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Secombe, Julie, Johanna Pispa, Robert Saint, and Helena Richardson. "Analysis of a Drosophila cyclin E Hypomorphic Mutation Suggests a Novel Role for Cyclin E in Cell Proliferation Control During Eye Imaginal Disc Development." Genetics 149, no. 4 (August 1, 1998): 1867–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/149.4.1867.
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Abstract We have generated and characterized a Drosophila cyclin E hypomorphic mutation, DmcycEJP, that is homozygous viable and fertile, but results in adults with rough eyes. The mutation arose from an internal deletion of an existing P[w+lacZ] element inserted 14 kb upstream of the transcription start site of the DmcycE zygotic mRNA. The presence of this deleted P element, but not the P[w+lacZ] element from which it was derived, leads to a decreased level of DmcycE expression during eye imaginal disc development. Eye imaginal discs from DmcycEJP larvae contain fewer S phase cells, both anterior and posterior to the morphogenetic furrow. This results in adults with small rough eyes, largely due to insufficient numbers of pigment cells. Altering the dosage of the Drosophila cdk2 homolog, cdc2c, retinoblastoma, or p21CIP1 homolog dacapo, which encode proteins known to physically interact with Cyclin E, modified the DmcycEJP rough eye phenotype as expected. Decreasing the dosage of the S phase transcription factor gene, dE2F, enhanced the DmcycEJP rough eye phenotype. Surprisingly, mutations in G2/M phase regulators cyclin A and string (cdc25), but not cyclin B1, B3, or cdc2, enhanced the DmcycE JP phenotype without affecting the number of cells entering S phase, but by decreasing the number of cells entering mitosis. Our analysis establishes the DmcycE JP allele as an excellent resource for searching for novel cyclin E genetic interactors. In addition, this analysis has identified cyclin A and string as DmcycEJP interactors, suggesting a novel role for cyclin E in the regulation of Cyclin A and String function during eye development.
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Kianicová, Marta, Pavel Šandera, Jana Horníková, Daniel Kottfer, and Jaroslav Pokluda. "The Effect of Prior Surface Roughness on Fatigue Life of Nitrided Specimens." Defect and Diffusion Forum 405 (November 2020): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.405.271.
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The effect of surface roughness of virgin specimens (prior roughness) made of low-alloyed high strength steel on their fatigue life after the case-hardening treatment was studied by rotating bending tests of virgin and nitrided samples. In a whole range of S-N curves, the fatigue strength of virgin samples after lathe-turning machining (high roughness) was naturally much higher than that of samples after grinding (low roughness). As expected, the fatigue strength of nitrided specimens was higher than that of virgin samples when averaged through the whole fatigue life range. When distinguishing the rough and smooth nitrided samples, the low-cycle fatigue strength of rough samples revealed to be lower than that of the smooth ones and vice a versa in the high-cycle region. This could be explained by the fact that, in the low cycle region, the cracks in the rough samples nucleated from deep surface defects while, in the smooth specimens, they nucleated from shallow defects (or as fish eyes) which prolonged their initiation stage. Almost all cracks in the high cycle region initiated as fish-eyes but the extent of nitrided layers in the rough specimens was slightly higher than that in the smooth specimens. Therefore, the fish-eye centers were shifted further to the interior of the rough specimens which increased their fatigue life.
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Uchiyama, H., H. Awata, M. Kinoshita, and K. Arikawa. "Rough eyes of the northeast-Asian wood white, Leptidea amurensis." Journal of Experimental Biology 216, no. 18 (May 16, 2013): 3414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.089169.
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Talati, Ardesheer, Francisco J. Valero-Cuevas, and Joy Hirsch. "Visual and Tactile Guidance of Dexterous Manipulation Tasks: An fMRI Study." Perceptual and Motor Skills 101, no. 1 (August 2005): 317–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.101.1.317-334.
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Models of motor guidance that dynamically adjust to the availability and quality of sensory information are based on the observation that dexterous tasks are routinely performed using various combinations of visual and tactile inputs. However, a dynamic neural system that acquires and processes relevant visual and tactile information remains relatively uncharacterized in humans. In this study, whole-brain functional magnetic resonance images were acquired during a dexterous manipulation task, compression of the end caps of a slender spring prone to buckling, to investigate the neural systems associated with motor guidance under four visual and tactile guidance conditions: (1) eyes closed (no visual input), smooth end caps, (2) eyes closed, rough end caps, (3) eyes open and watching hand, smooth end caps, and (4) eyes open and watching hand, rough end caps. Performance of the dexterous task remained constant in all conditions. Variations in the two levels of visual input resulted in modulation of activity in the middle and inferior occipital gyrii and inferior parietal lobule, and variation in the two levels of tactile input during the task resulted in modulation of activity in the precentral (primary motor) gyrus. Although significantly active in all conditions, cingulate gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, and cerebellum activities were not modulated by levels of either visual or somatosensory input, and no interaction effects were observed. Together, these data indicate that a fine-tuned motor task guided by varying visual and tactile information engages a distributed and integrated neural complex consisting of control and executive functions and regions that process dynamic sensory information related to guidance functions.
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Zertsalova, Marina Andreevna, E. P. Fedotova, V. V. Brzheskiy, and R. A. Nasirov. "THE HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE STRUCTURES OF THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER ANGLE IN THE CHILDREN OF DIFFERENT GESTATIONAL AGE UNDER THE NORMAL CONDITIONS AND IN THE PRESENCE OF CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA." Russian Pediatric Ophthalmology 12, no. 2 (June 15, 2017): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1993-1859-2017-12-2-87-90.
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Purpose. The objective of the present study was to obtain and investigate the tissue samples taken from the anterior chamber angle of the children of different gestational age under the normal conditions and in the presence of congenital glaucoma; the secondary objective was to carry out the histological study of the pieces of tissues removed from the glaucoma patients of different gestational age undergoing hypotensive filtration surgery (sinusotrabeculectomy). Materials and methods. The anterior chamber angle histological preparations from a total of five enucleated eyes were available for the intravital investigation of the trabecular meshwork (two of them were obtained from the full-term infants and one from a premature baby). Results. The histological study of the structures of the anterior chamber angle of the enucleated eyes has demonstrated the presence in all the cases of cornea, Descemet’s membrane, trabecular meshwork, Schlemm’s canal, and iris. The morphological structure of the anterior chamber angle associated with congenital glaucoma shows up some peculiar features compared with the normal one, such as its block by the permanent fibrous membrane which penetrates deep into the trabecular meshwork that, in its turn, is formed from the rough and thickened tissue. The histological picture of the fetal eye at different gestational age exhibits the open anterior chamber angle, the well developed porous trabecular meshwork, and fragmentation of Descemet’s membrane near the trabecular meshwork. No signs of fibrous degeneration of the trabecule have been apparent. Conclusion. The intravital investigation of the trabecular meshwork has demonstrated some peculiar features that differ depending on the gestational age in birth. In the full-term babies, it is hypoplastic and covered with the rough fibrous membrane at certain places. Its histological picture is similar to that of the preparations of the enucleated eyes. In the premature babies, the trabecular meshwork is fibrous and characterized by enhanced cellularity; it undergoes fibrous degeneration that becomes apparent after the birth of the premature child (it is supposed to be related to the proliferative processes inherent in such babies).
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Zhou, Fen, Jin Yao, Qin Jiang, and Weihua Yang. "Efficacy of Navigated Laser Photocoagulation for Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Retrospective Observational Study." Disease Markers 2022 (April 20, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7792291.
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Background. No consensus has been reached regarding the management of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). We aimed to investigate the efficacy of navigated laser treatment for chronic CSCR and changes in the morphology of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In this retrospective observational study, 19 patients with subjective symptoms admitted to the Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Eye Hospital were included between January 2021 and August 2021. All patients underwent visual acuity and optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination during follow-up. Fluorescein angiography (FA) was performed at baseline and at the final follow-up to confirm the dye leakage sites. The mean logMAR BCVA at baseline and at the end of follow-up was 0.49 ± 0.24 and 0.24 ± 0.15 , respectively. The mean logMAR BCVA 3 months after treatment was significantly better than that before treatment ( p = 0.002 ). Significant improvements were observed in central macular thickness (CMT) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) after navigated laser photocoagulation ( p < 0.0001 ). Subretinal fluid was completely resolved in 13 (68%) of 19 eyes at 3 months. RPE lesions on OCT images showed RPE detachment in 17 eyes (61.5%), small protrusion of the RPE layer in 5 eyes (7.5%), and a rough RPE layer in 4 eyes (31%). After laser treatment, 9 points (35%) showed retinal detachment, and 10 (38.5%) regions showed an irregular RPE layer. An irregularly protruded RPE layer was also observed in different regions of the leakage spot in 5 (19%) eyes, and RPE defects were seen in 2 (7.5%) eyes. Navigated laser photocoagulation for chronic CSCR can achieve substantial anatomical and visual improvement. OCT outcomes may provide new information to facilitate understanding of the mechanism of chronic CSCR. Navigated laser photocoagulation should be chosen as an optimal treatment option in patients with chronic CSCR who cannot afford photodynamic therapy.
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Karimova, Shafa. "Acipensor Stellatus, Rutilus (Rutilus) Caspicus, Leuciscus Cephalus Orientalis of the Fauna of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic Faunistic Analysis of Fishes." International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology 5, no. 4 (2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000388.
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Summarizing the obtained literature materials and the results of our research, it was determined that 33 fish species or subspecies consisting of 6 groups, 9 chapters and 28 genera are distributed in the waters of Nakhchivan AR. Acipenser stellatus - A fairly large fish, its adult individuals in the ichthyofauna of Azerbaijan vary in body length from 105 to 225 cm and weight from 9 to 73 kg. The body stretches. Rutilus rutilus caspicus - A number of esophageal teeth, gingival teeth are sparse and rough. It is the only widespread species in Azerbaijan. The body, slightly flattened on the sides, is covered with fairly large scales. The eyes are large, the iris is red. Leuciscus cephalus orientalis - Fish is distinguished by broad and rigid forehead, cylindrical and large scales. The eyes are big and bright.
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Karess, R. E., and D. M. Glover. "rough deal: a gene required for proper mitotic segregation in Drosophila." Journal of Cell Biology 109, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): 2951–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.109.6.2951.
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We describe a genetic locus rough deal (rod) in Drosophila melanogaster, identified by mutations that interfere with the faithful transmission of chromosomes to daughter cells during mitosis. Five mutant alleles were isolated, each associated with a similar set of mitotic abnormalities in the dividing neuroblasts of homozygous mutant larvae: high frequencies of aneuploid cells and abnormal anaphase figures, in which chromatids may lag, form bridges, or completely fail to separate. Surviving homozygous adults are sterile, and show cuticular defects associated with cell death, i.e., roughened eyes, sparse abdominal bristles, and notched wing margins. The morphological process of spermatogenesis is largely unaffected and motile sperm are produced, but meiocyte aneuploidy is common. The nature of the observed abnormalities in mitotic cells suggests that the reduced fidelity of chromosome transmission to the daughter cells is due to a failure in a mechanism involved in assuring the proper release of sister chromatids.
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Hennessy, Jennifer, and Patricia Mannix McNamara. "‘What rough beast?’ Conceptualising the poetry teacher in Ireland through the eyes of the pupil." Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education 40, no. 4 (November 2012): 379–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1359866x.2012.724657.
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Urban, Philipp. "Graphical 3D Printing: Challenges, Solutions and Applications." London Imaging Meeting 2020, no. 1 (September 29, 2020): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2694-118x.2020.lim-35.
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Graphical 3D printing is a relatively novel field of 3D printing focusing on reproducing the visual material appearance of an object in addition to its shape. Applications can be found in traditional prototyping, patient-individual surgery planning, fabricating prosthetic eyes, movie and entertainment industry as well as creating replicas in the field of cultural heritage. This paper gives a rough overview on the major challenges as well as solutions in graphical 3D printing focusing on imaging and computational aspects. It also gives an outlook to future research directions and new applications.
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Dokania, A., Y. Rizvi, and Surabhi Sinha. "An Innovative Modified Orbital Implant in Enucleated Eyes for Postoperative Functionality and Cosmesis." International Journal of Advanced and Integrated Medical Sciences 2, no. 1 (2017): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10050-10074.
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ABSTRACT Orbital implants replace the volume lost by enucleated eye, impart motility to the prosthesis, and maintain cosmetic symmetry with the fellow eye. They include nonintegrated, synthetic semi-integrated, integrated, bio-integrated, and biogenic varieties. The much favored hydroxyapatite (bio-integrated) implant, due to its rough surface, needs to be wrapped in donor sclera or other wrapping materials (like polyglactin-910 mesh, polytetrafluoroethylene sheet, etc.) to which the muscles could be directly sutured. Cost factor of such wrappings is often prohibitive that add to the expense of such implants. Purpose To highlight monofilament polypropylene surgical mesh commonly used for herniorrhaphy as an alternative implant wrapping for achieving augmented implant volume and enabling easier extraocular muscle attachment in postenucleation reconstruction of artificial eye. Materials and methods Following enucleation of a nonfunctional eye in a patient who met with a road traffic accident, a 14 mm hydroxyapatite ball was used to replace the globe. The ball was wrapped with a monofilament polypropylene surgical mesh used in herniorrhaphy and sutured. The patient achieved a satisfactory cosmesis and movements of the implant for different gazes. No ocular discomfort or implant extrusion was reported following 6 months of follow-up. Conclusion Monofilament polypropylene mesh can be used safely as an orbital implant wrapping, economizing the implant cost. How to cite this article Sinha S, Rizvi Y, Dokania A. An Innovative Modified Orbital Implant in Enucleated Eyes for Postoperative Functionality and Cosmesis. Int J Adv Integ Med Sci 2017;2(1):47-50.
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Yang, Y., and D. Ballinger. "Mutations in calphotin, the gene encoding a Drosophila photoreceptor cell-specific calcium-binding protein, reveal roles in cellular morphogenesis and survival." Genetics 138, no. 2 (October 1, 1994): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/138.2.413.
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Abstract Calphotin is a Drosophila photoreceptor cell-specific protein expressed very early in eye development, at the time when cell-type decisions are being made. Calphotin is a very hydrophobic and proline-rich protein which lacks obvious transmembrane domains. The cDNA encoding Calphotin was mapped to a region removed by a set of existing chromosomal deletions. Mutations that alter photoreceptor cell structure and development were isolated that fail to complement these deletions. These mutations fall into two classes. Class I mutations alter the structure of the rhabdomere, a photoreceptor cell organelle specialized for phototransduction. Class II mutations have rough eyes, due to misorientation of the rhabdomeres and photoreceptor cell death. Transformation rescue of these phenotypes in transgenic flies bearing calphotin genomic DNA indicates that both classes of mutations are in the calphotin gene. Analysis of these mutations suggest that Calphotin plays important roles in both rhabdomere development and in photoreceptor cell survival.
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Henchcliffe, C., L. Garcia-Alonso, J. Tang, and C. S. Goodman. "Genetic analysis of laminin A reveals diverse functions during morphogenesis in Drosophila." Development 118, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 325–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.118.2.325.
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In order to dissect the functions of laminin A in vivo, we have undertaken a molecular and genetic characterization of the laminin A subunit (lamA) gene in Drosophila. Sequence analysis predicts a multidomain structure similar to mammalian homologs. We generated a series of complete and partial loss-of-function mutant alleles of the lamA gene; complete loss-of-function mutations lead to late embryonic lethality. Certain combinations of partial loss-of-function lamA alleles give rise to escaper adults, which have rough eyes associated with changes in cell fate and pattern, misshapen legs and defects in wing structure. These phenotypes suggest that laminin A has diverse functions during morphogenesis in Drosophila.
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Ojo, S. A. "DEVELOPMENT OF HAIR AND OTHER EXTERNAL FEATURES IN PRENATAL ZEBU CATTLE AS AIDS IN FETAL AGEING." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 8, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v8i2.1936.
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THE sequence and rate of hair growth studied in 150 fetuses, 100 to 231 days of age, from slaughtered Rahaji, Bunaji and Wadara cows. Initial appearance of the following external features were observed in embryo and fetuses from day 24 to 230 gestation: limb buds, mammary ridge, olfactory pits, eyes, eyelids, facial closure, intradigital grooves, ear pinnae, genital tubercle, teats, scrotum, testicular descent, hoof formation, boro buds, teeth eruption, fusion of hard palate, carpal and patella separation, and meconium detection, pattern of hair growth was founded to be indecisive as an aid to ageing Zebu fetuses. Initial appearance of certain external features could serve as a rough but quick ageing guide.
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Al-Hyani, O. H. "Comparison between tow techniques for induction of general anesthesia : popofol –fentanyl and ketamine fentanyl in dogs." Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences 9, no. 1 (June 20, 2010): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29079/vol9iss1art87.
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This study was conducted to evaluate the anesthetic quality between propofol-fentanyl mixture (P-F)(2 mg/kg+0.004 mg/kg, i.v., respectively)and ketamine-fentanyl mixture (K-F)(10 mg/kg+0.004 mg/kg, i.v., respectively) in six adult dogs premedicated with atropine (0.05 mg/kg, i.m.) and xylazine (2 mg/kg, i.m.).The results revealed the presence of significant difference (p< 0.05) only in the induction of anesthesia, recovery and standing period between both protocols.P-F mixture produced rapid, smooth and free of excitement induction (9.50 ± 0.76 sec) with transit apnea (19.16±2.4 sec). The duration of anesthesia was (23.33 ± 2.10 min), narcosis (32.50± 1.70 min) and anesthesia characterized by good muscle relaxation and abolishment of all reflexes with decrease in R.R. and increase in H R. Recovery was calm and rapid (46.6±2.25 min) and standing time was short (14.16±1.40 min),While anesthesia with K-F mixture characterized by slow and rough induction (29.16±1.53 sec), poor to moderate muscle relaxation and relatively shorter duration of anesthesia (18.83 ± 3.11 min)with narcosis for about(30.83 ± 5.23 min). The reflexes did not abolish completely especially eye reflexes (corneal and palpebral) and the eyes remained open. H.R. was increased but R.R. was decreased. Recovery was long and rough (78.33 ± 4.77 min) and stand time for (47.50±3.09 min).In conclusion, (P-F) mixtures produce excellent induction of general anesthesia rather than (K-F) in dogs and up to know this is the first report on the uses of these mixtures for induction of anesthesia in dogs.
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SYLWESTRZAK, Bartosz, and Rafał NIEDZIELA. "POLAND AND ITS RESIDENTS IN THE EYES OF GERMAN SOLDIERS DURING POLISH CAMPAIGN OF 1939." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 162, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.3225.
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The authors present the circumstances related to the German invasion of Poland during the campaign in September 1939, with special emphasis put on the attitude of Germans towards Poland and Polish people. This is presented on the basis of the letters from Poland to soldiers’ families in Germany and reports in company or battalion chronicles.The moment when German soldiers entered Polish towns and villages was a terrible experience for their residents. The behaviour of the invaders was crude and rough: not only was it caused by war, but also by the attitude of Germans towards Poland and Polish people. Poles were perceived as a lower category of people, without any right to defend themselves. Each part of their life was criticised and damaged. Germans’ irritation was intensified by Jews living in Poland. The article can be useful for supporting lessons on military history.
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Bennett, R. L., and F. M. Hoffmann. "Increased levels of the Drosophila Abelson tyrosine kinase in nerves and muscles: subcellular localization and mutant phenotypes imply a role in cell-cell interactions." Development 116, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 953–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.116.4.953.
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Mutations in the Drosophila Abelson tyrosine kinase have pleiotropic effects late in development that lead to pupal lethality or adults with a reduced life span, reduced fecundity and rough eyes. We have examined the expression of the abl protein throughout embryonic and pupal development and analyzed mutant phenotypes in some of the tissues expressing abl. abl protein, present in all cells of the early embryo as the product of maternally contributed mRNA, transiently localizes to the region below the plasma membrane cleavage furrows as cellularization initiates. The function of this expression is not yet known. Zygotic expression of abl is first detected in the post-mitotic cells of the developing muscles and nervous system midway through embryogenesis. In later larval and pupal stages, abl protein levels are also highest in differentiating muscle and neural tissue including the photoreceptor cells of the eye. abl protein is localized subcellularly to the axons of the central nervous system, the embryonic somatic muscle attachment sites and the apical cell junctions of the imaginal disk epithelium. Evidence for abl function was obtained by analysis of mutant phenotypes in the embryonic somatic muscles and the eye imaginal disk. The expression patterns and mutant phenotypes indicate a role for abl in establishing and maintaining cell-cell interactions.
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Li, Shi Ping, and Xin Dong. "The Research of the Improvement of Iris Location of the Sobel Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.525.
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An improved sobel algorithm is proposed for the iris location algorithm,solving the problem of large amount of computation in standard iris location algorithm as well as location impreciseness.According to the geometric character of human eyes for iris location,select purposely the special region of sub-image as the target region, then apply the edge detection,projection for rough location,then use the improved sobel algorithm to fine position.This improved sobel algorithm not only use the advantages of the original algorithm,but also make sobel algorithms only to detect circle.Improve the accuracy of iris location and make more accurate positioning.Experimental results showed that the algorithm with less computational can be accurately positioned inside and outside the boundary of the iris.
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Zhong, Yi-sheng, Min-hong Xiang, Wen Ye, Ping Huang, Yu Cheng, and You-qin Jiang. "Neuroprotective effect of Erigeron Breviscapus (vant) Hand-mazz extract on retinal ganglion cells in rabbits with chronic elevated intraocular pressure." Asian Biomedicine 5, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5372/1905-7415.0502.025.
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Abstract Background: Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are protected in rats with acute elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) by Erigeron breviscapus (vant.) hand-mazz (EBHM). However, it is unclear whether EBHM has neuroprotective effect on RGCs in animal with chronic elevated IOP. Objective: Investigate the protective effect of EBHM extract on RGCs in rabbits with chronic elevated IOP. Methods: Unilateral chronic elevated IOP was produced in rabbits by repeated injection of 2% methylcellulose into the anterior chamber. Secondary degeneration was measured with and without EBHM extract treatment for 60 days. At 60 days, the cells density of the RGCs layer, the thickness of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and the optic nerve axons were observed and analyzed using an image analysis system. The ultrastructural changes of RGCs and optic nerve axons were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Results: Compared with their contralateral control eyes with normal IOP, in the retinas of 3-4 mm from the optic disc, the cells density of the RGCs layer in the eyes with chronic elevated IOP was 23.2±6.5 cells (n = 6) and 36.0±8.9 cells (n = 10) per three 400x fields at 60 days in untreated and EBHM-treated group, respectively. The RNFL thickness in eyes with chronic elevated IOP was 3.4±0.4 μm (n = 6) and 5.0±1.0 μm (n = 10) at 60 days in untreated and EBHM-treated group, respectively. The axons number per 15057.8 μm2 in eyes with chronic elevated IOP was 370.4±41.0 (n = 6) and 439.0±50.8 (n = 10) at 60 days in untreated and EBHM-treated group, respectively. The number of the organelles in RGCs plasm appeared decreased and mitochondrion vacuolated in the elevated IOP eyes of EBHM-treated group, while some dispersive mitochondrion and rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and ribosome still existed in the RGCs plasm. The myelin sheath plates condensed and degenerated, and the microfilaments and microtubules decreased or disappeared in the elevated IOP eyes, but the axons degeneration in the chronic elevated IOP with EBHM treatment was less than that in the chronic elevated IOP without treatment. Conclusion: EBHM extract provided a neuroprotective effect on retinal ganglion cells in rabbits with chronic elevated IOP.
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Thomas, G. H., D. C. Zarnescu, A. E. Juedes, M. A. Bales, A. Londergan, C. C. Korte, and D. P. Kiehart. "Drosophila betaHeavy-spectrin is essential for development and contributes to specific cell fates in the eye." Development 125, no. 11 (June 1, 1998): 2125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.11.2125.
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The spectrin membrane skeleton is a ubiquitous cytoskeletal structure with several cellular roles, including the maintenance of cell integrity, determination of cell shape and as a contributor to cell polarity. We have isolated mutations in the gene encoding βHeavy-spectrin in Drosophila, and have named this essential locus karst. karst mutant individuals have a pleiotropic phenotype characterized by extensive larval lethality and, in adult escapers, rough eyes, bent wings, tracheal defects and infertility. Within karst mutant eyes, a significant number of ommatidia specifically lack photoreceptor R7 alongside more complex morphological defects. Immunolocalization of betaHeavy-spectrin in wild-type eye-antennal and wing imaginal discs reveals that betaHeavy-spectrin is present in a restricted subdomain of the membrane skeleton that colocalizes with DE-cadherin. We propose a model where normal levels of Sevenless signaling are dependent on tight cell-cell adhesion facilitated by the betaHeavy-spectrin membrane skeleton. Immunolocalization of betaHeavy-spectrin in the adult and larval midgut indicates that it is a terminal web protein, but we see no gross morphological defects in the adult apical brush border in karst mutant flies. Rhodamine phalloidin staining of karst mutant ovaries similarly reveals no conspicuous defect in the actin cytoskeleton or cellular morphology in egg chambers. This is in contrast to mutations in alpha-spectrin, the molecular partner of betaHeavy-spectrin, which affect cellular structure in both the larval gut and adult ovaries. Our results emphasize the fundamental contribution of the spectrin membrane skeleton to normal development and reveals a critical interplay between the integrity of a cell's membrane skeleton, the structure of cell-cell contacts and cell signaling.
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Mróz, Emilia, Monika Stępińska, Aneta Orłowska, and Katarzyna Michalak. "Frequency of Occurrence of Physical Defects in Turkey Poults / Częstotliwość występowania wad budowy piskląt indyczych." Annals of Animal Science 13, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2013-0020.
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Abstract The objective of this study was to determine poult quality in the first breeding season of turkeys. The study was conducted over a 24-week laying season of white broad-breasted Big 6 turkeys. Starting from the first week of laying, at three-week intervals, 504 eggs laid on the same day were weighed and the percentages of eggs weighing 70 to 100 g and more than 100 g were calculated. Results from the 21st week of laying season were not used due to failure of ventilation equipment. Each egg was visually inspected to determine the percentages of eggs with normal shell structure, rough-shelled eggs and eggs without shell pigmentation. Nine incubation cycles were carried out. Egg fertilization rates and hatch rates were determined. At the end of each incubation cycle, poults were weighed individually and divided into morphologically normal and morphologically defective. The latter were further subdivided into weak poults with poor motor skills, poults with abnormal feathers, eyes, legs and umbilicus, and poults with unabsorbed yolk sacs. Eggs with weight exceeding 100 g accounted for 17.9% and 46.6% of the analysed eggs at 12 and 24 weeks of the laying season, respectively. In week 12, eggs without shell pigmentation accounted for 8.3%. In week 24, the percentage of rough-shelled eggs was 6.7%. Most poults with physical defects hatched in weeks 1 and 3 of the laying period (65.67% and 76.84%, respectively). Weak poults with poor motor skills accounted for 0.2-2.5% of the examined birds. Wet feathers were noted in 0.9% to 4.1% of poults over the laying season. Leg abnormalities were observed in 6.5% to 7.8% of poults. Eye defects were encountered least frequently. In 41-70% of poults long black scabs were visible on their navels, and umbilical vessels were long. Unabsorbed yolk sacs were noted in 0.5% to 3.2% of poults.
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Ellis, M. C., U. Weber, V. Wiersdorff, and M. Mlodzik. "Confrontation of scabrous expressing and non-expressing cells is essential for normal ommatidial spacing in the Drosophila eye." Development 120, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 1959–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.7.1959.
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The establishment of neural precursor cells in Drosophila depends on cell-cell interactions and lateral inhibition. Scabrous (sca) is involved in this process by preventing an excess of cells from adopting a neural precursor fate. Specifically in eye development, Sca protein function has been implicated in the spacing pattern that is essential for the ordered appearance of the ommatidial array. During this process sca expression is restricted to neurogenic groups of cells and later to the neural precursors. We report that ectopic sca expression in the morphogenetic furrow results in a rough eye phenotype with oversized and fused ommatidia. These defects in adult eyes are due to the generation of too many ommatidial preclusters in the morphogenetic furrow. Strikingly, sca loss-of-function mutants have an almost identical phenotype. Our results suggest that Sca plays a positive role in establishing the spacing pattern within the furrow and that the quantitative difference in sca expression between neighboring groups of cells is a determining factor in this process. Ectopic expression of Sca also represses endogenous sca expression in the furrow, suggesting that Sca is involved in a feedback loop affecting its own transcription. Interestingly, sca shares homology to a group of extracellular matrix proteins that have been implicated in neuronal differentiation. We present a model for sca function based on its phenotypic and molecular features.
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Rebay, Ilaria, Fangli Chen, Francis Hsiao, Peter A. Kolodziej, Bing H. Kuang, Todd Laverty, Chris Suh, Matthew Voas, Andrina Williams, and Gerald M. Rubin. "A Genetic Screen for Novel Components of the Ras/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway That Interact With the yan Gene of Drosophila Identifies split ends, a New RNA Recognition Motif-Containing Protein." Genetics 154, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 695–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/154.2.695.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathway is used reiteratively during the development of all multicellular organisms. While the core RTK/Ras/MAPK signaling cassette has been studied extensively, little is known about the nature of the downstream targets of the pathway or how these effectors regulate the specificity of cellular responses. Drosophila yan is one of a few downstream components identified to date, functioning as an antagonist of the RTK/Ras/MAPK pathway. Previously, we have shown that ectopic expression of a constitutively active protein (yanACT) inhibits the differentiation of multiple cell types. In an effort to identify new genes functioning downstream in the Ras/MAPK/yan pathway, we have performed a genetic screen to isolate dominant modifiers of the rough eye phenotype associated with eye-specific expression of yanACT. Approximately 190,000 mutagenized flies were screened, and 260 enhancers and 90 suppressors were obtained. Among the previously known genes we recovered are four RTK pathway components, rolled (MAPK), son-of-sevenless, Star, and pointed, and two genes, eyes absent and string, that have not been implicated previously in RTK signaling events. We also isolated mutations in five previously uncharacterized genes, one of which, split ends, we have characterized molecularly and have shown to encode a member of the RRM family of RNA-binding proteins.
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Schulze, Karen L., and Hugo J. Bellen. "Drosophila syntaxin Is Required for Cell Viability and May Function in Membrane Formation and Stabilization." Genetics 144, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 1713–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/144.4.1713.
Full textAbstract:
The role of the Drosophila homologue of syntaxin-1A (syx) in neurotransmission has been extensively studied. However, developmental Northern analyses and in situ hybridization experiments show that SYX mRNA is expressed during all stages and in many tissues. We have isolated new mutations in syx that reveal roles for syx outside the nervous system. In the ovary, SYX is present in the germarium, but it is predominantly localized to nurse cell membranes. Mitotic recombination experiments in the germ-line show SYX is essential for oogenesis and may participate in membrane biogenesis in the nurse cells. In the early embryo, a large contribution of maternally deposited RNA is present, and the protein is localized at cell membranes during cellularization. After the maternal contribution is depleted, zygotically produced SYX assists secretion events occurring late in embryogenesis, such as cuticle deposition and neurotransmitter release. However, SYX is also required in larval imaginal discs, as certain hypomorphic mutant combinations exhibit rough eyes and wing notch defects indicative of cell death. Furthermore, recombinant clones that lack syx cause cell lethality in the developing eye. We propose that, similar to its roles in cuticle secretion and neurotransmitter release, SYX may mediate membrane assembly events throughout Drosophila development.
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Borzenok, S. A., I. A. Popov, I. N. Saburina, and P. M. Arbukhanova. "IN VITRO INVESTIGATION OF THE TRANSPLANTATION PROSPECTS OF MULTICELLULAR SPHEROID MICROAGGREGATES OF DONOR RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM." Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs 17, no. 3 (October 9, 2015): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15825/1995-1191-2015-3-58-64.
Full textAbstract:
Aim. To study in experiment the criteria for transplantability of multicellular spheroid microaggregates of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), prepared by the method of 3D cell culture. Materials and Methods. 11 donor eyes (6 of adrenaline index «A», 5 of index «B») were used as a source of RPE cell cultures (group «A» – 6 cultures, group «B» – 5 cultures), of which over 2000 RPE spheroids were obtained by the method of three-dimensional cell culture. 1760 spheroids of them were selected for transplantability investigation (960 – group «A», 800 – group «B»). Among the selected spheroids were equal numbers of spheroids of different morphology («smooth» and «rough») and of the initial cell seeding number (500, 1000, 5000, 25 000, 125 000 cells per hanging drop). We were taking out 12 spheroids of group «A» and 10 spheroids of group «B» of the 3D culture in terms of 7, 14, 21, 28 days of 3D culture to assess their viability. We were transferring the same number of spheroids in the same terms from 3D to 2D culture conditions to assess their adhesive properties. Viability of cells within spheroids was determined using the Trypan blue exclusion. The presence or absence of adhesion was determined by microscopic observation.Results. «Smooth» spheroids of 7 and 14 days of pretransplantation cultivation and derived from hanging drops containing 500 and 1000 cells showed the highest transplantability (cell viability varied from 0.83 ± 0.38 to 0.94 ± 0.24, a 100% adhesion). «Rough» spheroids were untransplantable in all variants, despite their partial preservation of viability (in comparison to “smooth” ones p < 0.05). 21 and 28 days of pretransplantation culturing and high cell seeding numbers signifi cantly lowered transplantability of obtained spheroids (p > 0.05 for low cell numbers, p < 0.05 for the high ones). Differences in adrenaline indexes A and B of donor eyes which were the primary sources of cellular material had no effect (p > 0.05) on resulting spheroids transplantability.Conclusion. Among RPE spheroids obtained by our method the spheroids cultivated in a 3D environment for 7 to 14 days prior to transplantation and derived from hanging drops containing 500 and 1000 RPE cells showed the highest transplantability.
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Coulehan, Jack. "Anatomy of Anatomy, by Meryl Levin. New York: Third Rail Press, 2000. 133 pp." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 11, no. 4 (August 30, 2002): 415–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180102004164.
Full textAbstract:
Camaraderie is what I remember most about my anatomy course in medical school. There were six of us to the cadaver; six strangers who, during the course of endless hours of dissection and study, formed unique bonds. As time went on, we developed closer friendships with others, but none of these included that special sense of having been together at the beginning. We named our cadaver Ernest so we could kid about telling our parents that we were working in dead earnest. I can still visualize the man's sharp, rough face, gray and emaciated. I see his ravaged black lungs. As I write this review, the trenchant odor of formaldehyde reaches out from 36 years in the past and makes my eyes water. Nowadays, I could no more list the skull's foramina than I could speak Sanskrit, but I haven't forgotten most of the lessons that Ernest taught me.
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TRUONG, NGUYEN QUANG, RALF HENDRIX, WOLFGANG BÖHME, VU NGOC THANH, and THOMAS ZIEGLER. "A new species of the genus Philautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the Truong Son Range, Quang Binh Province, central Vietnam." Zootaxa 1925, no. 1 (November 7, 2008): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1925.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
We describe a new species of the rhacophorid genus Philautus from the Truong Son, based on two voucher specimens from montane evergreen and karst forests within Quang Binh Province, central Vietnam. Philautus quyeti sp. n. is distinguished from all other small-sized rhacophorid treefrogs with reduced finger webbing by the combination of the following characters: size relatively small; head longer than wide; vomerine teeth absent; tympanum distinct, rounded, wider than disc of finger III; supratympanic fold indistinct; dermal fringe along outer side of forearm, tibia, tarsus and toe IV absent; skin not lumpy or spinulous, dorsal head, back and upper part of flank rough with small sharp tubercles; dark brown pattern forming an inverse Y, notably a triangular spot between eyes that is separated into two bands that continue posteriorly on the back; throat and margin of throat and chest yellow white with brown marbling.
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Ohkura, H., T. Torok, G. Tick, J. Hoheisel, I. Kiss, and D. M. Glover. "Mutation of a gene for a Drosophila kinesin-like protein, Klp38B, leads to failure of cytokinesis." Journal of Cell Science 110, no. 8 (April 15, 1997): 945–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.110.8.945.
Full textAbstract:
Mutations in a gene (Klp38B) encoding a novel kinesin-like protein in Drosophila melanogaster lead to the formation of polyploid cells in the larval central nervous system and in the follicle cells of adult egg chambers. Some homozygous mutants survive to adulthood and also exhibit morphological defects indicative of abnormal cell cycle progression, including rough eyes, missing bristles, and abnormal abdominal cuticles. In larval brains, there is no accumulation of mitotic cells and the frequency of anaphase figures is comparable to wild type, suggesting that nuclear division is not affected. Such brains contain polyploid cells with metaphase and anaphase chromosomes associated with bipolar spindles. Such spindles have a number of unseparated centrosomes at their poles reflecting the degree of polyploidy of the cell. Follicle cells frequently contain two nuclei of roughly equal size. Taken together, we conclude that these Klp38B mutations lead to a failure of cytokinesis resulting in polyploidy, and discuss whether or not this is a direct effect of the mutation.
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Rimmington, G., B. Dalby, and D. M. Glover. "Expression of N-terminally truncated cyclin B in the Drosophila larval brain leads to mitotic delay at late anaphase." Journal of Cell Science 107, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 2729–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.107.10.2729.
Full textAbstract:
We have introduced an N-terminally truncated form of cyclin B into the Drosophila germ-line downstream of the yeast upstream activator that responds to GAL4. When such lines of flies are crossed to lines in which GAL4 is expressed in imaginal discs and larval brain, the majority of the resulting progeny die at the late pupal stage of development. Very rarely (< 0.1% of progeny) adults emerge that have a mutant phenotype typical of flies with mutations in genes required for the cell cycle; they have rough eyes, deformed wings, abnormal bristles, and die within hours of emergence. The brains of third instar larval progeny show an abnormally high proportion of mitotic cells containing overcondensed chromatids that have undergone anaphase separation, together with cells that cannot be assigned to a particular mitotic stage. Immunostaining indicates that these anaphase cells contain moderate levels of cyclin B, suggesting that persistent p34cdc2 kinase activity can prevent progression from anaphase into telophase.
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Glennemeier, Jaelyn. "Engaging through Seeing." Undergraduate Research Journal for the Humanities 3, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/1808.26398.
Full textAbstract:
The opening scene of Charlotte Brontë’s best-known novel, Jane Eyre, reveals a young Jane pouring over the pages of Thomas Bewick’s History of British Birds. Her eyes are drawn to the mysterious vignettes of the forlorn arctic and the lone ship on the rough sea. The images take over and inspire her imagination, but her deep connection to these images suggests something far more complex than a moment of childhood daydreaming. More than a simple literary allusion, the scene calls for a closer look into the relationship between imagination and illustration. This paper examines how both Bewick and Brontë understood the useful application of imagination in their roles as artists and as writers. It recognizes the nineteenth-century visual reading experience and argues that these authors intentionally used illustrations as integral parts of their texts. It also argues that young Jane’s ability to imaginatively partake in reading, and in life, make her both Bewick and Brontë’s ideal reader.
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Rosch, David, Danielle DeSawal, Steven McCullar, Adam Peck, and Stephanie Russel Krebs. "Translating a dissertation to a scholarly publication: Words of advice from the Journal Editorial Board." Journal of Campus Activities Practice and Scholarship 1, no. 2 (September 2019): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.52499/2019010.
Full textAbstract:
A quote often attributed to Michelangelo reads, “In every block of marble I see a statue as plain as though it stood before me, shaped and perfect in attitude and action. I have only to hew away the rough walls that imprison the lovely apparition to reveal it to the other eyes as mine see it” (Shaikh and Leonard-Amodeo, 2005, p. 75). There can be a temptation to see the act of chiseling a journal article out of one’s dissertation in similar terms. One cannot help but wonder if Michelangelo’s advisors ever presented him a piece of stone and said, “Yeah, you could get two or three angels out of this one.” However, “chop it down and submit something” is advice doctoral students often receive when thinking about publishing their dissertations. Such advice can lead to the modern-day equivalent of this approach – cutting and pasting a 20,000-40,000 word dissertation into 5,000-7,000 word journal article. This process, of course, often leads to expected results: a disjointed and wordy article that is both difficult to follow and overly complicated.
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YUAN, ZHIYONG, YUNKE WU, JIAJUN ZHOU, and JING CHE. "A new species of the genus Paramesotriton (Caudata: Salamandridae) from Fujian, southeastern China." Zootaxa 4205, no. 6 (December 12, 2016): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4205.6.3.
Full textAbstract:
New amphibian species have been constantly discovered throughout southern China, including from areas close to heavily populated cities that remain poorly surveyed for amphibian diversity. We describe a new species of the newt genus Paramesotriton from Fujian, a developed province on the southeastern coast of mainland China. The mitochondrial genealogy suggests that the new species is the sister taxon to Paramesotriton hongkongensis, separated by an uncorrected pairwise distances of 5.8% at the ND2 gene fragment analyzed. In addition to the genetic divergence, the new species can be readily differentiated from its congeners by having: a very rough skin; a continuous, orange, vertebral ridge; few warts on each side of the vertebral ridge; numerous small irregular orange-red or yellow spots on the chin, venter, underside of axillae, flanks, lateral side of the tail, base of limbs and cloaca; a small groove at the base of the vomerine tooth series; relatively long tail, relatively flat cloaca in females; normally developed eyes, and the absence of vestigial gills and gill filaments in adults.
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Rashid, Irfan, Mohmmad Irshad Rather, and Shabir A. Khanday. "Investigating the 2017 Erratic Fishkill Episode in the Jhelum River, Kashmir Himalaya." Pollutants 1, no. 2 (May 12, 2021): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pollutants1020008.
Full textAbstract:
Globally, the frequency of fishkill episodes is increasing, owing to natural and human-induced modification of aquatic ecosystems. A massive fishkill took place on 22 October 2017 along an approximately 1.5 km stretch of the Jhelum River in Srinagar City, India. Thousands of fish died during this specific event, not lasting more than three hours, creating chaos and panic among the local population and government circles. In this context, affected fish were assessed for three morphological parameters, which include skin color, eye appearance, and skin texture. To back our findings, three critical water-quality parameters, including pH, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen essential for the survival of fishes were assessed in the affected river stretch. This study assumes importance given that water-quality observation stations for monitoring the health of the Jhelum River are lacking in the highly urbanized Srinagar City. The morphological examination of fish samples revealed discoloration, bulging eyes, and rough skin texture, indicating chemical contamination of waters in the affected river stretch. The water quality analysis revealed neutral pH (7.2), normal temperature (15.6 °C), and mildly depleted dissolved oxygen (6 mg L−1) levels. While the morphological examination of the affected fish indicated chemical contamination, the physicochemical parameters exhibited a typical scenario of river water. For avoiding any such further incident and to precisely ascertain the cause of such fishkill episodes in future, it is suggested that a few continuous water-quality monitoring sites along Jhelum River should be set up, supplemented with robust ecological modeling simulations.
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Lemmens, Sophie, João Barbosa Breda, Karel Van Keer, Tine Jacobs, Ruben Van Landeghem, Patrick De Boever, and Ingeborg Stalmans. "The Prevalence of Undiagnosed Age-Related Sight-Threatening Diseases in Self-Proclaimed Healthy Individuals." Journal of Ophthalmology 2020 (November 7, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3709793.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Age-related conditions such as glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and cataract have become the major cause of visual impairment and blindness in high-income countries. The aim of the current study is to investigate the prevalence of these eye diseases in a cohort of self-proclaimed healthy elderly and thus get a rough estimation of the prevalence of undiagnosed age-related eye conditions in the Belgian population. Methods. Individuals aged 55 and older without ophthalmological complaints were asked to fill in a general medical questionnaire and underwent an ophthalmological examination, which included a biomicroscopic examination, intraocular pressure measurement, axial length measurement, and acquisition of fundus pictures and optical coherence tomography scans. Information regarding follow-up was collected in those who received the advice of referral to an ophthalmologist or the advice to have more frequent follow-up visits, based on their study evaluation. Results. The cohort included 102 people and comprised 46% men (median age 70 years, range 57–85 years). Referral for additional examinations was made in 26 participants (25%). The advice to have more regular follow-up ophthalmologist visits was given to nine additional participants (9%). No significant correlations between baseline characteristics and the need for referral could be identified. Follow-up information was available for 25 out of 26 referred volunteers. Out of these, four underwent a therapeutic intervention based on study referral, up until 18 months after study participation. All four interventions took place in the age group 65–74 years. Conclusions. This study shows that, even in an elderly population with self-proclaimed healthy eyes and good general health, a significant proportion of subjects showed ocular findings that need regular follow-up and/or intervention. The frequency of prior ophthalmological examinations does not seem to be relevant to this proportion, meaning that everyone above 55 years old needs a routine ophthalmological evaluation.
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Verhaegen, Gerlien, and Martin Haase. "All-inclusive descriptions of new freshwater snail taxa of the hyperdiverse family Tateidae (Gastropoda, Caenogastropoda) from the South Island of New Zealand." European Journal of Taxonomy 731 (January 18, 2021): 71–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.731.1205.
Full textAbstract:
Four new species and one new subspecies of tateid freshwater gastropods are described from the north of the South Island of New Zealand, Catapyrgus jami sp. nov., Opacuincola lisannea sp. nov., O. gretathunbergae sp. nov., O. mete kahurangi ssp. nov. and Obtusopyrgus farri sp. nov. The species are integratively defined based on a combination of shell morphological, anatomical and mitochondrial DNA data. Morphological and anatomical data were generated by morphometrics, scanning electron microscopy, as well as micro-computed tomography. The genetic data were basis of phylogenetic analyses and incorporated into the diagnoses. The new taxa occur in springs or spring-like habitats, i.e., shallow, slow-flowing sections of small streams except for O. mete kahurangi subsp. nov., which was collected from rough rocks in a river, where the snails sat in small depressions. None of the species exceeded 2.75 mm in length. Opacuincola gretathunbergae sp. nov. and Obtusopyrgus farri sp. nov. are pigmented and true crenobionts, while C. jami sp. nov. and the sympatric Opacuincola lisannea sp. nov. have eyes of reduced size and lack epidermal pigment, hence, probably dwell in the transitional zone of epigean and groundwaters.
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Lee, E.-Chiang, Sung-Yun Yu, Xiaoxi Hu, Marek Mlodzik, and Nicholas E. Baker. "Functional Analysis of the Fibrinogen-Related scabrous Gene From Drosophila melanogaster Identifies Potential Effector and Stimulatory Protein Domains." Genetics 150, no. 2 (October 1, 1998): 663–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/150.2.663.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The scabrous (sca) gene encodes a secreted dimeric glycoprotein with putative coiled-coil domains N-terminally and a C-terminal region related to the blood clot protein fibrinogen. Homozygous sca mutants have extra bristle organs and rough eyes. We describe a GAL4-based expression system for testing rescue of the sca mutant phenotype by altered SCA proteins and for misexpression. We find that deletion of the fibrinogen-related domain (FReD) greatly decreases SCA function, confirming the importance of this conserved region. SCA function could not be restored by FReDs from human fibrinogen chain genes. However, proteins lacking any FReD still showed some function in both rescue and misexpression experiments, suggesting that putative effector-binding regions lie outside this domain. Consistent with this, proteins expressing only the FReD had no rescuing activity but were recessive negative; i.e., they enhanced the phenotype of sca mutations but had no phenotype in the presence of a wild-type sca allele. This suggests that the FReD contributes to SCA function by binding to other components of the bristle determination pathway, increasing the activity of the linked N-terminal region.
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Rong, Xin, Honghai Liu, Xinmin Gao, and Qinghua Bian. "Research on the Method of Detecting the Spreading Rate of the Simultaneous Crushed Stone Sealing Layer Based on Machine Vision." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (October 19, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4017071.
Full textAbstract:
Synchronous chip seal is an advanced road constructing technology, and the gravel coverage rate is an important indicator of the construction quality. The traditional method to measure the gravel coverage rate usually depends on observation by human eyes, which is rough and inefficient. In this paper, a detection method of gravel coverage based on improved wavelet algorithm is proposed. By decomposing the image with two-dimensional discrete wavelet, the high-frequency and low-frequency coefficients are extracted. The noise of the high-frequency coefficients in the image is removed by improving the threshold function, and the contrast of the gravel target in the low-frequency coefficients is improved by the multiscale Retinex algorithm, and then two-dimensional wavelet reconstruction is carried out. Finally, the gravel target is segmented by the block threshold method, and the pixel ratio of the gravel is calculated to complete the detection of the gravel coverage. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively segment the gravel target and reduce the influence of environmental factors on the detection accuracy. The detection accuracy error is within ±2%, which can meet the detection requirements. The improved wavelet algorithm improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the denoised image, reduces the mean square error, and achieves a relatively good denoising effect.
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Scholz, H., J. Deatrick, A. Klaes, and C. Klämbt. "Genetic dissection of pointed, a Drosophila gene encoding two ETS-related proteins." Genetics 135, no. 2 (October 1, 1993): 455–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/135.2.455.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Drosophila gene pointed (pnt) is required for the differentiation of a number of tissues during embryogenesis, including the ventral ectoderm, the nervous system, the tracheal system and certain muscle fibers. The phenotypes associated with strong pointed alleles are reflected by a complex pointed expression pattern during embryogenesis. Two promoters, P1 and P2, separated by some 50 kb of genomic sequences, direct the transcription of two different transcript forms, encoding two different proteins related to the ETS family of transcription factors. To assess the individual functions of the two different pointed protein forms, we have generated new pointed alleles affecting either the P1 or the P2 transcript, termed P1 and P2 alleles, respectively. Genetic analysis reveals partial heteroallelic complementation between certain pointed P1 and P2 alleles. Surviving trans-heterozygous flies have rough eyes, abnormal wings and halters, suggesting a requirement for pointed function during their imaginal disc development. Further genetic analysis demonstrates that expression of a given pointed P2 allele depends on trans-acting transcriptional regulatory sequences. We have identified two chromosomal domains with opposite regulatory effects on the transcriptional activity of the pointed P2 promoter, one trans-activates and the other trans-represses pointed P2 expression. By deletion mapping we were able to localize these control regions within the 5' region of the pointed P2 transcript.
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Madyastuti R, Lina, Retno Twistiandayani, and Arifatul Widya Rahayu. "PENGARUH SENAM OTAK TERHADAP PENINGKATAN MOTORIK KASAR PADA ANAK USIA 4-6 TAHUN." WIRARAJA MEDIKA 8, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24929/fik.v8i2.646.
Full textAbstract:
Children aged 4-6 years the most prominent development is motor, motor is closely related to physical activity. Gross motor is the development of motion control through the coordinated between the nerves, brain and spinal cord. One way to optimize the use of all the dimensions of the brain is brain gymnastics. Doing brain gym is one type of nonfarmacologis therapy that serves to improve the gross motor. The purpose of this study was to the effect of brain gym on gross motor improvement in children aged 4-6 years.
This research method used Quasy experimentalwith two control groups and treatment groups. Sample was selected using the Purposive Sampling method. Samples obtained as many 30 children. Independent variable in this study ware brain gym, while the dependent variable in this study was the change rough motor of children aged 4-6 years. Data collected before and after the intervention. Analysis used of the data used stastical test of Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test with the value <0.05.
The results of research showed value significant (2-tailed) = 0.001 meaning there was influence of brain gym to the increase of gross motor in children aged 4-6 years.
By giving the brain gym will provide stimulation of the brain so as to improve the coordination of the eyes and hands that can improve the development of gross motor in children.
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Barroso, Inês A., Kenny Man, Thomas E. Robinson, Sophie C. Cox, and Anita K. Ghag. "Photocurable GelMA Adhesives for Corneal Perforations." Bioengineering 9, no. 2 (January 28, 2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9020053.
Full textAbstract:
The current treatments for the management of corneal and scleral perforations include sutures and adhesives. While sutures are invasive, induce astigmatism and carry a risk of infection, cyanoacrylate glues are toxic, proinflammatory and form an opaque and rough surface that precludes vision. Consequently, the clinical need for a fast curing and strong tissue adhesive with minimised cytotoxicity and host inflammation remains unmet. In this paper, we engineer a gelatine methacryloyl (GelMA) adhesive that can be crosslinked in situ within 2 min using UV or visible light and a riboflavin (RF)/sodium persulfate (SPS) system. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) images demonstrated that the flowable GelMA adhesive could completely fill corneal wounds and restore the ocular curvature by forming a smooth contour on the ocular surface. Further, ex vivo studies in porcine eyes showed that GelMA bioadhesives exhibited burst pressures that were comparable to cyanoacrylates (49 ± 9 kPa), with the hydrogels exhibiting a transmittance (90%), water content (85%) and storage modulus (5 kPa) similar to the human cornea. Finally, using human dermal fibroblasts, we showed that our GelMA adhesive was non-toxic and could effectively support cell adhesion and proliferation. Taken together, the adhesive’s performance, injectability and ease of administration, together with gelatin’s availability and cost-effectiveness, make it a potential stromal filler or sealant for corneal and conjunctival applications.
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Landis, G., and J. Tower. "The Drosophila chiffon gene is required for chorion gene amplification, and is related to the yeast Dbf4 regulator of DNA replication and cell cycle." Development 126, no. 19 (October 1, 1999): 4281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.19.4281.
Full textAbstract:
The Drosophila chorion genes encode the major protein components of the chorion (eggshell) and are arranged in two clusters in the genome. To meet the demand for rapid chorion synthesis, Drosophila ovary follicle cells amplify the chorion gene clusters approximately 80-fold. Amplification proceeds through repeated firing of one or more DNA replication origins located near the center of each gene cluster. Hypomorphic mutant alleles of the chiffon gene cause thin, fragile chorions and female sterility, and were found to eliminate chorion gene amplification. Null alleles of chiffon had the additional phenotypes of rough eyes and thin thoracic bristles: phenotypes often associated with disruption of normal cell cycle. The chiffon locus was cloned by chromosomal walking from the nearby cactus locus. A 6.5 kb transcript was identified and confirmed to be chiffon by sequencing of mutant alleles and by phenotypic rescue with genomic transformation constructs. The protein predicted by translation of the 5.1 kb chiffon ORF contains two domains related to the S. cerevisiae Dbf4 regulator of DNA replication origin firing and cell cycle progression: a 44 residue domain designated CDDN1 (43% identical) and a 41 residue domain designated CDDN2 (12% identical). The CDDN domains were also found in the S. pombe homolog of Dbf4, Dfp1, as well as in the proteins predicted by translation of the Aspergillus nimO gene and specific human and mouse clones. The data suggest a family of eukaryotic proteins related to Dbf4 and involved in initiation of DNA replication.
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Zhigalskaya, T. A., O. I. Krivosheina, A. N. Dzyman, and I. A. Khlusov. "Pathomorphological features of conjunctival and scleral regeneration associated with intraoperative application of Cyclosporin A." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 18, no. 3 (October 27, 2019): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2019-3-46-52.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose. In experiment in vivo to study the features of regeneration of the conjunctiva and sclera of rats after surgery with intraoperative application of a 0.05% Ciclosporin A.Materials and methods. Еxperimental animals (rats) (n = 48) were divided into the main group, including the subgroups a (n = 16) and b (n = 16) and the comparison group (n = 16). Performed a through cut of the conjunctiva and damage to the surface layers of the sclera one of the eyes of all animals. Further on the surgical trauma zone in the main group, the intraoperative application of the cytostatic was performed. In the subgroup a with a duration of 3 minutes, in the subgroup b – 6 minutes. In the comparison group a hemostatic sponge without a cytostatic was used intraoperatively.Results. In the comparison group postoperative period proceeds with a stereotyped dynamics of cell phase changes in damaged tissues. In the end the development of dense conjunctival-scleral fusion in the area of surgical trauma was noted. Intraoperative application of 0.05% Cyclosporine A leads to a slowing of regeneration, preventing formation of rough conjunctival-scleral scar.Conclusions. Intraoperative applications of 0.05% Cyclosporin A change the stereotyped dynamics of the inflammatory-reparative regeneration in the surgical intervention zone, inhibiting the migration of cells almost in 3 times and significantly (in 2 times) prolonging the duration of the macrophage phase. This causes a slowdown of reparative regeneration, prevents excessive scarring in the operating area.
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Zhigalskaya, T. A., O. I. Krivosheina, A. N. Dzyman, and I. A. Khlusov. "Pathomorphological features of conjunctival and scleral regeneration associated with intraoperative application of Cyclosporin A." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 18, no. 3 (October 27, 2019): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2019-3-4652.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose. In experiment in vivo to study the features of regeneration of the conjunctiva and sclera of rats after surgery with intraoperative application of a 0.05% Ciclosporin A.Materials and methods. Еxperimental animals (rats) (n = 48) were divided into the main group, including the subgroups a (n = 16) and b (n = 16) and the comparison group (n = 16). Performed a through cut of the conjunctiva and damage to the surface layers of the sclera one of the eyes of all animals. Further on the surgical trauma zone in the main group, the intraoperative application of the cytostatic was performed. In the subgroup a with a duration of 3 minutes, in the subgroup b – 6 minutes. In the comparison group a hemostatic sponge without a cytostatic was used intraoperatively.Results. In the comparison group postoperative period proceeds with a stereotyped dynamics of cell phase changes in damaged tissues. In the end the development of dense conjunctival-scleral fusion in the area of surgical trauma was noted. Intraoperative application of 0.05% Cyclosporine A leads to a slowing of regeneration, preventing formation of rough conjunctival-scleral scar.Conclusions. Intraoperative applications of 0.05% Cyclosporin A change the stereotyped dynamics of the inflammatory-reparative regeneration in the surgical intervention zone, inhibiting the migration of cells almost in 3 times and significantly (in 2 times) prolonging the duration of the macrophage phase. This causes a slowdown of reparative regeneration, prevents excessive scarring in the operating area.
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Katargina, Lyudmila A., Ekaterina V. Denisova, and Natalya A. Osipova. "Long-term treatment as chorioretinitis of atypical optic disk pit complicated by retinal detachment in the macular zone." Russian Pediatric Ophthalmology 17, no. 2 (August 4, 2022): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rpoj105649.
Full textAbstract:
Changes in the macular zone of the retina, which have different etiopathogenesis, can occur with a similar ophthalmoscopic picture.
AIM: To present the clinical case of a child with a congenital the optic disc pit, complicated by retinal detachment in the macular zone, who received long-term treatment for chorioretinitis.
RESULTS: A 13-year-old child was referred to the Helmholtz National Medical Research Center for a diagnosis of an idiopatic chorioretinal inflammation in the right eye. For 2 years at home, the child received inpatient treatment, including anti-inflammatory, desensitizing, and antibacterial therapy, without changes in visual acuity, ophthalmoscopy, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) data. Based on a comprehensive assessment of OCT results of the macular area and the optic nerve head (presence of a peripapillary slit-like detachment of the neuroepithelium in the superior temporal and inferior temporal quadrants, detachment of the neuroepithelium in the macula), anamnesis (lack of a response to ongoing anti-inflammatory therapy), biomicroscopy, and ophthalmoscopy (on the right, the optic disc is oval, horizontally elongated, decolorized, along the horizontal meridian it is made of glial tissue, in the area of the papillomacular bundle and in the macula, there is a rough redistribution of pigment. On the left, the optic disc is oval, horizontally elongated, decolorized, the macula and the periphery without pathology), the diagnosis was made: a congenital anomaly in the development of the optic disc (optic disc pit) in both eyes complicated by retinal detachment in the macula on the right. The child underwent transpupillary laser coagulation of the retina in the parapapillar zone in the upper and lower temporal quadrants of the right eye. Upon further observation after 1 and 2 months, OCT data revealed positive dynamics of resorption of the subretinal fluid in the macular zone, and an increase in visual functions was noted.
CONCLUSION: Сompetent interpretation and integration of the results of clinical and instrumental examinations and thorough analysis of anamnestic data make it possible to identify the pathology underlying structural disorders of the macular zone, which is of key importance in choosing the right treatment techniques and maintaining visual functions.
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Purwaningsih, Rindha Mita, Pamungkas Wahyu Setiyanto, and Oscar Samaratungga. "EKSOTIKA SUKU MENTAWAI DALAM FOTOGRAFI DOKUMENTER." spectā: Journal of Photography, Arts, and Media 2, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/specta.v2i2.2550.
Full textAbstract:
AbstrakObjek penciptaan karya fotografi membahas eksotika kegiatan sehari-hari suku pedalaman Mentawai, Siberut Selatan. Penciptaan karya didasari oleh minimya informasi tentang keseharian masyarakat pedalaman dusun Buttui dan diciptakan karya ini, diharapkan mampu memberi gambaran dan informasi tentang kehidupan para suku pedalaman di Mentawai melalui fotografi dokumenter. Penciptaan karya fotografi ini berorientasi dengan eksotika kegiatan sehari-hari suku Mentawai sebagai dasar acuan proses penciptaan dengan metode observasi,eksplorasi, pemotretan. Karya foto dibuat dalam fotografi dokumenter, dengan mengambil peristiwa-peristiwa yang menarik lewat bidang jurnalistik. Suatu cara pandang baru dan inspiratif bagi yang melihat dan merasakan dapat membuka mata kita seutuhnya tentang lingkungan budaya di sekitar kita yang mulai terkikis oleh kerasnya kemajuan dan ketatnya perkembangan zaman. Kata kunci: eksotika, suku Mentawai, fotografi dokumenter AbstractExotica of Mentawai Tribe in Documentary Photography. This abstract discusses the daily exotica of object creation in the heart of Mentawai, South Siberut. This work, with a lack of source information, is based on the daily lives of rural people in Buttui village. It is created with the hopes of capturing and giving information about the tribe lives in rural Mentawai through documentary photography. This abstract is oriented in Mentawai tribe as a basis creation process using observation, exploration, and experimental methods. The photographs are made with documentary photography that captures enticing events through journalism. A new perspective and inspirationwill completely open people’s eyes, for those who see and feel, on the nowadays cultural environment which slowly eroded by the rough progress and tight developmental era. Keywords: exotica, Mentawai tribe, documentary photography
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HABIB, KAZI AHSAN, and MD JAYEDUL ISLAM. "Description of a new species of giant guitarfish, Glaucostegus younholeei sp. nov. (Rhinopristiformes: Glaucostegidae) from the northern Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh." Zootaxa 4995, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4995.1.7.
Full textAbstract:
A new species of giant guitarfish, Glaucostegus younholeei sp. nov., is described from 13 specimens, 730–933 mm total length, collected from fish landing center of Bangladesh Fisheries Development Corporation in Cox’s Bazar district of Bangladesh. The new species is distinguished from congeners in having the following combination of characters: Body brownish or greyish in color with a narrowly wedge-shaped disc, and long narrow bluntly pointed snout (angle 31–40°), and broad oblique nostrils with the narrow anterior opening. Nostrils about half of the mouth width, subequal (0.98–1.33) to internasal width; ~55–57 nasal lamellae; anterior nasal flaps slightly penetrating into internasal space, their interspace 2.20– 2.61 in length of the posterior nasal aperture. Orbit very small in adults, diameter 8.19–11.62 in preorbital length, 2.25–2.69 in interorbital space. Rostral ridges almost joined along their entire length; margin of cranium sharply demarcated before eyes. Spiracular folds very short and widely separated. Skin rough, densely covered with small denticles, more coarsely granular on the dorsal surface than ventrally, enlarged between orbits and in a distinct band between nape and first dorsal fin. Tail relatively longer, length 1.15–1.48 in disc length; dorsal fins narrowly spaced, interspace 1.32–2.11 in base length of the first dorsal fin. Clasper length in adult male 4.37–5.70 in total length. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA barcode sequences also shows the clear divergence of Glaucostegus younholeei from other congeneric species obtained from GenBank. A key is provided to the 8 known members including new species of the genus Glaucostegus.
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Parker, Pamela Corpron. "Fictional Philanthropy in Elizabeth Gaskell's Mary Barton and North and South." Victorian Literature and Culture 25, no. 2 (1997): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150300004812.
Full textAbstract:
Among the many anecdotes explaining Elizabeth Gaskell's entrance into the literary marketplace is one circulated by Travers Madge, a leading Manchester philanthropist. Gaskell allegedly told him that “the one strong impulse” to write Mary Barton came after visiting one particularly destitute laborer's cottage:She was trying hard to speak comfort, and to allay those bitter feelings against the rich which were so common with the poor, when the head of the family took hold of her arm, and grasping it tightly said, with tears in his eyes, “Ay, ma'am, but have ye ever seen a child clemmed to death?” (Hompes 131)While this anecdote ostensibly explains Gaskell's literary calling as a sacred duty and illustrates her expansive feminine sympathy, it also positions her work within the larger project of nineteenth-century philanthropy. As a lady visitor, she attempts to “speak comfort” and assuage working-class hostility toward the rich, but she finds herself in a discursive struggle with the workman, whose rough vernacular and even rougher hand threaten violence both to the lady and the narrative. Like the Ancient Mariner of Coleridge's poem, the nameless workman compels her to listen and accord him the authority that great suffering demands. He wrests the reader's attention away from the main figure of the anecdote, the benevolent “Mrs. Gaskell,” and renders her speechless — at least for a while. For it is his domestic tragedy which authorizes her literary vocation and enables her to present her work as a form of fictional philanthropy.
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Aguilera, Miguel, Mariano Oliveros, Manuel Martínez-Padrón, Julio A. Barbas, and Alberto Ferrús. "Ariadne-1: A Vital Drosophila Gene Is Required in Development and Defines a New Conserved Family of RING-Finger Proteins." Genetics 155, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 1231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.3.1231.
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Abstract We report the identification and functional characterization of ariadne-1 (ari-1), a novel and vital Drosophila gene required for the correct differentiation of most cell types in the adult organism. Also, we identify a sequence-related gene, ari-2, and the corresponding mouse and human homologues of both genes. All these sequences define a new protein family by the Acid-rich, RING finger, B-box, RING finger, coiled-coil (ARBRCC) motif string. In Drosophila, ari-1 is expressed throughout development in all tissues. The mutant phenotypes are most noticeable in cells that undergo a large and rapid membrane deposition, such as rewiring neurons during metamorphosis, large tubular muscles during adult myogenesis, and photoreceptors. Occasional survivors of null alleles exhibit reduced life span, motor impairments, and short and thin bristles. Single substitutions at key cysteines in each RING finger cause lethality with no survivors and a drastic reduction of rough endoplasmic reticulum that can be observed in the photoreceptors of mosaic eyes. In yeast two-hybrid assays, the protein ARI-1 interacts with a novel ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, UbcD10, whose sequence is also reported here. The N-terminal RING-finger motif is necessary and sufficient to mediate this interaction. Mouse and fly homologues of both ARI proteins and the Ubc can substitute for each other in the yeast two-hybrid assay, indicating that ARI represents a conserved novel mechanism in development. In addition to ARI homologues, the RBR signature is also found in the Parkinson-disease-related protein Parkin adjacent to an ubiquitin-like domain, suggesting that the study of this mechanism could be relevant for human pathology.
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Kadomoto, Shin, Akihito Uji, Yuki Muraoka, Tadamichi Akagi, and Akitaka Tsujikawa. "Enhanced Visualization of Retinal Microvasculature in Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Imaging via Deep Learning." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 5 (May 2, 2020): 1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051322.
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Background: To investigate the effects of deep learning denoising on quantitative vascular measurements and the quality of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images. Methods: U-Net-based deep learning denoising with an averaged OCTA data set as teacher data was used in this study. One hundred and thirteen patients with various retinal diseases were examined. An OCT HS-100 (Canon inc., Tokyo, Japan) performed a 3 × 3 mm2 superficial capillary plexus layer slab scan centered on the fovea 10 times. A single-shot image was defined as the original image and the 10-frame averaged image and denoised image generated from the original image using deep learning denoising for the analyses were obtained. The main parameters measured were the OCTA image acquisition time, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), vessel density (VD), vessel length density (VLD), vessel diameter index (VDI), and fractal dimension (FD) of the original, averaged, and denoised images. Results: One hundred and twelve eyes of 108 patients were studied. Deep learning denoising removed the background noise and smoothed the rough vessel surface. The image acquisition times for the original, averaged, and denoised images were 16.6 ± 2.4, 285 ± 38, and 22.1 ± 2.4 s, respectively (P < 0.0001). The CNR and PSNR of the denoised image were significantly higher than those of the original image (P < 0.0001). There were significant differences in the VLD, VDI, and FD (P < 0.0001) after deep learning denoising. Conclusions: The deep learning denoising method achieved high speed and high quality OCTA imaging. This method may be a viable alternative to the multiple image averaging technique.
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Sullivan, Kristin. "CARVING CHINCOTEAGUE." Practicing Anthropology 34, no. 3 (June 29, 2012): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.34.3.bx072t72mr3r854t.
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The first time I went to Chincoteague Island, Virginia, was during their peak tourist season. Vacationers buzzed around on motor scooters and bicycles, and the streets were lined with beach shops selling T-shirts, saltwater taffy, beach towels featuring horses and dolphins, and other usual beach town fare and souvenirs. One shop stuck out at me, however, and I had to check it out. I stopped at a garage attached to a small home with the word Decoys written on the outside, and a couple of crab pots and a neon Open sign by the garage door. Inside I found shelves with wooden birds, and a man came out of the house and explained that he was the homeowner and the birds' carver. I looked around a while and commented that I especially liked one bird; it was rough wood, gestural, or interpretive. Something about it spoke to me about nature; there was a ruggedness to it that appealed to me, the suburbanite. I was quickly chastised for my lack of knowledge, however, and it was explained to me that the bird wasn't finished. I asked what he still had to do to it. The shop owner showed me pictures of his family, from whom he learned to carve, and told me about decoys being used in hunting practices on and around the island. The birds, even if they weren't to be used for hunting now, needed to look somewhat like they were, painted with distinctive markings, glass eyes set in, and so forth. There was a very different aesthetic at play here than I anticipated, and there was emotion tied to what the bird was supposed to be, which, I quickly learned, was not my idea of rugged nature. Clearly I was missing something, and I was intrigued.