to routes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/109027.
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Thesis: M. Arch., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 78-79).
Over the past two decades, more than 200 million people in China moved from rural to urban areas. These migrants fled the countryside, which is regarded as an economic wasteland in perpetual stagnation that is locked by feudal traditions and peasant values, to the largest cities. They sought to be connected to a modern China, one that is marked by a booming economy and pronounced popular culture. These rural- to-urban migrants have formed the largest peacetime inland migration in history. Mobility is a socially produced motion that often bears ideologies. It is associated with a desire for progress, freedom, and opportunity. The massive inland migration in China demonstrates the tremendous social force that aims to overcome the outdated social strata. However, as migrants move, limitations on mobility emerge. The Hukou, the household registration system in China, is an institutional framework that has entrenched the social strata for ages. Records of births, marriages, and moves identify each person with a place. As soon as migrants move from their designated origins, immobility appears: welfare exclusion, job inequity, urban transit inaccessibility, to name just a few. This thesis proposes to study this condition of mobility, immobility and estrangement in the district of Minhang, Shanghai, where 1.5 million migrants currently live and work. Scooter, an emerging fast and cheap personal vehicle, is the protagonist in this story of migrants. Linking closely to migrants' life, scooters are not only their primary means of transportation but also their means of production. Its mobility empowers migrants to move beyond their territory, while its unique scale and flexibility links to rich spatial possibilities.
by Xinyi Ma.
M. Arch.
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Smith, Douglas R. G. "Routes toward biomimetic polysiloxanes." Thesis, University of Bath, 2007. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528355.
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Brassard, Francis. "Développement d'un simulateur reproduisant le profil des routes sous les roues d'un vélo." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1568.
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L'industrie du vélo utilise à profusion le terme confort sans savoir parfaitement ce que cela représente. Aucun outil scientifique n'existe afin d'identifier le confort et ainsi la conception d'un simulateur de vibration de la route est envisagée. Le principal objectif de ce projet de maîtrise est de concevoir un simulateur permettant de reproduire le profil de la route afin de retrouver les mêmes niveaux de vibration que lorsque le vélo roule sur la route. Ainsi, la conception du simulateur se divise en deux parties : la conception mécanique du banc de test qui sert de pièce maîtresse du simulateur ainsi que le calcul des profils numériques des routes. Le premier volet présente la conception mécanique du banc de test. Le banc de test est la pièce maîtresse qui supporte le vélo et qui transmet le mouvement provenant des actionneurs à l'aide d'un bras d'amplification mécanique des mouvements. Le mouvement est créé par des actionneurs de la compagnie D-Box qui présentent plusieurs limitations et contraintes influençant directement la conception du banc de test et le calcul des profils de route. La démarche afin de calculer des profils numériques des routes est présentée dans le deuxième volet. Les profils de route sont la représentation numérique de la route réelle. Ces derniers servent de signal alimentant les actionneurs du banc de test. Afin de calculer les profils, il est nécessaire de faire des mesures d'accélération sur la route et, à l'aide de la technique du problème inverse, les profils de route sont calculés. La démarche de conception se termine avec une validation du simulateur. Ce chapitre dédié à la validation démontre que l'utilisation d'une amplification mécanique à l'aide d'un bras de levier n'influence pas les mesures. La précision de la reproduction de la route est également étudiée alors qu'un écart de 6% à 9% est remarqué entre les mesures d'accélération sur la route et celles sur le banc de test. Le dernier volet du mémoire présente un exemple d'utilisation possible du banc de test. Une étude comparative identifie qu'il n'est pas suggéré d'utiliser des masses inertes afin de remplacer un cycliste. Ces résultats sont basés sur des études dynamiques d'un cadre de vélo.
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Plynning, Emil. "Route planning using multiple attributes : Finding routes other than the shortest for bicycles." Thesis, KTH, Geoinformatik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-188886.
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Congestion and pollution are two ever increasing problems in our would of urbanization. Bicycling is one of the most sustainable means of transport and it is a great way of reducing congestion in cities. Route planners which brings out the best aspects of bicycling and promotes them during route calculation is a good way of increasing the attractiveness of bicycling. When planning a route today there are online services which can perform regular route planning taking only the length of each route into consideration. The objective of this paper is to introduce an alternative way of performing route planning using other traits than just the length when determining the best route. This paper introduces an algorithm which is able to perform route planning which takes several aspects into account. The algorithm uses two additional attributes together with the length to determine the cost of traversing each polyline. The additional attributes used are named nature and slope index. The nature index is supposed to give a numerical representation of the environment surrounding the polyline, this is calculated using a land cover map and a buffer around each polyline which represents its neighborhood. The nature index is used to make the route planner prefer more beautiful paths along water, park or forests over shorter ones which passes through high density development for instance. The slope index is stores the average slope of the entire polyline. It is calculated using a digital elevation model and dividing the height difference between the start and end point with the length resulting in a slope percentage. The slope index is used to find paths which are as flat as possible. The two indexes together with the length attribute are then combined in seven different cost functions, each weighting the attributes differently to accommodate different preferences. Each of the calculated costs is stored as an attribute for every polyline. Networks on which route planning can be performed are then built using these cost attributes. The resulting networks are inspected visually using the indexes as display factors and determined to be accurate. Route planning using these networks results routes do follow areas with higher nature index and avoids slopes. In this paper a few examples of routes with an orthophoto as background are included which clearly illustrates that the nature index promotes the correct type of environment.Trafikstockning och föroreningar är två växande problem när vår värld fortsätter att urbaniseras. Cykel är ett av de mest hållbara transportmedlen och är samtidigt väldigt effektiv för att minska trängseln i städerna. Ruttplanerare som framhäver de bästa aspekterna med att cykla och använder dem vid beräkningen av den bästa rutten är ett bra sätt att öka attraktiviteten med att cykla. Vid planering av rutter med hjälp av online-verktyg så tas i dagsläget endast längden av rutten i beaktning. Den här rapporten syftar till att introducera ett alternativt sätt att beräkna rutter som tar fler aspekter än bara längden i beaktning för att hitta den optimala rutten. Denna rapport introducerar en algoritm som har förmågan att ta med flera aspekter vid beräkningen av en optimal rutt. Algoritmen använder sig av två extra attribut tillsammans med längden för att beräkna kostnaden av att färdas längs en linje. Dessa attribut kallas i rapporten nature och slope index. Nature index syftar till att ge en numerisk representation av miljön kring en linje. Nature index beräknas genom att använda sig en karta med markanvändningsklasser tillsammans med buffers som representerar området kring varje linje. Nature index används för att ruttplaneraren ska föredra vackrare vägar som går längs med vatten, parker eller genom skog framför en väg som exempelvis går genom tät bebyggelse. Slope index lagrar informationen om medellutningen för varje linje. Slope index beräknas med hjälp av en höjdkarta där höjdskillnaden mellan start- och slutpunkten divideras med längden vilket ger linjens lutning i procent. Slope index används för att hitta vägar som är så platta som möjligt. Nature och slope index kombineras sedan tillsammans med linjens längdattribut i sju olika kostnadsfunktioner där alla attribut viktas olika. Resultatet av alla kostnadsfunktioner sparas sedan som ett attribut för varje linje. Sedan används kostnadsattributen till att bygga nätverk för ruttplanering som använder sig av den beräknade kostnaden. De resulterande nätverken inspekteras sedan visuellt där de olika indexen används som visnings faktorer. Resultatet bedöms vara korrekt baserat på inspektionen. När dessa nätverk används för ruttplanering resulterar det i vägförslag som faktiskt följer områden med högre nature index och föredrar platta vägar. I rapporten ingår några exempel av rutter där ett ortofoto används som bakgrund för att få en visuell referens. Det är tydligt att nature index faktiskt framhäver rutter som följer rätt typ av miljö i exemplen.
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Wooding, Jonathan M. "Communication and commerce along the Western sealanes AD 400-800 /." Oxford : Tempus reparatum, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb361841399.
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Al, Kadi Abrar Abdullah H., and Kadi Abrar Abdullah H. Al. "The Conservation of Cultural Routes in Saudi Arabia (The Sultani Hajj Route between Almadinah and Makkah)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621435.
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The Sultani Hajj Route between AlMadinah and Makkah is one of the most significant heritage properties in Saudi Arabia. However, it has not been identified or designated as a significant cultural route worthy of conservation. Hence, many significant historic elements and sites along the route are being lost or damaged. This thesis was written to use World Heritage Cultural Route criteria to identify the Sultani Hajj Route as a heritage resource worthy of conservation. The thesis reviews UNESCO guidelines and criteria for designating cultural routes on the World Heritage List (WHL), and then applies these guidelines to identify the Sultani Hajj Route for possible designation on the WHL. Based on interviews and field surveys, 77 significant historic properties associated with the Sultani Hajj Route are identified, and 12 of these heritage resources are described in detail. The goal of this thesis is to spark interest in conserving this universally valuable Saudi cultural route while acknowledging that many concerns still need to be addressed, including raising public awareness and increasing public participation in the conservation process.
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Shatu, Farjana M. "Built environment impact on pedestrian route choice behaviour: Shortest vs. least directional change routes." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/126392/1/Farjana_Shatu_Thesis.pdf.
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This study investigates how students choose their walking routes to a university. Their observed walking routes were compared against the shortest path routes and against the least directional change routes. The urban design features (e.g. streets, benches, fountains, buildings) of these routes were also examined through physical and virtual (e.g. Google Earth image) surveys. The study reveals that students' route choice decision is highly influenced by street configuration – less directional changes are preferred over the shortest path distance – highlighting the need to design urban streets straighter to promote walking.
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Boishardy, Vincent. "Utilisation de revêtements économiques pour les routes locales et les routes d'accès aux ressources." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38113.
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Les revêtements économiques représentent des solutions avantageuses, principalement au niveau fonctionnel, pour les routes locales et les routes d’accès aux ressources. Cependant, il existe peu d’outils pour quantifier leurs effets afin d’appuyer les décisions techniques des gestionnaires. L'objectif du projet est de déterminer qualitativement et quantitativement l'avantage socio-économique de la pose d'un revêtement économique sur une chaussée non revêtue. Les chaussées en question sont les routes à faibles volumes, qui représentent plus des trois quarts du réseau routier canadien. Trois types de revêtements économiques sont étudiés : traitement de surface, enrobé coulé à chaux et microrevêtement. L’augmentation de la rigidité octroyée par l’imperméabilisation de la fondation ainsi que la cohésion de surface est déterminée à la suite de cette étude. La rigidité des fondations est mesurée grâce à des essais in situ réalisés avec le pénétromètre dynamique sous différentes conditions hydriques. Ainsi un allongement relatif de durée de vie est quantifié grâce à une modélisation des déformations par éléments finis avec le logiciel Géostudio couplée avec une méthode de prédiction analyste empirique d’endommagement. Une analyse de ces résultats permet de conclure que la mise en place d’un enrobé économique à base d’émulsion bitumineuse, de 20 millimètres d’épaisseur, permet la diminution de la teneur en eau dans la fondation d’au moins 30% et permet l’augmentation de la durée de vie de la chaussée de 58 % à 75 % selon le type de charge. Une comparaison des coûts de cycle de vie est alors réalisée entre une chaussée revêtue de traitement de surface(couche de granulats enrobéesd’émulsion bitumineuse) et une chaussée non revêtue en utilisant des scénarios d’entretien réalistes et cohérents avec le contexte québécois. En prenant en compte les coûts de construction, d’entretien et d’utilisation de ces chaussées : il est démontré que la mise en œuvre d’un revêtementse traduit par un gain financier. Ce gain dépend de beaucoup de paramètres qui sont détaillés. Dans ce contexted’une vaste province comme le Québec où les ressources sont éloignées, la course au développement impose des techniques efficaces et économiquement viablespour augmenter la mobilité des ressources humaines et matérielles. Cette étude montre que certains revêtements minces permettent d’assurer une rigidité structurelle aux chaussées, allongeant ainsi leur durée de vie tout en diminuant les coûts qui leur sont associés.Economic pavements represent advantageous solutions, especially at the functional level, for local roads and access roads to resources. However, there are few tools to quantify their effects in order to support the technical decisions of managers.The project’s objective is to determine qualitatively and quantitatively the socio-economic advantages of laying an economic pavement on an unpaved roadway. Roads in question are low-volume roads, which represent more than three quarters of Canada’s road network. Three types of economic coatings are studied: chip seal, hot mix asphalt and microsurfacing. The increase of the rigidity granted by the waterproofing of the foundation as well as the surface cohesion is determined as a result of this study. The rigidity of the foundations is measured by in situ tests carried out with the dynamic cone penetrometer under different water conditions. Thus, a relative elongation of a lifetime is quantified by finite element deformation modelling with GeoStudio software coupled with an empirical prediction analyst of damage method. An analysis of these results makes it possible to conclude that the implementation of a bitumen emulsion based economic coating, 20 millimetres thick, allows the reduction of the water content in the foundation by at least 30% and increases the service life of the road from 58% to 75% depending on the type of load. A comparison of life-cycle costs is thus made between a pavement with a chip seal (layer of aggregates coated with bituminous emulsion) and an unpaved surface using realistic maintenance scenarios that are consistent with the Quebec context. Considering the construction’s costs, maintenance and use of these pavements: it is demonstrated that the implementation of a coating results in a financial gain. This gain depends on many parameters that are detailed. In this context of a large Quebec province where resources are far away, the race for development imposes effective and economically viable techniques to increase the mobility of human and material resources. This study shows that certainthin coatings make it possible to ensure structural stiffness of pavements, thus prolonging their service life while reducing the associated costs.
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Gaunersdorfer, Andrea, Cars H. Hommes, and Florian O. O. Wagener. "Bifurcation routes to volatility clustering." SFB Adaptive Information Systems and Modelling in Economics and Management Science, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2000. http://epub.wu.ac.at/522/1/document.pdf.
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A simple asset pricing model with two types of adaptively learning traders, fundamentalists and technical analysts, is studied. Fractions of these trader types, which are both boundedly rational, change over time according to evolutionary learning, with technical analysts conditioning their forecasting rule upon deviations from a benchmark fundamental. Volatility clustering arises endogenously in this model. Two mechanisms are proposed as an explanation. The first is coexistence of a stable steady state and a stable limit cycle, which arise as a consequence of a so-called Chenciner bifurcation of the system. The second is intermittency and associated bifurcation routes to strange attractors. Both phenomena are persistent and occur generically in nonlinear multi-agent evolutionary systems. (author's abstract)Series: Working Papers SFB "Adaptive Information Systems and Modelling in Economics and Management Science"
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Green, Mark A. "Novel routes to nanodispersed semiconductors." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/12035.
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Parihar, Vishal Singh. "Human listeriosis : sources and routes." Doctoral thesis, Örebro : Örebro University Library, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-2447.
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Laumann, Andreas. "Novel routes to Li4Ti5O12 spinel." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-162075.
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Weber, Stephen Patrick. "The design of fixed routes." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23368.
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Loton, Neil. "Novel routes to designer silicas." Thesis, Brunel University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385136.
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Chan, Philip Wai Hong. "Routes to enantiopure functionalised pyrrolidines." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297934.
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Vougioukas, A. E. "New routes to chiral phosphines." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355821.
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Connolly, Matthew James. "Selective routes to substituted dihydropyridones." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2e670c3f-e928-46c5-a1db-28bc1a6609e6.
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Introduction: The introduction provides a survey of the natural product and pharmaceutical targets accessible from dihydropyridines and dihydropyridones as well as an overview of previous work carried out towards the synthesis of these valuable intermediates. The mechanism, scope and limitations of the various approaches are covered, along with the goals of this project. Results and Discussion: A Regioselective Route to Dihydropyridones. The regioselective addition of nucleophiles to a range of disubstituted pyridinium salts has been achieved, with selectivity determined by hard/soft factors. Certain nucleophiles can be added with complete regioselectivity to either C-2 or C-6 of these salts, depending on the conditions employed. Addition at C-2 allows the generation of a quaternary centre in high yield. The conditions discovered can be applied to pyridinium salts with different substitution patterns and an effective procedure has been developed for the removal of the nitrogen protecting group post reduction. The Preparation of Enantiopure Dihydropyridones.After unsuccessful attempts to find a reagent-controlled asymmetric synthesis of dihydropyridones, a highly diastereoselective and non-chiral auxiliary based substrate-controlled procedure has been developed. By prompting an intramolecular hydride migration from a secondary silyl ether onto the pyridinium core, the corresponding dihydropyridones are available in high yield, with the diastereoselectivity being controlled by the minimization of 1,3-allylic strain between the N-allyl group and the hydride-bearing side chain. Thus, an enantiopure pyridyl alcohol may be converted to the corresponding dihydropyridone without loss of enantiomeric purity. Furthermore, the dihydropyridones can be easily converted to complex bicyclic systems via a ring closing metathesis reaction. Experimental: Full experimental procedures and spectroscopic characterization of compounds are provided.
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Iannarelli, Paul M. "Routes to novel azo compounds." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3492.
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Routes to novel heterocyclic azo compounds and components of use as potential inkjet dyes were investigated. A new route to fluorenones from biphenyl acid chlorides using FVP (Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis) has been discovered. Fluorenone and 4-methylfluoren-9-one were prepared by FVP of 2-phenylbenzoyl chloride and 2-methylbiphenyl-2-carbonyl chloride respectively. Xanthen-9-one and thioxanthen-9-one were also prepared by FVP from the corresponding acid chlorides. 9-Phenanthrol could also be prepared via the FVP of biphenylacetyl choride and the application of this method to a heterocylic thiophene system afforded naphtho[1,2-b]thiophen-4-ol. Naphtho[2,1-b]thiophen-4-ol and naphtho[1,2-b]furan- 4-ol could be obtained in low yields by the FVP of (2-thiophen-3-ylphenyl)acetic acid methyl ester and (2-furan-2-ylphenyl) acetic acid methyl ester over a tungsten trioxide catalyst. Coupling of these systems with the diazonium salt of Acid Yellow 9 afforded the corresponding azo compounds. New heterocyclic dyes were also prepared from the condensation of heterocyclic hydrazines with 4,9-disulfophenanthrenequinone. Pyridine, pyridazine, phthalazine, isoquinoline and 2-quinoline disulfophenanthrene quinone metallised 2:1 nickel complexed magenta dyes were prepared. Industrial tests by standard methods revealed the pyridazine dye has a particularly impressive balance of light and ozone fastness over similar magenta dyes. The reaction of an arylnitro compound with 2-aminopyridine appeared to be an attractive and high yielding route to 2-(phenylazo)pyridine. However, application of this reaction to substituted and naphthalene systems failed. This afforded byproducts due to nucleophilic substitution of groups such as methoxy and the relatively uncommon nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen with none of the required azo products obtained. Therefore it appeared that the reaction of a nitro and amine was not a robust and versatile route to heterocyclic azo compounds. An alternate route to heterocyclic azo compounds involved the use of the Mills reaction by the condensation o-anisidine, p-chloroaniline, 2-aminophenol, 3- aminophenol, naphthylamine, 8-amnioquinoline and 2-acetylamino-5-aminobenzenesulfonic acid with 2-nitrosopyridine afforded the heterocyclic azo products in moderate to high yields. The Mills reaction does appear to be the favored route to heterocyclic azo compounds. Several factors were identified which affect the process of bisazo coupling of chromotropic acid and products obtained. Reaction at the ipso position of monoPACAs (2-phenylazochromotropic acid) leading to increased yields of the ipso substitution monoPACA by-product as opposed to the expected bisazo coupling position was a major problem. Studies indicated reactivity at the ipso position was greatly reduced by the presence of electron withdrawing groups around the phenyl ring of the monoPACA. Further study indicated reaction at the bisazo coupling position increased with the strength of the diazonium salt used in bisazo coupling. Therefore the electronic nature of the monoPACA starting material and the diazonium salt used in bisazo coupling greatly affected the products obtained. Reaction pH studies also revealed attack at the bisazo coupling position increases with pH and at lower pH (5.0 – 8.0) attack at the ipso position dominated. Reactivity of the monoPACA starting material also increased with pH. The influence of steric effects upon bisazo coupling revealed, in the cases where ortho sulfonic acid groups were present in the monoPACA, a reduction in attack at the ipso position. Hence the reaction appeared to be directed towards the required bisazo coupling position.
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Foster, Katie. "Novel routes to asymmetric nanoparticles." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580329.
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Sick building syndrome; in which the victims feel dizzy, fatigued and nauseous is caused from the accumulation of indoor air contaminants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Photocatalytic paints are an aesthetic approach for the reduction of such compounds via pollutant breakdown. The key constituent is titanium dioxide. Studies have shown, however, that incorporation of unmodified nanoparticulate Ti02 into paints causes film breakdown and VOC release. In this work the synthesis of asymmetric titanium dioxide particles whereby one half is coated with silica, via simple wet chem- ical techniques was investigated. Polystyrene micro- and nanospheres, and the novel use of carbon microspheres were used as sacrificial templates. The inner titania layer and outer silica layer were deposited onto the templates through hydrolysis and condensation of the relative precursors. The tem- plates exhibiting the double coating were then removed via thermal degradation, leaving double shell hollow inorganic spheres with an inner layer comprising of crystalline titania and the outer shell com- posed from amorphous silica. To form asymmetric particles these hollow spheres were then ruptured using sonication and ball-milling. The polystyrene microspheres were successful at producing asym- metric platelets by simply crushing the hollow inorganic spheres after template removal. The majority of the double shell hollow inorganic spheres produced from polystyrene nanospheres remained intact and were too small to rupture using ball-milling. Platelets were therefore not produced. Carbon micro- spheres were not fully decomposed at the temperatures chosen and a mixture of asymmetric platelets and whole spheres were formed. Glass microspheres were implemented as a non-sacrificial template to investigate greener routes into asymmetric platelet production. Three methods were investigated in terms of their ability to remove the silica-titania double coating producing asymmetric platelets, leav- ing the glass microspheres intact ready for reuse. Sonication produced colloidal dispersions of Ti02 and Si02 nanoparticles but did however leave the surface of the spheres clean. Ball-milling not only removed the coating but also smashed the glass-spheres into smaller pieces rendering them obsolete. Heating the coated glass microspheres and then rapidly cooling them did not remove the coatings at all. The photocatalytic activity of the samples produced from each sacrificial template towards toluene breakdown was investigated using a glass-plate photoreactor with online residual gas analysis. The samples were deposited in both powdered form, and dispersed in polyvinyl acetate which acted as a mock paint film. The intact double-shell hollow inorganic micro spheres showed no photocatalytic activity. However when these were crushed into asymmetric platelets the partial pressure of carbon dioxide rose and fell when the light was switched on and off respectively, indicating these asymmetric platelets exhibited photocatalytic activity due to exposure of the crystalline titania layer to toluene.
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Altuna-Urquijo, M. "New routes to functionalised pyridines." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2005. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/3327/.
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A novel method of preparing substituted pyridines has been developed. This method uses readily available [3-ketoesters and amidrazone as starting materials. The pyridines obtained do not require purification and different substitution patterns, not available by known methods, can be obtained. The formation of 1,2,3-tricarbonyl compounds was achieved by oxidation of the alcohol precursors, following two different methods. a-Chloro-ct-acetoxy-f3-dicarbonyls were prepared in excellent yields and were shown to react as tricarbonyl equivalents in the formation of 1,2,4-triazines. Regioselective condensation reactions were observed between different amidrazones with tricarbonyl and tricarbonyl equivalents to produce a series of novel 1,2,4-triazines in good yields with no contamination by any regioisomer. When 1,2,4-triazines were obtained from a-chloro-a-acetoxy-P-dicarbonyls, 2.5 equivalents of amidrazone were required. However, decomposition of a-chloro-a-acetoxy-P-dicarbonyls prior to reaction with 1 equivalent of amidrazone yielded the 1,2,4-triazines in good yields. These 1,2,4-triazines underwent aza Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions with 2,5- norbornadiene to give a series of novel 2,3,6-trisubstituted pyridines. The pyridines bearing electron withdrawing groups as substituents could also be obtained in a 'one- pot' reaction from their corresponding tricarbonyls or tricarbonyl derivatives. The 1,2,4- triazines bearing electron donating groups could be converted to their corresponding pyridines either by changing the reaction conditions or, when possible, by conversion of the electron donating group into a more electron withdrawing substituent by oxidation (e.g. sulphoxide substituent). Pyridines bearing a sulphoxide substituent undergo nucleophilic substitutions, giving great scope to introduce different functionality in the C-6 of the pyridines.
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Cairns, J. L. "Novel routes to functionalised alkylphosphonates." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368760.
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Reynolds, Karen. "New routes to chiral aminocyclohexenes." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318798.
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Dave, Gaurang. "Enantioselective routes to tricarbonyliron complexes." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389258.
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Randall, G. P. "Organoiron routes towards compactin analogues." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380987.
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Patience, J. M. "Routes to substituted tetramic acids." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235998.
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Darling, Tracy Anne. "Routes to matrix-isolated silanones." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394487.
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Fraioli, Patrick Augusto. "High pressure routes to biosphenols." Thesis, University of Reading, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333907.
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Dransfield, Paul John. "New routes to imino sugars." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247066.
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Ritchie, Robert B. "Chemical routes to atomic nitrogen." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359346.
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Chapter 1 contains a general introduction and review of the field of atomic nitrogen chemistry. Included here is mention of the occurrences, generation, detection and analysis, reactions and uses of atomic nitrogen. A summary of previous work towards the chemical generation of atomic nitrogen in solution is given, this being stated as the overall aim of the thesis. This aim encompasses bond-breaking: (a) in nitrogen containing heterocycles upon mild photolysis or thermolysis, (b) in azidyl radicals. Chapter 2 describes the benzocinnoline N-imine system along with its isomeric 5H-dibenzo[1,2,3][d,f]triazepine with a view to the selective derivatisation of the latter. The photochemical and oxidative reactions of these systems are investigated by esr. 1H-Benzotriazole and selected derivatives are examined as triazenyl models for the triazepinyl system. Chapter 3 considers the chemistry of the 1,3,4-dioxazol-2-ones particularly the unreported 5-O-linked derivatives which are sought as possible precursors to the novel 1,3,4-dioxazolidine-2,5-diones themselves potential atomic nitrogen precursors. Chapter 4 concerns the 1,2,4-dithiazolidine-3,5-diones as potential atomic nitrogen precursors and two routes are pursued to the little reported unsubstituted parent 1,2,4-dithiazolidinedione. Chapter 5 departs from the heterocyclic theme of chapters 2-4 and considers the generation and fragmentation of the azidyl radical as a possible source of atomic nitrogen. Evidence for the production of atomic nitrogen from this radical, generated from the persulphate oxidation of azide anion, is discussed.
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Chapman, Sarah Elizabeth. "Routes to processable conductive polyanilines." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283140.
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Field, Robert Edward. "New routes to chiral phosphines." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268789.
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Gough, Damien Francis Christopher. "Novel routes to substituted dihydropyrans." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2007. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1524.
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Dihydropyrans are important structural motifs that are found within many natural products and biologically active compounds. As such, a number of versatile methods have been developed for their construction. Chapter One provides several examples of interesting natural products which contain dihydropyran moieties and gives a brief summary of the existing methodology for the preparation of these heterocycles. Chapter Two gives a detailed account of the silyl-Prins reaction and explains how the methodology may be expanded to encompass new types of substituted dihydropyran. The first strategy was to develop a route to dihydropyrans with an incorporated ester moiety in the 2-position. The second strategy involved the preparation of exo-methylene tetrahydropyrans using silyl-Prins methodology. Thirdly, an investigation into the Mukaiyama-Aldol silyl-Prins reaction, as a potential route to dihydropyrans with an incorporated hydroxyethyl moiety, was performed. The first step was the development of an expedient route to a vinyl ether precursor which was then used to investigate preliminary Mukaiyama-Aldol silyl-Prins reactions. Chapter 3 provides a brief summary of the origin and pharmacology of (-)-centrolobine and kendomycin which both possess integral tetrahydropyran substructures making them attractive targets for synthesis using the silyl-Prins reaction. A literature overview of the existing methods for their syntheses is provided, with particular focus on the methodology used to construct the key tetrahydropyran core. Chapter 4 discusses the retrosynthetic analysis of (±)-centrolobine and describes the development of synthetic pathways to (±)-centrolobine which enable the silyl-Prins reaction to be employed in the key cyclisation step. Kendomycin is also retrosynthetically analysed and a number of routes to the synthesis of its integral tetrahydropyran component using the silyl-Prins methodology are investigated. Chapter 5 provides detailed experimental procedures and data for the compounds described in this thesis.
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Tew, Oliver David. "Search in real-world routes." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/420030/.
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The structural nature of the world often provides a clear guide to where sought objects are likely to appear, as well as the kind of objects they may repeatedly appear in the presence of. The relationship between the targets, distractors and the landscape provides context, which ensures efficient search. This thesis will explore the dynamics of how knowledge of the environment ahead will inform search on future presentation of those scenes, as well as explore how several factors between individuals (such as cognitive resources, or tendencies towards anxiety) may influence search and learning processes. This thesis reports three studies using a new eye movement experimental paradigm termed the repeated scenes search task (RSST). This task presented scenes taken on a route around a suburban neighbourhood as search arrays, while participants searched for target superimposed in naturalistic locations. The scenes were presented on 8 occasions in each experiment, and performance improved with number of repeats. In the experimental chapters the influence of scene order on search was examined with targets appearing in several contingencies with relation to scene identity and compared between the scenes appearing in a consistent or randomised order. Subtle benefits to search were found when scenes were presented in a consistent order. The influence of boosting WM and inducing a state of anxiety upon participant responses (via more efficient eye movements) were also examined. The impact of these findings upon the general literature and with regard to individuals searching in dangerous environments are discussed, with the key finding that attentional networks, working memory and a state of anxiety are important factors to consider in search through familiar environments.
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Gudde, Renska Marleen. "Revealing the routes to biodiversity." Thesis, University of Reading, 2015. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/69833/.
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Khan, Majad. "New routes to hyperbranched macromolecules." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616098.
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Kleyer, Niklas. "Optimization of Complex Vehicle Routes." Thesis, KTH, Optimeringslära och systemteori, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-200914.
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allowing for bi-directional costs and different vehicle costs. The first model is based on shortest paths transformation and is regarded as a standard model. The second model is called native since it is based on the problem network and therefore is fundamentally different. The main subject of this repot is to introduce the reader to the native model and the technical implications that follows. Mainly it shows empirical evidence (not proof) that there are problems that formulated natively manifest significant- to large gains in computation performance. There is also a problem instance where the standard model takes at least 14 times longer time to compute. This report also attempts estimating the fraction of the possible problems that would have less variables when modeled natively and therefore might be expected to have an advantage in computation time. This fraction appears to be around ⅓ of all problems.Denna rapport formulerar två modeller för ruttplanering av era fordon över era dagar och möjliggör kostnader för olika riktningar och för olika fordonskostnader. Den första modellen är baserad på transformation till minimalkostnadsvägar och betraktas som en standardmodell. Den andra modellen kallas för nativ eftersom den är baserad på problemets egna nätverk och den är därför fundamentalt annorlunda. Det primära syftet med denna rapport är att introducera läsaren till den nativa modellen och de tekniska konsekvenser som följer. Främst visar empiriska bevis att det finns problem som vinner mycket beräkningsprestanda om de modelleras nativt. Det finns också ett fall av problem där standardmodellen tar minst 14 gånger längre tid att beräkna. Utöver detta försöker denna rapport uppskatta hur stor andel av möjliga problem som skulle ha färre variabler när de modelleras nativt och därför kan förväntas ha bättre beräkningsprestanda. Denna fraktion verkar vara runt ⅓ av alla problem.
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Philippe, Tanguy. "Les Routes de la lutte." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN20014.
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La lutte est une mise en jeu de la force entre deux antagonistes qui tentent de se maîtriser dans un corps-à corps. Cette activité physique au principe simple est présente dans une majorité de cultures sous des formes élaborées. Elle constitue un motif imaginaire, représentant les oppositions fondamentales des mythes ou est organisée sous forme rituelle, pour que son résultat augure de la prospérité collective. Les « styles » de lutte, formes durables et localisées, correspondent à définition de la force dans les cultures et les civilisations, prenant en compte un idéal imaginaire et une construction fine desavoirs pratiques dans un système règlementaire cohérent et stimulant.En complément d’une présence universelle et de pratiques locales et originales, il est possible de rapprocher certains styles disposant de caractéristiques similaires, ce qui montre une diffusion de la lutte sur la longue durée. Les formes élaborées ont une distribution géographique régulière, correspondant aux routes de circulation de culture. Sur les routes de la soie, les styles se sont diffusés tout en se distinguant progressivement. Le long de la « Route celtique », ils ont connu une histoire complexe d’identification et de réunion, influençant même la synthèse de styles internationaux.La lutte, sur la base d’une formule d’opposition simple et modifiable, a été finement élaborée, développée en desstructures sociales plus complexes, et véhiculée le long des routes de culture. Ce cheminement sur la longue durée illustre la constitution du sport comme objet de culture, et montre comment l’ancrage du jeu et sa diffusion contribuent à créer et à enrichir la construction du sportWrestling is a play of strength between two antagonists who aim to master each other in a hand-to-hand opposition. The principle of this activity is fairly simple and well known in a majority of cultures and civilizations. It can be found in different elaborated forms. Wrestling symbolizes an imaginary representation of the fundamental opposition in mythology or acts as a ritual challenge in which the outcome foreshadows the collective wealth. Each wrestling style corresponds to one culture’s definition of the Strength concept, which takes into account an ideal imaginary, and a subtle construction of practical knowledge in a consistent and stimulating rules system.In addition to a universal presence and local original practices, we can easily notice similarities between styles and a wide set of common characteristics. It illustrates and implies a long-term diffusion. Elaborated forms have a steady geographical distribution, which corresponds to the roads of cultural circulation. Along the Silk Road styles spread out while they gradually evolved and grew apart. On the “Celtic Road” they experienced a complex History of identification and meeting that influenced the synthesis of international styles.Wrestling is an elementary and flexible system that has been deeply developed in more complex forms and spread out along the culture roads. This long-term progression illustrates the cultural character of sport and shows how its rooting and diffusion contribute into enriching the sport construction
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Dehaynin, Christian. "Les routes d'Algérie : 1830-1865." Paris 8, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA080905.
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En 1830, la connaissance de l'espace algerien ; espace physique, social, religieux fait l'objet d'une conquete dans la conquete. De la conquete vers la maitrise se dessine, au travers des connaissances acquises, l'espoir de dominer l'algerie par la transformation de son espace et de son temps. La route forme la premiere inscription du nouvel ordonnancement de l'espace et du temps. La presence cote a cote des civils et des militaires (ponts et chaussees et genie) engages dans la transformation des territoires determine une ligne de fracture qui parcourt les phases de transformation et les organise suivant deux poles qui sont pour les militaires la strategie et pour les colons la prosperite. L'evolution de la colonisation montre que la route est l'auxiliaire le plus efficace de l'alienation et de la transformation des territoires. Elle accroit le controle, la rentabilite, elle favorise une societe duale. De ce fait, elle s'incrit totalement pour la population coloniale, dans le double mouvement de dominer et de se dominerIn 1830, the knowledge of algerian space-physical, social and religious es the object of a conquest within the conquest. From conquest to control, the acquisition of knowledge outlines the hope of dominating algeria by the transformation of its space and time. The road is the first feature of the new arrangement of space and time. The presence side by side of civilians and soldiers (civil departement of engineering and military engineering) involved in the transformation of the territories, dranws a line of separation which runs through the phases of the transformation and organizes them around two poles that are, for the soldiers, strategy and, for the colonists, prosperity. The evolution of colonization shows that the road is the most effective auxiliary in the process of alienation and transformation of the territories. It encreases control and productivity, it furthes the creation of a twofold society. In thes respect, it is part and parcel of the colonist's attempt to dominate himself
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Balaguer, Amanda Marie. "Routes to Acylated Sydnone Esters." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1316529382.
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De-Gruchy, Michelle Winifred. "Routes of the Uruk expansion." Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12159/.
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The late fourth millennium B.C. of Mesopotamia is best known for an expansion of material culture from Southern Mesopotamia known as the Uruk Expansion or Uruk Phenomenon. The precise nature of this expansion remains unknown, but at its core it evidences unprecedented levels of interregional interaction whether in the form of colonies, trade diasporas, or otherwise. This thesis uses quantitative route analysis to examine the hollow ways across the North Jazira region of northern Mesopotamia before, during, and after the Uruk Expansion in the late fourth millennium B.C. to learn more about the phenomenon. To accomplish this, new methodologies were required. A bottom up method for reconstructing land cover was developed and the first velocity-based terrain coefficients were calculated to factor both land cover and slope into the route models. Additionally, the first quantitative method for directly comparing route models to preserved routes was developed to statistically assess the significance of three physical route choice variables: easiest, fastest, and shortest. First, it is statistically proven that, for the North Jazira, physical variables did not play a major role in route choice, highlighting the importance of cultural variables. Second, it is shown that the routes evidence the formation of polities starting in the late fourth millennium. Thirdly, it is demonstrated that the Uruk Expansion was a disruptive force that broke down previous east-west dynamics, spatially polarizing the population. Furthermore, when east-west movement resumes in the early third millennium B.C., the region remains divided in two distinct sub-regions. Finally, the poor performance of route models based on physical variables frequently used for predicting route locations has implications for the usefulness of this practice, particularly in areas with flatter terrain. What was important to other cultures cannot be assumed, but must be based on evidence from the cultures themselves.
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Tran, Khac Duong. "Performance evaluation of transit routes." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/125630/1/Khac%20Duong_Tran_Thesis.pdf.
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Transit agencies aim to allocate limited resources properly and maximise ridership. Measuring the performance of individual transit routes within a transit system plays a critical role in identifying operational issues and increasing transit ridership. Addressing this need, this research develops a framework to evaluate operational effectiveness and spatial and temporal performance of individual bus routes within a transit network. With case study on Brisbane a network Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model is adopted for efficiency analysis, and the double bootstrap model is applied for sensitivity analysis of DEA efficiency scores obtained to external factors. The developed framework enables transit agencies to evaluate and rank the performance of given bus routes, and then identify both internal and external sources of inefficiency. This should lead to better public transport design and operations.
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Nakhla, Mohamed. "Déterminismes cachés et mécanismes de choix dans le système politico-administratif local : cas de la programmation des routes départementales." Paris, ENMP, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ENMP0170.
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La participation de l'auteur a un groupe de reflexion, en 1987, sur les techniques de la route lui a permis de s'orienter vers l'etude du processus de decision et de choix des travaux au niveau local, particulierement departemental. Cette orientation de la reflexion a suscite une interrogation qui est au centre de ce travail: quelle est la nature du processus de decision observe? quel role peut avoir un outil d'aide a la decision au niveau local et, plus generalement, dans le processus de programmation et de choix des travaux sur le reseau departemental? une analyse detaillee des choix effectues depuis une dizaine d'annees et leur comparaison a une simulation de programmation elaboree avec les decideurs selon le principe de la recherche-intervention, fournissent des elements de reponse: vu de plus pres, le processus de decision s'apparente a des automatismes de gestion et de programmation qui sont parfaitement logiques au niveau local, mais dont les consequences globales peuvent echapper totalement a la volonte des decideurs. Finalement, il semble que les differents decideurs ne soient pas simplement definis par rapport a un systeme de jugement qui s'impose a eux, mais aussi par rapport a l'ensemble des moyens de leurs pratiques habituelles, qui incluent leurs objectifs institues, le savoir qu'ils mobilisent et aussi leur culture professionnelle. Ce systeme de jugement conduit a des automatismes de choix, mais aussi a un processus de definition des priorites, deterministe et relativement previsible, sur le reseau. Dans ce cadre deterministe, l'auteur examine les chances de reussite des differentes possibilites de modelisation des choix des travaux et esquisse quelques conditions pour ameliorer le processus existant et prevenir ses effets indesirables
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Taher, Mostapha. "Recherches sur la circulation terrestre en Aquitaine au moyen âge : aspects politiques et religieux." Bordeaux 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR30028.
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Le reseau routier gallo-romain fut un legs considerable pour l'aquitaine occidentale. L'analyse des itineraires empruntes par les annees, les princes et les gens d'eglise montre que le reseau routier remontant a l'occupation romaine a subsiste dans sa quasi-totalite jusqu'a la fin de l'epoque carolingienne. Des le 11e siecle (si ce n'est bien avant) un nouveau reseau de chemins repondant mieux aux besoins du moyen age, plus souple et plus complexe, mais moins solide, commenca peu a peu a prendre forme. Sa mutation est allee de pair avec celle des paysages urbain et rural. Les villes anciennes et nouvelles et les villages furent relies les uns aux autres non plus par une seule voie principale, mais par plusieurs pistes qui se rejoignaient pour franchir les cols et passer les nombreuses rivieres la ou les gues, les bacs et les ponts le permettaient. Entre la fin du 12e siecle et le debut du 16e les chemins, spontanes ou crees a l'initiative privee et publique, ecclesiastique et laique, etaient suffisamment nombreux et varies pour repondre aux exigences des armees, des princes et des administrateurs, des gens d'eglise et des pelerins. De nombreux elements de l'histoire politique et religieuse ont provoque des mutations profondes dans l'orientation des courants de la circulation terrestre et favorise certains axes routiers par rapport a d'autres. L'etude des aspects politiques et religieux de la circulation terrestre en aquitaine occidentale montre que le choix des itineraires dependait avant tout d'un certain nombre d'elements lies aux circonstances : objectifs, missions, importance des effectifs et des suites, moyens de transport utilises, problemes de logement et de nourriture, intemperies, insecurite, epidemies, etcThe gallo-roman road-network was an important beguest for western aquitaine. The analysis of the itineraries used by the armies, the princes and the clergymen shows that the road-network originating in the roman occupation has subsisted almost completely until the end of the carolingian age. Since the 11th century (if not before) a new system of roads that corresponded better to the needs of the middle age - more flexible, more complex, but less solid - began to take form little by little. Its mutations took place parallely to those of the urban and rural landscapes. The ancient and the new cities, as well as the village became linked with each other not only by a single major road but by several tracks that met in orfer to lead over passes and cross the numerous rivers fords, ferries or bridges made it possible. Between the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 16th century, the roads - wether created spontaneously or by private or public, ecclesiastical or secular initiative - were sufficient in number and variety to meet the demands of the armies, the princes and the administrators, the clergy and the pilgims. Numerous elements of political and religious history have instigated profound alterations in the orientation of the streams of ground traffic and have privileged certain trunkroads more than others. The study of the political and religious aspects of ground traffic in western aquitaine shows that the choice of itineraries depended primarily on a certain number of circumstantial elements: objectives, missions, size of troops and retinues, means of transportations used, problems of accomodation and meals, bad weather, lack of security, epidemic diseases, etc
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Tritle, Matthew C. "The growth of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy impacts and implications of regional naval expansion." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Dec%5FTritle.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007.Thesis Advisor(s): Miller, Alice L. ; Moran, Daniel. "December 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 24, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 119-128). Also available in print.