Journal articles: 'Route line'

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Jie, Junwu, and Congjin Miao. "Analysis and Selection of Shipping Route in Ocean." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2029, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2029/1/012151.

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Abstract This electronic document is a “live” template. Ocean navigation is a long-distance cross ocean navigation. There are three kinds of ocean routes in common use: great circle route, rhumb line route and mixed route. The great circle route is usually used when ships are sailing in the ocean, but sometimes in the mid latitude sea area, the rhumb line route is a choice in the mid latitude sea area. Combined with the calculation of a navigation example, this paper makes some analysis on the selection of ocean routes in mid latitude sea area, illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of these three ocean routes with data, and draws a conclusion on how to choose the routes.

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Goerigk, Marc, and Marie Schmidt. "Line planning with user-optimal route choice." European Journal of Operational Research 259, no. 2 (June 2017): 424–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.10.034.

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Elamin, I. M., S. O. Duffuaa, and H. A. Yassein. "Transmission line route selection by goal programming." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 12, no. 2 (April 1990): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-0615(90)90010-9.

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Yoon, Gyugeun, and Joseph Y. J. Chow. "Contextual Bandit-Based Sequential Transit Route Design under Demand Uncertainty." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 5 (May 2020): 613–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120917388.

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While public transit network design has a wide literature, the study of line planning and route generation under uncertainty is not so well covered. Such uncertainty is present in planning for emerging transit technologies or operating models in which demand data is largely unavailable to make predictions on. In such circumstances, this paper proposes a sequential route generation process in which an operator periodically expands the route set and receives ridership feedback. Using this sensor loop, a reinforcement learning-based route generation methodology is proposed to support line planning for emerging technologies. The method makes use of contextual bandit problems to explore different routes to invest in while optimizing the operating cost or demand served. Two experiments are conducted. They (1) prove that the algorithm is better than random choice; and (2) show good performance with a gap of 3.7% relative to a heuristic solution to an oracle policy.

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Kobayashi, Akira, Kiyohito Yamamoto, and Takuma Hayashi. "Selection of Route of Temporary Irrigation Water Supply Line with GIS in Emergency Situation." Journal of Rainwater Catchment Systems 14, no. 1 (2008): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7132/jrcsa.kj00004978339.

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Wei, Siyuan, and Vatcharapol Sukhotu. "Trade Promotion from Thailand to China As A Result Of a New Train Route." 11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11, no. 1 (December 9, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(48).

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This paper aims to analyze the impact of the China-Laos railway on the export trade from Thailand and China. This will enable Thai export traders to understand the new transportation route formed by the railway and improve the trade volume and competitiveness of Thai products through this route. The author firstly finds out to which provinces Thailand's products are mainly exported to China and their individual export volume through literature review. Then, summarize the main export routes of Thai products to these provinces. These routes are river transportation, land transportation and sea transportation, The China-Laos railway is mainly used to transport goods. a new transport route will emerge after the completion of the China-Laos railway. After that, secondary data method is used to determine the driven factors of route selection. Finally, qualitative analysis is used to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the new route and other routes base on driven factors. This new route will have some advantages in some factors, this paper points out what trade industry is suitable for this route, these can provide some reference for Thai trade exporters. In the future, this route can be used to increase Thailand's export trade volume and develop some trade on the railway along the line. Keywords: Thai Product, Driving Factors, Route Selection, China-Laos Railway, In-depth Interviews, Secondary Data Method

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Wang, Yu, Wei Huang, Yue Li, Qing Bo Tu, and Xin Tain. "Optimal Design of Transmission Line Route Based on GIS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 3522–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.3522.

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Transmission line route reflects the geospatial constraints on the grid. Environmental factors affecting the power transmission line route design are diverse and complex. This paper studies the method based on GIS (Geographic Information System) and Dijkstra algorithm. Establish environmental factors hierarchical model of transmission line route design using IAHP and gridded map and obtain each grid’s weight. Take into account weight of each grid’s environmental factors and number of the corner in order to build the branch weights of Dijkstra algorithm. After that the optimal route can be obtained using Dijkstra algorithm.

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Zhou, Jun, Guangchuan Liang, Tao Deng, and Jing Gong. "Route Optimization of Pipeline in Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow Based on Genetic Algorithm." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1640303.

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This paper describes the problems in route optimization of two-phase pipelines. Combining the hydraulic calculation with route optimization theory, this paper establishes an automatic route optimization model and adopts the general genetic algorithm (gGA) and steady-state genetic algorithm (ssGA) to solve the model, respectively, gets the optimal route, and discusses the influence of parameters setting to the result. This algorithm was applied in determining pipelines routes in coalbed methane gathering and transporting system in Shanxi Province, China. The result shows that the algorithm is feasible, which improves the hydraulic properties by reducing the pressure drop along the line while the pipeline length is still acceptable.

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Zhao, Chuan-Lin, and Hai-Jun Huang. "Modeling the Equilibrium Bus Line Choice Behavior and Transit System Design with Oblivious Users." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/173876.

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In most of transportation literature, users are assumed to be perfectly rational in minimizing their own travel costs or perceived travel costs. However, users may not be perfectly rational in implementing their choices in reality. There exists a kind of boundedly rational users, that is, oblivious users. These oblivious users make their route choices by simple criteria, for example, selecting the shortest (or the most direct) route only based on physical distance or simply following routes recommended by a GPS system. This paper investigates how the existence of oblivious users affects the equilibrium bus line choice behavior in a public transit system. And we propose a method to design a more realistic system.

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S. Zulkarnain, M., R. C. Omar, I. N.Z. Baharuddin, R. Roslan, and S. A. Kamarudin. "Environmental Sensitive Area (ESA) for Route Selection of Transmission Tower." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (November 30, 2018): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.26281.

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Transmission route selection needs to determine in order to have the best route for the transmission line. This paper presents a few alternative transmission line routes together by using cost path analysis application, minimizing and avoiding propose new located tower in landslide hazard area. The conventional route planning method usually only take into considerations of topographical such as gradient and curvature. This method unable to sustain the environment. This study can take into consideration of many factors that related to Environmental Sensitive Area (ESA) such as prone to landslide area, forestry area, land cover and land use. Different influence factor that assign to the weightage will resulted to different output of the suitability map. This study will have used nine Environmental Sensitive Area (ESA) factors, and using three difference influence factors that will optimize the result of the suitability map.

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Sarkar, A., Satyam Suwas, D. Goran, J. J. Fundenberger, L. S. Toth, and T. Grosdidier. "Equal channel angular pressing processing routes and associated structure modification: a differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray line profile analysis." Powder Diffraction 27, no. 3 (August 17, 2012): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715612000310.

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The effectiveness of different routes of equal channel angular pressing (A, Bc, and C) is studied for commercially pure copper. The stored energy and the activation energy of recrystallization for the deformed samples were quantified using differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction line profile analysis. Results of the study revealed that the dislocation density and the stored energy are higher in the case of route Bc deformed sample. The activation energy for recrystallization is lower for route Bc.

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Easton, R. D., and B. L. Bentzen. "Memory for Verbally Presented Routes: A Comparison of Strategies Used by Blind and Sighted People." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 81, no. 3 (March 1987): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8708100305.

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Experiments were conducted to determine the manner in which congenitally blind and sighted people remember verbal route descriptions. Subjects listened to route descriptions and were then required to perform either spatial or abstract/verbal sentence verifications before finger tracing those routes through a raised line matrix. Route tracing speed and accuracy revealed that for both congenitally blind and sighted subjects, spatial sentence verification interfered more with route memory, even though the spatial verifications were easier than the verbal/abstract verifications for both subject groups when performed alone. The finding indicates that both blind and sighted people transform verbal route descriptions into a spatial imagery form to guide finger tracing. If spatial information is remembered using an imagery strategy, then tactile maps may be better suited than verbal maps for conveying spatial information to blind travelers.

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Szelangiewicz, Tadeusz, and Katarzyna Żelazny. "Average Fuel Consumption by a Ship on a Sales Line in Statistical Weather Conditions." New Trends in Production Engineering 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2018-0072.

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Abstract During operation of the ship, fuel consumption and associated emissions are very important for economic and ecological reasons. The fuel consumption is greatly influenced by the choice of shipping route, weather conditions on these routes and engine control criteria. The article presents its own algorithm for forecasting ship operation parameters, including fuel consumption on selected shipping routes for average, statistical (seasonal) weather parameters occurring on these routes. It shows what factors have the main impact on fuel consumption and how you can affect fuel consumption during the cruise in changing weather conditions.

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Rajkumar, Mylsamy, and Sankaranarayanan Subramanian. "Cluster Based Geographical Routing (CBGR) for MANETs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 550 (May 2014): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.550.210.

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-Routing has been the main challenge for ad hoc networks due to dynamic topology as well as resource constraints. High computational overhead and high mobility of the nodes typically require completely GPS enabled MANETs for higher performance. Due to the high mobility of nodes, the network topology of MANETs always changes. This makes it more difficult to find the routes that message packets use when they are routed. In this paper, we propose an Cluster based location routing (CBGR) scheme to improve the route discovery in MANET routing. In this scheme, we first decide a baseline, which is the line between the source cluster head and the destination node, for route discovery. The request packet is broadcasted in a request zone based on the baseline to determine the next gateway node. From the neighboring gateway nodes, with the shortest distance to the baseline is chosen as the next gateway node. The flooding of the packets to the intermediate gateway nodes are reduced since the route discovery packets are only forwarded to certain gateway nodes, which, fall into a determined region. Simulations are performed using NS2. The results illustrate that GBLR performs better compared to other protocols.

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Krile, Srećko, Dragan Peraković, and Vladimir Remenar. "Possible Collision Avoidance with Off-line Route Selection." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 21, no. 6 (March 2, 2012): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v21i6.257.

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The paper describes the traffic flow problems in telecommunication networks based on the Internet protocol. The main aim of telecommunication network operator today is to offer an SLA (Service Level Agreement) contract to end users, with provided QoS (Quality of Service) for different classes of services. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to establish the routes between marginal network nodes meeting the network traffic requirements and optimizing the network performances free of simultaneous flows conflicts. In DiffServ/MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) networks traffic flows traverse the network simultaneously and there may come to collision of concurrent flows. They are distributed among LSPs (Labeled Switching Paths) related to service classes. In LSP creation the IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) uses simple on-line routing algorithms based on the shortest path methodology. In highly loaded networks this becomes an insufficient technique. In this suggested approach LSP need not necessarily be the shortest path solution. It can be pre-computed much earlier, possibly during the SLA negotiation process. In that sense an effective algorithm for collision control is developed. It may find a longer but lightly loaded path, taking care of the collision possibility. It could be a very good solution for collision avoidance and for better load-balancing purpose where links are running close to capacity. The algorithm can be significantly improved through heuristic approach. Heuristic options are compared in test-examples and their application for collision control is explained. KEYWORDS: Telecommunication networks, collision avoidance, multi-constraint route selection, self-organizing systems, MPLS, QoS

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Kumar, Yogesh, Sandeep Panchal, Amit Ashish, and Bhanu Pratap Singh. "Feasibility Study of Railway Line in Hilly Region using GIS." International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE) 13, no. 08 (August 4, 2017): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v13i08.7186.

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Aim of this study is to demonstrate the potential of GIS and multi-criteria decision approach (MCDA) as a tool for the selection of alignment of rail route in Hilly region. In the present study, Geographic information system (GIS) and multi-criteria decision approach (MCDA) is used to plan the alignment of railway route from Bhuntar to Kullu in Himachal Pradesh (HP), India. The various factors which affect the alignment of rail route are identified in this study. The factors considered in this study are topography, land-use, distance from power line, drainage pattern and road network of the area. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to determine the ranking of the relative parameters. The determined ranking is used in pair-wise comparison to find the weights of these relative parameters. The maps with weighted parameters are overlaid and resultant map is created in GIS for route finding, station location and alignment of railway. The final map shows the cumulative effect of all the factors which affect the rail route alignment. The final map is divided into four parts based on feasibility index. It is found that 55% area is highly feasible for route alignment while 25% of the total area comes under category of low feasibility.

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Ilic, Jelica, Tin Lukic, Snezana Besermenji, and Ivana Blesic. "Creating a literary route through the city core: Tourism product testing." Journal of the Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijic, SASA 71, no. 1 (2021): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ijgi2101091i.

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Research on tourism routes is mainly focused on their development from the perspective of stakeholders, co-operation, and networking, but there are very few which explore them from the perspective of its users. In order to expand the tourist offer of Novi Sad (northern Serbia), one thematic route that promotes a part of the literary heritage was created. The aim of this study was to analyze the given literary route from a tourist perspective, checking out whether this route was created in a way that would satisfy its users. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in which 50 students of tourism were divided into two simulated tours with a specialized tour guide. They were asked to use the ArcGIS application installed on their mobile phones to fill up a questionnaire about the literary route while moving through the selected checkpoints in the city center. The results provided answers to the questions like: whether the attractions of the given localities that the route links are properly selected, whether the thematic tour is good regarding the attraction order and whether it is in line with the growth of emotions of joy and positive surprise, which segments on the route should be improved in order to increase its quality, whether the route contributes to the tourist satisfaction that will create a desire for a route recommendation, and whether the route is appropriate to be offered to tourists, as well as to the locals. According to the preliminary results, the authors gave recommendations for the route improvement before its implementation on the tourist market.

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Liu, Hao, Jindong Han, Yanjie Fu, Jingbo Zhou, Xinjiang Lu, and Hui Xiong. "Multi-modal transportation recommendation with unified route representation learning." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 14, no. 3 (November 2020): 342–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3430915.3430924.

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Multi-modal transportation recommendation aims to provide the most appropriate travel route with various transportation modes according to certain criteria. After analyzing large-scale navigation data, we find that route representations exhibit two patterns: spatio-temporal autocorrelations within transportation networks and the semantic coherence of route sequences. However, there are few studies that consider both patterns when developing multi-modal transportation systems. To this end, in this paper, we study multi-modal transportation recommendation with unified route representation learning by exploiting both spatio-temporal dependencies in transportation networks and the semantic coherence of historical routes. Specifically, we propose to unify both dynamic graph representation learning and hierarchical multi-task learning for multi-modal transportation recommendations. Along this line, we first transform the multi-modal transportation network into time-dependent multi-view transportation graphs and propose a spatiotemporal graph neural network module to capture the spatial and temporal autocorrelation. Then, we introduce a coherent-aware attentive route representation learning module to project arbitrary-length routes into fixed-length representation vectors, with explicit modeling of route coherence from historical routes. Moreover, we develop a hierarchical multi-task learning module to differentiate route representations for different transport modes, and this is guided by the final recommendation feedback as well as multiple auxiliary tasks equipped in different network layers. Extensive experimental results on two large-scale real-world datasets demonstrate the performance of the proposed system outperforms eight baselines.

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Jonaitis, Jonas, and Jonas Butkevičius. "ANALYSIS OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF BUILDING THE RAILWAY RAIL BALTICA IN LITHUANIA." TRANSPORT 20, no. 5 (October 20, 2005): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2005.9638021.

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The article deals with the objectives and possibilities of building the railway Rail Baltica through the Lithuanian territory, covers the alternatives of the choice of routes. In Lithuania's national transport policy the connection with Central and Western Europe by a direct, efficient and high‐quality railway link has high priority. A significant chain of building a new chain is a bypass of Kaunas, therefore the alternatives of a bypass around Kaunas are being analysed. The article also presents the choice of location and types of stations, an alternative version of the route. The location of the stations was studied together with all other aspects of the new line (alignment parameters, travelling time, environmental impact and investment cost). It is recommended to considerably analyse possibilities to build the Rail Baltica route through Vilnius with a possible branch‐line to Kaunas. Building of the route Rail Baltica is a technically complicated project, thus a focus is laid upon technical decisions.

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Sadjadi, Farzad, and Ahad Bagherzadeh Khalkhali. "Geotechnical Challenges of Tehran Metro Line 7 (South Northern Route)." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 5 (June 3, 2018): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-0309161.

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Tunneling in urban areas, has raised the level of difficulty and challenge in respecting the constraints deriving from human presence and, therefore, the necessity for the study of geological and geotechnical properties and parameter, classification of the soils according to their engineering behavior, choosing the right TBM, determine groundwater level and determining possible geological hazards. In this paper some geological and geotechnical study took place along the tunnel route. This investigation is done by the result of 73 machinery borehole and 32 manual borehole that took place in the process of studying the tunnel route and continued by the result of field tests and laboratory tests and according to the result, the geological zone classified in 6 zone in tunnel route; due to the result of Cerchar abrasivity test and since Alluvial soil is the main soil in most of the tunneling route, the excavation soil classified as highly abrasive. In some part of tunneling there is a risk of clogging due to the high amount of clay. Based on the results of Lofran tests the permeability of most of the classified soils in route of the tunnel was obtained less that 10E-7 m/s.

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Liu, Fuying, Chen Liu, Qi Zhao, and Chenhao He. "A Hybrid Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization Algorithm for the Travel Route Optimization Problem alongside the Urban Railway Line." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031408.

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Accurate travel route optimization is essential to promote and grow tourism in modern society. This paper investigates a travel route optimization problem alongside the urban railway line and proposes a hybrid teaching–learning-based optimization (HTLBO) algorithm. First, a mathematical programming model is established to minimize the total traveling time, in which the routes between and in different cities have to be appropriately determined. Then, a hybrid metaheuristic named HTLBO is proposed for solution generation. In HTLBO, depth first search (DFS) is utilized to obtain the optimal routes of any two stations in railway network, and a three-level coding method is designed to accommodate the problem characteristic. Besides, opposition-based learning (OBL) is embedded into teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) for enhancing HTLBO’s exploration ability, while variable neighborhood descent (VND) is used to enhance the algorithm’s exploitation ability. Finally, a case study is presented and simulation results verify HTLBO’s feasibility and effectiveness.

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Wan, Jian Ye, Xin Jiang, and Yun Peng Wang. "Research and Application of Genetic Algorithm in Material Handling Route for Assembly Line of Airbag." Advanced Materials Research 299-300 (July 2011): 1217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.1217.

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According to handling route of assembly line of airbag optimization problem, handling path planning mathematical model is established. Based on natural coding genetic algorithm, combining with JH company assembly line of airbag layout and the actual situation of material handling, using MATLAB software to realize the genetic algorithm, production logistics fields materials handling route problem in the optimization method is put forward. To solve production enterprise assembly line material handling route optimization problem, and has certain directive role.

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Tyagi, Pradeep, Mahendra P. Kashyap, Naoki Kawamorita, Tsuyoshi Yoshizawa, Michael Chancellor, and Naoki Yoshimura. "Intravesical Liposome and Antisense Treatment for Detrusor Overactivity and Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome." ISRN Pharmacology 2014 (January 16, 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/601653.

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Purpose. The following review focuses on the recent advancements in intravesical drug delivery, which brings added benefit to the therapy of detrusor overactivity and interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS). Results. Intravesical route is a preferred route of administration for restricting the action of extremely potent drugs like DMSO for patients of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) and botulinum toxin for detrusor overactivity. Patients who are either refractory to oral treatment or need to mitigate the adverse effects encountered with conventional routes of administration also chose this route. Its usefulness in some cases can be limited by vehicle (carrier) toxicity or short duration of action. Efforts have been underway to overcome these limitations by developing liposome platform for intravesical delivery of biotechnological products including antisense oligonucleotides. Conclusions. Adoption of forward-thinking approaches can achieve advancements in drug delivery systems targeted to future improvement in pharmacotherapy of bladder diseases. Latest developments in the field of nanotechnology can bring this mode of therapy from second line of treatment for refractory cases to the forefront of disease management.

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Cessi, Paola, and C. S. Jones. "Warm-Route versus Cold-Route Interbasin Exchange in the Meridional Overturning Circulation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 47, no. 8 (August 2017): 1981–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0249.1.

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AbstractThe interbasin exchange of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is studied in an idealized domain with two basins connected by a circumpolar channel in the southernmost region. Gnanadesikan’s conceptual model for the upper branch of the MOC is extended to include two basins of different widths connected by a reentrant channel at the southern edge and separated by two continents of different meridional extents. Its analysis illustrates the basic processes of interbasin flow exchange either through the connection at the southern tip of the long continent (cold route) or through the connection at the southern tip of the short continent (warm route). A cold-route exchange occurs when the short continent is poleward of the latitude separating the subpolar and subtropical gyre in the Southern Hemisphere (the zero Ekman pumping line); otherwise, there is warm-route exchange. The predictions of the conceptual model are compared to primitive equation computations in a domain with the same idealized geometry forced by wind stress, surface temperature relaxation, and surface salinity flux. Visualizations of the horizontal structure of the upper branch of the MOC illustrate the cold and warm routes of interbasin exchange flows. Diagnostics of the primitive equation computations show that the warm-route exchange flow is responsible for a substantial salinification of the basin where sinking occurs. This salinification is larger when the interbasin exchange is via the warm route, and it is more pronounced when the warm-route exchange flows from the wide to the narrow basin.

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Anton, J. M., and J. B. Grau. "Madrid?Valencia high-speed rail line: a route selection." Transport 157, no. 3 (August 2004): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/tran.157.3.153.41183.

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Anton, J. M., and J. B. Grau. "Madrid–Valencia high-speed rail line: a route selection." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport 157, no. 3 (August 2004): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/tran.2004.157.3.153.

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Gucukoglu, Turgay, Haluk Sarı, and Koray Erhan. "Feasibility Check of Electrification in Metrobus Line." Transactions on Environment and Electrical Engineering 4, no. 1 (February 13, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22149/teee.v4i1.137.

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<strong>Today, climate change is a significant effect on population growth, especially in big cities. Transport in metropolitan cities is the most important reason for climate change with the contribution of CO<sub>2</sub> pollution that threatens human health and the environment. Electrified transport systems can, therefore, provide a suitable solution to air pollution and health problems. This study investigates the feasibility of applying electric buses to the Metrobus line in Istanbul. Initially, Metrobus line data regarding the number of vehicles, number of stops, route length is gathered from the official Istanbul transportation system to define how much energy is needed for the routes. Then, it is analyzed how to re-charge proposed batteries for the allocation of chargers on the stations where it is applicable. It is observed that the electrification of each line is not possible.</strong>

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Voloshyn, Denys, Veronika Brechko, and Serhii Semenov. "Method of an unmanned aerial vehicle composition route in space." Advanced Information Systems 5, no. 4 (December 20, 2021): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2522-9052.2021.4.04.

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The article is devoted to the development of a method of composition of the route of an unmanned aerial vehicle in three-dimensional space. The main difference of the presented method is the complex consideration of the features of the environment, which reflects the possible obstacles (active or passive) and other limitations of the problem when composing the route of the unmanned aerial vehicle in three-dimensional space. This allowed to increase the safety of the task in autonomous flight conditions. The article analyzes the main approaches to the composition of unmanned aerial vehicle routes in space. The conclusion about the shortcomings of the two-dimensional representation is made. The method presents four stages of the task. This is the stage of modeling the environment that reflects possible obstacles (active or passive) and other limitations of the task. Stage of construction of an extended graph of unmanned aerial vehicle routes in space. The difference of this stage is the adaptive consideration of the spatial location of active obstacles in space. The next stage is the route search stage, which connects the starting point with the end and bypasses all obstacles and allows you to build a starting route in the form of a broken line, which is formed by a sequence of waypoints, and connects the starting point with the end, bypassing obstacles. The last is the stage of obtaining the final result, which is provided by smoothing the obtained broken line. In this part of the composition method, to solve the problem of smoothing the trajectory of the unmanned aerial vehicle in space on the selected route, the expediency of using the method of non-uniform cubic B-spline is proved. With the help of this method the task of selection and optimization of the smoothing parameter is set and solved.

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Kozjek, Dominik, Andreja Malus, and Rok Vrabič. "Reinforcement-Learning-Based Route Generation for Heavy-Traffic Autonomous Mobile Robot Systems." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 14, 2021): 4809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144809.

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Autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) are increasingly used in modern intralogistics systems as complexity and performance requirements become more stringent. One way to increase performance is to improve the operation and cooperation of multiple robots in their shared environment. The paper addresses these problems with a method for off-line route planning and on-line route execution. In the proposed approach, pre-computation of routes for frequent pick-up and drop-off locations limits the movements of AMRs to avoid conflict situations between them. The paper proposes a reinforcement learning approach where an agent builds the routes on a given layout while being rewarded according to different criteria based on the desired characteristics of the system. The results show that the proposed approach performs better in terms of throughput and reliability than the commonly used shortest-path-based approach for a large number of AMRs operating in the system. The use of the proposed approach is recommended when the need for high throughput requires the operation of a relatively large number of AMRs in relation to the size of the space in which the robots operate.

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Sebai, Meriem, Lilia Rejeb, Mohamed Ali Denden, Yasmine Amor, Lasaad Baati, and Lamjed Ben Said. "Optimal Electric Vehicles Route Planning with Traffic Flow Prediction and Real-Time Traffic Incidents." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering Research 2, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.53375/ijecer.2022.93.

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Electric Vehicles (EVs) are regarded to be among the most environmentally and economically efficient transportation solutions. However, barriers and range limitations hinder this technology’s progress and deployment. In this paper, we examine EV route planning to derive optimal routes considering energy consumption by analyzing historical trajectory data. More specifically, we propose a novel approach for EV route planning that considers real-time traffic incidents, road topology, charging station locations during battery failure, and finally, traffic flow prediction extracted from historical trajectory data to generate energy maps. Our approach consists of four phases: the off-line phase which aims to build the energy graph, the application of the A* algorithm to deliver the optimal EV path, the NEAT trajectory clustering which aims to produce dense trajectory clusters for a given period of the day, and finally, the on-line phase based on our algorithm to plan an optimal EV path based on real traffic incidents, dense trajectory clusters, road topology information, vehicle characteristics, and charging station locations. We set up experiments on real cases to establish the optimal route for electric cars, demonstrating the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed algorithm.

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Tai, Hui-Huang, and Dung-Ying Lin. "The impact of trunk route deployment changes on pollutant emissions in international container shipping after Panama Canal expansion." International Journal of Logistics Management 27, no. 2 (August 8, 2016): 335–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-09-2014-0142.

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Purpose – The expansion of the Panama Canal that is completed in 2016 provides container carriers with new opportunities to redeploy global oceangoing trunk routes. The purpose of this paper is to examine the cargo sources and geographical locations of three trunk routes, the departure points of which are all in East Asia. Design/methodology/approach – The operating conditions of various shipping practices were used to simulate trunk route deployment after canal expansion. Subsequently, a clean-line strategy featuring liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a replacement for heavy oil is proposed to explore the effects that container carriers have on energy savings and emission reductions. Findings – The results showed that the unit emissions of ships traveling trunk routes in East Coast North America and East Coast South America did not differ significantly regardless of whether the container carrier employed a conventional method or the new deployment plan following the expansion of the Panama Canal. By contrast, the adoption of a new method for sailing through the canal yields significant emission reductions for Far East/Europe routes. In addition, the slow-steam strategy adopted by carriers and the more costly clean-line strategy of LNG-fueled ships are both effective when applied to trunk routes. Originality/value – The results of this study provide a reference to container carriers deploying route structures and the International Maritime Organization when promoting emission-reduction policies.

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Tian, Zhiqiang, Guofeng Sun, Dingjun Chen, Zhicheng Qiu, and Yawen Ma. "Method for Determining the Valid Travel Route of Railways Based on Generalised Cost under the Syncretic Railway Network." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (January 11, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8287648.

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Travel route options for passengers can provide data support for railway line planning, passenger flow organisation, and train operation establishment. A critical review of the literature indicates that previous studies mainly focused on choices offered by a single railway network path without much consideration of China’s normal-speed and high-speed integrated railway network and the effect of train timetable on passengers’ travel choice. In this study, a method based on generalised cost is proposed to discover the valid routes of passenger travel in the integrated network of China’s normal-speed and high-speed railways. After quantifying the effects of train fare, travel time, transfer, travel convenience, comfort, and other factors on the generalised expenses of passengers, this study presents a generalised cost determination method when individuals select an option from different seats of different trains of specific railway transport products. Theoretically, the valid routes considering the train schedule is defined, and a valid route search algorithm is designed using the deep traversal idea in a new valid route searching network. Considering the Lanzhou-Beijing passenger travel routes as an example, this study verifies the practicability of the generalised cost calculation method, as well as that of the valid routes search method.

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Constantinescu, Augustin, Gheorghe Popa Mitroi, Mario Trotea, and Mihaela Liana Bogdan. "Analysis of the Commercial Speed of a Public Passenger Transport Line from Craiova-Romania." Applied Mechanics and Materials 880 (March 2018): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.880.389.

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This paper presents the analysis and the way of determining the commercial speed for a public transport route (a line) of people from Craiova. Calculate the optimal distance between the stations on the route under consideration, which will ensure a minimum journey time for the passengers. Commercial speed was determined according to the length of the route and its time, which depends on the number of stations, the passenger flow and traffic conditions specific to Craiova.

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Tang, Min An, Xiao Ming Wang, and Shuang Yuan. "Improved GA-NFS-Based Decision Rule Acquisition in Route Selection for Public Transport Line." Applied Mechanics and Materials 278-280 (January 2013): 1255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.278-280.1255.

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Aimed at the difficulty of the route selection of urban public transport line, a new method was proposed for the improved genetic algorithm BP neural fuzzy system model and algorithm. For the problem of route selection, it is required to acquire evolution rule of system status from the changes of multiple environment variable factors. The BP neural fuzzy system model based on Mamdani inference was given, in order to overcome the existing limitations of BP neural network, it puts forward the thought of algorithm improved by GA. The algorithm as the foundation is applied in route selection of urban road public transport line, and the method’s usability is proven through simulation, calculation and analytical investigation of practical problems on the main lines of bus rapid transit the route selection.

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Li, Li Fen. "Simple Ant Routing Algorithm for WSNs Used in Power Line Monitoring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 1981–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.1981.

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The special class of wireless sensor networks for monitoring power transmission lines may extend for hundreds of miles in distances. The sensor nodes in this class of networks are deployed along narrowly elongated geographical areas and form a chain-type topology. Thus routing protocols in such environments must be kept as simple as possible. In this paper, we present the Simple Ant Routing Optimizing Algorithm (SAROA) to offer a low overhead solution in optimizing the routing process. Four improved strategies were used in our approach. During the route discovery we have used a new local search mechanism, in which each node broadcasts a control message (FANT) to its neighbors, but only one of them broadcast this message again. During the route maintenance phase, we only use data packets to refresh the paths of active sessions. Finally, the route repair phase is also enhanced, by using a deep search procedure as a way of restricting the number of nodes used to recover a route. A broadest search is only executed when the deeper one fails to succeed. The simulation results show that the enhance algorithm can effectively jump out of the local optimum and satisfy the tolerable delay in network-wide data collection.

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Antonov, A. A., D. E. Studenikin, S. O. Malakhov, R. G. Filatova, S. I. Kondratyev, and E. V. Khekert. "Algorithm for constructing a route to pass a narrow fairway." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2061, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2061/1/012116.

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Abstract Modern navigation systems often employ the algorithms for plotting lines for the preliminary route construction. The current conditions of technological development imply the simplicity of constructing routes. However, the most important part was and remains the speed of the system that generates the route. The authors of the paper proposed a universal algorithm for constructing a navigation route in narrow channels of the sea. The presented algorithm identifies the middle of the fairway as the safest point at each narrow segment and connects them with track lines. The problem that can arise is smoothing, as the middle of the fairway can shift significantly. To solve this problem, new relative and absolute parameters that characterize plotting of turning points were introduced. In addition, a unified universal formula was proposed for finding the coordinates of these points on a line perpendicular to the current route of the vessel. It was experimentally proved that correctly selected empirical parameters enable the algorithm to quickly construct a route in any navigation area with a relatively low computational complexity. This approach is appropriate for clearly delineated zones of the fairway, and it is compatible with zone methods.

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Bagrat Devadze, Bagrat Devadze. "The Role of Liner Shipping Services in Small and Medium Sized." Economics 104, no. 3-5 (June 22, 2021): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/104/3-5/202101176.

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The Liner services provides regular shipments of goods between ports within the set timeframe. A fixed route, the obligation of receiving cargo and to go to sea with established schedule distinguishes line service from the sea transportation of bulk cargo. Containerization, establishment and improvement of routes and infrastructure helped liner shipping to become the driving force of Global economy, which supports the growth of international trade, development of different business forms such as mainly small and medium sized businesses. The shipment volume of containerized cargo was 37.1 M.TEU in 1994, by 2020 the figure reached up to 143.3 M.TEU. This indicator was growing at a high rate on East-West route during 1990-2016; In terms of North-South, South-South and intraregional route same measure was high between 1990-2004 years. Afterwards, Abovementioned growth has become more stable. Containerization changed the structure of Liner fleet. If general cargo vessels deadweight was growing during 1970-2010 (From 40.5M Dwt to 99.7M Dwt), in the latest 10 years, the tonnage has been decreasing and as for 2020 it was 74.6M Dwt. In exchange for this the number of container ships have been growing consistently and in 2020 it consisted of 274.7M Dwt. Maersk became the largest line operator since 2001 (with a market share of 9.4%) and by 2020 it’s share of the business has grown to 17%. The company owns container terminals worldwide, including the Poti container terminal. MSC is on second place (9.4% market share), COSCO is on third place (12.4%) and CMA CGM takes forth place (11.8%). Keywords: Liner Shipping Services, Containerization, East–West routes, North–South routes, Intraregional routes, General cargo ship, Containership, Liner operator, Container port.

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Guimarães, Thiago Adriano Silva, Guilherme Nobrega Garcia, Marcelo Bellini Dalio, Matheus Bredarioli, Cleber Aparecido Pita Bezerra, and Takachi Moriya. "Morphological aspects of mural thrombi deposition residual lumen route in infrarenal abdominal aorta aneurisms." Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 23, suppl 1 (2008): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502008000700024.

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PURPOSE: To assess the most frequent deposition site of mural thrombi in infrarenal abdominal aorta aneurisms, as well as the route of the residual lumen. METHODS: Assessment of CT scan images from 100 patients presenting asymptomatic abdominal aorta aneurism, and followed at HC-FMRP-USP. RESULTS: In 53% of the cases the mural thrombus was deposited on the anterior wall; from these, in 22%, the residual lumen described a predominantly right sided route; in 22%, a left sided route; on the mid line in 5%; and crossing over the mid line in 1%. In 23%, the deposition of thrombi was concentric. In 11% it occured on the posterior wall; from these, in 5%, the route of the residual anterior lumen was predominantly right sided; in 5%, left sided; and crossed over the mid line in 1%. In 13% complex morfological deposition patterns were found. CONCLUSION: Mural thrombi formation was predominantly found on the anterior wall of the aneurismatic mass, with the route of the residual lumen projecting towards the posterior wall.

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Koca, Gonca Ozmen, and Seda Yetkin. "A Hybrid Routing Approach Using Two Searching Layers." Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering 17, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2021-0007.

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Abstract This paper considers SUB_GOALs by using basic A* algorithm and Subgoal Graphs in a hybrid approach to execute optimal route. SUB_GOALs identified with pre-searching from basic A* at break points and Subgoal Graphs at corners of obstacles are added to SUB_TABLE to expedite the final searching in the hybrid approach. Map to work on is divided to subregions with decision-making process by using line-of-sight to avoid redundant searching. In the final searching layer, all feasible SUB_GOALs gained from decision-making process in the same subregion are connected to find final solutions of routes. Solutions achieved in the divided subregions are evaluated and combined to discover the final optimal route. The proposed hybrid approach is applied to three different scenarios in various dimensions of maps. In these three scenarios, the shortest route without hitting obstacles is calculated as 46.67, 57.76 and 124.7 units, respectively, and compared with other search algorithms. Simulation results of route planning are demonstrated to exhibit the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid approach.

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Karpachevskiy, Andrey. "CARTOGRAPHIC SUPPORT FOR PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF POWER LINE ROUTE SELECTION." Proceedings of the International conference “InterCarto/InterGIS” 24, no. 1 (June 14, 2018): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2414-9179-2018-1-24-334-340.

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Erel, Erdal, and Hadi Gokcen. "Shortest-route formulation of mixed-model assembly line balancing problem." European Journal of Operational Research 116, no. 1 (July 1999): 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-2217(98)00115-5.

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Hamar, Roman, Lenka Šroubová, and Petr Kropík. "Electromagnetic field along the power overhead line at point where the line route changes direction." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 33, no. 6 (October 28, 2014): 1950–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-11-2013-0396.

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Ma, Yanping. "Badminton Backcourt Stroke Route Planning Method Based on Deep Learning." Journal of Mathematics 2021 (December 29, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6407049.

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In order to improve the planning ability of the badminton backcourt stroke line, this study designs a badminton backcourt stroke line planning method based on deep learning. Firstly, the trajectory adaptive learning method of motion primitives is used to design the hitting line nodes and path space, so as to construct the shortest distributed grid structure model of the hitting line. Then, the constraint parameters of hitting route planning are analyzed, and then the hitting position and player posture are controlled according to node positioning and shortest path optimization deployment. Finally, the adaptive optimization of the route planning process is realized by combining the deep learning method. The simulation results show that this method has good learning control ability and good convergence performance and improves the reliability of badminton backcourt hitting line planning.

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Kim, Myeonghyeon, Seung-Young Kho, and Dong-Kyu Kim. "A Transit Route Network Design Problem Considering Equity." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (June 27, 2019): 3527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133527.

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As concerns about environmental quality, social equity, and economic efficiency are increasing, efforts on improving the sustainability of public transportation are being made all over the world. This study aims to propose a transit route network design problem that considers modal and spatial equities. The equities are accommodated by using two indexes that can simultaneously reflect mobility and accessibility. A decision-making process for designing a transit route network consists of the selection of the target line, selection of the target node, the determination of an alternative line, and the implementation of a procedure for setting frequency. The model is configured through bi-level modeling based on an iterative process to calculate the modal split and the traffic and transit assignments with changes in the transit route network. While the frequency of each line is determined by a genetic algorithm in the upper model, the modal split and traffic and transit assignments are implemented in the lower model. This transit route network design model and the associated algorithms are applied to a sample network. As a result, an improved solution with equity and the lower total cost is identified based on a comparison with the existing transit route network.

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Almohaish, Sulaiman, Melissa Sandler, and Gretchen M. Brophy. "Time Is Brain: Acute Control of Repetitive Seizures and Status Epilepticus Using Alternative Routes of Administration of Benzodiazepines." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 8 (April 17, 2021): 1754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10081754.

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Time plays a major role in seizure evaluation and treatment. Acute repetitive seizures and status epilepticus are medical emergencies that require immediate assessment and treatment for optimal therapeutic response. Benzodiazepines are considered the first-line agent for rapid seizure control. Thus, various routes of administration of benzodiazepines have been studied to facilitate a quick, effective, and easy therapy administration. Choosing the right agent may vary based on the drug and route properties, patient’s environment, caregiver’s skills, and drug accessibility. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of benzodiazepines are essential in the decision-making process. Ultimately, agents and routes that give the highest bioavailability, fastest absorption, and a modest duration are preferred. In the outpatient setting, intranasal and buccal routes appear to be equally effective and more rapidly administered than rectal diazepam. On the other hand, in the inpatient setting, if available, the IV route is ideal for benzodiazepine administration to avoid any potential absorption delay. In this article, we will provide an overview and comparison of the various routes of benzodiazepine administration for acute control of repetitive seizures and status epilepticus.

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Yichao, Pu. "Verification and Optimization of Metro Fare Clearing Models Based on Travel Route Reconstruction." New Metro 1, no. 1 (December 2, 2020): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37819/nm.001.01.0076.

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How to verify and optimize metro fare clearing models efficiently and accurately is a research focus in metro operations. Metro fare clearing models are mostly based on probability distributions. In such models, the normal distribution of travel time corresponding to the section probabilities is used to calculate the route choice probabilities of passengers on a multi-route metro network. By integrating the operating mileage proportions of each metro line operator and the corresponding route choice probabilities, the fare clearing proportions are calculated for all the operators of the metro network. To verify the accuracy of the fare clearing proportions, we propose a travel route reconstruction approach based on cell phone data acquisition technique. With wireless access point (AP) sensors installed at transfer stations, the unique medium access control (MAC) address of the smart phone with Wi-Fi function turned on is recorded and transmitted to a data analysis platform. After matching the MAC address information with time and location, the travel route of the smart phone user is reconstructed. Then, the parameters in the fare clearing model are verified and optimized according to the travel route choice probabilities. The proposed methodology is applied in Hangzhou metro network for experiment, and the metro fare clearing model is verified and modified by reconstructing the actual travel routs of the local passengers.

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Xue, Han, and Tian Chai. "Path Optimization along Buoys Based on the Shortest Path Tree with Uncertain Atmospheric and Oceanographic Data." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (February 27, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6663446.

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In order to design an optimized route for ships in line with economic benefits; avoid bad weather; reduce unnecessary detours; shorten the navigation time; and achieve the purpose of safety, fuel saving, and punctual arrival, this paper takes the navigation mark as the node of the tree, takes the connection of the adjacent navigation marks as the tree path, and divides the distance of the adjacent buoys by the ship’s speed as the path cost. The speed calculation collects the current hydrometeorological data such as wind and wave data, uses Aertssen’s deceleration formula to adjust the speed, and improves Dijkstra to find the shortest path. In the experiment, two routes from Dongdu to Xiamen Gang Kou are compared under bad weather conditions. Route 1 is with 5.877 m/s average wind speed, 0.860 m/s wave speed, and total distance 34717 m. Route 2 is with 8.503 m/s average wind speed, 1.429 m/s wave speed, and total distance 30223 m. The calculated ship speed travelling in route 1 is 12.243 km, and its travelling time is 1.53 h. The calculated ship speed travelling in route 2 is 10.523 km, and its travelling time is 1.55 h. Although the total distance of route 1 is longer, it takes less time for ships to travel in route 1. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the navigation algorithm based on the shortest path tree of uncertain weather maps.

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Zhang, Zhicheng, Alexis J. Cepeda, Mireya L. Robles, Melissa Hirsch, Kaan Kumru, Jina A. Zhou, and Adrian T. Keatinge-Clay. "General chemoenzymatic route to two-stereocenter triketides employing assembly line ketoreductases." Chemical Communications 56, no. 1 (2020): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc07966a.

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Nugrahenny, Dwi, Anton Setiawan Honggowibowo, and Mega Lesya Mukti. "PENERAPAN MOTION TWEEN UNTUK ANIMASI DUA DIMENSI RUTE PERJALANAN BUS TRANS JOGJA." Conference SENATIK STT Adisutjipto Yogyakarta 1 (December 3, 2013): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.28989/senatik.v1i0.42.

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Transportation is one of the important aspects in a region, where public transportation take effect on the mobility of the people. To achieve a good transportation can be create, so that the infrastructure and other supporting factors are needed. Yogyakarta municipality area has a lot of public transportasion, one of them is “Trans Jogja” bus, where each bus line has its route to reach any destination. It is needed a supporting media that can provide information about the route for each bus line so that people can be easily deciding which bus line that can use to reach their destination. Those information presented in the form of animation with an interesting and informative media. The use of animation as an information media that shown as a route trip, bus line including bus stop and departing passangers place assessed can be use as one of the other option for obtaining information except from a conventional map.

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Sherin, Egor. "Prospects for the Coal-Line Transport Introduction in Russia." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2019, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2019-4-4-441-447.

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The research featured an economic-geographical analysis of the main problems of Russian domestic coal transportation. The problems are related to the ultracontinental position of the main coal-mining regions, railroad workload, and overpriced freight rates. The paper focuses on the advantages of coal-line transport as an alternative to railroads. The author also describes positive aspects of water-coal fuel and summarizes related domestic studies. The article introduces a coal-line project that links Kuzbass and the Urals, its deployment factors, prospective consumers, and design capacity. The route runs from Novokuznetsk to Yekaterinburg with branches to the north and south. The route can be divided into stages, e.g. up to Novosibirsk and to Omsk. Each stage can become final destination, if needed. The prospects of coal-line extension in the western and eastern directions are considered.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Route line'

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