Academic literature on the topic 'Rotors – Aerodynamics'

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Journal articles on the topic "Rotors – Aerodynamics"

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Barkat, Ibtissem, Abdelouahab Benretem, Fawaz Massouh, Issam Meghlaoui, and Ahlem Chebel. "Modeling and simulation of forces applied to the horizontal axis wind turbine rotors by the vortex method coupled with the method of the blade element." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i1.pp413-420.

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This article aims to study the forces applied to the rotors of horizontal axis wind turbines. The aerodynamics of a turbine are controlled by the flow around the rotor, or estimate of air charges on the rotor blades under various operating conditions and their relation to the structural dynamics of the rotor are critical for design. One of the major challenges in wind turbine aerodynamics is to predict the forces on the blade as various methods, including blade element moment theory (BEM), the approach that is naturally adapted to the simulation of the aerodynamics of wind turbines and the dynamic and models (CFD) that describes with fidelity the flow around the rotor. In our article we proposed a modeling method and a simulation of the forces applied to the horizontal axis wind rotors turbines using the application of the blade elements method to model the rotor and the vortex method of free wake modeling in order to develop a rotor model, which can be used to study wind farms. This model is intended to speed up the calculation, guaranteeing a good representation of the aerodynamic loads exerted by the wind.
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Povarov, Sergii. "Determination of the aerodynamic characteristics of the tiltrotor with the wingtip-mounted coaxial rotors." MECHANICS OF GYROSCOPIC SYSTEMS, no. 40 (December 26, 2021): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/0203-3771402020248778.

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The article describes the study of rotor-to-wing aerodynamic interaction for the wingtip-mounted coaxial rotors configuration of the tiltrotor aircraft. The influence of the rotor slipstreams on lift-to-drag ratio characteristic was determined. Obtained results were compared with similar characteristics of the equivalent in thrust conventional single rotor slipstreams impact. Using the computational aerodynamics methods (panel-vortex method) the flow around the tiltrotor model with the wingtip-mounted single and coaxial rotors has been simulated. A study of the basic model configuration with conventional single rotors, based on the technical characteristics of the AgustaWestland AW609 tiltrotor, was conducted. Further researches were conducted for a modified model where single rotors were replaced with equivalent in thrust coaxial rotors. The influence of the rotor slipstreams on the aerodynamic characteristics of the model for both directions of rotors rotation in coaxial combination is considered. Also, the dependence of the maximum lift-to-drag characteristic due to the coaxial rotor diameters change has been determined. The results show that the coaxial rotor slipstreams-to-wing aerodynamic interaction effect is the similar to the effect of conventional single rotor, but less intensive. Comparison of the results showed that a tiltrotor equipped with wingtip-mounted single rotors has approximately 20% greater maximum lift-to-drag characteristic than one equipped with coaxial rotors with the same thrust. However, the use of coaxial rotors allows getting higher maximum speed, when conventional single rotors lose the efficiency significantly. Therefore, it is advisable to conduct further research for the possibility of using coaxial rotors for tiltrotor aircrafts. The research results are presented in graphical form. The obtained data provides a basis for further studies of the described problem, and also will be useful for new tiltrotor design works.
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Povarov, Sergey. "Comparison of aerodynamic characteristics of convertible models with single and coaxial schemes of propellers." MECHANICS OF GYROSCOPIC SYSTEMS, no. 39 (May 20, 2020): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/0203-3771392020229110.

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The article describes the study of rotor-to-wing aerodynamic interaction for the wingtip-mounted coaxial rotors configuration of the tiltrotor aircraft. The influence of the rotor slipstreams on lift-to-drag ratio characteristic was determined. Obtained results were compared with similar characteristics of the equivalent in thrust conventional single rotor slipstreams impact. Using the computational aerodynamics methods (panel-vortex method) the flow around the tiltrotor model with the wingtip-mounted single and coaxial rotors has been simulated. A study of the basic model configuration with conventional single rotors, based on the technical characteristics of the AgustaWestland AW609 tiltrotor, was conducted. Further researches were conducted for a modified model where single rotors were replaced with equivalent in thrust coaxial rotors. The influence of the rotor slipstreams on the aerodynamic characteristics of the model for both directions of rotors rotation in coaxial combination is considered. Also, the dependence of the maximum lift-to-drag characteristic due to the coaxial rotor diameters change has been determined. The results show that the coaxial rotor slipstreams-to-wing aerodynamic interaction effect is the similar to the effect of conventional single rotor, but less intensive. Comparison of the results showed that a tiltrotor equipped with wingtip-mounted single rotors has approximately 20% greater maximum lift-to-drag characteristic than one equipped with coaxial rotors with the same thrust. However, the use of coaxial rotors allows getting higher maximum speed, when conventional single rotors lose the efficiency significantly. Therefore, it is advisable to conduct further research for the possibility of using coaxial rotors for tiltrotor aircrafts. The research results are presented in graphical form. The obtained data provides a basis for further studies of the described problem, and also will be useful for new tiltrotor design works.
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Yin, F. F., J. J. Chen, X. K. Li, Z. L. Ye, W. Tang, X. Shen, and X. J. Guo. "A blade element momentum model for dual-rotor wind turbines considering inter-rotor velocity interferences." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2265, no. 4 (May 1, 2022): 042058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2265/4/042058.

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Abstract A blade element momentum model for predicting the aerodynamic performance of dual-rotor wind turbines (DRWTs) as an aerodynamic design tool is introduced in this paper. The model considers the inter-rotor axial velocity reduction and the tangential velocity components in the front rotor’s wake to model the inter-rotor velocity interferences for the inflow velocity as the input of the BEM theory. A DRWT with two NREL 5MW rotors is studied using the present model and CFD simulations. Results from the two methods show good agreements with each other in the trends of power, thrust, and aerodynamic loads on the blades despite the error in near-tip regions. The present DRWT configurations have lower optimum tip speed ratios and a wider range of high-CP speeds. The maximum efficiency of the present turbine is improved by only 5%, indicating that a dedicated blade design for DRWT aerodynamics is required to enhance power output and lower the aerodynamic loads.
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Chiang, H. W. D., and S. Fleeter. "Passive Control of Flow-Induced Vibrations by Splitter Blades." Journal of Turbomachinery 116, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929438.

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Splitter blades as a passive control technique for flow-induced vibrations are investigated by developing an unsteady aerodynamic model to predict the effect of incorporating splitter blades into the design of an axial flow blade row operating in an incompressible flow field. The splitter blades, positioned circumferentially in the flow passage between two principal blades, introduce aerodynamic and/or combined aerodynamic-structural detuning into the rotor. The unsteady aerodynamic gust response and resulting oscillating cascade unsteady aerodynamics, including steady loading effects, are determined by developing a complete first-order unsteady aerodynamic analysis together with an unsteady aerodynamic influence coefficient technique. The torsion mode flow induced vibrational response of both uniformly spaced tuned rotors and detuned rotors are then predicted by incorporating the unsteady aerodynamic influence coefficients into a single-degree-of-freedom aero-elastic model. This model is then utilized to demonstrate that incorporating splitters into axial flow rotor designs is beneficial with regard to flow induced vibrations.
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Franke, Daniel, Daniel Möller, Maximilian Jüngst, Heinz-Peter Schiffer, Thomas Giersch, and Bernd Becker. "Experimental Aerodynamic and Aeroelastic Investigation of a Transonic Compressor Rotor with Reduced Blade Count." International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power 6, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp6020019.

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This study investigates the aerodynamic and aeroelastic characteristics of a transonic axial compressor, focusing on blade count reduced rotor behavior. The analysis is based on experiments, conducted at the Transonic Compressor Darmstadt test rig at Technical University of Darmstadt and compulsory simulations. In order to obtain measurement data for the detailed aerodynamic and aeroelastic investigation, extensive steady and unsteady instrumentation was applied. Besides transient measurements at the stability limit to determine the operating range and limiting phenomena, performance measurements were performed, presenting promising results with respect to the capabilities of blade count reduced rotors. Close to the stability limit, aerodynamic disturbances like radial vortices were detected for both rotors, varying in size, count, speed and trajectory. Comparing the rotor configurations results in different stability limits along the compressor map as well as varying aeromechanical behavior. Those effects can partially be traced to the variation in blade pitch and associated aerodynamics.
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Shukla, Dhwanil, and Narayanan Komerath. "Multirotor Drone Aerodynamic Interaction Investigation." Drones 2, no. 4 (December 3, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones2040043.

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Aerodynamic interactions between rotors are important factors affecting the performance of in-plane multirotor Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) or drones, which are the majority of small size UAVs (or mini-drones). Optimal design requires knowledge of the flow features. The low Reynolds number of many UAV rotors raises the question of how these features differ from those expected by traditional analytical methods for rotorcraft. Aerodynamics of a set of side-by-side rotors in hover over a range of rotor separation and Reynolds number is studied using high-speed Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry (SPIV) and performance measurements. The instantaneous and time-averaged SPIV data presented here indicate an increase in inter-rotor wake interactions with decrease in rotor spacing and Reynolds number. A dip in rotor efficiency at small rotor spacing at low Reynolds number is observed through thrust and torque measurements. The basic components of in-plane multirotor wake and velocity profiles are identified and discussed to help generalize the findings to a wide range of drones. However, the data provide confidence in traditional analysis tools, with small modifications.
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Gennaretti, M., and G. Bernardini. "Aeroelastic response of helicopter rotors using a 3D unsteady aerodynamic solver." Aeronautical Journal 110, no. 1114 (December 2006): 793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000001664.

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The prediction of blade deflections and vibratory hub loads concerning helicopter main rotors in forward flight is the objective of this work. They are determined by using an aeroelastic model derived through the coupling between a nonlinear blade structural model and a boundary integral equation solver for three-dimensional, unsteady, potential aerodynamics. The Galerkin method is used for the spatial integration, whereas the periodic blade response is determined by a harmonic balance approach. This aeroelastic model yields a unified approach for aeroelastic response and blade pressure prediction that may be used for aeroacoustic purposes, with the possibility of including effects from both blade-vortex interaction and multiple-body aerodynamic interaction. Quasi-steady aerodynamic models with wake-inflow from the three-dimensional aerodynamic solver are also applied, in order to perform a comparative study. Numerical results show the capability of the aeroelastic tool to evaluate blade response and vibratory hub loads for a helicopter main rotor in level flight conditions, and examine the sensitivity of the predictions on the aerodynamics model used.
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Huo, Chao, Roger Barènes, and Jérémie Gressier. "Experimental Analysis of the Aerodynamics of Long-Shrouded Contrarotating Rotor in Hover." Journal of the American Helicopter Society 60, no. 4 (October 1, 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/jahs.60.042004.

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This paper aims to quantify the benefits of a shrouded coaxial rotor configuration through experimental comparisons with free (not shrouded) rotors in hover. The experiment shows that both the figure of merit of contrarotating rotors and the system power loading are improved by the shroud inclusion. Improvements are induced by a suction effect at the inlet, which can be optimized by a regulation effect of the mass flow. Compared to free rotors, the strong suction peak formed on the shroud leading edge by a 65% increase in mass flow, allowing the shroud to contribute up to 56% of the total thrust. More uniform pressure distribution in the downstream rotor and less contraction of the slipstream decrease losses and increase the rotor efficiency. The shrouded system efficiency is further improved if the upstream rotor rotates slower than the rear one, for a given total shaft power, because a stronger pressure depression occurs upstream of the rotors to generate more mass flow. On the other hand, the system behavior is insensitive to the interrotor distance.
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Prothin, S., C. Fernandez Escudero, N. Doué, and T. Jardin. "Aerodynamics of MAV rotors in ground and corner effect." International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles 11 (January 2019): 175682931986159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756829319861596.

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The work presented in this paper is part of a project called ARChEaN (Aerodynamic of Rotors in Confined ENvironment) whose objective is to study the interactions of a micro drone rotor with its surroundings in the case of flight in enclosed environments such as those encountered, for example, in archeological exploration of caves. To do so the influence of the environment (walls, ground, ceiling, etc) on the rotor’s aerodynamic performance as well as on the flow field between the rotor and the surroundings is studied. This paper focuses on two different configurations, flight near the ground and flight near a corner (wall and ground), and the results are analyzed and compared to a general free flight case (i.e. far away from any obstacle). In order to carry out this analysis both numerical and experimental approaches are conducted. The objective is to validate the numerical model with the results obtained experimentally and to benefit from the advantages of both approaches in terms of flow analysis. This research work will provide knowledge on how to operate these systems as to minimize the possible negative environment disturbances, reduce power consumption and predict the micro drone’s behaviour during enclosed flights.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rotors – Aerodynamics"

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Taylor, Dana J. "A method for the efficient calculation of elastic rotor blade dynamic response in forward flight." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12396.

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Bitzer, Michael. "Identification of an improved body aerodynamics model for the BO 105." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13832.

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Atkinson, G. T. "Wind rotors in yaw." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384765.

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Matos, Catherine Anne Moseley. "Download reduction on a wing-rotor configuation." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12058.

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Mahalingam, Raghavendran. "Structure of the near wake of a rotor in forward flight and its effect on surface interactions." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11974.

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Kim, Jaimoo. "An experimental study of the interaction between a rotor wake and an airframe with and without flow separation." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12173.

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Funk, Robert Brent. "Transient interaction between a rotor wake and a lifting surface." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12245.

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Chouchane, Mnaouar. "Application of a dynamic stall model to rotor trim and aeroelastic response." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12368.

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Higman, Jerry Paul. "On the indentification of harmonic loads and inflow of a coupled bending-torsion helicopter rotor blade." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/12529.

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Stumpf, Walter Martin. "An integrated finite-state model for rotor deformation, nonlinear airloads, inflow and trim." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13341.

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Books on the topic "Rotors – Aerodynamics"

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Coleman, Colin P. A survey of theoretical and experimental coaxial rotor aerodynamic research. Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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Aerodynamics of wind turbines: Rotors, loads and structure. London: James X James [i.e. James & James], 2000.

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Cross, Jeffrey L. Tip aerodynamics and acoustics test: A report and data survey. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1988.

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Beesten, Benno. Nichtplanare Rotorblattspitzen im Hubschraubervorwärtsflug. Göttingen: Cuvillier, 1996.

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Althoff, Susan L. Effect of blade planform variation on a small-scale hovering rotor. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1990.

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Kroll, Norbert. Berechnung von Strömungsfeldern um Propeller und Rotoren im Schwebeflug durch die Lösung der Euler-Gleichungen. Köln: Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 1989.

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Roberts, Thomas W. Euler equation computations for the flow over a hovering helicopter rotor. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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Rutherford, John W. Shock fitting applied to the prediction of high-speed rotor noise. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1985.

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Kitaplioglu, Cahit. Analysis of small-scale rotor hover performance data. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1990.

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Mihaloew, James R. Rotorcraft flight-propulsion control integration: An eclectic design concept. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rotors – Aerodynamics"

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Miller, Rene H. "The Aerodynamics and Dynamics of Rotors—Problems and Perspectives." In Recent Advances in Aerodynamics, 659–722. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4972-6_19.

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Mastroddi, F., and L. Morino. "Time and Frequency Domain Aerodynamics for Flutter of Helicopter Rotors in Hover." In Boundary Element Methods in Engineering, 8–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84238-2_2.

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Peters, David A., Cheng Jian He, and A. Su. "A Closed-Form, Finite-State Model for the Unsteady Aerodynamics of Rotors." In Computational Mechanics ’88, 1527–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61381-4_405.

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Gennaretti, M., and L. Morino. "A Unified Approach for Aerodynamics and Aeroacoustics of Rotors in Compressible Potential Flows." In Boundary Element Methods in Engineering, 515–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84238-2_65.

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Arsuffi, G., G. Guj, and L. Morino. "BEM for the Analysis of Unsteady Aerodynamics of Windmill Rotors in the Presence of Yaw." In Boundary Element Methods in Engineering, 44–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84238-2_7.

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Hau, Erich. "Rotor Aerodynamics." In Wind Turbines, 89–166. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27151-9_5.

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Hau, Erich. "Rotor Aerodynamics." In Windturbines, 69–130. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04257-1_5.

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Hau, Erich. "Aerodynamik des Rotors." In Windkraftanlagen, 89–159. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10948-9_5.

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Hau, Erich. "Aerodynamik des Rotors." In Windkraftanlagen, 69–132. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10950-2_5.

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Hau, Erich. "Aerodynamik des Rotors." In Windkraftanlagen, 71–136. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10952-6_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rotors – Aerodynamics"

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Allen, Christian, Asa Morris, and Thomas Rendall. "CFD-Based Aerodynamic Shape Optimization of Hovering Rotors." In 27th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-3522.

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Kutz, Benjamin, Ulrich Kowarsch, Manuel Kessler, and Ewald Kraemer. "Numerical Investigation of Helicopter Rotors in Ground Effect." In 30th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-2913.

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Vijayraj, K., and M. Govardhan. "Aerodynamics of Contra-Rotating Fans With Swept Blades." In ASME 2015 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2015-1383.

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A Counter-Rotating System (CRS) is composed of a front rotor and a rear rotor which rotates in the opposite direction. Compared with traditional rotor-stator system, the rear rotor is used not only to recover the static head but also to supply energy to the fluid. Therefore, to achieve the same performance, the use of a CRS may lead to a reduction of the rotational speed and may generate better homogeneous flow downstream of the stage. On the other hand, the mixing area in between the two rotors induces complicated interacting flow structures. Blade sweep has attracted the turbomachinery blade designers owing to a variety of performance benefits it offers. However, the effect of blade sweep on the performance, stall margin improvements whether it is advantageous/disadvantageous to sweep one or both rotors has not been studied till now. In the current investigation blade sweep on the performance characteristics of contra rotating axial flow fans are studied. Two sweep schemes (axial sweeping and tip chord line sweeping) are studied for two sweep angles (20° and 30°). Effect of blade sweep on front rotor and rear rotor are dealt separately by sweeping one at a time. Both rotors are swept together and effect of such sweep scheme on the aerodynamic performance of the stage is also reported here. The performance of contra rotating fan is significantly affected by all these parameters. Blade sweep improved the pressure rise and stall margin of front rotors. Axially swept rotors are found to have higher pressure rise with reduced incidence losses near the tip for front rotors. Sweeping the rear rotor is not effective since the pressure rise is less than that of unswept rotor and also has less stall margin.
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Ahmed, S., and V. Vidjaja. "Numerical simulation of subsonic unsteady flow around wings and rotors." In 12th Applied Aerodynamics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1994-1943.

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Shen, Jinwei, and Inderjit Chopra. "Aeroelastic stability of smart trailing-edge flap helicopter rotors." In 19th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2001-1675.

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Hassan, Rania, Maher Younan, Hani Arafa, and Yehia Bahei-El-Din. "Parametric analysis of fiber-reinforced laminated momentum wheel rotors." In 19th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2001-1596.

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Gecgel, Murat, and Oktay Baysal. "Computational Analysis of Flow Domains Around Coaxial Helicopter Rotors." In 27th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-3520.

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Johansen, Jeppe, Mac Gaunaa, and Niels Sørensen. "Increased Aerodynamic Efficiency of Wind Turbine Rotors Using Winglets." In 26th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-6728.

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Barth, Marcus, Benoit Calmels, and Bertrand Aupoix. "Aerodynamics of Counter-Rotating Open Rotors at High Speed." In 30th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-2786.

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Bangalore, A., and L. Sankar. "Numerical analysis of aerodynamic performance of rotors with leading edge slats." In 13th Applied Aerodynamics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1995-1888.

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Reports on the topic "Rotors – Aerodynamics"

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Zheng, Wanzheng, and Jason Merret. Aerodynamic Survey of Novel eVTOL Configuration Using SU2. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-014.

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This report summarizes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) geometries using the SU2 Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solver. Geometries were generated based on the Smart Transportation Infrastructure Initiative (STII) Rappor 15th iteration with various rotor-installment solutions. It was found that although open rotors installed on an underwing pylon were superior to shrouded rotors installed in a canoe, the canoe configuration would provide more potential for improvement, and using a canoe door to cover the first rotor opening would reduce the drag experienced by the canoe case below that upon the rod case. Rotor doors were found to be most efficient in reducing drag of the canoe case: Average drag reduction with covering the first rotor and all rotors was 66 and 165 counts, respectively. Changing rotor distributions along the chordwise direction had minimal impact on drag reduction, and placing rotors along the spanwise direction was not advised due to the increase of the projected frontal area. Increasing canoe chord length did not have significant impact on drag reduction; and if rotor doors were implemented, increasing canoe size had negative impact on drag. Rounding rotor edges did not change the aerodynamic performance of the canoe case but promotes vertical air intake when running lifting fans. Drag received by the canoe parabolically correlated to rotor diameter, with 126 counts of drag if the rotor diameter was 0 and 377 counts if the rotor diameter was 2.95 ft. Fuselage and tail added an average 179 counts of drag, and thus the aforementioned differences were still significant in the scale of aerodynamic properties of the full configuration.
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Griffin, D. A., and T. J. McCoy. COE Reductions through Active Aerodynamic Control of Rotor Aerodynamics and Geometry. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/945953.

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3

Simms, D. A., and C. P. Butterfield. Full-scale wind turbine rotor aerodynamics research. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/64037.

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4

Allen, Luke, Joon Lim, Robert Haehnel, and Ian Dettwiller. Helicopter rotor blade multiple-section optimization with performance. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41031.

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Abstract:
This paper presents advancements in a surrogate-based, rotor blade design optimization framework for improved helicopter performance. The framework builds on previous successes by allowing multiple airfoil sections to designed simultaneously to minimize required rotor power in multiple flight conditions. Rotor power in hover and forward flight, at advance ratio 𝜇 = 0.3, are used as objective functions in a multi-objective genetic algorithm. The framework is constructed using Galaxy Simulation Builder with optimization provided through integration with Dakota. Three independent airfoil sections are morphed using ParFoil and aerodynamic coefficients for the updated airfoil shapes (i.e., lift, drag, moment) are calculated using linear interpolation from a database generated using C81Gen/ARC2D. Final rotor performance is then calculated using RCAS. Several demonstrative optimization case studies were conducted using the UH-60A main rotor. The degrees of freedom for this case are limited to the airfoil camber, camber crest position, thickness, and thickness crest position for each of the sections. The results of the three-segment case study show improvements in rotor power of 4.3% and 0.8% in forward flight and hover, respectively. This configuration also yields greater reductions in rotor power for high advance ratios, e.g., 6.0% reduction at 𝜇 = 0.35, and 8.8% reduction at 𝜇 = 0.4.
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Morino, Luigi, Slobodan Sipcic, and Mark Downey. Unsteady Free-Wake Viscous Aerodynamic Analysis of Helicopter Rotors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada217166.

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6

Kelley, Christopher Lee. Aerodynamic design of the National Rotor Testbed. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1346410.

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7

Griffin, D. A. NREL Advanced Research Turbine (ART) Aerodynamic Design of ART-2B Rotor Blades. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/763408.

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8

Wissink, Andrew, Jude Dylan, Buvana Jayaraman, Beatrice Roget, Vinod Lakshminarayan, Jayanarayanan Sitaraman, Andrew Bauer, James Forsythe, Robert Trigg, and Nicholas Peters. New capabilities in CREATE™-AV Helios Version 11. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40883.

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CREATE™-AV Helios is a high-fidelity coupled CFD/CSD infrastructure developed by the U.S. Dept. of Defense for aeromechanics predictions of rotorcraft. This paper discusses new capabilities added to Helios version 11.0. A new fast-running reduced order aerodynamics option called ROAM has been added to enable faster-turnaround analysis. ROAM is Cartesian-based, employing an actuator line model for the rotor and an immersed boundary model for the fuselage. No near-body grid generation is required and simulations are significantly faster through a combination of larger timesteps and reduced cost per step. ROAM calculations of the JVX tiltrotor configuration give a comparably accurate download prediction to traditional body-fitted calculations with Helios, at 50X less computational cost. The unsteady wake in ROAM is not as well resolved, but wake interactions may be a less critical issue for many design considerations. The second capability discussed is the addition of six-degree-of-freedom capability to model store separation. Helios calculations of a generic wing/store/pylon case with the new 6-DOF capability are found to match identically to calculations with CREATE™-AV Kestrel, a code which has been extensively validated for store separation calculations over the past decade.
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Low Wind Speed Technology Phase II: Reducing Cost of Energy Through Rotor Aerodynamics Control; Global Energy Concepts, LLC. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/878483.

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