Journal articles on the topic 'Roussel (Firm)'

Clinical and mechanistic considerations in idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI) remain challenging topics when they are derived from mere case narratives or iDILI cases without valid diagnosis. To overcome these issues, attempts should be made on pathogenetic aspects based on published clinical iDILI cases firmly diagnosed by the original RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method) or the RUCAM version updated in 2016. Analysis of RUCAM-based iDILI cases allowed for evaluating immune and genetic data obtained from the serum and the liver of affected patients. For instance, strong evidence for immune reactions in the liver of patients with RUCAM-based iDILI was provided by the detection of serum anti-CYP 2E1 due to drugs like volatile anesthetics sevoflurane and desflurane, partially associated with the formation of trifluoroacetyl (TFA) halide as toxic intermediates that form protein adducts and may generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). This is accompanied by production of anti-TFA antibodies detected in the serum of these patients. Other RUCAM-based studies on serum ANA (anti-nuclear antibodies) and SMA (anti-smooth muscle antibodies) associated with AIDILI (autoimmune DILI) syn DIAIH (drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis) provide additional evidence of immunological reactions with monocytes as one of several promoting immune cells. In addition, in the blood plasma of patients, mediators like the cytokines IL-22, IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP), IL-6, IL-10, IL 12p70, IL-17A, IL-23, IP-10, or chemokines such as CD206 and sCD163 were found in DILI due to anti-tuberculosis drugs as ascertained by the prospective updated RUCAM, which scored a high causality. RUCAM-based analysis also provided compelling evidence of genetic factors such as HLA (human leucocyte antigen) alleles contributing to initiate iDILI by a few drugs. In conclusion, analysis of published RUCAM-based iDILI cases provided firm evidence of immune and genetic processes involved in iDILI caused by specific drugs.

O artigo apresenta a Rede Cegonha na formação da agenda de políticas públicas para as mulheres no governo de Dilma Rousseff, no ano de 2011. Compreende-se o tema a partir de uma análise bibliográfica, considerando os estudos sobre o movimento da agenda e as interpretações dos sujeitos sobre o planejamento reprodutivo das mulheres e à atenção à criança. O artigo versa sobre os seguintes itens: uma parte introdutória, seguida dos itens que caracterizam a formação da agenda de políticas públicas e a emergência da Rede Cegonha no governo de Dilma Rousseff, no ano de 2011. Conclui-se que, contraditoriamente, a institucionalização da Rede Cegonha se firma ainda na atualidade como uma estratégia que visa assegurar o enfrentamento e redução da mortalidade materna, sendo um desafio governamental que foi construído por decisão política do Governo, inserido na agenda formal e incorporado na estrutura administrativa e no discurso oficial da Presidenta Dilma Rousseff, sob as influências da OMS/OPAS. O Movimento de Mulheres e Feministas, como sujeito das políticas públicas, se caracterizou como grupo de pressão determinante no processo de formulação de alternativas diante das contradições apontadas no processo de formulação do Programa.

The premiere of Kleber Mendonça Filho’s film Aquarius coincided with the beginning of impeachment processes against former president Dilma Rousseff, spurring the filmmaking team to voice their opinions on the Cannes red carpet and in subsequent public discourse. In the following months the film became an important point of reference on the cultural landscape of Brazil, snubbed for selection for the Oscars, and involved in a debate over censorship. By first studying the content and cinematic techniques employed in telling the intimate story of contested space in the historic seafront building that is the film’s subject, and then analyzing the film and its reception as a cultural object at a certain political moment in Brazil during which time the film garnered significant attention and meaning beyond what is presented on screen, this article explores the deep politicization and extensive political cartography of Aquarius.

The development of X-ray fluorescence analysis of light elements (e.g. O, C, B and Be) has been carried out for many applications. Recently, the revolutional expansion of semiconductor electronic and memory devices has roused the needs of analysis and identification of the surface and the single- and multi-layered film structure in devices, using the fundamental parameter method for the soft and ultrasoft X-ray region. From the view point of the extensive studies of soft and ultrasoft X-ray measurements.

In 1993, a documentary film titled Sarı Zeybek, which narrates the last days of Atatürk, the founder of the Turkish Republic, appeared on a private TV channel in Turkey. Having roused considerable interest, the film reappeared on screens a few more times and later was made into a video. Can Dündar, the producer of the film, writes:When I was a child, I could not understand why the statues of Atatürk were put so high, that as I tried to stare at them, my neck would start to hurt. I could not know why he would always appear alone in his pictures …. Atatürk was a statue far away and a lonely picture …. With this film, in which we narrate his last 300 days, this statue came down to earth. We could touch him …. We loved not the tough hero of poems, but this emotional man whose eyes would fill with tears as he watched the celebrations of the Republic from his window. Unfortunately, they have not introduced us to this man in schools. Sarı Zeybek is a brave step for this late introduction [on the back cover of the tape].

This article aims to study the film Aquarius (2015) by Kleber Mendonça Filho in comparison with Land in Anguish (1967) by Glauber Rocha. The interest in analyzing both films stems from the polemical reception that Aquarius received after its director and cast used the international launch at the Cannes Film Festival in 2016 to protest publically against the impeachment of Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff, denounced by them as a soft coup. Land in Anguish, on the other hand, has long been considered an allegory of Brazil’s political situation after the military coup in 1964. This article will ask if any of the two films can be read as a diagnosis of the country and if how. To do so this study will be guided by the anthropological definition of film developed by German philosopher Martin Seel (2013) who understands the media as the art form that most strongly is capable of moving us, as much emotionally as intellectually, and, in consequence, make us move. I will therefore discuss both Aquarius and Land in Anguish’s potentials to move us and to make us move, asking if they can make us feel and understand Brazil so as to make us act – perchance – within its socio-political structure.

This examination endeavors to work on understudies' accomplishment recorded as a hard copy elucidating text through short narrative film. This investigation was led by utilizing homeroom activity research. The subject of this investigation is class XI-B SMA 71 which comprised of 28 understudies. The examination was led in two cycles, cycle I comprised of two gatherings and cycle II comprised of two gatherings. The instruments of gathering the information were subjective information (meeting and perception sheet). In view of composing scores, understudies' score continued working on in each composing test. In direction test, the mean score was 58,86. In the trial of cycle I the mean score was 67,46 and the mean score in the trial of cycle II was 79,10.Based on the meeting and perception sheet it was tracked down that the understudies were intrigued, genuine, dynamic, roused, energetic recorded as a hard copy. The after effect of the examination showed that short narrative film essentially worked on understudies' accomplishment recorded as a hard copy spellbinding message.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore some of the distinctive features of organizing and organization in France which set it apart from organization in other nations, and which are fundamental to its modus operandi. In particular, this article is concerned with elite connectivity and concerted action by elite “connectors”. Design/methodology/approach – The research underpinning this article stems from a cross-national comparative project on business elites and corporate governance in France and the UK. This has three dimensions, being quantitative, qualitative and case study-based. Concerted action by the ruling elite is explored through two illustrative vignettes: the ousting from office of Jean-Marie Messier and State-sponsored expansion as pursued by EDF. Both examples shed light on the French business elite’s response to globalization and the development of international business. Findings – The paper finds elite cohesion to be achieved quite differently in the two countries. In addition, it finds that the ties that bind French connectors tend to be strong and institutionally based. Practical implications – The case of EDF suggests that the most ambitious of State-sponsored strategies can also be the most successful. It implies that elite ideologies in France have deviated relatively little from sentiments expressed by Rousseau and de Gaulle concerning the primacy of the national interest and the conviction that firms can serve as an (expansionist) instrument of the nation. The Messier case illuminates the pattern of close relationships among the French business elite. It demonstrates how a strategy of expansion may come unstuck when it is not grounded in the customary modes of business regulation. Originality/value – This research confirms a slight preference on the part of the French business elite for more homogenous ties. Against this, the paper demonstrates that a significant proportion of the French elite act as boundary spanners, brokering relationships with others from more distant parts of the wider network. The integration of the French elite in the Eurozone has potentially favored bridge-building relationships and weakened national embeddedness. This may contribute to the decline of indigenous interlocks, while promoting the further internationalization of top management teams. The implications of this for organizational strategy, firm survival and economic performance form an agenda for future research.

Artiklen perspektiverer på den almene pædagogiks aktuelle, pressede tilstand, i lyset af de centrale, transnationale udviklingstendenser inden for uddannelsesstyring der har gjort sig gældende de sidste ca. 25-30 år. Dette gøres, ved at tage afsæt i de såkaldte antinomier, som en række pædagogiske forskere har forholdt sig til som definerende for moderne pædagogik. Denne tematik blevet sat på dagsordenen af aktuelle uddannelsesforskere som bl.a. Alexander von Oettingen; Michael Uljens; Lars Løvlie; Gert Biesta, Birgit Schaffar og Dietrich Benner. Oettingen ser nærmere bestemt spørgsmålet om pædagogisk professionalitet som spaltet i fire antinomiske paradokser, der angår (i) Rationalisering (sociologi); (ii) Pluralisering (kultur); (iii) Individualisering (psykologi) og (iv) Civilisering (natur, filosofi) (Oettingen i Kristensen & Laursen: 2012, s. 531-549). Disse pædagogiske paradoksaliteter har en rod bl.a. hos Kant, Rousseau og Herbart. Artiklen søger gennem fokusering af sådanne pædagogiske antinomier eller paradokser (omkring pædagogikkens videns-, værdi-, institutions- samt handlings-problem, jf. Oettingen: 2010) at vise, hvorledes den transnationale uddannelsesrevolution de sidste 25-30 år har udtyndet den almenpædagogiske undermuring af begreberne: I. professionalitet, II. læring, III. autenticitet og IV. dannelse. Dermed fokuseres de almenpædagogiske problemstillinger der kendetegner disse fire begreber. Dette gøres for at vise, hvorledes den transnationale uddannelsesstyring i dette lys udgør en bekymrende afvikling eller sammenklapning af pædagogikkens almene grundtræk.

Drugs are prescribed worldwide to treat diseases but with the risk of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI). The most important difficulty is how best to establish causality. Based on strong evidence and principles of artificial intelligence (AI) to solve complex processes through quantitative algorithms using scored elements, progress was achieved with the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) in its original and updated versions, often viewed now as the gold standard. As a highly appreciated diagnostic algorithm, the RUCAM is in global use with around 100,000 iDILI cases published worldwide using RUCAM to assess causality, largely outperforming any other specific causality assessment tool in terms of case numbers. Consequently, the RUCAM helps to establish a list of top-ranking drugs worldwide implicated in iDILI and to describe clinical and mechanistic features of iDILI caused by various drugs. In addition, the RUCAM was recently applied in iDILI cases of patients treated for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections or cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), as well as in the search for new treatment options with conventional drugs in iDILI. Analyses of RUCAM-based iDILI cases are helpful to support pathogenetic steps like immune reactions, genetic predisposition as evidenced by human leucocyte antigens (HLA) genotypes for selected drugs, and the role of the gut microbiome. To achieve consistency in data collection, analysis, and specific clinical and pathogenetic presentation, researchers, regulatory agencies, and pharmaceutical firms should place iDILI and the updated RUCAM as the causality tool under one and the same hat in review articles and clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of iDILI.

Liver injuries caused by the use of exogenous compounds such as drugs, herbs, and alcohol are commonly well diagnosed using laboratory tests, toxin analyses, or eventually reactive intermediates generated during metabolic degradation of the respective chemical in the liver and subject to covalent binding by target proteins. Conditions are somewhat different for idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury (DILI), for which metabolic intermediates as diagnostic aids are rarely available. Although the diagnosis of idiosyncratic DILI can well be established using the validated, liver specific, structured, and quantitative RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method), there is an ongoing search for new diagnostic biomarkers that could assist in and also confirm RUCAM-based DILI diagnoses. With respect to idiosyncratic DILI and following previous regulatory letters of recommendations, selected biomarkers reached the clinical focus, including microRNA-122, microRNA-192, cytokeratin analogues, glutamate dehydrogenase, total HMGB-1 (High Mobility Group Box), and hyperacetylated HMGB-1 proteins. However, the new parameters total HMGB-1, and even more so the acetylated HMGB-1, came under critical scientific fire after misconduct at one of the collaborating partner centers, leading the EMA to recommend no longer the exploratory hyperacetylated HMGB1 isoform biomarkers in clinical studies. The overall promising nature of the recommended biomarkers was considered by EMA as highly dependent on the outstanding results of the now incriminated biomarker hyperacetylated HMGB-1. The EMA therefore correctly decided to officially retract its Letter of Support affecting all biomarkers listed above. New biomarkers are now under heavy scrutiny that will require re-evaluations prior to newly adapted recommendations. With Integrin beta 3 (ITGB3), however, a new diagnostic biomarker may emerge, possibly being drug specific but tested in only 16 patients; due to substantial remaining uncertainties, final recommendations would be premature. In conclusion, most of the currently recommended new biomarkers have lost regulatory support due to scientific misconduct, requiring now innovative approaches and re-evaluation before they can be assimilated into clinical practice.

PT X has a regional office in Bangka Belitung Island Province which has been decrease in sales, increase in credit and inventory which may lead to insolvency. The purposes of this research was (1) to analyze the financial performance of PT X to learn factors affecting insolvency possibilities; (2) to analyze company condition that indicate insolvency possibilities; (3) to analyze the added values which could be given by the company in an insolvency possibility; (4) to analyze the relation of added values that had been given by the company with insolvent condition possibility. The primary data were gathered by interview. Secondary data consisted of financial reports, journal literatures, thesis, and related books. The data were processed through descriptive analysis, financial ratio, Z-score Altman model, and EVA method. Based on the descriptive analysis result, PT X was suffering a possibility of bankruptcy that may affect firm value which was also decrease. The financial ratio showed that cash ratio, operational profit margin, inventory cycle, credit cycle ratio, assets cycle ratio were decrease, DER and DAR were decreasing from 2010 until 2012, but it roused significantly in 2013 and turned back to decrease significantly on 2014. The result form Z-Score model showed that the company was in gray area in 2011, the company condition went better in 2012, but it went back to gray area in 2013-2014. The EVA result showed that PT X produced positive and decreased in EVA value from 2010 until 2014.

Copper was implemented as a conductor for advanced back-end-of-line (BEOL) interconnects based on its low electrical resistivity and improved electromigration life relative to the aluminum baseline.1, 2 Over the past two decades, the smallest dimension of Cu interconnects has decreased from about 300 to the range of 10-20 nanometers.3 Until recently, damascene Cu electroplating on PVD Cu seed has been optimized to provide void-free Cu metallization using a process relying on inorganic and organic additives toenable bottom-up growth from the base of vias and trenches.1,2,4 With ever-decreasing feature size, the conventional damascene process is becoming increasingly limited by the inability to deposit a sufficiently continuous Cu seed on a barrier/Co liner stack without resulting in pinch-off of the PVD seed. In this talk we will report on the development of direct Cu plating on Co using a range of deposition processes to illustrate the challenges and possible direction for improvement of the nucleation and subsequent growth of Cu on the Co seed. One challenge is to create a Cu layer without significantly etching the Co in the plating bath. This can be achieved by reducing the electrode potential difference between Cu electrodeposition and Co corrosion using proper additives in the plating bath to increase suppression (Figure 1). Such a large overpotential translates into improved nucleation density, which effectively inhibits the complete dissolution of the ultrathin Co layers. This effect is also illustrated by measuring the galvanic displacement reaction between Cu ions and Co at open circuit potential (OCP). Figure 2 reveals quick deposition of a monolayer equivalent of Cu followed by a slight increase in Cu thickness over time. A second challenge involves generation of dense nucleation which results in a smooth initially plated Cu film. The number of protrusions is reduced noticeably when a potential-controlled entry is replaced by leaving the electrode at OCP for a short time before any current is applied (Figures 3a and 3b). A short OCP time allows Co oxides to first dissolve, thereby making more surface sites available for nucleation. The smoothness can be further enhanced by increasing the acidity of the bath (Figure 3c). Higher acid could have modulated the reactivities of additive(s) to promote lateral growth. Improved nucleation can also be attained through substrate engineering. This is shown in Figure 4(a-c), where the morphology/continuity of the electroless film exhibits a strong dependency on Co thickness. Furthermore, agglomeration caused by diffusion of Cu across the substrate during deposition can have a large effect on the final film morphology. This can be seen in figure 4 (d-f), in which differences in deposition morphology across a range of conditions are captured in a simple lateral diffusion simulation. We will discuss the mechanisms leading to these effects and their impact on the design of systems to produce improved film morphology. References (1) P.C. Andricacos, C. Uzoh, J. O. Dukovic, J. Horkans, H. Deligianni, IBM J. Res. Develop. 42, 567 (1998) (2) J. Reid, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 40, 2650 (2001) (3) I. Ciofi, P. J. Roussel, R. Baert, A. Contino, A. Gupta, K. Croes, C. J. Wilson, D. Mocuta, Z. Tokei, IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices, 66, 2339 (2019). (4) T.P. Moffat, D. Wheeler, S. K. Kim, D. Josell, J. Electrochem. Soc. 153, C127, (2006) Figure 1

O texto que segue divide-se em duas partes, possuindo como núcleo central a entrevista com o prof. Jürgen Oelkers, pedagogo alemão e professor emérito da Universidade de Zurique, Suíça. Com o intuito de contextualizar o leitor, a primeira parte descortina visão panorâmica resumida do cenário educacional mundial, destacando o neoconservadorismo autoritário e obscurantista que constitui fonte de preocupação da cultura, ciência e educação e, precisamente por isso, tornando-se objeto da pesquisa educacional crítica. Também busca inserir brevemente a o pensamento pedagógico de Oelkers neste contexto. A segunda parte apresenta em detalhes a entrevista concedida pelo referido professor, mostrando o núcleo temático de suas pesquisas educacionais, seu diálogo permanente com autores clássicos como Jean-Jacques Rousseau e John Dewey e sua firme defesa a favor do papel da educação pública no fortalecimento democrático da esfera pública. Ao reatualizar o nexo estreito entre educação e democracia pensado por John Dewey no século passado, procurando vertê-lo contra formas dogmáticas e autoritárias da educação e da política, Jürgen Oelkers oferece ferramentas conceituais importantes para pensar o autoritarismo obscurantista que toma conta do cenário político e educacional brasileiro. Por fim, o texto como um todo deixa a entender o quanto a reconstrução crítica da tradição educacional democrática é indispensável à formação cultural ampliada das novas gerações

El presente artículo busca comprender, mediante el último impulso al proceso de negociación entre el Mercosur y la Unión Europea llevado adelante durante la Presidencia de Mauricio Macri (2015-2019), cuáles fueron los rasgos fundamentales de la estrategia de relacionamiento externo del Gobierno conservador argentino. Para ello, se ha utilizado una metodología cualitativa recurriendo a fuentes oficiales, reportajes y notas periodísticas que permitieron entrever el proceso de negociación. Se ha podido concluir que además de la voluntad argentina para que la llegada del acuerdo fuese posible, debió producirse el cierre del ciclo progresista, sobre todo desde la destitución de Dilma Rousseff, hecho que puso en sintonía al Mercosur para llevarlo adelante. En el intercambio de compromisos quedó claro que el Gobierno argentino estuvo dispuesto a abandonar los obstáculos que habían existido desde la última posguerra en el intercambio comercial con el Viejo Continente a favor de la creencia en que la apertura generaría crecimiento. De las acciones que culminaron con el anuncio de las negociaciones para la firma del Acuerdo en 2019, se pudo observar las limitaciones de la administración a la hora de comprender cómo funcionaba el sistema internacional, permitiendo también evaluar las características de su modelo de inserción.

“Boundaryless” is an absolute requirement for organizations attempting to get success in the twenty-first-century. Twenty-first-century business is in the midst of a social and economic revolution, shifting from rigid to permeable structures and processes and creating something new: The Boundaryless Organization (Ashkenas et al., 1995). Meanwhile, organizational restructuring (such as downsized, delayered, and outsourced many functions) attempted to be more competitive, and also the global, hypercompetition in the twenty-first-century have revolutionized careers and destroy the traditional blueprint for advancement and career success. Boundaryless careers are occupational paths that are not bounded within specific organizations but grow through project-based competency development across firms in an industry network. The rapid expansion of these processes has far outstripped our understanding of them and their influence on the structure and process of careers, with a few notable exceptions (Bridges, 1994; Saxenian, 1994; Hall et al., 1995; Arthur & Rousseau, 1996). Protean careers could be counted in the boundaryless careers since it were managed by individual. One is not bordered by strict rules as he or she was in the traditional hierarchical organizations and the traditional concept of careers. This kind of careers seems to be matched with the boundaryless organizations.

Few directors are so closely associated with the genre of the artist biopic as Ken Russell who made several films dedicated to composers, dancers and writers. Only three of these, however, have visual artists as their protagonists: Always on Sunday (1965), Dante's Inferno (1967) and Savage Messiah (1972), dealing with Henri ‘Le Douanier’ Rousseau, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Henri Gaudier-Brzeska respectively. There has also been relatively little critical commentary on these films compared with the discussion devoted to Russell's films dealing with the lives of composers. This article attempts to remedy this situation by considering the ways in which Russell tackles some of the thematic and formal challenges inherent to the genre of the artist biopic, such as the representation of the artist's personality, the visualisation of the process of artistic creation, and the relation between the style of the film and that of the artist portrayed. We will argue that, to a large extent, Russell's protagonists in these films conform to the romantic stereotype of the tormented and alienated artist. However, and perhaps contrary to what one would associate with the director, we will demonstrate that Russell's biopics also demystify this cult of artistic genius by focusing on the mundane or laborious activities involved in the process of artistic creation, which is at odds with genre conventions that normally glorify this process.

The COVID-19 pandemic has roused the apocalyptic fear that was foreseen in religious prophecies. This research will focus on the post-9/11 and pre-COVID-19 disaster films, in an attempt to understand the representation and pre-presentation of the collective disaster psychology. Aligned with Jungian film studies, this essay regards films as a convergence of generations’ collective unconscious. Apocalypse may as well be considered the psychic archetypes that emerge in our civilization in the name of religion. This essay aims to construe the ways that apocalyptic archetypes appear and are elaborated in contemporary films, in hope of recognizing the new apocalyptic aesthetics formed in the interval between the two disastrous events. Consistent with the meaning in classic doomsday narratives, the archetypal symbols in these films are found to have carried a dual connotation of destruction and rebirth. Through empirical cinematographic style, these archetypal images are revealed in an immersive way. Disaster films from this time place emphasis on death itself, fiercely protesting against the stagnation of life, and in turn triggering a transcendental transformation of the psyche. Unlike those in the late 1990s, viewing the doomsday crisis through the lens of spectacularity, disaster in these films is seen as a state of body and mind, and death a thought-provoking life experience.

This paper highlights and provides a more grounded foundation for Jordan's human resource management (HRM) concept. It examines four HRM practices: enrollment and choice, preparation and advancement, execution examination and rewards and advantage; what is more, associations these practices with social components, the universe of legislative issues, judicious issues, and social characteristics, the revelations recommend that HRM in Jordan has not yet gotten due thought. The delegate selection and decision cycle could be more robust and need feasible ideas. The adequacy of even talented and qualified employees will be limited if they are not urged and roused to work. However, through HRM practices, they can be encouraged to work more diligently and more brilliantly. Use and time spent preparing and advancing are considered pointless capacities in many Arab businesses, particularly Jordanian ones. Dynamically, representatives' show and abilities can, in like manner, be impacted by HRM rehearses, which control the preparation and improvement of the affiliation's HR; Jordanian organisations and firms are managing complex issues enveloping the progression of HR, including high turnover rates and a shortfall of gifted laborers. Low spending on investigation, planning, and headway has fueled these issues. The HRM writing shows that many Arab businesses, including public and private Jordanian companies, need to pay more attention to their HRM practices.

Over two hundred years ago Rousseau commented, “The facts described in history never give an exact picture of what actually happened. They change form in the historian's head. They get molded by his interests and take on the hue of his prejudices.” This insight—that history is a human creation molded by the interests and prejudices of the historian—is one that is easy to forget, particularly in times enamored by the claims of empirical science. But in the past three decades, historians, like other scholars across the humanities and social sciences, have faced a number of theoretical challenges to the empiricism that had been in ascendency since the late nineteenth century. Both established academic disciplines such as anthropology, literary studies, and philosophy and emerging disciplines such as cultural studies and film studies have been profoundly affected by these critiques. The “cultural turn,” with its emphasis on the inherently artificial nature of scholarly narratives, has challenged traditional historians' unquestioning reliance on documentary evidence, scientific methodology, and empirical claims to truth. Numerous historians have debated these theoretical challenges to the discipline, but historians of education have been largely silent. The absence of this debate in the history of education is striking, given the engagement of other scholars with these concerns and the fact that these ideas appeared over three decades ago: both Hayden White's Metahistory and Clifford Geertz's The Interpretation of Cultures were published in 1973, while Foucault's Discipline and Punish appeared in English translation in 1977.

Increasing need in energy density and safety of current lithium-ion batteries has resulted in a search for next generation battery technologies1,2. All-solid-state-batteries (ASSBs) could answer these needs owing to the use electrode materials with higher capacities and potential difference, and by replacing flammable liquid electrolytes with solid electrolytes3,4. ASSBs using inorganic sulfide and halide solid electrolytes in particular have drawn a lot of attention as the electrolytes have very high RT ionic conductivities (>10-3 S.cm-1)5–7. Nevertheless, they suffer from issues related to electro-chemical and chemo-mechanical stabilities at electrode – electrolyte interfaces7,8. One promising approach to mitigate this issue is depositing an artificial solid-electrolyte-interface (SEI) layer via atomic-layer-deposition (ALD)9–11. In this work, we deposited a variety of artificial layers with different thicknesses and chemistries on the lithium metal anode using spatial ALD. We characterized the bonding within the thin film layer using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and evaluated the stabilizing effect of the artificial SEI layer using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic lithium plating and stripping methods. We compared the growth of lithium dendrites within the solid electrolyte pellets post-mortem analysis via scanning electron microscopy. J. Janek and W. G. Zeier, Nat. Energy (2023) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-023-01208-9. Q. Wang, L. Jiang, Y. Yu, and J. Sun, Nano Energy, 55, 93–114 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.10.035. J. B. Goodenough and M. H. Braga, Dalt. Trans. (2017) http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=C7DT03026F. J. Janek and W. G. Zeier, Nat. Energy, 1, 16141 (2016) http://www.nature.com/articles/nenergy2016141. R. Schlem et al., Adv. Energy Mater., 11, 2101022 (2021) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aenm.202101022. S. Ohno et al., Prog. Energy, 2, 022001 (2020) https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2516-1083/ab73dd. T. Koç, F. Marchini, G. Rousse, R. Dugas, and J. M. Tarascon, ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 4, 13575–13585 (2021). Y. He, C. Lu, S. Liu, W. Zheng, and J. Luo, Adv. Energy Mater., 9, 1–40 (2019). L. Han, C. Te Hsieh, B. Chandra Mallick, J. Li, and Y. Ashraf Gandomi, Nanoscale Adv., 3, 2728–2740 (2021). J. Liu and X. Sun, Nanotechnology, 26, 24001 (2015) http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/26/2/024001. Y. Jiang et al., Energy Storage Mater., 28, 17–26 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2020.01.019.

Si capping layer is the most notable approach used in Ge metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS);1-2 however, the Ge segregation and diffusion occurred during the growth of Si.3-4 The formation of undesirable GeOx is detrimental to the Ge nMOS reliability.5 This work focuses on using the scavenging process to reduce the segregated Ge atoms and to completely remove GeOx in the high-k/epi-Si/epi-Ge(001). We used high-resolution synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy (SRPES) to show the detailed development of Ge segregation and scavenging Ge using in-situ film growth, oxidation, and annealing. The Si films in 8Å thickness were grown on the epi-Ge(001) in a semiconductor molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) chamber.2 These samples were in-situ transferred to National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center in Taiwan for electronic structure studies using photoemission. Molecular oxygen was exposed to the epi-Si/epi-Ge(001) surfaces at 300°C in the photoemission chamber. The samples were then in-situ annealed at 500°C for 5 min under an ultra-high vacuum (UHV). The topmost surface of epi-Ge(001) is terminated with Ge-Ge buckled dimers.6 In the case of room-temperature grown amorphous Si (a-Si) film, the intensity of the Ge down-dimer component from the underlying epi-Ge remains as it is. The Ge up-dimer atoms were partly diffused into the a-Si film, and some of them were segregated to the top of the a-Si surface. The epi-Si grown at 260 - 280°C causes the rest of the Ge down-dimer atoms to move to the epi-Si surface to become both segregated Ge (segGe) and diffused Ge (diff-Ge). The growth of Si merely affects the topmost surface, and the Ge atoms in the second layer of the epi-Ge remain intact. A comparison of the amount of GeOx for HfO2/epi-Si/epi-Ge(001) and HfO2/epi-Ge(001) shows that the epi-Si has greatly reduced the amount of GeOx. However, the GeOx, segGe and diff-Ge components are still observed in the HfO2/epi-Si/Ge(001) samples. We have previously reported that three-time scavenging cycles have greatly reduced the amount of segGe and diff-Ge atoms in high-κ/epi-Si/n-Ge(001), thus decreasing electron traps.7 Each scavenging cycle includes room-temperature oxidation followed by thermal annealing. In this study, the oxidation of the as-grown epi-Si/epi-Ge(001) samples was performed at 300°C. It is worth noting that there is no GeOx formation on the surface after the thermal oxidation, which is different from the room-temperature oxidation of the epi-Si/epi-Ge(001) surfaces. In addition, the oxidation at 300°C affects part of the diff-Ge atoms to evaporate from the surface, which is also different from our previous work, where the diff-Ge component shows no change in intensity since the oxidation occurred at room temperature. The subsequent in-situ annealing at 500°C moved the residual Ge-boned Si (diff-Ge) inside the epi-Si to the surface to become part of the segGe atoms. In conclusion, we have used the aforementioned process to further reduce the segregated Ge, and thus the GeOx, on top of the epi-Si/epi-Ge(001). To whom the correspondence is addressed: mhong@phys.ntu.edu.tw (M. Hong), raynien@phys.nthu.edu.tw (J. Kwo), and pi@nsrrc.org.tw (T. W. Pi) Acknowledgments This work is supported by MOST 110-2112-M-002-036-, 110-2622-8-002-014-, 110-2923-M-002-001-, and 110-2112-M-213-012- of the Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan. Reference 1 H. Arimura, E. Capogreco, A. Vohra, C. Porret, R. Loo, E. Rosseel, A. Hikavyy, D. Cott, G. Boccardi, L. Witters, G. Eneman, J. Mitard, N. Collaert, and N. Horiguchi, IEEE Int. Electron Devices Meet., 2.1.1−2.1.4 (2020). 2 H. W. Wan, Y. J. Hong, Y. T. Cheng, C. K. Cheng, C. H. Hsu, C. T. Wu, T. W. Pi, J. Kwo, and M. Hong, M., ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 3, 2164−2169 (2021). 3 R. Loo, H. Arimura, D. Cott, L. Witters, G. Pourtois, A. Schulze, B. Douhard, W. Vanherle, G. Eneman, O. Richard, P. Favia, J. Mitard, D. Mocuta, R. Langer, N. Collaert, ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 7, 66−72 (2018). 4 Y. T. Cheng, H. W. Wan, C. K. Cheng, C. P. Cheng, J. Kwo, M. Hong, T. W. Pi, Appl. Phys. Express 13, 085504 (2020). 5 J. Franco, B. Kaczer, P. J. Roussel, J. Mitard, S. Sioncke, L. Witters, H. Mertens, T. Grasser, G. Groeseneken, IEEE Int. Electron Devices Meet., 15.2.1−15.2.4 (2013). 6 Y. T. Cheng, Y. H. Lin, W. S. Chen, K. Y. Lin, H. W. Wan, C. P. Cheng, H. H. Cheng, J. Kwo, M. Hong, T. W. Pi, Appl. Phys. Express 10, 075701 (2017). 7 Y. T. Cheng, H. W. Wan, T. Y. Chu, T. W. Pi, J. Kwo, M. Hong, ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 3, 4484-4489 (2021).

Corporate governance has at its backbone a set of transparent relationships between an institution’s management, its board, shareholders and other stakeholders. In this article, in the first part, the nature and purpose of corporate governance has been discussed with special emphasis on the problems of banks in the field of corporate governance. Corporate governance involves regulatory and market mechanisms, and the roles and relationships between a company’s management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders, and the goals for which the corporation is governed. Lately, corporate governance has been comprehensively defined as "a system of law and sound approaches by which corporations are directed and controlled focusing on the internal and external corporate structures with the intention of monitoring the actions of management and directors and thereby mitigating agency risks which may stem from the misdeeds of corporate officers. The financial crisis exposed flaws throughout financial markets and prompted much investigation into the way banks work. The ‘2008 crisis in the financial industry, among other causes, brought to light the conflict of interest between achieving aggressive results by the executives in order to obtain bonuses and the long-term risk associated with the commercial company in its business. This paper focuses on one line of investigation - the corporate governance of banks. It examines why governance of banks differs from governance of nonfinancial firms and where the governance of banks failed during the crisis; it also offers recommendations for improving the governance system. Bank governance has been the topic of much recent academic work and policy discussion (Senior Supervisors Group 2008, 2009; Walker Report 2009; Committee of European Banking Supervisors 2010). Because of their contemporaneous nature, there has been little connection between the academic approach and policy analysis. The purpose of this paper is to make such connections and ground the policy debate on scientific evidence. The Corporate Governance in banks is one of the most important discussions overall the world, being reinforced especially after the crises period. It is related with the sensitive situation and the stage of developments of the local economy and moreover with the impact of the crises that is still ongoing. As an answer, during late 2008 and beginning 2009, it has been noticed a fast reaction and total focus from all banks on building (if missing) and improving their structures of Corporate Governance. The liquidity problems suddenly affecting the banking sector constrained Banks to enlarge their activities / operations and forced them in better evaluating their investments. The importance of a strong financial sector in impacting the country’s economy growth through both level of banking development and stock market liquidity (Levine and Sara Zervos 1996, 1998) is quite evident even in the developing countries. Moreover, Peter Rousseau and Watchel (2000) findings’ confirm the positive impact of the stock market activity and the banking development. For this reason the governments in the developing countries are insisting in increasing credits of banks towards the private firms. The banking system in Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and Albania has certain similarities in terms of development stage, related with the economic growth rate as well. The banking system, there is operating for more than 100 years instead of 15-20 years of development in the remaining countries.

Nationalisme, disciplin og folkelighed i 1800-tallets Danmark[Nationalism, Discipline and ‘Folkelighed' in Nineteenth-Century Denmark]By Niels Kayser NielsenPhysical education in Denmark had its beginnings in the last quarter of the 18th century. During the 19th century, as a concomitant to the growing enthusiasm for nationalism, it spread widely among ‘folk’- orientated circles: physical education and gymnastics came to be counted among the instruments by which the population were roused and raised to a sense of nationhood within a comprehensive civilising endeavour. In this connection Grundtvigianism played no small role. It is the thesis of this article that this endeavour is an important but often overlooked factor in the record of Grundtvigian influence in 19th-century Danish society, and that the Grundtvigian view of gymnastics as a ‘folk’-orientated way of ridding society of an indifferent and unmanageable substratum had its roots in the rationalist enlightenment of the last quarter of the 18th century.The first Danish initiatives in this direction occurred in the provinces as a corollary of the work of the progressive landowners, and primarily of the brothers Christian Ditlev Reventlow and Johan Ludvig Reventlow on their estates of (respectively) Pederstrup on Lolland and Brahe Trolleborg in South Funen, as inspired by German philanthropic physical culture with which they had become acquainted in their youth. This culture had as one of its aims to inculcate a “moderation of the passions” by, among the rest, “corporal education”. It was believed that moral improvement would not get very far unless education had a firm corporeal anchorage.This thinking was overtaken in the first half of the 19th century by a more militarily orientated philosophy, represented particularly by V. F. Nachtegall and Frederik VI; but following the Three Years' War it was resumed within the Grundtvigian regime which, however, turned its back upon rigid militaristic discipline and an exclusively physically characterised training of the civil body, directing its effort instead towards conditioning of both soul and body, in recognition that they are intimately bound together. For better and for worse, therefore, the Grundtvigian tradition of popular education has much to thank Nachtegall and Frederik VI for.With the emergence of the rifle club movement, and with it a voluntary principle of physical culture, it became possible for militaristic self-discipline and idealistic self-sacrifice to go hand in hand, with nationalistic enthusiasm as a common denominator. Within this movement the interests of the state and the wishes of civilian society to have a hand in things could exist side by side. In this respect the Grundtvigians played an important role. And when in the period of the Provisional Finance Acts in the 1880s the rifle club movement was split, it was thanks not least to Grundtvigian lobbying that the parties could come together again in the 1890s. It was not in the interests of Grundtvigian circles that there should be any split within the cause of popular nationalism.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is organizing mindfully for relevant process research on strategic change. This essay arises from an increasing concern that our understanding of strategic change is not delivering meaningful, relevant and true process wisdom that allows researchers to enrich their academic discourse and practitioners to effectively realize strategic change imposed by hostile business markets. Our goal is to challenge fundamental assumptions of our field’s dominant discourse in performing research and generating theories for strategic change under real contexts, and redirect attention to a mindful organizing perspective to understand process elements of strategic change that really matter. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is an essay based on theoretical reasoning. We address the relevance gap in the strategic business marketing field by focusing on one specific gap: the study and understanding of strategic change. To illustrate the relevance of a mindful organizing perspective for closing this relevance gap, we focus on the processes of mindful organizing identified by Weick and Sutcliffe (2007) and argue how these organizational processes contribute to a better understanding of strategic change while implicitly assuming a complexity-based perspective on organizing. These five processes, moreover, address the identified limitations of present approaches, i.e. formative causality, pre-interpretation and independent linearity. Findings – We suggest a “provocative change research avenue” elaborating on the role of mindful organizing to bridge the relevance gap in this area. This advances a richer and more relevant framing to elevate theorizing in the area of strategic marketing and management beyond existing avenues, which not necessarily reflects organizational life’s equivocality, interdependencies and intricacies. We, thus, call for the field of strategic marketing and management to adopt a discourse grounded in complexity-based assumptions. Research limitations/implications – Overall, this essay highlights that closing relevance gaps in our field cannot be done with quick fix recipes. The endeavor implies a fundamental re-framing of the way we look at firms and managers. It also implies different theoretical underpinnings and more interpretive research approaches to tap the richness in real-life business settings. By focusing on one area, we have shown how such an effort might proceed. Practical implications – Although the paper is mainly written for researchers of change processes and innovation in industrial companies, practitioners will get inspiration as several viewpoints for mindful organizing will help them in building a more realistic and viable change approach. Originality/value – Our intended contribution is to advocate a deeper and richer process understanding of strategic change by advancing mindful organizing as an epistemological and praxeological perspective on strategic change, thereby bridging the relevance gap (Hodgkinson and Rousseau, 2009; Weick, 2001) and enriching our field’s strategic change theories. Epistemologically, mindful organizing offers a useful perspective by stressing the change process’ complexity, interdependence and emergence. Praxeologically, mindful organizing represents an adaptive organizational capability that allows organizations to develop higher awareness of their strategic change processes.

Abstract Introduction: Imatinib have dramatically changed the natural history of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) leading to significant improvement in clinical outcome and survival rates. Recently, treatment free remission (TFR) is one of the goals in CML treatment, and some prospective trials suggest that imatinib therapy may be safely discontinued in CML patients with deep and sustained molecular responses (Mahon Lancet Oncol 2010, Ross Blood 2013, Rousselot JCO 2014). The purpose of this study was to confirm TFR in Japanese CML patients and to define prognostic biomarkers of successful TFR after stopping imatinib. Methods: Japanese CML patients on imatinib treatment in confirmed deeper molecular response (DMR) for at least two year (>4 log reduction on imatinib therapy for >24 months confirmed by four consecutive PCR tests) and under imatinib treatment for at least 3 years were eligible. Patients treated with other tyrosine kinase inhibitors or who received stem cell transplantations were excluded. MR4.5 was confirmed at the beginning of this study using Ipsogen BCR-ABL1 M-BCR IS-PCR kit in a central laboratory (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan). Primary endpoint was the major molecular remission (MMR) rate at 12 months after stopping imatinib. Molecular recurrence of CML was defined as loss of MMR according to A-STIM criteria (Rousselot JCO 2014). Results: From November 2013 to March 2014, 77 CML patients in chronic phase from 26 institutions were enrolled in this study. Nine were excluded (consent withdrawal n=1, not eligible n=8). Of the eligible 68 patients, 38.2% were female. Median age was 55.0 years (range, 23 to 84), and 13.2% and 16.2 % were high-risk according to EUTOS and Sokal Scores. Thirteen patients were treated with interferon prior to imatinib therapy. Median duration of imatinib treatment was 8 years (range, 3-12 years). The duration of imatinib treatment was less than 5 years in 12%, 5-8 years in 34% and > 8 years in 54% of pts. Time to MMR was 11.5 months (25%-75%, 7.5-22.7 months) and time to DMR (not detected by PCR) was 30.6 months (25%-75%, 17.6-59.9 months). Among the 68 patients, 46 patients (67.6%, 95%CI: [56.5% to 78.8%]) remained without molecular recurrence the first 12 months according to A-STIM criteria, defined as loss of MMR. Moreover, 43 patients (63.2%, 95%CI: [51.8% to 74.7%]) remained without molecular recurrence the first 12 months according to STIM criteria, defined as two consecutive loss of MR4.5 with 1 log increase. On the other hand, 22 patients who lost MMR were treated again with imatinib and all patients achieved MMR within 6 months. Time to 2nd MMR was 40 days. Although there was a trend for a better TFR rate for patients treated longer with Imatinib (Figure 1), no significant difference could be observed for molecular relapse within 12 months according to clinical characteristics including age, sex, Sokal risk score, prior IFN, and time to MMR/DMR (Table 1). Ten patients (15%) showed "withdrawal syndrome" which is transitory musculoskeletal pain within several weeks after imatinib discontinuation, and all patients except one recovered without any treatments. Conclusion: According to the A-STIM criteria, around 70% of patients with deep and sustained molecular responses could safely stop imatinib. TFR in this prospective Japanese clinical study was higher than previously reported, probably because there were much more patients who treated with imatinib for longer duration than previous studies. We will report prognostic factors in the exploratory research of JALSG-STIM213 study including T/NK-cell profiling in peripheral blood, BIM deletion polymorphism, and ABCG2 421C/A polymorphism at this ASH meeting. Table 1. Table 1. Figure 1. Figure 1. Disclosures Takahashi: Novartis: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Otsuka: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Speakers Bureau; Astellas: Speakers Bureau; Masis: Consultancy; Sysmex: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; BMS: Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Hatta:CHUGAI PHARMACEUTICAL CO. LTD: Honoraria; Kyowa Hakko Kirin CO., Ltd, Japan: Honoraria; Celgene K.K.: Honoraria. Usuki:Fuji Film RI Pharma: Other: personal fees; Fujimoto Pharmaceutical: Research Funding; Otsuka Pharmaceutical: Research Funding; Eisai: Research Funding; Shionogi: Other: personal fees; MSD: Other: personal fees, Research Funding; Nippon Shinyaku: Other: personal fees, Research Funding; Astellas: Research Funding; Chugai Pharmaceutical: Other: personal fees; Takeda Pharmaceutical: Research Funding; Kyowa Hakko Kirin: Other: personal fees, Research Funding; SymBio Pharmaceutical: Other: personal fees, Research Funding; Sanofi: Other: personal fees, Research Funding; Novartis: Other: personal fees, Research Funding; Boehringer Ingelheim: Other: personal fees, Research Funding; Celgene: Other: personal fees, Research Funding; Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma: Other: personal fees, Research Funding; Taiho Pharmaceutical: Other: personal fees, Research Funding; Shire: Research Funding; GlaxoSmithKline: Other: personal fees, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Other. Kobayashi:Gilead Sciences: Research Funding. Naoe:Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Research Funding; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Patents & Royalties; Pfizer Inc.: Research Funding; Toyama Chemical CO., LTD.: Research Funding; Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd.: Research Funding; Astellas Pharma Inc.: Research Funding; Celgene K.K.: Research Funding; FUJIFILM Corporation: Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd.: Patents & Royalties, Research Funding.

Wearable and flexible printed electronics are more than ever in demand. The value of the flexible electronics market reached USD 26.5 million in 2021 and its revenue forecast will reach USD 63.1 million in 2030.[1] Increasing investments in research & development in these fields have already led to several achievements in the past years. Nevertheless, serious remains concerns about the ecological footprint of such technologies must be addressed early in their conception and throughout the whole electronics life cycle.[2] In printed electronics, electrical energy is supplied by energy storage devices, such as batteries. Most of the time, these systems contain polymers that can be used either as electrolyte, e.g., solid polymer electrolyte or gel polymer electrolyte, to facilitate flexible electronics/batteries fabrication or as binders in positive or negative electrodes ensuring the mechanical cohesion within the composite electrodes.[4]. Several characteristics to meet environmental-friendly flexible electronics requirements. Biobased polymers are one of the promising alternatives in this regard. Their general affinity with water makes them suitable for aqueous rechargeable batteries, implying several technologies such as aqueous rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (ARLB) or zinc rechargeable batteries (ZRB). For instance, polymer hydrogel electrolytes have recently been investigated [3]: their strength lies in promising ionic conductivity (> 10-2 S.cm-1) while maintaining a sufficient mechanical strength and elasticity to be adaptable to flexible energy storage devices. In this study, we developed a hydrogel electrolyte made of pectin, a polysaccharide contained in the cell plants’ wall, as an alternative to synthetic polymers in batteries. Hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds, together with bivalent cation interactions, allow the free-standing electrolyte gelation.[5] The gelation mechanism is first studied, using NMR spectroscopy together with thermal analysis. Then, electrochemical characterization is carried out to analyze the ionic conduction pathways of the gel electrolyte. Its electrochemical stability as well as galvanostatic cycling are investigated to figure out its ability to be used as a electrolyte in hybrid device, such as zinc-lithium-ion batteries. Moving toward printed devices requires to take a closer look to the rheological properties of this system as well as its printability: these challenges will be addressed to ultimately develop an understanding of the impact of this material’s processing on the electrolyte and electrodes properties.[6] References [1]. Flexible Electronics Market Size to Hit US$ 63.1 MN by 2030. (May 2022). Acumen Research and Consulting, https://www.acumenresearchandconsulting.com/. [2]. Baran, D.; Corzo, D.; Blazquez, G. Flexible Electronics: Status, Challenges and Opportunities. Frontiers in Electronics 2020, 1, 2673-5857. DOI: 10.3389/felec.2020.594003. [3]. Liu, J.; Yuan, H.; Tao, X.; et al. Recent progress on biomass-derived ecomaterials toward advanced rechargeable lithium batteries. EcoMat 2020, 2 (1), e12019. DOI: 10.1002/eom2.12019. [4]. Bresser, D.; Buchholz, D.; Moretti, A.; Varzi, A.; Passerini, S. Alternative binders for sustainable electrochemical energy storage – the transition to aqueous electrode processing and bio-derived polymers. Energy Environm Sci 2018, 11, 3096-3127. DOI: 10.1039/C8EE00640G. [5]. Chelfouh, N.; Coquil, G.; Rousselot, S.; Foran, G.; Briqueleur, E.; Shoghi, F.; Caradant, L.; Dollé, M. Apple Pectin-Based Hydrogel Electrolyte for Energy Storage Applications. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2022 , Article ASAP . DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c04600. [6]. Clement, B.; Lyu, M.; Kulkarni, S. E.; Lin, T.; Hu, Y.; Lockett, V.; Greig, C.; Wang, L. Recent Advances in Printed Thin-Film Batteries. Engineering 2022, 13, 238-261. DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.04.002.

RESUMENLa historia del cristianismo no se entiende sin el complejo fenómeno mariano. El culto mariano ha afianzado la construcción de identidades colectivas, pero también individuales. La figura de la Virgen María estableció un modelo de conducta desde cada contexto histórico-cultural, remarcando especialmente los ideales de maternidad y virginidad. Dentro del imaginario católico, la Europa contemporánea ha estado marcada por la formación de una cultura aparicionista que se ha generadoa partir de diversas apariciones marianas que han establecido un canon y un marco de interpretación que ha alimentado las guerras culturales entre secularismo y catolicismo.PALABRAS CLAVE: catolicismo, Virgen María, cultura aparicionista, Lourdes, guerras culturales.ABSTRACTThe history of Christianity cannot be understood without the complex Marian phenomenon. Marian devotion has reinforced the construction of collective, but also of individual identities. The figure of the Virgin Mary established a model of conduct through each historical-cultural context, emphasizing in particular the ideals of maternity and virginity. Within the Catholic imaginary, contemporary Europe has been marked by the formation of an apparitionist culture generated by various Marian apparitions that have established a canon and a framework of interpretation that has fuelled the cultural wars between secularism and Catholicism.KEY WORDS: Catholicism, Virgin Mary, apparicionist culture, Lourdes, culture wars. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAlbert Llorca, M., “Les apparitions et leur histoire”, Archives de Sciences Sociales des religions, 116 (2001), pp. 53-66.Albert, J.-P. y Rozenberg G., “Des expériences du surnaturel”, Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions, 145 (2009), pp. 9-14.Amanat A. y Bernhardsson, M. T. (eds.), Imagining the End. Visions of Apocalypsis from the Ancient Middle East to Modern America, London and New York, I. B. Tauris, 2002.Angelier, F. y Langlois, C. (eds.), La Salette. Apocalypse, pèlerinage et littérature (1846-1996), Actes du colloque de l’institut catholique de Paris (29- 30 de novembre de 1996), Grenoble, Jérôme Million, 2000.Apolito, P., Apparitions of the Madonna at Oliveto Citra. Local Visions and Cosmic Drama, University Park, Penn State University Press, 1998.Apolito, P., Internet y la Virgen. Sobre el visionarismo religioso en la Red, Barcelona, Laertes, 2007.Astell, A. W., “Artful Dogma: The Immaculate Conception and Franz Werfer´s Song of Bernadette”, Christianity and Literature, 62/I (2012), pp. 5-28.Barnay, S., El cielo en la tierra. Las apariciones de la Virgen en la Edad Media, Madrid, Encuentro, 1999.Barreto, J., “Rússia e Fátima”, en C. Moreira Azevedo e L Cristino (dirs.), Enciclopédia de Fátima, Estoril, Princípia, 2007, pp. 500-503.Barreto, J., Religião e Sociedade: dois ensaios, Lisboa, Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa, 2003.Bayly, C. 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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the role family identity and reputational concerns plays when private family firms engage in earnings management.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is conducted as an archival study using data from private limited liability firms in Norway over the period from 2002 to 2015. The dataset includes financial accounting data and data on family relationships between shareholders, board members and CEOs, where family relationships are determined through bloodlines, adoption and marriage, tracing back four generations and extending out to third cousins. To investigate the incidence of earnings management, the authors employ a measure of accrual-based earnings management (AEM) (Dechow and Dichev, 2002; McNichols, 2002) and a measure of real earnings management (REM) (Roychowdhury, 2006). They use whether or not the family name is included in the firm name (i.e. family name congruence) as a proxy for family members' identification with the family firm and their sensitivity to reputational concerns.FindingsThe authors’ results show that AEM is lower for family-named family firms. Moreover, their findings also indicate that family-named family firms are more likely to select REM over AEM, compared to nonfamily named family firms. This is even more pronounced when detection risk is high (high quality audit proxied by Big 4).Research limitations/implicationsThe quality of the authors’ findings is limited to the validity of their proxy for family firm identification and reputational concerns (the family name included in the firm name). Even though findings from prior research suggest that family name congruence is a valid proxy for identity and reputational concerns (e.g. Kashmiri and Mahajan, 2010, 2014; Rousseau et al., 2018; Zellweger et al., 2013), future research should investigate the validity of these results using alternative proxies for family firm identification. Future research should also investigate whether the authors’ findings are generalizable to public family firms.Practical implicationsThe authors’ results suggest that the risk of AEM is lower for family-named family firms, whereas the risk of REM is somewhat higher, compared to nonfamily named family firms. These results might be relevant for financial accounting users, auditors and supervisory and monitoring bodies when assessing the risk of earnings management.Originality/valueThe paper is, as far as the authors are aware of, the first to investigate the role of family name congruence and detection risk when private family firms select between AEM and REM.

This article undertakes a comparative study of the conjectural histories of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Adam Ferguson, focusing on the convergences in the moral and political ideals expressed and grounded in these histories. In comparison with Scots like Adam Smith and John Millar, the conjectural histories of Ferguson and Rousseau follow a similar historical trajectory as regards the development and progress of commercial, political and cultural arts. However, their assessment of the moral progress of humanity does not, or in a much more limited way than in Smith and Millar, correlate with this trajectory. Rousseau and Ferguson see a candour and vigour in savage and barbarian societies that is much less easily supported by the complex socio-economic framework of modern, commercial societies. It is argued that the convergences in their conjectural histories arise from a similar fusion of these histories with Stoic and republican perspectives. While Rousseau and Ferguson do not see history as cyclical, they think that the forces that push towards moral decline are strong and can, on the political level, only be countered by firm republican policies. Furthermore, their shared Stoic ideal of the life lived according to nature informs their solutions for modern societies.

Resumo: Este ensaio realiza um experimento de pensamento a partir da análise dos tempos do filme “Era uma vez Brasília” (Adirley Queirós, 2017). A obra apresenta uma interação entre temporalidades heterogêneas para pensar o tempo histórico em que se insere. Desse arranjo, emerge uma imagem dialética (Benjamin, 2018) em que o passado de Brasília e Ceilândia interage com um evento do presente: o golpe de Estado que destituiu Dilma Rousseff da Presidência do Brasil em 2016.Palavras-Chave: análise de filmes; Adirley Queirós; temporalidade; imagem dialética; cronotopo PHANTASMAL DELIRIUM, OR THE TIMES OF "ERA UMA VEZ BRASÍLIA"Abstract: This essay perform an experiment of thought through the analysis of Once there was Brasília (Adirley Queirós, 2017). The film presents an interaction of heterogeneous temporalities to think the historical time that enmesh this work. The film construct a dialectical image (Benjamin, 2018) that makes Ceilândia’s and Brasília’s past interact with an event of the present time: the 2016 coup d’etat which dismissed Dilma Rousseff from Presidency of Brasil.Keywords: film analysis. Adirley Queirós. temporality. dialectical images. chronotope

This article presents the analyses of how online news portals dealt with the non-nomination of the film Aquarius (2016, Kleber Mendonça Filho) for the category of best foreign language film at the Oscars (Academy Awards) of 2017. Aquarius became a controversial film after its cast protested on the red carpet at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival against the impeachment of former President Dilma Rousseff. After selecting some stories published on the day of the announcement by the Brazilian Ministry of Culture (MinC), on September 12, 2016, the texts and languages used to portray the narrative of events were analyzed. Even though the film Little Secret (2016, David Schurmann) was the official nominee for Brazil, Aquarius was the film that stood out in the main national headlines. With that, it was possible to see, from the controversy in the media involving the non-nomination of Aquarius for the Academy Award, how Brazilian cinema is intrinsically related to national politics.

AbstractBackgroundFinancial incentives for chief executive officers (CEOs) are thought to motivate them to lead their company toward achieving important business objectives. Based on the Rousseau et al. (2019) protocol, this systematic review assesses the predictive effects of CEO incentives on certain business outcomes.ObjectivesThis review addresses whether CEO financial incentives predict: (1) firm financial performance and (2) financial restatement due to misreporting.Search methodsWe searched nine research databases for published peer‐reviewed literature (to July 23–26, 2021 and an attenuated search from those dates to July 27–31, 2023) and thirteen professional association websites for non‐published gray literature (to August 2021). We also hand‐searched selected relevant journals.Selection criteriaWe reviewed peer‐reviewed and unpublished studies available in English since 1980. Eligible studies regarding our first question assessed CEO financial incentives (1) 1 year or more before the measurement of outcomes, (2) controlled for pre‐incentive firm performance or market conditions, and (3) analyzed CEO financial incentives as predictors of firm outcomes. Eligible studies regarding our second question assessed whether financial restatement had occurred and analyzed effects of CEO incentives on this outcome.Data collection and analysisWe extracted standardized regression coefficients for each effect or converted unstandardized regressions to standardized. Analyses were conducted using STATA. All studies were assessed to have moderate risk of bias.Main resultsFor our first question, 20 studies (15,398 firms) met our criteria for meta‐analysis of effects. Bonuses, the most commonly studied incentive, had a small positive effect on next year's accounting performance metric Return on Assets (ROA, 0.046 [k = 7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.014, 0.078]). The bonus effect in the market‐related metric of Stock Returns (−0.026 [k = 5, 95% CI = −0.119, 0.067]) fell within a CI including 0, as did its effect on another market‐related metric, Market‐to‐Book value (Tobin's Q, 0.028 [k = 3, 95% CI = −0.024, 0.08]). We conclude that Bonuses show no predictive effect on the following year's market‐related metrics but do affect ROA. Stock Options had no effect on next year's ROA (0.027 [k = 5, 0.95% CI = 0.000, 0.052]), nor on Market‐to‐Book Value (Tobin's Q, 0.097 [k = 5, 95% CI = −0.027, 0.220]) or Stock Return (0.042 [k = 6, −0.033, 0.117]), indicating no predictive effect for Stock Options on either accounting or market‐related performance. We sought but found too few studies to report on effects of incentives on other financial outcomes or for lags greater than 1 year. For our second question, three studies (n = 2044 firms) met our criteria. The overall effect size for CEO Incentives on Restatement (−0.09 [k = 3, 95% CI = −0.363, 0.184) fell within a CI including zero. We conclude that current evidence does not support a direct relationship between CEO financial incentives and Restatement.Authors' conclusionsThis review affirms a small effect of CEO Bonuses, but no effect of Stock Options, on the accounting performance metric ROA. In contrast, neither Bonuses nor Stock Options predict a firm's market‐related metrics. CEO incentives also are unrelated to Financial Restatement. Despite widespread use of CEO financial incentives, lack of evidence supporting their use, beyond the bonus‐ROA effect we identify, suggests caution regarding current CEO financial incentive practice and greater consideration of alternative arrangements to enhance firm performance.

O artigo tem como objetivo analisar o discurso que resulta da intervenção da edição de texto e imagem em reportagem do Jornal Nacional, de 21 de outubro de 2015, que tem como tema o episódio da entrega da denúncia de irregularidade do governo Dilma Rousseff na Câmara dos Deputados. Buscando abordar o discurso jornalístico de um momento político que influenciou muito a opinião pública, vamos procurar entender como texto e imagem formam um todo indiscernível que marca o discurso construído para efeitos de espetáculo. Concluímos que a edição é o lugar onde se dá o discurso ao privilegiar de forma particular a relação entre o que o texto diz e o que a imagem mostra e por ser o lugar onde se firma o contrato de comunicação entre os sujeitos.

The article will discuss the trajectories of young women filmmakers who, with access to the backstage of power, made films about important events in the histories of Germany and Brazil.In 1935 Leni Riefenstahl launches The Triumph of the Will, using her proximity to Nazi leaders and Hitler himself. The same ones who deliver inflammatory speeches captured by the filmmaker applying innovative techniques that made her a reference in the world of cinema. But the World War II provoked a career turn for Riefenstahl, who later tries to hide his involvement with Nazism.In 2020 The Edge of Democracy is nominated for an Oscar for best documentary. The proximity of director Petra Costa to power also helped to highlight her film among others made about the impeachment process of Dilma Rousseff, who gives exclusive testimonies and is captured at intimacy moments by Petra. Intertwining the history of corruption of the construction companies that prospered during the military dictatorship in Brazil with recent events, Petra (granddaughter of a contractor) portrays the growing abyss that divides the country putting its democracy in jeopardy. The title of the film is prophetic, considering events that happened during the Bolsonaro government, which benefited from Dilma’s impeachment.Based on texts by Susan Sontag (Under the Sign of Saturn) and on articles from the Brazilian magazines Veja and Piauí, I will analyze the relationship of the filmmakers with their films and their times. Demonstrating that, despite having opposed political ideologies, their trajectories have several points of mirroring.

Dijital çağın hızlı döngüsünde bir taraftan her gün şiddetin farklı şekilleriyle tanışan insanoğlu, bir taraftan da yüzyıllardır süre gelen ve çözümsüz hale gelmiş ötekileştirme garabetine bir cevap aramaya çalışmaktadır. Bu çalışma; şiddetin gün geçtikçe evrildiği ve farklı kılıklara girdiği dünyada 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında bir dönemde sadece barışla, sadece şiddetsiz eylemle, sadece yürüyüşle şiddete karşı koyan Martin Luther King’e odaklanmaktadır. Toplumsal hareketler, çağımızla birlikte yeni hareketlere evrilirken, eylemlerin bir kısmı şiddetsizlik üstünden ilerlese de çoğunlukla sokaklarda şiddet hüküm sürmektedir. Günümüzde şiddetsiz eylemi seçip sonuca ulaşmaya çalışmak ne kadar mantıklıdır bilinemez ancak geçmişteki Martin Luther King’in odağına şiddetsizliği aldığı eylemler sayesinde ötekileştirilen gruplar belli haklar kazanmışlardır. Bunun temel sebebi King’in şiddetsiz yürüyüş felsefesinde yatmaktadır. King, Gandhi, J. J. Rousseau, Rimbaud, Nietzsche gibi düşünürlerin de yöntemini seçmiş yürüyüşün felsefesinden yola çıkarak şiddete karşı sonuç almaya çalışmıştır. Bu çalışmada şiddete başvurmayan eylemleriyle Amerikan siyah haklar hareketinin öncülerinden olan Martin Luther King’in mücadelesi, onun sözleri, yürüyüşleri ve felsefesi, onu anlatan “Özgürlük Yürüyüşü” adlı filmin desteğiyle anlatılacaktır. Film sinematografik olarak incelenmeyecek sadece söyledikleri ve şiddetsizlik felsefesine katkısı için çalışmaya eklemlenmiştir

Purpose This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings At the end of the seventeenth century, John Locke was the talk of London and the more intellectual parts of Europe following the publication of his Second Treatise on Government (1692), where he laid out his thoughts on how people would, and should, act given free will in society. His ideas, along with those such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau almost a century later, centered around a “social contract” where citizens would voluntarily join together to form a neutral government to prevent fear and promote benefits of acting as a society. This form of tacit consent will be familiar to all, and can be especially relevant to deeper understanding of the inner workings of modern firms. Practical implications The paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world’s leading organizations. Originality/value The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

IntroductionThe existential question today is not whether to be or not to be, but how one can become what one truly is. (Golomb 200)In contemporary Western culture the ideal of living authentically, of being “true to yourself,” is ubiquitous. Authenticity is “taken for granted” as an absolute value in a multitude of areas, from music, to travel to identity (Lindholm 1). A core component of authentic selfhood is to find an occupation that is a “passion:” work that is “really you.” This article draws on recent qualitative interviews with Australians from a range of occupations about work, identity and meaning (James). It will demonstrate that for these contemporary individuals, occupation is often closely linked to perceptions of authentic selfhood. I begin by overviewing the significance and presence of authenticity as a value in contemporary culture through discussions of reality television and self-help literature focussed on careers. This is followed by a discussion of sociological theories of authenticity, drawing out the connections between the authentic self, modernity and work. The final section uses examples from the interviews to argue that the ideal of work being an extension of the authentic self is compelling because in providing direction and purpose, it helps the individual avoid anomie, disenchantment and other modern malaises (Taylor).The Authentic Self and Career Guidance in Contemporary Popular CultureThe prevalence of authenticity in contemporary Western popular culture can be seen in reality television programs like Master Chef (a cooking competition) and The Voice (a singing competition). Generally, contestants take part in the show in order to “follow their dreams” and pursue the career they feel they were “destined” for. When elimination is immanent, those at risk of departure are given one last chance to tell the judges what being in the competition means to them. This usually takes the form of a tearful monologue in which the contestant explains that the past few weeks have been the best of their life, that they finally feel “alive” and that they have found their “passion.” In these shows, finding work that is “really you”—that is an extension of your authentic-self—is portrayed as being a fundamental component of fulfillment and self-actualization.The same message is delivered in self-help media and texts. Since the 1970s, “finding your passion” and “finding yourself” have been popular subjects for the genre. The best known of these books is perhaps Richard Bolles’s What Color is Your Parachute?: a job-hunting manual aimed primarily at people looking for a career change. First published in 1970, a new edition has been released every year and there are over 10 million copies in print. In 1995 it was included in the Library of Congress’s Center for the Book’s 25 Books That Have Shaped Readers’ Lives, placing Bolles in the company of Cervantes and Tolstoy (Bolles).Bolles’s book and similar career guidance titles generally follow a pattern of providing exercises for the reader to help them discover the “real you,” which then becomes the basis for choosing the “right” occupation, or as Bolles puts it, “first deciding who you are before deciding the kind of work you want to pursue.” Another best-selling self-help writer is Phil McGraw or “Dr. Phil,” better known for his television program than his books. In his Self Matters—Creating Your Life from the Inside Out, McGraw begins bytelling the story of his own search for his authentic “passion.” Before moving into television, McGraw spent ten years working as a practicing psychiatrist. He recalls:So much of what I did—while totally okay if it had been what I had a passion for—was as unnatural for me as it would be for a dog. It didn’t come from the heart. It wasn’t something that sprang from who I really was ... I wasn’t doing what was meaningful for me. I wasn’t doing what I was good at and therefore was not pursuing my mission in life, my purpose for being here … You and everyone else has a mission, a purpose in life that cannot be denied if you are to live fully. If you have no purpose, you have no passion. If you have no passion, you have sold yourself out (7–12).McGraw connects living authentically with living meaningfully. Working in an occupation that is in accordance with the authentic self gives one’s life purpose. This is the same message Oprah Winfrey chose to deliver in the final episode of the The Oprah Winfrey Show, which was watched by more than 16 million viewers in the U.S. alone. Rather than following the usual pattern of the show and interview celebrity guests, Winfrey chose to talk directly to her viewers about what matters in life:Everybody has a calling, and your real job in life is to figure out what that is and get about the business of doing it. Every time we have seen a person on this stage who is a success in their life, they spoke of the job, and they spoke of the juice that they receive from doing what they knew they were meant to be doing [...] Because that is what a calling is. It lights you up and it lets you know that you are exactly where you're supposed to be, doing exactly what you're supposed to be doing. And that is what I want for all of you and hope that you will take from this show. To live from the heart of yourself.Like McGraw, Winfrey draws a link between living authentically—living “from the heart”—and finding a “calling.” The message here is that the person whose career is in accordance with their authentic self can live with certainty, direction and purpose. Authenticity may act as a buffer against the anomie and disenchantment that arguably plague individuals in late modernity (Elliott & du Gay).Disenchantment, Modernity and Authenticity For many sociologists, most famously Max Weber, finding something that gives life purpose is the great challenge for individuals in the modern West. In a disenchanted society, without religion or other “mysterious incalculable forces” to provide direction, individuals may struggle to work out what they should do with their lives (149). For Weber the answer is to find your calling. Each individual must discover the “demon who holds the fibers of his very life” and obey its demands (156).Following Weber, John Carroll has argued that in modern secular societies, individuals must draw on their inner resources to find answers to life’s “fundamental questions” (Ego 3–4). As Carroll stresses, it is not that the religious impulse has disappeared from contemporary society, but it is expressed in new ways. Individuals still yearn for a sense of purpose but they are “more likely to pursue their quests for meaning on their own, in experimental ways and with their main resource being their ontological qualities” (Carroll, Beauty 221).Other Australian academics, like Gary Bouma and David Tacey, argue that rather than a decline in religiosity in Australia, what we are seeing is a change in the way people pursue the spiritual. Tacey suggests that while many Australians may “slink away” from the idea of God as something external to our lives, they may find more resonance with a conception of God as a “core dimension” of the person (167). Contemporary Australians continue to yearn for guidance, but they are more likely to look within to find it.There is a clear link between this process of turning inward to pursue the spiritual, the prevalence of authenticity in contemporary Western culture, and modernity. With the breakdown of traditional structures, individuals become more “free to self-create” (Bauman, Identity 3). As Charles Lindholm describes it: “The inclination toward a spontaneous mode of expressive self-revelation correlates with the collapse of reliable and sacralised institutional frameworks that once offered meaning and succour” (65–66).For Charles Taylor, the origins of this “massive subjective turn of modern culture” (26) lie in the 18th-century romantic period with the idea that each individual has an intuitive moral sense. To determine what is right, the individual must be in touch with their “inner voice” and act in accordance with it. It is in this notion that Taylor identifies the background to the belief, which is so prominent today, that “There is a certain way of being human that is my way. I am called upon to live my life in this way, and not in imitation of anyone else’s” (28–29). Lindholm points to Rousseau as the “inventor” of this ideal, with his revelatory Confessions becoming “the harbinger of a new ideal in which exploring and revealing one’s essential nature was taken as an absolute good” (8). According to Rousseau, social norms suppress the individual’s true nature, and so it is only possible for one to be authentic if they break these chains and act in accordance with their inner depths. For employees in today’s service-oriented knowledge economy, there are significant risks involved in following Rousseau’s advice and expressing one’s “true feelings.” As many researchers have noted, in the new capitalism, workers are increasingly required to regulate their emotions and present themselves as calm, agreeable and above all positive (Hochschild; Sennett; Ehrenreich). To offer criticism or express frustration, to drop the “mask of cooperativeness” (Sennett 112), may mean risking one’s employment.Nevertheless, while it is arguably becoming more difficult to express authentic feeling at work, for contemporary workers, choice of occupation is still often closely linked to perceptions of authentic selfhood. In fact, in a time of increasingly fragmented careers and short-term, episodic work, it becomes more necessary to create a meaningful narrative to link numerous and varied jobs to a core sense of self. As Richard Sennett argues, today’s flexible employees—frequently moving from one workplace to the next—are at risk of “drift:” a sensation of aimless movement (30). To counter this, individuals must create a convincing story that provides a rationale for career changes and can thereby “form their characters into sustained narratives” (31).In the next section, drawing on recent empirical research, I argue that linking authentic selfhood to work provides individuals with a way to make sense of the trajectory of their work lives and to accept change. Today’s employees are able to interpret even the most unexpected career changes as a beneficial occurrence—something that was “meant to be”—by rationalising that such changes are part of a process of finding work that is an expression of the authentic self.The Authentic Self at Work: Being True to Your EssenceThe following discussion focuses on how authenticity as an ideal influences individuals’s work identity and career aspirations. It draws examples from recent qualitative interviews with Australian workers from a range of occupations (James 2012). A number of interviewees described a search for an occupation that was authentically “them,” a task that was well-suited to their capabilities and came “naturally:”I have a feeling that I was sort of a natural teacher. (Teacher, 60)Medical is what I like, that’s me. (Paramedic, 49)I found my thing, I stick to it. (Farrier, 27) These beliefs are quite clearly influenced by the idea of vocation, in that there is a particular task the individual is most suited to, but they do not invoke the sense of duty that a religious “calling” entails. Often, the interviewees had discovered the occupation that was “really them” by working in other jobs that were not their “true passion.” Realising that performing a particular role felt inauthentic helped them to define their authentic self and encouraged them to pursue more fulfilling work. This process often required experimentation, since “one knows what one is only after realising what one is not” (Golomb 201).For instance, Olivia, a 33-year old lawyer had begun her career in a corporate law firm. She had never felt comfortable in the corporate environment: “I always thought, ‘They know I don’t belong here’.” Her performance at work felt inauthentic: “I was never good at smiling and saying yes.” This experience led her to move into human rights, which she found more fulfilling. Similarly Hazel, a 50 year-old social worker, had started her career in what she described as “boring administration jobs.” Although she had “always wanted” to work in the “caring sector” her family’s expectations and her low self-confidence had stopped her from applying for university. When she finally quit the administration work and began to study it was liberating: “a weight had come out off my shoulders.” In her occupation as a social worker she felt that her work fitted with her authentic self: “the kind of person I am,” and for the first time in her life she looked forward to going to work. Both of these women, and many of the other interviewees, rationalised their decision to work in a particular field by appealing to narratives of authentic selfhood.Similarly, in explaining why they enjoyed their work, a number of interviewees looked back to their childhood for signs of what was “meant to be.” For instance, Tim, a 27 year-old farrier, justified his work with horses: “Mum came from a farming background, every school holidays I was up there…I followed my grandpa around like a little dog, annoyed and pestered him and asked him ‘Why’ and How?’ I’ve always been like that … So I think from an early age I was destined to do something like this.” Ken, a 50 year-old electrician, had a similar explanation for his choice of occupation: “Even as a little kid I was always mucking around with batteries and getting lights to work and things like that, so I think it was just a natural progression.”This tendency to associate childhood interests with authentic selfhood is perhaps due to the belief that childhood is a time of innocence and freedom, where the individual had not yet been moulded by society. As Duschinsky argues, childhood is often connected with an “originary natural essence.” We are close here to Rousseau’s “sentiment of being,” or its contemporary manifestation the “real you.” Of course, the idea that the child is free from external influence is problematised by ideas of socialisation. From birth the infant learns by copying “significant others” and self-conception is formed through interaction (Cooley; Mead). Therefore, from the very beginning, an individual’s interests, dispositions and tastes are influenced by family and culture.Shane, a 29 year-old real estate agent, had resisted working in property because it was the family business and he “didn’t want to be as boring as to follow in Dad’s footsteps.” He saw himself as “academic” and “creative” and for a number of years worked as a writer. Eventually though he decided that writing was not his calling: it was “not actually me … I categorise myself as someone who has the ability to write but not naturally.” When Shane began working in real-estate however, it felt almost automatic. Like the other members of his family he had the right skills and traits to thrive in the business and was immediately successful. Interestingly, Shane’s conception of his authenticity includes both a belief in an essential, pre-social “true” self and at the same time an understanding of the importance of the influence of family in the formation of the self.Regardless of whether the idea of a natural, inner-essence discernable in childhood pastimes can be disproven, it is clear that the understanding of authentic selfhood as an “immediate expression of our essence” continues to influence how individuals conceive of their work identities. However, at the same time, the interviewees’ accounts of authenticity also acknowledged the role of parents in influencing traits and dispositions. In these narratives of the self, authenticity encompasses opposing understandings of childhood as being both free from social influences and highly influenced by primary agents of socialisation. That individuals are willing to do the necessary mental and emotional work to maintain these contradictory beliefs suggests that there is a strong incentive to frame work identity as an expression of authentic selfhood.Authenticity Provides PurposeThe great benefit of being able to convincingly rationalise one’s work as a manifestation of the true self is that it gives the individual direction and purpose. Work then provides answers to Carroll’s fundamental questions: “who am I?” and “What should I do with my life?” A number of the interviewees recalled their attempts to secure a sense of purpose by linking their current occupation to their inner essence. As Greg, a 36-year-old fitness consultant described it:You just gotta think ‘What do you really wanna do, what makes you happy, what are you about?’ … I guess the strengthening and conditioning work, the fitness, has been the constant right the way through. It’s probably the core of what I’ve done over the years, seeing individuals and teams get fit. It’s what I do. That’s my role, if you put it in a nutshell. That’s what I’m about … I was sort of floating around a little bit … I need to go ‘This is what I am.’ By identifying his authentic self and linking it to his work, Greg was able to make sense of his past. He had once been a professional runner and after an injury was forced to redefine himself. He now rationalised that his ability to run had led him into the fitness field: You look at what is your life mission and basically what are you out here for … with athletics it’s allowed me to deal with any sport, made me flexible in my career … if I was, therefore born to run? Yeah, quite possibly, there had to be a reason. Like many of the interviewees, Greg had been forced to change his plans, but he was able to rationalise that this change was positive by forming a narrative that connected both his current and previous occupations to his perception of his authentic self. As Sennett describes it, he is able to from his character into a “sustained narrative” (31). Similarly, Trish, a 42 year-old retail coordinator, connected both her work as a chef and her job in a hardware store back to her sense of authentic self. Both occupations, she thought, were “down and dirty” and she linked this to her family “roots” and her identity as a “country girl.” In interpreting these two substantially different occupations as an expression of her true self, Trish is able to create a narrative in which unexpected career changes are as seen as something beneficial that was “meant to be.” These accounts of career trajectories suggest that linking authenticity to work identity is a strategy individuals employ to cope with the disorienting effects of fragmented work lives. Even jobs that are unfulfilling and feel inauthentic can be made meaningful by interpreting them as necessary steps leading towards the discovery of one’s “ true passion”. This is quite different to the ideal of a life-long calling in one occupation, which as Bauman has noted, has become a “privilege of the few” in late-modernity (Work 34). In an era of insecure and fragmented work, the narrative of an authentic self becomes particularly appealing as it allows the individual to create a meaningful work-narrative that can accommodate the numerous twists and turns of contemporary “liquid” existence (Bauman, Identity 5) and avoid “drift” (Sennett). Conclusion Drawing on qualitative research, this paper has analysed the connections between authenticity, work and modern selfhood. I have shown that in an era of flexible and fragmented working lives, work-identities are often closely tied to understandings of authentic selfhood. Interpreting particular kinds of work as being expressions of the authentic self provides individuals with a sense of purpose and in some cases assists them in coming to terms with unexpected career changes. A meaningful career narrative acts as a buffer against disorientation, disenchantment and anomie. It is therefore no wonder that authentic selfhood is such a prominent theme in reality television, self-help and other forms of popular culture, since it is taps into an existential need for a sense of purpose that becomes increasingly elusive in late-modernity. It is clear from the accounts presented in this paper that the pursuit of authenticity is not merely a narcissistic endeavor, and is employed by individuals to work through fundamental existential questions. Future work in this area should continue to make use of empirical research to add depth and complexity to theoretical accounts of authentic selfhood. References Bauman, Zygmunt. “Identity in the Globalizing World.” Identity in Question. Ed. Anthony Elliott and Paul du Gay. London: Sage, 2009. 1–12. Bauman, Zygmunt. Work, Consumerism and the New Poor. Buckingham: Open UP, 1998. Bolles, Richard. What Colour Is Your Parachute 2015. 23 Jan. 2015 ‹http://www.jobhuntersbible.com/books/view/what-color-is-your-parachute-2015›. Bolles, Richard. What Colour Is Your Parachute. Berkley: Ten Speed, 1970. Bouma, Gary. Australian Soul: Religion and Spirituality in the 21st Century. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006. Carroll, John. “Beauty contra God: Has Aesthetics Replaced Religion in Modernity?” Journal of Sociology 48.2 (2012): 206–23. Carroll, John. Ego and Soul: The Modern West in Search of Meaning. Melbourne: Scribe, 2008. Cooley, Charles Horton. Human Nature and the Social Order. New York: Scribner’s, 1902. Duschinsky, Robbie. “Childhood Innocence: Essence, Education, and Performativity.” Textual Practice 27.5 (2013): 763–81. Elliott, Anthony, and Paul du Gay. “Editors’ Introduction.” Identity in Question. Eds. Anthony Elliott and Paul du Gay. London: Sage, 2009. xi–xxi. Ehrenreich, Barbara. Bright-Sided : How the Relentless Promotion of Positive Thinking Has Undermined America. New York: Henry Holt, 2009. Golomb, Jacob. In Search of Authenticity: From Kierkegaard to Camus. London: Routledge, 1995. Hochschild, Arlie Russell. The Managed Heart: Commercialization Human Feeling. Berkeley: U of California P, 1983. James, Sara. “Making a Living, Making a Life: Contemporary Narratives of Work, Vocation and Meaning.” PhD Thesis. La Trobe U, 2012. Lindholm, Charles. Culture and Authenticity. Malden: Blackwell, 2008. McGraw, Phil. Self Matters—Creating Your Life from the Inside Out. London: Simon and Schuster, 2001. Mead, George Herbert. Mind, Self and Society. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1934. Sennett, Richard. The Corrosion of Character: The Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism, New York: WW Norton, 1998. Tacey, David. Edge of the Sacred: Jung, Psyche, Earth. Sydney: Daimon, 2008. Taylor, Charles. Ethics of Authenticity. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1991. Weber, Max. “Science as a Vocation.” From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Ed. Hans Heinrich Gerth and Charles Wright Mills. London: Routledge, 1991. 129–56. Winfrey, Oprah. The Oprah Winfrey Show Finale. 23 Jan. 2015 ‹http://www.oprah.com/oprahshow/The-Oprah-Winfrey-Show-Finale_1#ixzz3PbhBrdBs›.

In 1996, the iconoclastic economist John Kenneth Galbraith wrote a manifesto, The Good Society, that elaborated his vision for what societal excellence and goodness should amount to. Though nearly 96, Galbraith was still a rabble-rouser, and he castigated the powers that be in the United States for propping up a “democracy of the fortunate” (8). To Galbraith, those who engaged in electoral politics, win or lose on any specific issue, tended to have all the social and economic advantages, while the less well off were deliberately marginalised by ‘the system.’ He lamented that “money, voice and political activism are now extensively controlled by the affluent, very affluent, and business interests" (140), making of the political sphere an "unequal contest" (8).To make democracy American style more inclusive, Galbraith called for “a coalition of the concerned and the compassionate and those now outside the political system” (143), so that all citizens had optimal prospects for enjoying “personal liberty, basic well-being, social and ethnic equality, the opportunity for a rewarding life" (4). Have inroads been made, in the nearly 15 years since first publication of The Good Society, in making come true Galbraith’s version of a good society? If not, how might such a coalition be achieved? What would it look like? Who among Americans would constitute the concerned, compassionate outsiders that would make such a coalition authentically ‘Galbraithian’? A Coalition on the MoveWhat about MoveOn.org? A progressive public advocacy group founded in 1998, MoveOn.org, according to Lelia Green in The Internet, is “an important indicator of the potential for bringing together communities of like-minded individuals” (139). Green singles out MoveOn.org as particularly pivotal in galvanising support for Barack Obama’s presidency (139). The New York Times describes MoveOn.org as “a bottom-up organization that has inserted itself into the political process in ways large and small” (Janofsky and Lee). Indeed, it represents “the next evolutionary change in American politics, a move away from one-way tools of influence like television commercials and talk radio to interactive dialogue, offering everyday people a voice in a process that once seemed beyond their reach.” MoveOn.org has expertly utilised the Internet to mobilise its members “to sign online petitions, organize street demonstrations and donate money to run political advertisements”. Green considers MoveOn.org one of today’s standout “coalitions of interests and political agendas”, “extraordinary” in its ability to “use websites and email lists to build communities around a shared passion” (139). In 2008, its 4.2 million members were at the vortex of a “dynamic that tipped the balance in favour of a more radical agenda with the election of President Barack Obama in 2008” (139). Galbraith, for one, would certainly agree with MoveOn.org’s politics, and likely would claim that their radical agenda is a compassionate and encompassing one that effectively addresses the concerns of everyday citizens. Yet the fact is that millions of disaffected Americans are not liberals, and so are not in sync with MoveOn.org’s interests and agendas, such as its firm insistence that a ‘public option’ is the best way to bring about meaningful health care reform, and its demand that all U.S. troops be immediately withdrawn from Iraq and Afghanistan. Tea Anyone?Another sort of coalition filled the void created by MoveOn.org. Enter the Tea Party. A movement that has been every bit as effective in its way in inspiring once-jaded ordinary citizens to coalesce around a set of interests and agendas – albeit, at least in principal if not necessarily in actual practice, of a professed libertarian strain – the Tea Party got underway in the waning days of the second presidential term of George W. Bush. It started out as a one-issue protest group voicing umbrage over the proposed economic stimulus plan, which it considered an unconstitutional subsidy. After Barack Obama became president, the Tea Party burgeoned into a much more influential movement that now professes to be a grassroots citizens’ watchdog for all unconstitutional activities (or what it deems to be such) on the part of the federal government. A New York Times article notes that many of its members are victims of the economic downturn; they “had lost their jobs, or perhaps watched their homes plummet in value, and they found common cause in the Tea Party’s fight for lower taxes and smaller government” (Zernike). Its members are akin to the millions of middle class Americans who lost their livelihoods during the Great Depression of the 1930s, an unparalleled economic downturn that eventually “mobilized many middle-class people who had fallen on hard times” to join forces in order to have an effective political voice. But those during the Great Depression who were aroused to political consciousness “tended to push for more government involvement”; in contrast, the Tea Party is a coalition that “vehemently wants less”. While Galbraith depicted the Republican Party of his time as “avowedly on the side of the fortunate” (141), the majority of today’s Tea Party members align themselves with the Republican Party, yet they are by no means principally made up of "the fortunate." Erick Erickson, a prominent Tea Party spokesman and a television commentator for the CNN news channel, blogs on Redstate.com that the Tea Party “has gotten a lot of people off the sidelines and into the political arena...” Erickson further contends that the Tea Party has “brought together a lot of likeminded citizens who thought they were alone in the world. They realized that not only were they not alone, but there were millions of others just as concerned.” Galbraithian Coalitions?Do MoveOn.org and Tea Party constitute Galbraithian-type coalitions, each in its own right? Both have inspired millions of once-disenchanted common citizens to come together around common political concerns and become a force to be reckoned with in electoral politics. As such, each has served as an effective counterweight against the money, voice and political activism of the very affluent. While Galbraith would probably have as much disdain for the Tea Party as he would have praise for MoveOn.org, the fact is that both groups have seen to it that an increasing number of regular Americans whose concerns had been ignored in the political arena now have to be reckoned with. But this is by no means where their commonality ends. Above and beyond the fact that both are comprised of millions who had been political outsiders, each has a decided anti-establishmentarian strain, along with a professed sense of alienation from and disdain for "politics as usual" and an impassioned belief in the right to self-government (though they differ on what this right amounts to). Moreover, both consider themselves grassroots-driven, and harbor anathema for professional lobbying organisations, which both regularly criticize for their undue political influence. Even though the two groups usually differ to the nth degree when it comes to those solutions they believe would effectively remedy the most pressing public problems in the U.S., they nonetheless share the conviction that one must initially focus one’s efforts at the local level if one is eventually to have the greatest impact on political decision-making on a national scale. The two groups came of age during the Internet revolution – indeed, it would have been impossible for their like-minded members to have found one another and coalesced so quickly and in such great numbers without the Internet – and they utilise the Internet as the principal tool for spurring concerted activism at the local level among their members. One can consider their shared approach Deweyan, in that Dewey maintained that genuinely democratic community, “in its deepest and richest sense, must always remain a matter of face-to-face intercourse” (367). Yet the two groups’ legion differences prevent them from engaging in meaningful face-to-face exchanges with one another. While the prospect of cultivating linkages between Tea Party and MoveOn.org are remote for the foreseeable future, it might nonetheless be seen as a promising development that some rank and file Tea Party acolytes do at least recognise that they must not identify solely with the Republican Party, lest they discourage potential recruits from rallying around their cause. For instance, one warns fellow members on the Redstate.com blog to be wary of casting their lot with Republicans, “because it would drive away the Democrats and Independents”. He actually uses Galbraith’s coinage in describing the Tea Party: “This movement is a coalition of the concerned, not a Republican outreach program.” Indeed, contrary to popular belief, the Tea Party is not, as a whole, on the conservative fringe (though it does often seem that those members who are given the most attention by the mainstream media are the fringe element, particularly the breakaway Tea Party Express). A Gallup Poll reveals that fully 17 percent of all Americans of voting age identify themselves as affiliated with the Tea Party; and while a majority have Republican leanings, fully 45 percent of all Tea Party members claimed they were either Democrats (17 percent) or independents (28 percent). To Tea Party leader Erick Erickson, the paramount challenge today for the Tea Party is for it to transform itself into a greater umbrella coalition, since the “issues and advocacy within the tea party movement are issues that resonate with the majority of Americans.” After all, he asserts, the Tea Party’s is “a very American cause — the first amendment right to protest, petition, and speak up.” While an expansion of its coalition does not in any way make it incumbent for the Tea Party to find common cause with MoveOn.org, can the claim nonetheless be legitimately made – utilising Erickson’s own criteria – that MoveOn.org’s is equally a very American cause? Christopher Hayes points out in an essay in The Nation that most of MoveOn.org’s members, as with the Tea Party’s, are “not inclined to protest,” but their “rising unease with the direction of the country has led to a new political consciousness.” Hayes could just as well be speaking of the Tea Party when he describes MoveOn.org’s members as made up mostly of “citizens angered, upset and disappointed with their government but [who were] unsure how to channel those sentiments.” For such citizens, MoveOn.org “provides simple, discrete actions: sign this petition, donate money to run this ad, show up at this vigil.” This is convincing evidence that MoveOn.org’s is also “a very American cause”, by the very benchmarks set forth by Erickson. A ‘Higher Coalition’?But is this in any way akin to a demonstrable sign that these unlikeliest of political bedfellows might be inspired at some future point to see themselves as part of a ‘higher coalition’ — one of the unlikeminded, that celebrates difference? Might a critical mass in both movements ever deem it a boon to coalesce around the cause of democratic pluralism? As things stand, neither side embraces such pluralism. Rather, one other attribute they share pervasively is dogmatism: both are convinced that their respective political sensibilities are beyond reproach. As a consequence, over the shorter term, neither group is likely to shed its brand of dogmatism and supplant it with an openness or receptivity to new, much less opposing, points of view. So, for instance, even as the Tea Party seeks to expand its fold, it is no more inclined to change its ideology-based stances on the issues than is MoveOn.org. For the time being, each group not only is entrenched in its own collective political mindset, but each coalesces around a demonstrated antipathy towards alternative approaches to public problem-solving. Is there any remotely plausible scenario by which the members of MoveOn.org and Tea Party might eventually come not just to tolerate their differences but to extol them? One other key Galbraithian element that those comprising an ideal coalition in a democracy must possess is compassion. For members of any coalition to cultivate compassion, they must first, or concomitantly, inculcate empathy, which is typically considered either a precursor to compassion or, along with understanding, a vital component of it. Henning Melber, Executive Director of the Dag Hammarskjold Foundation, and Reinhard Kössler maintain that “(w)hile empathy does not automatically translate into solidarity (nor into ethical behaviour), it can serve as a compass” for doing so, and can lead to a Galbraithian “coalition of the concerned and aware”(37). Such empathy is “a prerequisite for the ability to listen to one another and for permissiveness and openness towards ‘otherness’, and further, can only be born out of a sense of shared suffering” (37). To the authors, it isn’t just that “(s)uffering in its variety of forms requires empathy and solidarity by all,” but that it necessarily “transcends a politically correct ideology” (37). Millions in both the Tea Party and MoveOn.org long suffered from being a mere afterthought to the political establishment, both of them impacted by policies that they are convinced exacerbated rather than ameliorated their woes. But they have shown few if any indications of a willingness to transcend a politically correct ideology. For this to come about, it would, as Melber and Kössler maintain, require “hard, sustained, and imaginative work” (33). How might this come to pass? Greg Anderson, in The Athenian Experiment: Building an Imagined Political Community in Ancient Attica, 508-490 B.C., points to ancient Athens as a paradigmatic example of a society that undertook the hard imaginative work needed to develop the types of mediated connections that over time created a sense of shared belonging to a democratic community. “The process of transformation” in Attica, he argues, is “best understood as a bold exercise in social engineering, an experiment designed to bring together the diverse and far-flung inhabitants of an entire region and forge them into a single, self-governing political community of like-minded individuals” (5). While those males of sufficient socioeconomic distinction who were privileged enough to be citizens in the West’s first experiment in democracy were indeed like-minded, prising a self-governing political community, they were not single-minded; rather, those in the twelve dispersed tribes throughout Attica who coalesced to form a self-governing community apparently thrived on the free exchange and consideration of a wide range of ideas. They held that greater insights emerged only when a variety of views were subjected to scrutiny in the public sphere. Paul Woodruff notes in First Democracy that each Athenian was “given a share of the ability to be citizens, and that ability is understood both as a pair of virtues and as a kind of citizen wisdom.” Governing in this way was based on the shared view that “it is a natural part of being human to know enough to help govern your community” (149). Neither Tea Party nor MoveOn.org followers at present have this shared view on any semblance of a broad scale; rather, each betrays the sensibility that each ‘knows better’. As a consequence, any efforts at expanding their respective folds clearly do not include making overtures (or even extending olive branches) to one another. Even so, as impossibly optimistic as it might seem under current circumstances, I believe eventually they might come to see themselves as part of a greater or higher coalition – one serving the overriding cause of democracy itself – over the much longer term. But for this to become a reality, each group will first have to suffer some more. One other commonality they demonstrate is the power of grassroots activism – and the decided limitations. My hunch is that just as MoveOn.org’s progressives came to feel betrayed when Obama abandoned the liberal agenda of his presidential campaign to engage in political compromise and accommodation, Tea Party activists will come to find that their own expectations for political change will be equally stymied. In the 2010 elections, the Tea Party was a kingmaker in electoral politics, giving Republicans a decisive majority in Congress in the 2010 elections. But I suspect that those candidates the Tea Party supported will eventually resort to the practice of “politics as usual,” largely departing from the Tea Party agenda, in order to accomplish anything in Washington or become irrelevant in the existing system – a system long dominated by two political parties interested above and beyond all else in perpetuating their shared stranglehold on political power, and each equally beholden to corporate America for the contributions to their coffers that enable them to sustain this. If this scenario plays out, then at least some Tea Party activists might plausibly arrive at the unsettling conclusion that their suffering in the political arena is remarkably similar to that experienced by MoveOn.org’s cadre of concerned citizens who catapulted Obama into the office in the land, only to have most of their principal concerns neglected or dismissed, lost in the seamy world of back-room political deal-making. There is another possible scenario: What if either MoveOn.org or Tea Party becomes such an overwhelming force in politics that the other is attenuated, its members relegated once again to the fringe? If this occurred, the public sphere in the United States would be missing a vital dimension that has been part of its makeup since its founding days. For as Joseph Ellis, the Pulitzer Prize-winning historian, points out: the achievement of the revolutionary generation was a collective enterprise that succeeded because of the diversity of personalities and ideologies present in the mix. Their interactions and juxtapositions generated a dynamic form of balance and equilibrium, not because any of them was perfect or infallible, but because their mutual imperfections and fallibilities, as well as their eccentricities and excesses, checked each other… . (17) At the United States’s beginnings, the ties that bound those who revolted against Britain were forged despite their unbridgeable chasms of ideology; their “differing postures toward the twin goals of freedom and equality” were “not resolved so much as built into the fabric of our national identity” (16). Even or especially as irreconcilable differences prompted early Americans to continue waging a battle of ideas in the political trenches, Thomas Jefferson, for one, believed they were all (or nearly all) “constitutionally and conscientiously democrats” (185). Extrapolating from this, one can posit that MoveOn.org and Tea Party, regardless of whether they choose to acknowledge it, are in tandem a modern-day manifestation of the original American coalition. If they could be inspired to see that each is an important player in furthering the democratic experiment as singularly practiced in the U.S., they just might come to care more for one another. Out of such caring, they might realise that neither has a monopoly on political wisdom, and as a result coalesce around the cause of promoting a less hostile body politic. AcknowledgementsThe author is grateful to the two blind peer reviewers for their most helpful suggestions. ReferencesAnderson, Greg. 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