Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rough seas'

- Introduzione sul fallimento aziendale e panoramiche dei metodi statistici e variabili utilizzati in letteratura per prevederlo - Rough set Theory - Applicazione dei rough set con indicatori di bilancio di aziende fallite e no per valutarne l’efficacia ai fini della previsione del fallimento aziendale - Conclusione con confronto con gli altri metodi

OLIVEIRA, Henrique Viana. Refinamento de Consultas em Lógicas de Descrição Utilizando Teoria dos Rough Sets. 2012. 111 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Computação, Fortaleza-CE, 2012.<br>Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-07-01T17:23:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_hvoliveira.pdf: 789598 bytes, checksum: d75ef093adc56cc930f52c1e486ead5a (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-07-01T17:23:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_hvoliveira.pdf: 789598 bytes, checksum: d75ef093adc56cc930f52c1e486ead5a (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-01T17:23:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_hvoliveira.pdf: 789598 bytes, checksum: d75ef093adc56cc930f52c1e486ead5a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012<br>Query Refinement consists of methods that modify the terms of a consult aiming the change of its result obtained previously. Refinements can be done of several ways and different approaches can be applied to it. This work proposes to apply methods of Query Refinement based on Rough Set theory, using it as an alternative for the refinement problem. The proposed methods will be grounded in the languages of Description Logics, which are commonly used on problems involving knowledge bases or ontologies representation. Two extensions of Description Logics with the Rough Set theory are introduced in this dissertation. We will prove the complexity of satisfiability of these logics, as well as the complexities of the query refinement methods applied to these logics. Finally, we will show quality measures which will aid to choose the results of the refinements obtained.<br>Refinamento de consulta consiste de técnicas que modificam os termos de uma consulta com o objetivo de alterar os resultados obtidos inicialmente. Para a realização de tal fim, diversas abordagens podem ser aplicadas e diferentes tipos de refinamentos podem ser considerados. Este trabalho propõe aplicar a teoria dos Rough Sets como uma nova alternativa de solução para o problema. Através das noções presentes nessa teoria, iremos desenvolver técnicas que serão aplicadas nas linguagens de Lógicas de Descrição, que são comumente utilizadas em problemas de representação de bases de conhecimento ou ontologias. Além disso, introduziremos duas extensões de Lógicas de Descrição capazes de representar as operações da teoria dos Rough Sets. Provaremos os resultados de complexidade de decisão dessas duas lógicas, assim como os resultados de complexidade das técnicas de refinamentos desenvolvidas. Por fim, mostraremos métricas de qualidade que poderão ser usadas para melhorar o resultado dos refinamentos obtidos.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior<br>Refinamento de consulta consiste de tÃcnicas que modificam os termos de uma consulta com o objetivo de alterar os resultados obtidos inicialmente. Para a realizaÃÃo de tal fim, diversas abordagens podem ser aplicadas e diferentes tipos de refinamentos podem ser considerados. Este trabalho propÃe aplicar a teoria dos Rough Sets como uma nova alternativa de soluÃÃo para o problema. AtravÃs das noÃÃes presentes nessa teoria, iremos desenvolver tÃcnicas que serÃo aplicadas nas linguagens de LÃgicas de DescriÃÃo, que sÃo comumente utilizadas em problemas de representaÃÃo de bases de conhecimento ou ontologias. AlÃm disso, introduziremos duas extensÃes de LÃgicas de DescriÃÃo capazes de representar as operaÃÃes da teoria dos Rough Sets. Provaremos os resultados de complexidade de decisÃo dessas duas lÃgicas, assim como os resultados de complexidade das tÃcnicas de refinamentos desenvolvidas. Por fim, mostraremos mÃtricas de qualidade que poderÃo ser usadas para melhorar o resultado dos refinamentos obtidos.<br>Query Refinement consists of methods that modify the terms of a consult aiming the change of its result obtained previously. Refinements can be done of several ways and different approaches can be applied to it. This work proposes to apply methods of Query Refinement based on Rough Set theory, using it as an alternative for the refinement problem. The proposed methods will be grounded in the languages of Description Logics, which are commonly used on problems involving knowledge bases or ontologies representation. Two extensions of Description Logics with the Rough Set theory are introduced in this dissertation. We will prove the complexity of satisfiability of these logics, as well as the complexities of the query refinement methods applied to these logics. Finally, we will show quality measures which will aid to choose the results of the refinements obtained.

[Truncated abstract] Fuzzy inference systems (FIS) are information processing systems using fuzzy logic mechanism to represent the human reasoning process and to make decisions based on uncertain, imprecise environments in our daily lives. Since the introduction of fuzzy set theory, fuzzy inference systems have been widely used mainly for system modeling, industrial plant control for a variety of practical applications, and also other decisionmaking purposes; advanced data analysis in medical research, risk management in business, stock market prediction in finance, data analysis in bioinformatics, and so on. Many approaches have been proposed to address the issue of automatic generation of membership functions and rules with the corresponding subsequent adjustment of them towards more satisfactory system performance. Because one of the most important factors for building high quality of FIS is the generation of the knowledge base of it, which consists of membership functions, fuzzy rules, fuzzy logic operators and other components for fuzzy calculations. The design of FIS comes from either the experience of human experts in the corresponding field of research or input and output data observations collected from operations of systems. Therefore, it is crucial to generate high quality FIS from a highly reliable design scheme to model the desired system process best. Furthermore, due to a lack of a learning property of fuzzy systems themselves most of the suggested schemes incorporate hybridization techniques towards better performance within a fuzzy system framework. ... This systematic enhancement is required to update the FIS in order to produce flexible and robust fuzzy systems for unexpected unknown inputs from real-world environments. This thesis proposes a general framework of Adaptive T-S (Takagi-Sugeno) type Rough-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ARFIS) for a variety of practical applications in order to resolve the problems mentioned above in the context of a Rough-Fuzzy hybridization scheme. Rough set theory is employed to effectively reduce the number of attributes that pertain to input variables and obtain a minimal set of decision rules based on input and output data sets. The generated rules are examined by checking their validity to use them as T-S type fuzzy rules. Using its excellent advantages in modeling non-linear systems, the T-S type fuzzy model is chosen to perform the fuzzy inference process. A T-S type fuzzy inference system is constructed by an automatic generation of membership functions and rules by the Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering algorithm and the rough set approach, respectively. The generated T-S type rough-fuzzy inference system is then adjusted by the least-squares method and a conjugate gradient descent algorithm towards better performance within a fuzzy system framework. To show the viability of the proposed framework of ARFIS, the performance of ARFIS is compared with other existing approaches in a variety of practical applications; pattern classification, face recognition, and mobile robot navigation. The results are very satisfactory and competitive, and suggest the ARFIS is a suitable new framework for fuzzy inference systems by showing a better system performance with less number of attributes and rules in each application.

Within the dairy industry there is no unique maintenance policy designed to handle all the tasks or situations, so a reactive maintenance of “the right strategy in the right situation” policy has been adopted. This thesis provides an online, automated software platform capable of assessing machine health to facilitate a change from the current reactive maintenance policy to a condition based maintenance policy. Multiple different decision making methods were considered for the system, such as neural networks, expert systems and fuzzy systems and were discounted. Several advantages of Dominance-based Rough Set Approach (DRSA) over these methods made it an obvious choice for the decision-making technique embedded in the condition monitoring system. For example, the output of DRSA takes the form of logic statements or rules, which need no interpretation from experts or specialists, they are simple to implement in terms of computation complexity, and they can address hesitancy, ambiguity and vagueness in the data and in the preferences of the classes by the distinction of different kinds of decision rules. Implementing DRSA in a three phase, multi-criteria, iterative, classification framework, has been proposed. During the first phase historical, live industrial data is used as a learning set for the DRSA, and a set of conditional statements are generated to classify data. The second phase validates the conditional statements generated, using a combination of automatic and manual techniques. Finally the third stage of the process is to classify, current, unseen real machine data. The novelty in this thesis lies in the implementation of a condition based monitoring system in the dairy industry, in the decision making technique used to assess the health of the machine, and that in the decision made on the health of the machine occurs after the data has been statistically analysed. During the initial data collection and algorithm development phase of the project 18 potential major breakdowns were identified and avoided, a saving of £3.6 M to the dairies. During the final stages of the project using the DRSA algorithms within the automatic software, a further 4 faults that could have led to major breakdowns were identified.

Spatio-temporal data mining is a growing research area dedicated to the development of algorithms and computational techniques for the analysis of large spatio-temporal databases and the disclosure of interesting and hidden knowledge in these data, mainly in terms of periodic hidden patterns and outlier detection. In this thesis, the attention has been focalized on outlier detection in spatio-temporal data. Indeed, detecting outliers which are grossly different from or inconsistent with remaining data is a major challenge in real-world knowledge discovery and data mining applications. Nowadays, the high availability of data gathered from wireless sensor networks and telecommunication systems (such as GPS, GSM), that daily generate terabytes of data, has focalized the research attention on the interesting knowledge that can be gained from the analysis of spatio-temporal data. Spatio-temporal data are constituted by sampled locations at specific timestamps, tipically this kind of data deal with trajectory of moving objects that change their locations over time. The management and analysis of these data is interesting because undetected correlations between phenomena could be discovered and adequate improvements could be taken in many different fields, such as problem prevention, traffic management, discovery of meaningful behaviour pattern or accessibility of restricted areas and so on. In this thesis, we face an unsupervised outlier detection problem in an unlabeled spatio-temporal data. Two main research contributions are reported in the following two main parts of this thesis. In the first part of this thesis, we describe the first research contribution that consists of two non parametric methods. Most current methods for outlier detection give a binary classification of objects: is or is not an outlier or, but for many scenarios, it is more meaningful to assign to each object a degree of being an outlier (degree of outlierness), that can be based on different rules, well known in literature. In both methods, the degree of outlierness of each object is based on the sum of the distances among the object itself and its k-nearest neighbours. The choice of developing a nearest neighbor based technique is that it is unsupervised in nature and does not make any assumptions regarding the generative distribution for the data. It is purely data driven. The former outlier detection method, called a two step approach, considers the spatial weight (component) in order to identify the spatial outliers, and, in a second time, considers also the temporal weight but only as a more refined level of anomaly detection. The latter outlier detection method, called ST-OutlierDetector, is a non parametric outlier detection approach that finds the top outliers in an unlabeled spatio-temporal data set. Our proposed method relies on a new fusion approach able to discover outliers according to the spatial and temporal features, at the same time: the user can decide the importance to give to both components (spatial and temporal) depending upon the kind of data to be analyzed and/or the kind of analysis to be performed. Based on ST-OutlierDetector method, another contribution has been proposed. This contribution, the spatio-temporal outlierness degree map, is a visualization tool aimed at visualize the dataset structure with respect to the spatio-temporal outlier presence. It allows to make a 3D-plot (space and time) of the dataset by drawing them with different colors and also different color nuance based upon their outlierness degree. The map is built without setting, a-priori, the input parameter: outlier number to be found. In the second part of this thesis, we describe the second research contribution that consists of a new outlier detection method, called ROSE (Rough Outlier Set Extraction). The attention has been focalized on outlier detection in spatio-temporal data using rough set theory. Most current methods for outlier detection exploit rough theory to define new rough weights as degree of outlierness. Our goal is representing the Outlier Set such as a Rough Outlier Set through its lower, upper approximation, remarking the benefits of keeping into account the objects belonging to the boundary. Moreover, we introduce a new set, called Kernel Set. This set is a selected subset of elements that is able to maintain the original data set both in terms of data structure and in terms of obtained results. In particular, we want to show the advantages of considering this new set. Indeed, we compare the Rough Outlier Set extracted by the entire data set (our Universe of the discourse) and the Rough Outlier Set extracted by the Kernel Set.

Rough sets and neural networks both offer good theoretical background for data processing and analysis. However, both of them suffer from few issues. This thesis will investigate methods by which these two concepts are merged, and few such solutions will be implemented and compared with conventional algorithm to study the benefits of this approach.

Avec le développement du cloud computing, de nouveaux services voient le jour et il devient primordial que les utilisateurs aient les outils nécessaires pour choisir parmi ses services. La théorie des ensembles approximatifs représente un bon outil de traitement de données incertaines. Elle peut exploiter les connaissances cachées ou appliquer des règles sur des ensembles de données. Le but principal de cette thèse est d'utiliser la théorie des ensembles approximatifs pour aider les utilisateurs de cloud computing à prendre des décisions. Dans ce travail, nous avons, d'une part, proposé un cadre utilisant la théorie des ensembles approximatifs pour la sélection de services cloud et nous avons donné un exemple en utilisant les ensembles approximatifs dans la sélection de services cloud pour illustrer la pratique et analyser la faisabilité de cette approche. Deuxièmement, l'approche proposée de sélection des services cloud permet d’évaluer l’importance des paramètres en fonction des préférences de l'utilisateur à l'aide de la théorie des ensembles approximatifs. Enfin, nous avons effectué des validations par simulation de l’algorithme proposé sur des données à large échelle pour vérifier la faisabilité de notre approche en pratique. Les résultats de notre travail peuvent aider les utilisateurs de services cloud à prendre la bonne décision et aider également les fournisseurs de services cloud pour cibler les améliorations à apporter aux services qu’ils proposent dans le cadre du cloud computing<br>With the development of the cloud computing technique, users enjoy various benefits that high technology services bring. However, there are more and more cloud service programs emerging. So it is important for users to choose the right cloud service. For cloud service providers, it is also important to improve the cloud services they provide, in order to get more customers and expand the scale of their cloud services.Rough set theory is a good data processing tool to deal with uncertain information. It can mine the hidden knowledge or rules on data sets. The main purpose of this thesis is to apply rough set theory to help cloud users make decision about cloud services. In this work, firstly, a framework using the rough set theory in cloud service selection is proposed, and we give an example using rough set in cloud services selection to illustrate and analyze the feasibility of our approach. Secondly, the proposed cloud services selection approach has been used to evaluate parameters importance based on the users’ preferences. Finally, we perform experiments on large scale dataset to verity the feasibility of our proposal.The performance results can help cloud service users to make the right decision and help cloud service providers to target the improvement about their cloud services

No Aprendizado de Máquina Supervisionado---AM---o algoritmo de indução trabalha com um conjunto de exemplos de treinamento, no qual cada exemplo é constituído de um vetor com os valores dos atributos e as classes, e tem como tarefa induzir um classificador capaz de predizer a qual classe pertence um novo exemplo. Em geral, os algoritmos de indução baseiam-se nos exemplos de treinamento para a construção do classificador, sendo que uma representação inadequada desses exemplos, bem como inconsistências nos mesmos podem tornar a tarefa de aprendizado difícil. Um dos problemas centrais de AM é a Seleção de um Subconjunto de Atributos---SSA---cujo objetivo é diminuir o número de atributos utilizados na representação dos exemplos. São três as principais razões para a realização de SSA. A primeira razão é que a maioria dos algoritmos de AM, computacionalmente viáveis, não trabalham bem na presença de vários atributos. A segunda razão é que, com um número menor de atributos, o conceito induzido através do classificador pode ser melhor compreendido. E, a terceira razão é o alto custo para coletar e processar grande quantidade de informações. Basicamente, são três as abordagens para a SSA: embedded, filtro e wrapper. A Teoria de Rough Sets---RS---é uma abordagem matemática criada no início da década de 80, cuja principal funcionalidade são os redutos, e será tratada neste trabalho. Segundo essa abordagem, os redutos são subconjuntos mínimos de atributos que possuem a propriedade de preservar o poder de descrição do conceito relacionado ao conjunto de todos os atributos. Neste trabalho o enfoque esta na abordagem filtro para a realização da SSA utilizando como filtro os redutos calculados através de RS. São descritos vários experimentos sobre nove conjuntos de dados naturais utilizando redutos, bem como outros filtros para SSA. Feito isso, os atributos selecionados foram submetidos a dois algoritmos simbólicos de AM. Para cada conjunto de dados e indutor, foram realizadas várias medidas, tais como número de atributos selecionados, precisão e números de regras induzidas. Também, é descrito um estudo de caso sobre um conjunto de dados do mundo real proveniente da área médica. O objetivo desse estudo pode ser dividido em dois focos: comparar a precisão dos algoritmos de indução e avaliar o conhecimento extraído com a ajuda do especialista. Embora o conhecimento extraído não apresente surpresa, pôde-se confirmar algumas hipóteses feitas anteriormente pelo especialista utilizando outros métodos. Isso mostra que o Aprendizado de Máquina também pode ser visto como uma contribuição para outros campos científicos.<br>In Supervised Machine Learning---ML---an induction algorithm is typically presented with a set of training examples, where each example is described by a vector of feature values and a class label. The task of the induction algorithm is to induce a classifier that will be useful in classifying new cases. In general, the inductive-learning algorithms rely on existing provided data to build their classifiers. Inadequate representation of the examples through the description language as well as inconsistencies in the training examples can make the learning task hard. One of the main problems in ML is the Feature Subset Selection---FSS---problem, i.e. the learning algorithm is faced with the problem of selecting some subset of feature upon which to focus its attention, while ignoring the rest. There are three main reasons that justify doing FSS. The first reason is that most ML algorithms, that are computationally feasible, do not work well in the presence of many features. The second reason is that FSS may improve comprehensibility, when using less features to induce symbolic concepts. And, the third reason for doing FSS is the high cost in some domains for collecting data. Basically, there are three approaches in ML for FSS: embedded, filter and wrapper. The Rough Sets Theory---RS---is a mathematical approach developed in the early 1980\'s whose main functionality are the reducts, and will be treated in this work. According to this approach, the reducts are minimal subsets of features capable to preserve the same concept description related to the entire set of features. In this work we focus on the filter approach for FSS using as filter the reducts obtained through the RS approach. We describe a series of FSS experiments on nine natural datasets using RS reducts as well as other filters. Afterwards we submit the selected features to two symbolic ML algorithms. For each dataset, various measures are taken to compare inducers performance, such as number of selected features, accuracy and number of induced rules. We also present a case study on a real world dataset from the medical area. The aim of this case study is twofold: comparing the induction algorithms performance as well as evaluating the extracted knowledge with the aid of the specialist. Although the induced knowledge lacks surprising, it allows us to confirm some hypothesis already made by the specialist using other methods. This shows that Machine Learning can also be viewed as a contribution to other scientific fields.

<p>This thesis presents the implementation of a knowledge base system for rough sets [Paw92]within the logic programming framework. The combination of rough set theory with logic programming is a novel approach. The presented implementation serves as a prototype system for the ideas presented in [VDM03a, VDM03b]. The system is available at "http://www.ida.liu.se/rkbs". </p><p>The presented language for describing knowledge in the rough knowledge base caters for implicit definition of rough sets by combining different regions (e.g. upper approximation, lower approximation, boundary) of other defined rough sets. The rough knowledge base system also provides methods for querying the knowledge base and methods for computing quantitative measures. </p><p>We test the implemented system on a medium sized application example to illustrate the usefulness of the system and the incorporated language. We also provide performance measurements of the system.</p>

Doctor en Sistemas de Ingeniería<br>En la actualidad, el entorno macro y micro económico en el cual op eran las empresas está cambiando constantemente y a gran velo cidad. Esto se deb e princip almente al auge de las nuevas tecnologías, la revolución de la información y la gran facilidad con la que ahora p o demos comu nicarnos con cualquier parte d el mundo. Debido a la gran canti dad de información que está siendo generada segundo tras segundo, junto con la facilidad con la que se puede acceder a ella, la minería de datos y la investigación de op eracion es se han convertido en una de las herramientas más imp ortantes para desarrollar sistemas de ap oyo a la toma de decisiones en to dos los niveles. La imp ortancia del traba jo conjunto de ambas disciplinas radica en la faci lidad relativa con la que extraen cono cimiento de enormes bases de datos y la utilizan para optimizar los pro cesos organizacionales relevantes. En particular, para la min ería de datos, estos hechos h an provo cado qu e las bases de datos sean dinámicas, es decir, el nà omero de datos disponibles crece cada segundo haciendo que tiempo de vida útil de los modelos se reduzca, haciendo necesario actualizarlos periódicamente de tal forma que encajen con la realidad actual. Lo anterior demanda el desarrollo de nuevos algoritmos que sean capaces de manejar este tipo de cambios, lo cual ha ido ganando importancia en los últimos años. Adicionalmente, la incertidumbre, ambigüedad e imprecisión presentes en los problemas de la vida real son factores muy importantes a considerar cuando se desarrollan diferentes algoritmos de minería de datos. La forma más común de lidiar con la incertidumbre viene dada por la teoría de probabilidad, sin embargo, la ambigüedad e imprecisión han sido dejadas de lado hasta la aparición de nuevas formas de tratarlas; dos de las cuales son la teoría de conjuntos " fuzzy" y "rough." Con las ideas anteriores en mente, en esta tesis, un algoritmo clásico de clustering basado en support vectors es estudiado profundamente y extendido a una versión rough-fuzzy con el fin de darle la habilidad de manejar la ambigüedad e imprecisión presente en el mundo real. Luego de esto, este novedoso algoritmo de soft-computing es generalizado a una versión dinámica siendo capaz de procesar bases de datos que reciben nueva información con el paso del tiempo. Finalmente, utilizando como base estos dos algoritmos, un método de detección de outliers es propuesto como una de las múltiples posibles aplicaciones que resultan de esta investigación. En cada capítulo, los experimentos computacionales, resultados y discusión son provistos enfatizando la contribución que este trabajo de investigación tiene para la sociedad señalando los futuros desarrollos y posibles campos de aplicación

<p>This thesis presents the results of the implementation and evaluation of two machine learning algorithms [Baz98, GB97]based on notions from Rough Set theory [Paw82]. Both algorithms were implemented and tested using the Weka [WF00]software framework. The main purpose for doing this was to investigate whether the experimental results obtained in [Baz98]could be reproduced, by implementing both algorithms in a framework that provided common functionalities needed by both. As a result of this thesis, a Rough Set framework accompanying the Weka system was designed and implemented, as well as three methods for discretization and three classi cation methods. </p><p>The results of the evaluation did not match those obtained by the original authors. On two standard benchmarking datasets also used previously in [Baz98](Breast Cancer and Lymphography), signi cant results indicating that one of the algorithms performed better than the other could not be established, using the Students t- test and a con dence limit of 95%. However, on two other datasets (Balance Scale and Zoo) differences could be established with more than 95% signi cance. The Dynamic Reduct Approach scored better on the Balance Scale dataset whilst the LEM2 Approach scored better on the Zoo dataset.</p>

This study was a step forward to improve the performance for discovering useful knowledge – especially, association rules in this study – in databases. The thesis proposed an approach to use granules instead of patterns to represent knowledge implicitly contained in relational databases; and multi-tier structure to interpret association rules in terms of granules. Association mappings were proposed for the construction of multi-tier structure. With these tools, association rules can be quickly assessed and meaningless association rules can be justified according to the association mappings. The experimental results indicated that the proposed approach is promising.

One of the problems associated with automatic thesaurus construction is with determining the semantic relationship between word pairs. Quasi-synonyms provide a type of equivalence relationship: words are similar only for purposes of information retrieval. Determining such relationships in a thesaurus is hard to achieve automatically. The term vector space model and an inverse term frequency similarity function can provide a way to automatically determine the similarity between words in thesaurus. A thesaurus constructed using this method can also improve precision and recall in information retrieval, when the thesaurus is constructed in conjunction with fuzzy rough set algorithms and used with tight upper approximation query expansion. This dissertation presents a method that combines fuzzy rough sets and a word weighting and inverse term frequency similarity function as a technique for automatic thesaurus construction.

This thesis is about new and improved computational methods to analyze complex biological data produced by advanced biotechnologies. Such data is not only very large but it also is characterized by very high numbers of features. Addressing these needs, we developed a set of methods and tools that are suitable to analyze large sets of data, including next generation sequencing data, and built transparent models that may be interpreted by researchers not necessarily expert in computing. We focused on brain related diseases. The first aim of the thesis was to employ the meta-server approach to finding peaks in ChIP-seq data. Taking existing peak finders we created an algorithm that produces consensus results better than any single peak finder. The second aim was to use supervised machine learning to identify features that are significant in predictive diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. This experience led to a development of a better feature selection method for rough sets, a machine learning method.  The third aim was to deepen the understanding of the role that STAT3 transcription factor plays in gliomas. Interestingly, we found that STAT3 in addition to being an activator is also a repressor in certain glioma rat and human models. This was achieved by analyzing STAT3 binding sites in combination with epigenetic marks. STAT3 regulation was determined using expression data of untreated cells and cells after JAK2/STAT3 inhibition. The four papers constituting the thesis are preceded by an exposition of the biological, biotechnological and computational background that provides foundations for the papers. The overall results of this thesis are witness of the mutually beneficial relationship played by Bioinformatics in modern Life Sciences and Computer Science.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-09-03T15:49:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 robertomalheirosmoreirafilho.pdf: 1784153 bytes, checksum: 65d1abd13eb713e62923e5d3c4d69acf (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-09-03T15:53:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 robertomalheirosmoreirafilho.pdf: 1784153 bytes, checksum: 65d1abd13eb713e62923e5d3c4d69acf (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T15:53:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 robertomalheirosmoreirafilho.pdf: 1784153 bytes, checksum: 65d1abd13eb713e62923e5d3c4d69acf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-30<br>PROQUALI (UFJF)<br>A criação de regras de apoio à decisão com base em sistemas de informação é o objeto central da Teoria dos Conjuntos Aproximativos - TCA (Rough Sets Theory). Um trabalho apresentado por Pawlak em 1982 deu início a diversos estudos com o objetivo de criar regras de decisão baseadas em sistemas de informações com múltiplos atributos condicionantes e um ou mais atributos de decisão. Ao longo do tempo, os atributos com relação de dominância, onde há uma escala de valores, vêm recebendo destaque. Para lidar com este tipo de dados foi desenvolvido a DRSA (Dominance-based Rough Sets Approach). O excessivo rigor exigido para a criação de regras pela proposta básica do DRSA fez com que novas propostas surgissem. Além das regras determinísticas, com 100% de certeza, surgiram regras probabilísticas, com algum percentual controlado de incerteza. Existem algumas vertentes de estudo de aplicações de DRSA e a abordagem aqui proposta explora a possibilidade de aumento na qualidade da aproximação e, consequentemente, na qualidade das regras geradas, considerando a possibilidade de união de algumas classes do atributo de decisão com princípio de dominância. Com isto, são preservados os princípios do uso de DRSA. De acordo com a necessidade do pesquisador, a redução de classes pode ser utilizada em conjunto com as outras alternativas de DRSA apresentadas até o momento. Duas novas propostas de união de classes do atributo do critério de decisão são apresentadas, comentadas e criticadas nesta tese, uma baseada em função densidade de probabilidades e outra baseada em transformações probabilísticas.<br>Creating rules for the support of the decision process is the main subject of Rough Sets Theory. The study first published by Pawlak in 1982 was a catalyst of several studies focusing on creating rules for the support of the decision making process based on multiple attributes conditioning one or more decision attributes. As the studies evolved, attributes with the feature of dominance – attributes measured in some scale – have caught attention. This gave rise to DRSA (Dominance-based Rough Sets Approach). The excessively strict guidelines of DRSA original studies led to the creation of new guidelines that consider not only deterministic rules – 100% certainty – but also probabilistic rules, which account for a certain degree of uncertainty. There are other developments of DRSA and the approach here taken evaluates alternatives for enhancing the quality of the approximation evaluation, therefore enhancing the quality of the rules, by clustering classes of values of decision attributes without compromising the guiding principles of DRSA. According to the need of researcher, the reduction of classes can be used in conjunction with other alternatives of development of DRSA. Two different proposals for the clustering of attributes are presented and evaluated in this study, one based on density functions and the other based on probabilistic transformations.

Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) or "Chilean sea bass" support a valuable and controversial fishery, but the life history is little known and longevity estimates range from ~20 to more than 40 or 50 yr. In this study, lead-radium dating provided validated age estimates from juveniles to older adults, supporting the use of otoliths as accurate indicators of age. The oldest age groups were near 30 yr, which provided support for age estimates exceeding 40 or 50 yr from grow zone counts in otolith sections. Hence, scale reading, which rarely exceeds 20 years, has the potential for age underestimation. Lead-radium dating revealed what may be minor differences in age interpretation between two facilities and findings may provide an age-validated opportunity for the CCAMLR Otolith Network to reassess otolith interpretations. Orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) support a major deep-sea fishery and stock assessments often depend on age analyses, but lifespan estimates range from ~20 to over 100 yr and validation of growth zone counts remained unresolved. An early application of lead-radium dating supported centenarian ages, but the findings were met with disbelief and some studies have attempted to discredit the technique and the long lifespan. In this study, an improved lead-radium dating technique used smaller samples than previously possible and circumvented assumptions that were previously necessary. Lead-radium dating of otolith cores, the first few years of growth, provided ratios that correlated well with the ingrowth curve. This provided robust support for age estimates from otolith thin sections. Use of radiometric ages as independent age estimates indicated the fish in the oldest group were at least 93 yr. Lead-radium dating has validated a centenarian lifespan for orange roughy. To date, radium-226 has been measured in otoliths of 39 fish species ranging from the northern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans to the Southern Ocean. In total, 367 reliable radium-226 measurements were made in 36 studies since the first lead-radium dating study on fish in 1982. The activity of radium-226 measurements ranged over 3 orders of magnitude (<0.001 to >1.0 dpm.g⁻¹). An analysis revealed ontogenetic differences in radium-226 uptake that may be attributed to changes in habitat or diet. Radiometric age from otolith core studies was used to describe a radium-226 uptake time-series for some species, which revealed interesting patterns over long periods. This synopsis provides information on the uptake of radium-226 to otoliths from an environmental perspective, which can be used as a basis for future studies.

Le premier objectif poursuivi dans ce travail a ete d'etendre le champ de connaissance des sels fondus constitues de melange d'halogenure metallique du groupe treize (aluminium ou gallium) et d'halogenure d'ammonium quaternaire (alkylpyridinium ou dialkylimidazolium). Ces sels liquides a temperature ambiante, forment une nouvelle classe de solvants non aqueux, caracterises par des proprietes acido-basiques, au sens de lewis, facilement modulables. Le choix du chlorure et du bromure de gallium et du bromure d'aluminium s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'etude complementaire des systemes a base de chlorure d'aluminium deja etudies. L'etendue de la phase liquide a temperature ambiante et des fenetres de transmission optique en spectrometrie electronique et vibrationnelle a ete etudiee pour les quatre binaires suivants: bumeimcl-gacl#3; etmeimbr-gabr#3, etmeimbr-albr#3 et etpybr-albr#3. La nature et la composition moleculaire de ces sels fondus organiques ont ete etudiees par spectrometrie de vibration infra-rouge et raman. Celle-ci a permis l'identification des especes anioniques mx#4#-, m#2x#7# et m#3x#1#0# et de l'espece moleculaire m#2x#6. Leurs donnees vibrationnelles ont ete attribuees dans le cadre d'une analyse de groupe. L'etude par spectrometrie raman des binaires tribromure de gallium-bromure alcalin (et pseudo alcalin) a permis de mettre en evidence l'effet de polarisation cationique et de determiner les conditions favorables a la stabilisation des anions condensees ga#2br#7# et ga#3br#1#0#. Une analyse comparative du comportement vibrationnel des trois series tetra, hepta et decahalogenometallates a ete realisee dans le dernier chapitre. La mise en evidence de couplages vibroniques entre les elongations des motifs pontes et des groupements terminaux rend compte des differences de comportement vibrationnel observees dans les quatre series

Les solutions électro-activées (SEA) obtenues par excitation électrique de solutions aqueuses sont actuellement étudiées par leur haut potentiel de préservation des aliments en raison de leurs propriétés antimicrobiennes et sporicides. Ainsi, ce projet visait à électro-activer des solutions aqueuses de citrate (CS), de propionate (PS) et d’acétate de sodium (AS) pour les utiliser comme saumures dans un procédé de conservation de betterave rouge (BR). Dans ce projet, le taux d’acidité titrable (% AT), le pH et le potentiel oxydo-réduction (POR) des SEA générées ont été étudiées en fonction de la concentration du sel, de l’intensité de courant électrique (IC) appliquée et du temps de traitement qui s’est étalé sur une période de 75 minutes. Ensuite, trois SEA de chaque type de sel ont été sélectionnées selon le % d’AT : minimal (≈0,8), moyen (≈1,3) et maximale (≈1,5) et utilisées tant pour blanchir des morceaux de BR à 90 °C pendant 3 min comme que pour la mise en conserve du produit. La qualité microbiologique, chromatique et texturale a été évaluée en fonction du type de SEA utilisé pour la conservation du produit pendant un mois. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l’IC est le facteur qui influence significativement les propriétés des SEA. Des valeurs de pH de 1,5 à 4, de POR d’environ +500 mV pour le citrate et +1200 mV pour le propionate et l'acétate, et un % d’AT de 0,8 à 2 mmole/L (1.5 pour l’acétate de sodium) ont été obtenues. Les SEA de citrate de sodium et de propionate de sodium ont montré une très bonne activité antimicrobienne même à 0,8 % d’AT, tandis que pour l’acétate de sodium, cette activité était observée à 1,5% d’AT. La couleur est devenue plus pâle avec le temps de conservation et la force de mastication a été en général peu affectée.<br>Electro-activated solutions (EAS) obtained by electrical excitation of aqueous solutions are currently being studied for their high food preservation potential due to their antimicrobial and sporicidal properties. Thus, this project was aimed to electroactivate aqueous solutions of sodium citrate (CS), sodium propionate (PS) and sodium acetate (AS) to use them as brines in a conservation process of beetroot (BR). In this project, the electro-activated solutions titratable acidity (% TA), the pH and the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of the generated EAS were studied as a function of the salt concentration which was set for a total period of 75 minutes. Then, three EAS of each type of the used salts of organic acids were selected according to their % of TA: minimum (≈0.8), medium (≈1.3) and maximum (≈1.5), and were used in combination with a blanching process at temperature of 90 ° C for 3 min as a process for beetroot canning. The microbiological, chromatic and textural quality of the canned product was evaluated according to the type of ESA used for the preservation of the product during one month at ambient temperature (23 ± 1 °C). The results obtained showed that the CI is the factor which significantly (p < 0.001) influenced the properties of the ESA. The pH values of 1.5 to 4, ORP of around +500 mV for the electro-activated (EA) sodium citrate solution and +1200 mV for the EA sodium propionate and sodium acetate solutions, and %AT of 0.8 to 2 mmole/L (1.5 for EA sodium acetate solution) were obtained. The EAS of sodium citrate and sodium propionate showed very good antimicrobial activity even at 0.8% of TA, while for the EA sodium acetate solution, this activity was observed at 1.5% TA. The color of the canned beetroot became lighter over time and the corresponding chewing force calculated by textural profile analysis (TPA) analysis was generally slightly affected by the used preservation procedure.

Surface topography is, generally, composed of many length scales starting from its physical geometry, to its microscopic or atomic scales known by roughness. The spatial and geometrical evolution of the roughness topography of engineering surfaces avail comprehensive understanding, and interpretation of many physical and engineering problems such as friction, and wear mechanisms during the mechanical contact between adjoined surfaces. Obviously, the topography of rough surfaces is of random nature. It is composed of irregular hills/valleys being spatially correlated. The relation between their densities and their geometric properties are the fundamental topics that have been developed, in this research study, using the theory of random fields and the integral geometry.An appropriate random field model of a rough surface has been defined by the most significant parameters, whose changes influence the geometry of its excursion. The excursion sets were quantified by functions known as intrinsic volumes. These functions have many physical interpretations, in practice. It is possible by deriving their analytical formula to estimate the parameters of the random field model being applied on the surface, and for statistical analysis investigation of its excursion sets. These subjects have been essentially considered in this thesis. Firstly, the intrinsic volumes of the excursion sets of a class of mixture models defined by the linear combination of Gaussian and t random fields, then for the skew-t random fields are derived analytically. They have been compared and tested on surfaces generated by simulations. In the second stage, these random fields have been applied to real surfaces measured from the UHMWPE component, involved in application of total hip implant, before and after wear simulation process. The primary results showed that the skew-t random field is more adequate, and flexible for modelling the topographic roughness. Following these arguments, a statistical analysis approach, based on the skew-t random field, is then proposed. It aims at estimating, hierarchically, the significant levels including the real hills/valleys among the uncertain measurements. The evolution of the mean area of the hills/valleys and their levels enabled describing the functional behaviour of the UHMWPE surface over wear time, and indicating the predominant wear mechanisms.

The availability of new technologies supplied life scientists with large amounts of experimental data. The data sets are large not only in terms of the number of observations, but also in terms of the number of recorded features. One of the aims of modeling is to explain a given phenomenon in possibly the simplest way, hence the need for selection of suitable features. We extended a Monte Carlo-based approach to selecting statistically significant features with discovery of feature interdependencies and used it in modeling sequence-function relationships in proteins. Our approach led to compact and easy-to-interpret predictive models. First, we represented protein sequences in terms of their physicochemical properties. This was followed by our feature selection and discovery of feature interdependencies. Finally, predictive models based on e.g., decision trees or rough sets were constructed. We applied the method to model two important biological problems: 1) HIV-1 resistance to reverse transcriptase-targeted drugs and 2) post-translational modifications of proteins. In the case of HIV resistance, we were not only able to predict whether the mutated protein is resistant to a drug or not, but we also suggested some new, previously neglected, mutations that possibly contribute to drug resistance. For all these mutations we proposed probable molecular mechanisms of action using literature and 3D structure studies. In the case of predicting PTMs, we built high accuracy models of modifications. In comparison to other methods, we were able to resolve whether the closest neighborhood of a residue (the nanomer) is sufficient to determine its modification status. Importantly, the application of our method yields networks of interdependent physicochemical properties of amino acids that show how these properties collaborate in establishing a given modification. We believe that the presented methods will help researchers to analyze a large class of important biological problems and will guide them in their research.

I sistemi di gestione dei ponti sono essenziali per l'ottimizzazione delle risorse disponibili. La priorità delle attività manutentive e la valutazione delle diverse strategie di manutenzione sono solitamente basate sulla definizione di indici di condizione. Nel presente tesi viene sviluppato un sistema di supporto alle decisioni per la manutenzione dei ponti a livello di rete, basato sulla teoria del Dominance-based Rough Set Approach (DRSA). Il DRSA produce un modello decisionale espresso in termini di regole facilmente comprensibili "se...allora..."che controllano il processo decisionale ed evitano l'effetto "scatola nera" di altri sistemi alternativi. Nel sistema di supporto decisionale proposto, i ponti sono descritti da una serie di 16 criteri relativi allo stato di degrado del ponte, alle caratteristiche della struttura, del territorio,del traffico e della rete. Per illustrare il sistema è stato proposto un caso di studio che coinvolge alcuni ponti sulle strade italiane. Il metodo proposto è uno strumento flessibile, i cui parametri possono essere periodicamente aggiornati in conseguenza delle politiche dell'ente gestore e della pratica acquisita.

Alors qu'elles n'intervenaient jusqu'ici que marginalement dans l'économie du pèlerinage à La Mecque (hajj), la catastrophe humanitaire constituée par l'épidémie de choléra de 1865-66 a conduit certaines puissances coloniales comme la France et la Grande-Bretagne, bientôt rejointes par l'Italie, à se saisir directement de la question de l'organisation des déplacements et du séjour de leurs sujets musulmans dans les Villes Saintes du Hedjaz. Pour la première fois dans l'histoire de l'Islam, le hajj a ainsi été supervisé par des puissances non-musulmanes. Si l'objectif affiché de l'intrusion européenne dans l'économie du hajj reste la protection sanitaire des pèlerins et partant du continent européen, il n'en cache pas moins des préoccupations plus politiques. L'enjeu est alors de rendre le hajj « gouvernable ». A cet égard, la Grande Guerre et l'annexion du Hedjaz par le gouvernement saoudien en 1925 constituent des étapes importantes en donnant aux puissances coloniales les moyens de construire de véritables « politiques du pèlerinage ». La décennie 1930 marque ainsi l'apogée de l'intrusion des puissances coloniales européennes dans l'organisation du pèlerinage à La Mecque qu'elles ont contribué à transformer en un instrument d'influence diplomatique et coloniale<br>While they intervened until then only marginally in the hajj affairs, the humanitarian disaster constituted by the epidemic of cholera of 1865-66 led colonial powers, such as France and Great Britain, soon joined by Italy, to deal directly with the question of the organization of the travels and the stay of their Moslem subjects in the Holy Cities of the Hijaz. For the first time in the history of Islam, the hajj was so overseen by not Moslem powers. If the official aim of european intervention remained the sanitary protection of the pilgrims - and, to a certain extent, the protection of the European continent - it hides not less more political concerns from it. Here the stake consists in making the hajj « governable ». In this respect, the Great War and the Hijjaz annexation by Saudi government in 1925 constitute important stages providing colonial powers the means to build of real « pilgrimage policies ». For the european colonial powers, the 1930's represent the peak of their intrusion in pilgrimage to Mecca organization they have contributed to turn into an instrument of diplomatic and colonial influence

Cette approche geostatistique menee sur les deux niveaux sulfures (su::(1) et su::(2)) et sur le niveau oxyde (co) montre que la repartition n'est pas aleatoire. L'analyse comparative des cartes isopaques met en evidence des similitudes entre su::(2) et co et une distribution distincte entre su::(1) et su::(2), indiquant par la que la repartition des sediments est independante des conditions d'oxydo-reduction du milieu. Les teneurs en elements de base (zn, cu, fe, mn, s sulfure) sont etudiees a travers leur moyenne ponderee, par unite lithologique et par bassin. Elles montrent une migration des sources dans l'espace et le temps depuis le nord de la fosse lors du depot de su::(1), vers le sud pendant celui de su::(2). Les teneurs en elements chalcophiles dans le bassin sud-ouest, region actuelle des emergences, sont systematiquement superieures a celles du reste de la fosse. Le developpement d'un panache en milieu oxygene conduit a la precipitation preponderante d'oxydes et a la formation du niveau oxyde (co). A l'inverse, des episodes moins intenses correspondent au piegeage du fluide hydrothermal dans les saumures et au depot des niveaux sulfures (su::(1) et su::(2))

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Computer Science, 2009.<br>"August, 2009." Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed 11/11/2009) Advisor, Kathy J. Liszka; Faculty Readers, Timothy W. O'Neil, Wolfgang Pelz; Department Chair, Chien-Chung Chan; Dean of the College, Chand Midha; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.

Cette thèse interroge la pérennité de la relation spéciale entre Israël et l’Éthiopie, étudiée au prisme des contextes géopolitiques des deux régions concernées : le Moyen-Orient et la Corne de l’Afrique. Assurément, les récits bibliques, du mythe de la rencontre entre la reine de Saba et le roi Salomon aux particularités du christianisme en Éthiopie, ancrent sur des temps longs les représentations communes à Israël et son jumeau à l’autre rive de la mer Rouge, auto-qualifié Verus Israel. Les Bétä Esraél, découverts tôt mais reconnus tardivement par le judaïsme institutionnalisé, font se croiser les destins éthiopien et israélien, ajoutant une dimension tout à fait originale à cette relation. Celle-ci s’inscrit par ailleurs dans le cadre plus général de l’élaboration des politiques africaines d’Israël, marquée elle aussi par des représentations fortes, imprégnées de valeurs juives et du sionisme, mais aussi par de nombreuses contradictions : la volonté d’incarner une démocratie modèle et la complexité à assumer un destin national unique et une identité particulière parfois exclusive. L’intégration des Juifs d’Éthiopie et plus encore l’afflux de réfugiés originaires de la Corne de l’Afrique font rejaillir ces questionnements existentiels. Puissance capitale de cette région, fenêtre ouverte ou connectée à la mer Rouge, l’Éthiopie, État-ciblé dès les années 1950 par Israël pour percer son isolement, conserve aujourd’hui une place de choix dans les visées israéliennes sur le continent. Néanmoins l’étude des conflits et des rapports de force nouveaux dans la Corne de l’Afrique invite à relativiser le rôle de l’allié éthiopien au profit d’une approche régionale intégrée<br>This thesis explores the permanency of the special relationship between Israel and Ethiopia, studied through a geopolitical lens of two regions: the Middle East and the Horn of Africa. From biblical accounts of the Queen of Sheba and King Solomon’s union, to the particularities of Christianity in Ethiopia, Israel and Ethiopia share significant historical, social, and religious ties, as well as similar perceptions and representations of their longstanding relationship and connection to the “Holy Land.” The Bétä Esraél, Ethiopia’s indigenous Jewish community, rediscovered in the 19th century and later recognized by the community of Jews in 1973, adds a unique dimension to the modern-day Israel-Ethiopia relationship. Nonetheless, the integration of Ethiopian Jewry into Israeli society, combined with the influx of refugees from the Horn of Africa, raise a number of existential questions, including Israel’s policies toward development in Africa, which is evidenced by strong representations of Jewish values and Zionism, as well as challenging contradictions (e.g. representing a model democracy versus the difficulty in assuming a unique national destiny or exclusive identity). Due to the strategic importance of the Horn of Africa, particularly its close proximity and access to the Red Sea, Israel targeted Ethiopia in the 1950’s as the country to help break its isolation. Even today, Ethiopia continues to play a prominent role in Israel’s ambitions on the continent; the analysis on conflicts and the balance of power in the region give rise to new intersecting challenges, which requires Israel to put Ethiopia into perspective and favor a more comprehensive regional approach to the relationship

L'incidence rasante est un problème spécifique, qui apparaît notamment lorsqu'une antenne est placée sur un mât (télécommunications, défense...) ou sur la côte (surveillance environnementale ou militaire de l'espace maritime). Elle rend la modélisation du problème de diffraction difficile, de par le faible niveau de rétrodiffusion et l'importance de phénomènes complexes comme la diffusion multiple. La question reste importante même si l'écho est très faible, puisqu'il est potentiellement suffisant pour perturber le bon fonctionnement de systèmes antennaires microondes sur un navire. Il porte de plus des informations intéressantes sur l'état de la mer, comme cela a été démontré aux bandes HF et VHF. Un modèle rigoureux de diffraction tridimensionnelle précédemment développé est étendu au calcul des quatre polarisations fondamentales (polarisations Horizontale et Verticale des ondes incidente et réfléchie). Il permet désormais de prendre en compte la conductivité finie de la surface, point crucial dans le cas d'une polarisation incidente Verticale. L'opérateur hyper-singulier impliqué dans l'équation intégrale discrétisée par la méthode des moments est étudié pour évaluer la précision des calculs numériques.Les méthodes approchées de diffraction permettent des calculs numériques beaucoup plus rapides, et sont donc en pratique incontournables. Le modèle rigoureux est donc utilisé, en conjonction avec des données expérimentales, pour servir de référence permettant d'étudier la précision, en incidence rasante et dans le cas de la surface de la mer, de ces méthodes approchées. Nous étudions en particulier la méthode à deux échelles GOSSA, et proposons une correction à son comportement aux angles rasants.Le mouvement de la surface de la mer crée un décalage de fréquence radar dans l'onde rétrodiffusée (effet Doppler), décalage mesuré expérimentalement et que l'algorithme de méthode des moments permet de simuler. Nous étudions par des simulations bidimensionnelles l'évolution du décalage Doppler micro onde avec l'incidence, et l'influence des nonlinéarités de la surface de la mer. Le comportement limite en incidence rasante est précisé, et les contributions respectives des phénomènes électromagnétiques et hydrodynamiques discutées.

L’objectif de cette recherche est de mettre en évidence la manière dont les médias d'information de l’Arabie saoudite participent au rayonnement du Royaume dans la région du Sud de la mer Rouge et dans le monde. L’efficacité politique, économique et culturelle du pays repose sur une combinaison intelligente, le smart power selon Joseph Nye, qui allie le hard power, la richesse économique due au pétrole et le soft power (la puissance douce), c’est-à-dire la richesse culturelle et l’influence dans les relations internationales. Dans ce sens, notre recherche a essayé d’identifier les dimensions de ce soft power dans le discours des médias publics en Arabie saoudite, en particulier dans celui de la première chaîne nationale saoudienne Al Saudiya (anciennement Aloula), en se concentrant sur l’analyse des informations diffusées pour couvrir les événements et les actions politiques, économiques, culturelles et humanitaires dans la région du sud de la mer Rouge. La complexité de notre recherche a nécessité de multiples approches. L’investigation empirique s’est appuyée sur des approches d’analyse récentes appliquées au domaine de l’information et de la communication, appelée analyse de contenu médiatique, qui a récemment fait l’objet de grands développements et a connu de nombreuses améliorations méthodologiques.Les résultats de cette thèse montrent que la première chaîne publique a intégré la religion dans son message médiatique, non seulement pour renforcer la position et la place de l’Arabie saoudite comme détenteur des lieux saints de l’islam, la Mecque et Médine, mais aussi pour représenter le monde arabo-musulman dans les relations internationales<br>The purpose of this research is to highlight how the Saudi Arabian news media are contributing to the Kingdom's outreach in the Southern Red Sea region and around the world. The political, economic and cultural efficiency of the country is based on a smart combination, Nye's smart power, which combines hard power, economic wealth due to oil and soft power, that is, to say cultural wealth and influence in international relations. In this sense, our research has tried to identify the dimensions of this soft power in the public media discourse in Saudi Arabia, especially in that of the first Saudi national channel Al Saudiya (formerly Aloula), focusing on the analysis information disseminated to cover political, economic, cultural and humanitarian events and actions in the Southern Red Sea region.The complexity of our research required multiple approaches. The empirical investigation has relied on recent analytical approaches applied to the field of information and communication, called media content analysis, which has recently undergone major developments and has undergone many methodological improvements. The results of this thesis show that the first public channel incorporated religion into its media message, not only to strengthen the position and place of Saudi Arabia as the holder of the holy places of Islam, Mecca and Medina, but also to represent the Arab-Muslim world in international relations

Le traceur transitoire que constitue le tritium est devenu l'un des outils les plus prometteurs dens l'etude de la circulation oceanique generale et de la capacite de l'ocean a absorber le gaz carbonique anthropogene. L'utilisation simultanee du tritium et de son descendant par voie radioactive l'helium-3 ajoute une information supplementaire: la paire de traceurs tritium et helium-3 constitue une horloge dans l'etude des masses d'eau. En plus de son origine "tritiumgenique", l'helium-3 est emis au niveau des dorsales oceaniques et il constitue un traceur de choix dans l'etude de la circulation oceanique profonde. Toutes les mesures d'helium-3 et de tritium ont ete faites par spectrometrie de masse. Protocole analytique, limite de detection et reproductibilite de la methode sont reportes dans ce travail. Sont abordes au niveau de l'interpretation des resultats: -1) les donnees d'helium-3 a la campagne merou a (ete 1982) ont permis de localiser une source active et de mettre en evidence un courant de retour intermediaire (centre vers 1000 m de profondeur), prolongement du courant profond upwelle dans la partie meridionale du bassin. -2) l'utilisation des donnees de tritium concernant la mission phycemed 1 (avril 1981) a permis de decrire la grande variabilite spatio-temporelle des processus de convection ayant lieu dans le bassin nord; le temps de renouvellement des eaux profonbdes du golfe du lion est evalue a 11 +ou- 2 ans. Les circulations profondes et de subsurface au niveau des detroits de sardaigne et de gibraltar sont precisees. -3) l'etude simultanee, suivant des niveaux isopycnaux, des donnees tritium et helium-3 de la mission topogulf (ete 1983) a permis de localiser les zones ou les processus de convection sont actifs. Une approche theorique relative a l'utilisation simultanee du tritium et de l'helium-3 est abordee. Elle utilise un modele de melange distinguant, pour une masse d'eau consideree, le temps de transit du temps de ventilation. La validite de "age tritium-helium" est testee par comparaison avec les temps de transit et de ventilation determines par le modele

Realisation d'une carte sismotectonique (echelle 1:1 000 000) fondee sur la sismicite historique et instrumentale, la tectonique active, le volcanisme et les aspects geophysiques. Cette carte, concue sur support numerique, est evolutive et modifiable en temps reel. Les premiers mecanismes focaux de la zone du golfe d'aquaba et des failles du carmel sont proposes, accompagnes des relocalisations des trois crises recentes dans cette zone. Une distribution epicentrale en anneau de sismicite est mise en evidence dans la partie centrale de la vallee du jourdain. Les taux de recurrence pour les segments de la faille du jourdain sont calcules. On met l'accent sur les erreurs chronologiques, de localisation et d'interpretation de la sismicite

À côté de la jeune histoire de l’archéologie sous-marine égyptienne qui est retracée dans ce travail, les expériences similaires dans le monde méditerranéen sont beaucoup plus anciennes. Elles remontent au XVe siècle avec la découverte d’une épave du Ier siècle ap. J.-C. dans le lac Nemi, puis à la récupération d'une partie de la cargaison de l'épave antique d'Anticythère en 1901 grâce aux pêcheurs d'éponges grecs, ainsi qu’à la découverte en 1907 de l'épave romaine de Mahdia en Tunisie. Elles constituent des événements marquants dans le domaine de l'archéologie sous-marine. Mais l’archéologie sous-marine s’est développée de manière spectaculaire avec l’invention du scaphandre autonome par les français Jacques-Yves Cousteau et l’ingénieur Émile Gagnan. Cette invention provoqua une véritable révolution dans le domaine des activités sous-marines en 1942-1943. Ensuite les découvertes se succédèrent dans le bassin méditerranéen pendant plus d’un demi-siècle et de nombreux pays à travers le monde décidèrent de la mise en place de service archéologique spécialement dédié aux activités subaquatiques et sous-marines.Cette thèse porte sur une politique de gestion des vestiges immergés en Egypte, à la lumière des autres expériences en Méditerranée, afin d’attirer l'attention sur la richesse du patrimoine subaquatique égyptien à travers une étude dans le détail et dans son ensemble de l’action du Conseil suprême des Antiquités de l’Égypte et des diverses missions étrangères travaillant en Egypte. Elle propose une politique de protection efficace du patrimoine culturel subaquatique en Egypte, et des suggestions de développement du tourisme archéologique sous-marin et subaquatique, pour transformer ces richesses englouties en vecteur économique, tout en assurant leur protection adéquate par une législation spécifique qui n’existe pas encore en Egypte<br>Beside this short history of underwater archeology in Egypt which is described in this work, similar experiences in the Mediterranean are much older, they go back to the fifteenth century with the discovery of a wreck from the first century AD, in Lake Nemi, later, the recovery of some objects from the ancient wreck of Anticythère in 1901 by the Greek fishermen of sponge, and the discovery in 1907 of the Roman wreck of Mahdia in Tunisia, are remarkable in the field of underwater archeology. But the underwater archeology has developed with the invention of the aqualung by the French Jacques-Yves Cousteau and the engineer Emile Gagnan. This invention caused a revolution in the field of underwater activities in 1942-1943. Then the underwater discoveries in the Mediterranean were succeeded and increased for more than a half century, and many countries around the world decided the establishment of an archaeological service specifically dedicated to underwater activities. This study focusses on management policy of underwater archaeology in Egypt, in the light of other experiences in the Mediterranean, in order to draw attention to the importance of the Egyptian underwater archaeology through a study in details of the activities of the Supreme council of Antiquities in Egypt and of the different foreign missions working in Egypt and to propose an effective protection policy of underwater cultural heritage in Egypt, also to develop the tourism of underwater archaeology, and to transform these vestiges in an economic vector, while ensuring an adequate protection by specific legislation that does not exist yet in Egypt

Le but de la thèse est d’analyser l’importance idéologique et religieuse des expéditions égyptiennes au pays de Pount, particulièrement sous la XVIIIe dynastie. La 1ère partie (chapitres 1-4) présente en détail les sources relatives aux expéditions pountites et des produits en rapportés. Bien que la prééminence soit réservée aux sources de la XVIIIe dynastie, les documents datant d’autres périodes ont été aussi inclus dans les analyses. La 2e partie (chapitres 5-8) constitue une synthèse des conclusions formulées en résultat des analyses faites dans la 1ère partie. De cette façon, l’auteur examine les divers toponymes relatifs au pays de Pount (chapitre 5), le problème de la localisation exacte de Pount (chapitre 6), le caractère des expéditions pountites en comparaison aux autres types des missions étrangères égyptiennes (chapitre 7) aussi bien que les divers liens entre le pays de Pount et la religion et l’idéologie du pouvoir en Égypte (chapitre 8). L’auteur conclut que Pount jouait un rôle crucial dans l’idéologie du pouvoir égyptienne étant particulièrement associé au dieu solaire aussi bien qu’à la déesse Hathor. Les produits pountites étaient extrêmement importants tant pour le culte funéraire royal et privé que pour le culte divin rendu dans les temples. C’est pourquoi l’organisation d’une expédition pountite était un devoir du roi qui, selon les croyances égyptiennes, obéissait à un ordre direct du dieu solaire. En plus, aux diverses époques on peut percevoir une volonté de rétablir les contacts avec Pount afin de restaurer l’ordre naturel après une période de la crise, ce qui est particulièrement visible sous le règne d’Hatchepsout de la XVIIIe dynastie<br>The aim of the dissertation is to analyse the religious and ideological significance of the ancient Egyptian Punt expeditions, particularly in the 18th dynasty. In the first part (chapters 1-4) the sources concerning the ancient Egyptian Punt expeditions as well as the products imported to Egypt in their result were discussed in detail. Although the pre-eminence is given to the 18th dynasty sources, documents from other periods were also included in the analysis. The second part (chapters 5-8) constitutes a synthesis of the conclusions drawn in result of the analysis of the sources of the first part. Therefore, the author discusses various toponyms related to the land of Punt (chapter 5), the problem of Punt’s exact location (chapter 6), the character of the Punt expeditions in comparison with other foreign missions (chapter 7) as well as various links between the land of Punt and Egyptian religion and ideology of kingship (chapter 8). The author concludes that the land of Punt played an important role in the Egyptian ideology of kingship being especially associated with the sun-god as well as with the goddess Hathor. Puntite products were crucial for both royal and private funerary cult as well as for the divine cult carried out in the temples. This is why the organisation of a Punt expedition was a duty of the Egyptian king, who, according to Egyptian beliefs, was obeying a direct order of the sun-god. Moreover, in various periods we may observe a wish to re-establish the contacts with Punt in order to restore the natural order of things after a period of crisis, which is especially visible in the reign of Hatshepsut of the 18th dynasty

Pendant l’Ancien Empire et la Première Période intermédiaire, l’augmentation progressive des activités nautiques individuelles et l’accès à des embarcations privées s’accompagnent d’opérations navales mises en place par le pouvoir central. Ces missions impliquaient le recrutement de chefs d’équipes spécialisés dans la navigation, mais aussi dans la gestion humaine des diverses catégories d’officiers présents à bord. En effet, l’activité de l’ensemble de l’équipage ne se limitait pas à la navigation à proprement parler : les marins étaient aussi directement impliqués dans les différentes phases des misions terrestres. Ils étaient présents dans des opérations militaires et commerciales extérieures ; ils pouvaient aussi intervenir dans le cadre des grands chantiers royaux et dans l’extraction de matières premières dans les mines et carrières. Les sources épigraphiques montrent la capacité d’adaptation de ces fonctionnaires dans différents contextes d’opération. Cette thèse propose une analyse nuancée du rôle administratifs de ces hommes. L’objectif principal est d’illustrer les relations horizontales entre les différents officiers de la marine (hiérarchie interne) et leurs liens verticaux avec les hautes institutions de l’État. La perspective générale est celle d'une institution maritime temporaire dont les acteurs - issus de milieux sociaux différents - étaient occasionnellement et périodiquement impliqués<br>During the Old Kingdom and the First intermediate period, in addition to a progressive increase of individual nautical activities giving access to private property of boats and skiffs, an institutional control of some nautical operations implied the recruitment of specialized bureaucrats controlling different categories of crew officials. Their activities were not limited to those on board of the ship: sailors and boatmen were indeed involved in different kinds of land missions. They participated in military and commercial operations in the peripheral regions; they were also in charge of seasonal and periodical tasks in building projects and in quarries, organising the boarding and the transportation of heavy materials from the point of extraction to the point of use. This PhD thesis suggests a nuanced analysis of the administrative role of the most important categories of officials involved in the naval sphere. The main goal is to illustrate the horizontal relations between naval officers and their vertical links with the high state institutions. The general perspective is that of a “temporary” maritime institution whose actors – stemming from different social milieu – were occasionally involved

L'activité volcanique Cénozoïque de la plaque arabique offre l’exemple d’un volcanisme intra-plaque développé dans un contexte géodynamique complexe. Après la construction des trapps basaltiques du plateau yémeno-ethiopien, vers 31 Ma, à partir de l’Oligocène terminal, une importante activité volcanique se développe, liée à la déchirure du bouclier arabo-nubien (l’ouverture de la Mer Rouge) et la convergence des plaques Arabique et Eurasienne (zone de suture du Bitlis-Zagros). Au nord de la plate-forme arabique, le volcanisme syrien s’implante dans un contexte général de compression, autour de la ceinture de plissement des Palmyrides et des zones de déformation adjacentes (graben de l'Euphrate et système de faille de la Mer Morte). Cette thèse porte sur l'évolution volcano-tectonique de la partie nord de la plaque Arabique, en particulier celle de la Syrie, combinant des études géochronologiques, géochimiques et morpho-structurales et modélisation géophysique. Notre analyse morpho-structurale de la province volcaniques de Harrat Ash Shaam (HASV), au sud des Palmyrides, a permis de caractériser numériquement plus de 800 cônes volcaniques monogéniques répartis entre le Sud Syrien, la Jordanie et le Nord de l’Arabie Saoudite. Cette étude de la distribution des cônes volcaniques, jointe aux données existantes sur l’épaisseur de la couverture sédimentaire traversée démontre que la corrélation négative constante entre l’intensité des éruptions volcaniques et la profondeur au socle est, de fait, influencée par le contexte tectonique. L’analyse normative de la distribution des cônes volcaniques, comparée à l'épaisseur des sédiments, est essentielle pour caractériser la tectonique d'extension dans des différentes zones. La télédétection, les observations sur le terrain, et notre base de données de plus de 40 nouvelles datations potassium-argon, entre 50 ka et 18 Ma, nous permettent de préciser l’évolution volcano-tectonique de la Syrie. Cette approche pluri-disciplinaire, appliquée au plateau du Al-Lajat, le champ volcanique le plus récent de HASV, nous a permis, d’abord, de proposer un modèle chronologique pour le processus d'altération en relation aux changements paléoclimatiques du Quaternaire. Elle a surtout permis de reconstituer l'évolution volcano-tectoniques du Nord de la plaque arabique, au cours du Cénozoïque et de situer différents styles d’extension responsables de l’activité volcanique. Le volcanisme commence à la fin de l’Oligocène et au Miocène inférieur, entre ~ 26 Ma et ~ 16 Ma, au sud des Palmyrides, dans la province de HASV, dans un contexte tectonique extensif. Du Miocène au Quaternaire, entre ~ 19 Ma et ~ 0,08 Ma, des champs volcaniques se développe au nord des Palmyrides, conséquence d’extensions tectoniques de second ordre. A partir du milieu du Miocène, la compression augmente et le développement magmatique se poursuit potentiellement dans une ambiance tectonique de rotation antihoraire. Au sud des Palmyrides cela correspond à l’activité volcanique constante au cours des 13 derniers millions d’années. Au nord, cette phase d’activité liée à la tectonique de rotation est concentrée dans l’espace et le temps ; elle correspond au Plateau d’Homs, dans le NW Palmyre, entre 6,3 et 4,3 Ma.Nous proposons un nouveau modèle d'évolution volcano-tectoniques pour la province volcanique de HASV. Il souligne le rôle essentiel joué par l'hétérogénéité de la lithosphère (sous les chaînes du Liban – anti-Liban et la zone de plissement des Palmyrides) dans la formation du volcanisme à partir du milieu du Miocène. Nos modèles géophysiques permettent d’estimer à ~150 km la profondeur moyenne de la limite lithosphère-asthénosphère. A l’analyse des données géochimiques des laves, la zone à l’ouest de HASV où cette limite apparaît moins profonde, à ~ 110 km, s’expliquerait par une anomalie thermique plutôt que par une remontée asthénosphérique. Géochimiquement, les laves Cénozoïques syriennes sont alcalines et sub-alcalines et présentent les caractères de magma émis dans un contexte continental intra-plaque. Ce sont des basanites et des téphrites, des basaltes, des andésites et des trachy-andésites basaltiques et des trachybasaltes. 30 échantillons des différentes provinces volcaniques syriennes montrent une variation significative des signatures des éléments traces incompatibles. Le processus de genèse de ces magmas montre une influence négligeable de la contamination crustale, et un effet de la cristallisation fractionnée limité à l'olivine et au clinopyroxène. Nos résultats montrent que les laves syriennes ont été produites par des taux variables de fusion partielle à partir de niveaux différents dans le manteau lithosphériques présentant localement des hétérogénéités. Le rapport LREE / MREE nous permet de montrer non seulement comment le degré de fusion partielle varie spatialement et temporellement au cours des derniers 18 Ma, mais encore d’illustrer comment varie le degré et le style de la tectonique au cours de cette période. L’une des conséquences de ce contexte tectonique pourrait être la migration d’hydrocarbures vers l’ouest du fait de l’extension crustale au Plio-Quaternaire dans la zone du graben de l’Euphrate à l’Est ; cette migration pourrait être guidée vers une zone de la croûte préalablement fracturée située au NW de la Syrie.En conclusion, le volcanisme cénozoïque de la Syrie résulte d’une tectonique extensive, influencée périodiquement par la convergence arabo-eurasienne, au nord et à l’est, convergence qui provoque des styles tectoniques de rotation ; cette tectonique contrôle la fusion partielle à différents niveaux dans le manteau. Le volcanisme du Nord de la plaque arabique se développe dans le cadre de l’ouverture de la Mer Rouge et débute en même temps que l’activité au sud de la mer Rouge. Il se poursuit jusqu’à la période historique, progressivement amorti vers le nord, l’extension étant contrariée par le cadre compressif à la marge Arabie-Eurasie<br>The Cainozoic volcanic activity in the Arabian plate offers an excellent opportunity to study the intra-plate volcanism related to a complex tectonic setting. After the emplacement of the Yemeni-Ethiopian continental flood basalt plateau, ~ 31 Ma, since the Late Oligocene, widespread volcanic activity has erupted, accompanying the separation of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (development of Red Sea rifting) and the convergence between the Arabian and Eurasian plates (building of the Bitlis-Zagros thrust belts). In the northern part of the Arabian platform, the Syrian volcanism has taken place in a general compressional context, surrounding the Palmyride fold belt and adjacent to other deformation zones (e.g. the Euphrates graben and Dead Sea fault system). This thesis focuses on the volcano-tectonic evolution of the northern part of the Arabia plate, particularly in Syria, and essentially combines geochronological, geochemical, and morpho-structural studies, in addition to supplementary geophysical models. Our morpho-structural analyses of the Harrat Ash Shaam volcanic province (HASV) to the south of Palmyride, digitally characterise more than 800 monogenic volcanic cones placed in Syria, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. These new data, together with the availability of sediment thickness data, give rise to a new volcano-tectonic approach. This study shows that the consistent negative correlation between the intensity of volcanism and basement depth is influenced by the tectonic setting. The normative analysis of the distribution of volcanic cones in relation to sediment thicknesses is critical when comparing the extension of tectonics in different zones. Remote sensing imagery, field work and our &gt; 40 new K-Ar ages dataset ranging from ~0.05 million years (Ma) to ~18 Ma allow us to precise the Syria volcano-tectonic evolution through time. Regarding the youngest lava flows of HASV, the integration of the results makes it possible to suggest a chronological model for the alteration processes in relation to Quaternary palaeoclimatic changes. We reconstruct the volcano-tectonic evolution in Syria during the Cainozoic, and suggest different extension styles to explain the volcanism. It started during the Late Oligocene and the Early Miocene, between ~26 Ma and ~16 Ma to the South of Palmyride at HASV in an extensional tectonic context. From the Miocene to the Quaternary, between ~19 Ma and ~0.08 Ma, the volcanism developed to the North under second order extension tectonic conditions. Since the Mid-Miocene, the compression has increased and the magma erupted in relation with a possible counter-clockwise rotation tectonic relative motion. South of Palmyride it corresponds to the widespread eruptive phase during the last 13 Ma. To the North, this phase, linked to rotational tectonics appears concentrated in superficies and time; it corresponds to the Homs plateau, NW Palmyride, between 6.3 and 4.3 Ma. We suggest a new volcano-tectonic evolution model for the HASV. It highlights the essential role of lithosphere heterogeneity beneath Lebanon, in particular the anti Lebanon Mountains and Palmyride thrust belts, in triggering the Mid-Miocene volcanism. Our geophysical models estimate mean lithosphere – asthenosphere boundaries at about 150 km depth. According to geochemical data, the zone of shallowest depth ~110 km, W of HASV, could be the result of a thermal anomaly, instead of an asthenospheric upwelling. Geochemically, the Cainozoic Syrian lavas are alkaline and subalkaline rocks, typical of magma emitted in continental intraplate contexts. They are basanites and tephrites, basalts, basaltic andesites, basaltic trachyandesites, and trachybasalts. Thirty samples from different Syrian volcanic provinces show significant variation in terms of incompatible trace element signatures. Crustal contamination plays a negligible role in the process of magma genesis, as does crystal fractionation, essentially restricted to olivine and clinopyroxene. Our results show that the Syrian lava has been generated by variable rates of partial melting from different levels of a locally heterogeneous lithospheric mantle. The LREE/MREE ratio not only illustrates how the degree of partial melting was changed spatially and temporally during the last ~18 Ma, but it also illustrates how the degree and style of extension tectonics changed through time

This thesis discusses the suitability of numerical wave loading models for monopile-supported offshore wind turbines in rough seas, where models tend to lose validity and dangerous nonlinear phenomena occur.