Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rot disease of tea

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Academic literature on the topic 'Rot disease of tea'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Rot disease of tea"

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Islam, Mohammed Syeful, Iftekhar Ahmad, and Mohammad Ali. "Biocontrol studies on rizpspheric microorganisms against black rot disease of tea caused by Corticium theae Bernard." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 47, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 985–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v47i4.47399.

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Assessment of plant growth promoter and biocontrol properties of plant growth promoting rhizomicroorganisms (PGPR) from tea soil against black rot disease agent of tea caused by Corticium theae Bernard in Bangladesh was done. The antagonistic microorganisms were isolated from rhizosphere soils of tea fields and cultured on different nutrient media. The isolates were screened for their antagonism against Corticium theae by dual culture technique. The microbial strains were inoculated with tea nursery soils by mixing with 50 g of decomposed cowdung. In tea plantations, the microbial strains were sprayed on diseased plants two times at 15 days intervals. Four different species of PGPR strains such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, Trichoderma were isolated from rhizospheric soil of tea. These PGPR strains enhanced plant growth in nursery and had a positive effect on the rate of increased in number of leaves, height of plants and girth of plants by 33, 43 and 3%, respectively. Lowest severity of black rot was found in plants treated with Trichoderma followed by Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces strains. Trichoderma and Bacillus caused 16 and 14% reduction of disease severity while both Pseudomonas and Streptomyces strains reduced disease severity by 10%. All the PGPR’s have a great influence in reducing disease severity by 19% with optimistic relations. Radial mycelial growth of C. theae was also inhibited in similar trends. The biofertilizer showed comparatively lower response in reducing disease severity (8%) in comparison to PGPR’s. It can be concluded that Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces and Trichoderma isolated from tea soil have their growth enhance capacity as well as decrease the disease severity of black rot in tea.
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Morang, Pranjal, Sashi Prava Devi, and Satya Nath Doley. "Integrated Approach to Management of Brown Root Rot Disease of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L)O.Kuntze)." Current Agriculture Research Journal 11, no. 2 (September 21, 2023): 468–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.11.2.09.

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Abstract: Brown root rot disease caused by Fomes lamoensis and Trott has been identified as the primary root disease of tea. Indiscriminate use of chemicals in tea garden area has an adverse effect on the environment. For management of this root disease, integrated approach is required for sustainability in tea cultivation. The present study involves the use of five systemic fungicides, which were screened and tested against the pathogen. Total five fungicides used, among the fungicides propiconazole and hexaconazole was inhibit 98.51% and 100% growth of pathogen @ 100mg/l concentration. However bavistin, roko and ektino, showed in12.58%, 5.18% and1.48% inhibition respectively. Bacillus cereus and Trichoderma harzianum were also evaluated and efficiently inhibited F. lamoensis in vitro. The zone of inhibition varied from 10 to 15 mm in case of B. cereus and 10 to 16 mm in case of T. harzianum. The nursery experiment exhibited that tea plants at 120 days after the treatment (DAT) with the pathogen showed 76.66% disease incidence. The reduction in disease incidence (23.33% and 13.25% respectively) was observed when the plants were treated with biocontrol agents i.e.B. cereus and T. harzianum. In case of chemically treated plants only 10% disease incidence was observed. The results of the nursery experiment showed that both the chemicals and biocontrol agents significantly affected incidence of disease and promoted growth of tea measured in terms of shoot height, root length, number of new leaves, lateral branches, biomass of shoot and root over the control.
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Jimenez Feijoo, Maria Isabel, and Juan Manuel Cevallos-Cevallos. "Pathogenicity of Moniliophthora roreri isolates from selected morphology groups in harvested cacao pods and in vitro sensitivity to compost tea." Bionatura 6, no. 1 (February 15, 2021): 1569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2021.06.01.19.

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Moniliopthora roreri is the frosty pod rot disease (FPD) and one of the most devastating cacao pathogens worldwide. However, M. roreri pathogenicity on harvested cacao pods and sensitivity to compost tea have not been fully described. Monosporic cultures of M. roreri from different morphology groups were obtained. The isolates’ pathogenicity was tested by inoculation onto harvested cacao pods, and symptoms were evaluated at 3-day intervals during 16 days before estimating the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The sensitivity of M. roreri to compost tea was evaluated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 1 to 5 % compost tea. All morphology groups could infect harvested cacao pods during the 16 days with a disease severity index abode 75 %. Compost tea completely inhibited the growth of M. roreri when used at 4.5 % or higher. Results suggest a shortened biotrophic phase during the infection in harvested pods and a medium to high sensitivity of M. roreri to compost tea.
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Kaur, Manjeet, Ashlesha Atri, and Daljeet Singh. "Non-chemical management of stem rot disease of Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)." Range Management and Agroforestry 44, no. 02 (December 20, 2023): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.59515/rma.2023.v44.i2.12.

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Stem rot of Egyptian clover ( L.) is considered as one of the major constraints for green Trifolium alexandrinumfodder and seed yield. Berseem stem rot is incited by a soil borne pathogen . Botanical Sclerotinia sclerotiorumextracts of , , , neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) and organic Aegle marmelos Melia azedarach Murraya koenigiiproducts like panchagavya, compost tea and poultry manure were evaluated for the management of stem rot disease. Botanical extracts were applied as foliar spray and seed treatment as well and organic inputs were applied as soil application and foliar spray. Among botanicals, application of showed a significant A. marmelosreduction in stem rot by 54.50% with 24.20% increase in green fodder yield. Among organic inputs, application of panchagavya significantly controlled the stem rot disease by 46.15% and enhanced the green fodder yield by 21.30% than untreated control. Application of panchagavya followed by leaf extracts along A. marmeloswith significant disease control also enhanced green fodder yield during both seasons. Average disease control attained by application of panchagavya and was 54.50 and 46.15% and enhanced green A. marmelos fodder yield was 24.20 and 21.30%, respectively. The current study showed that plant extracts and organic inputs have potential for the management of stem rot of berseem.
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M., S. Islam, Ahmad I., and Ahmed M. "Present status of the black rot disease of tea in Bangladesh." African Journal of Agricultural Research 11, no. 37 (September 15, 2016): 3562–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2016.11063.

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Hong, Y. C., W. Xin, J. J. Zeng, C. L. He,, Y. J. Dai, T. Wang, and Z. F. Li. "Development of Tea bush replant disease by red root rot fungus." Allelopathy Journal 43, no. 1 (January 2018): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26651/allelo.j./2018-43-1-1130.

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Rajendran, Kalidoss, Ponnusamy Ponmurugan, Balasubramanian Mythili Gnanamangai, Ponmurugan Karuppiah, Mohammed Rafi Shaik, Mujeeb Khan, Merajuddin Khan, and Baji Shaik. "Bioefficacy of Lecanoric Acid Produced by Parmotrema austrosinense (Zahlbr.) Hale against Tea Fungal Pathogens." Horticulturae 9, no. 6 (June 16, 2023): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9060705.

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Lichens are symbiotic organisms that are composed of fungal partners and photosynthetic algal partners. During the symbiotic process in lichen thallus, the fungus synthesizes certain secondary metabolites in which lecanoric acid is very important in terms of antibiotic properties. Considering the vital importance of lecanoric acid, the present study aimed to produce lecanoric acid from the thallus of Parmotrema austrosinense lichen using Modified Bold’s basal salt medium and evaluate the bio-efficacy against tea fungal pathogens. Lecanoric acid was purified and confirmed by micro-crystallization method and subsequently bioassayed against tea fungal pathogens. The results revealed that lecanoric acid registered a significant antifungal activity in terms of the growth inhibition of test pathogens. Companion systemic and botanical fungicides were found to be inferior to lecanoric acid in the percentage of growth inhibition. The inhibition rate varied among tea pathogens. Of the tea pathogens tested, tea leaf disease-causing pathogens including Cercospora theae (C. theae), Glomerella cingulata (G. cingulate), and Phomopsis theae (P. theae) showed the highest percentage of growth inhibition followed by stem and root rot diseases. The present study suggests that lecanoric acid showed an inhibitory effect against tea pathogens, which might be due to antibiotic properties and fungicidal action of lecanoric acid.
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Ahmad, I., MNA Mamun, MS Islam, R. Ara, MAA Mamdud, and AKMR Hoque. "Effect of different pruning operations on the incidence and severity of various diseases of tea plant." Journal of Bio-Science 24 (July 18, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v24i0.37482.

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To analyze the effect of different pruning operation on the incidence and severity of different diseases of tea (Camellia sinensis) plant. An experiment was carried out at the Bilashchara Experimental Farm of Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI), Srimangal. Three places of the sections were selected randomly that received LP (Light Prune), DSK (deep skiff), MSK (medium skiff) and LSK (light skiff) operations. Every bush was critically observed before and after pruning operations and all infected diseases were recorded. Disease severity was expressed as percent disease index (PDI). MSTAT program was used for statistical snalysis. After pruning operation, maximum incidence 33.33% and severity 8.20% of Grey brown blight was found in LSK. Horse hair blight maximum incidence (18%) and maximum severity (6.27%) both were found in LSK. In thread blight maximum incidence was in MSK 22.67% and maximum severity was 7% in LSK. The highest % reduction of branch canker both in incidence and severity was observed in LP section followed by DSK, MSK and LSK. In case of Gall disease maximum incidence and severity both was LSK 24.67% and 7.60%. The highest incidence of black rot was in LSK 41.33% and severity 12.87% was in MSK. From the study, it was recommending that without using any chemicals, only by different pruning operations and proper cleaning can reduce the in incidence and severity of those diseases.J. bio-sci. 24: 01-09, 2016
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Ponmurugan, Ponnusamy, Kolandasamy Manjukarunambika, Viswanathan Elango, and Balasubramanian Mythili Gnanamangai. "Antifungal activity of biosynthesised copper nanoparticles evaluated against red root-rot disease in tea plants." Journal of Experimental Nanoscience 11, no. 13 (June 20, 2016): 1019–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17458080.2016.1184766.

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Manjukarunambika, K., P. Ponmurugan, and S. Marimuthu. "Efficacy of various fungicides and indigenous biocontrol agents against red root rot disease of tea plants." European Journal of Plant Pathology 137, no. 1 (May 2, 2013): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-013-0217-4.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rot disease of tea"

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Das, Jyotsna. "Serological detection of sphaerostible repens B. and Br. causing violet root rot disease of tea and its management." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/915.

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Subbalakshmi, P. "Biochemical and serological studies on charcoal stump rot disease of tea and its management." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1356.

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Tollefson, Stacy Joy. "Compost Water Extracts And Suppression Of Root Rot (F. Solani F. Sp. Pisi) In Pea: Factors Of Suppression And A Potential New Mechanism." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/338972.

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One of the motivating reasons for the development of hydroponics was avoidance of root pathogens. Hydroponics involves growing crops in relatively sterile media, isolated from the underlying soil which may have disease pressure. However, even when hydroponics is coupled with controlled environments such as high tunnels and climate-controlled greenhouses, soil-borne pathogens can enter the growing area and proliferate due to optimal environmental conditions for pathogen growth. Control of root pathogens is difficult and usually achieved through synthetic fungicides since few biocontrol options are available. Compost water extracts (CWE) have recently been gaining the attention of greenhouse growers because they may be a low-cost, environmentally friendly approach to control root disease. CWE are mixtures of compost and water incubated for a defined period of time, either with or without aeration, and with or without additives intended to increase microbial populations, which in turn suppress disease. Much anecdotal, but very little scientific, evidence exists describing CWE effect on suppressing soil-borne pathogens. The present study 1) examined the effect of an aerated CWE on disease suppression at the laboratory scale and in container studies using different soilless substrates, 2) investigated a phenotypic change at the root level caused by CWE that may be associated with disease suppression, and 3) isolated some factors in the production of CWE that affect the ability of a CWE to suppress disease. The common model pathogen-host system of Fusarium solani f.sp. pisi and pea was used to examine CWE-induced disease suppression, with information then being translatable to similar patho-systems involved in greenhouse crop production. In the first study, laboratory-based root growth and infection assays resulted in 100% suppression of F. solani when roots were drenched in CWE. These protected seedlings were then taken to a greenhouse and transplanted into fine coconut coir, watered with hydroponic nutrient solution, and grown for five weeks. At the end of the experiment, 23% of the shoots of the pathogen-inoculated, CWE-drenched seedlings remained healthy while only 2% of the inoculated seedlings without CWE drench remained healthy. All of the roots of the inoculated seedlings developed lesions, even those drenched in CWE. However, 29% of the CWE drenched roots were able to recover from disease, growing white healthy roots past the lesion, while only 2% recovered naturally. A shorter-term container study was conducted in the laboratory to determine the effects of CWE-induced suppression when peas were grown in different substrates and to determine if the hydroponic nutrient solution had an effect on the suppression. Peas were grown in sterilized fine and coarse coconut coir fiber and sand irrigated with water, with a second set of fine coir irrigated with hydroponic nutrient solution. Pea seeds with 20-25mm radicles were inoculated with pathogen and sown directly into CWE-drenched substrate and grown for three weeks. At the end of the experiment, 80%, 60%, 90%, and 50% of the shoots of the inoculated, CWE-drenched seedlings remained healthy when grown in fine coir, coarse coir, sand, and fine coir irrigated with hydroponic nutrient solution, respectively. Nearly 100% of the roots grown in coconut coir substrates again developed necrotic lesions but 83%, 87%, 100%, and 87% grew healthy roots beyond the disease region. The hydroponic nutrient solution had a negative effect on suppression, with a reduction of at least 30 percentage points. Sand demonstrated a natural ability to suppress F. solani. Only 23% of inoculated seedlings had dead or dying shoots by the end of the experiment (compared to 77-80% in coir substrates) and although all but one of the roots developed lesions, all were able to recover on their own with CWE. CWE further increased shoot health and also prevented 57% of the roots from developing lesions. In a second study, two different CWE were used to examine the effect on root border cell dispersion and dynamics in pea, maize, cotton, and cucumber and its relation to disease suppression. Dispersal of border cells after immersion of roots into water or CWE was measured by direct observation over time using a compound microscope and stereoscope. Pictures were taken and the number of border cells released into suspension were enumerated by counting the total number of cells in aliquots taken from the suspension. Border cells formed a mass surrounding root tips within seconds after exposure to water, and most cells dispersed into suspension spontaneously. In CWE, >90% of the border cell population instead remained appressed to the root surface, even after vigorous agitation. This altered border cell phenomena was consistent for pea, maize, and cotton and for both CWE tested. For most cucumber roots (n=86/95), inhibition of border cell dispersal in both CWE was similar to that observed in pea, maize, and cotton. However, some individual cucumber roots (8±5%) exhibited a distinct phenotype. For example, border cells of one root immersed into CWE remained tightly adhered to the root tip even after 30 minutes while border cells of another root immersed at the same time in the same sample of CWE expanded significantly within 5 minutes and continued to expand over time. In a previous study, sheath development over time in growth pouches also was distinct in cucumber compared with pea, with detachment of the sheaths over time, and root infection was reduced by only 38% in cucumber compared with 100% protection in pea (Curlango-Rivera et al. 2013). Further research is needed to evaluate whether this difference in retention of border cell sheaths plays a role in the observed difference in inhibition of root infection. In the third study, a series of investigations were conducted to isolate different factors that contribute to the suppression ability of a CWE by changing incrementally changing some aspect of the CWE production process. The basic aerated CWE recipe (with molasses, kelp, humic acid, rock phosphate, and silica) provided 100% protection of pea from root disease while the non-aerated basic recipe CWE provided 72% protection. Aerated CWE made of only compost and water resulted in 58% protection. It was found that molasses did not contribute to the suppression ability of the ACWE, while kelp contributed strongly. When soluble kelp was added by itself to the compost and water, the CWE provided 80% suppression. However, when all additives were included except molasses and kelp, suppression remained high (93%) indicating that humic acids, rock phosphate, and/or silica were also major contributors toward the suppression effect. Optimal fermentation time for ACWE was 24 hr to achieve 100% suppression, with increased time resulting in inconsistent suppression results. Optimal fermentation time for NCWE was 3 days or 8 days. These studies are important contributions to understanding the differences that might be expected in CWE suppression when growing in different substrates, some of the factors in the production of CWE that affects the ability of a CWE to suppress disease, and the phenotypic effect CWE has on the root zone of plants and the possible relationship between that effect and disease suppression.
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Bhutia, Lhanjey Phuti. "Screening of phosphate solubilizing fungi from tea rhizosphere of Sikkim and formulation of bioinoculants with a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium for management of charcoal stump root disease of tea." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1465.

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Chowdhury, Prabir Roy. "Exploitation of Rhizosphere microorganisms of tea for protection against root rot pathogens." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1063.

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Xia-Hong, He. "Bio-control of root rot disease in vanilla." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/15398.

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Fusarium oxysporum Schl. var. vanillae (Tucker) Gondon is known to cause root rot in Vanilla planifolia Andrews in most regions where it is grown, including the major plantations in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province of China. This is of serious economic concern to the Province since the vanilla flavouring extractable from the beans of the plant is a valuable food product and an important export commodity. There are no fungicides registered for the control of Fusarium root rot and the only available chemical control methods are ineffective and cause serious contamination of the soil. Breeding for resistance is difficult when no dominant gene is known or where little information is available on fungal pathogenicity. Biocontrol is the main alternative for disease control in this crop, an attractive approach because of increasing concerns for environmental protection. The investigation considers two biocontrol strategies: first the introduction of virulent, antagonistic, non-pathogenic strains, closely-related to the pathogen, to overcome pathogenic populations in infected soils; second the use of essential oils with antimicrobial properties when applied to infected soils. Pathogenicity tests have been done on 81 out of 87 F. oxysporum isolates collected in Yunnan Province. Among these, 32 isolates were non-pathogenic and 49 were pathogenic. The pathogenicity results showed the complexity of F. oxysporum in Yunnan. Seventeen isolates were recovered from the Daluo plantation, of which 14 were pathogenic isolates and 3 non-pathogenic isolates; 26 from the Menglun plantation, in which 12 were pathogenic and 14 were non-pathogenic; 18 isolates from the Manjingdai plantation, in which 12 isolates were pathogenic, whilst the other 6 were non-pathogenic and 20 were obtained from the plantation in Hekou i County, of which 11 were pathogenic isolates and 9 were non-pathogenic. Genetic diversity within this population of F. oxysporum has been investigated with respect to vegetative compatibility and to determine the relationship between VCGs and virulence. The VCG results showed that the 87 strains of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp vanillae isolated from Yunnan Province were complex. They could be distributed into 12 different VCGs and that a direct relationship between VCGs group and virulence could not be drawn. Two non-pathogenic strains, ML-5-2 and HK-5b-4-1, have been screened from 87 strains as candidate biocontrol agents by pathogenicity and VCG, which are self-incompatible and closely related to the pathogens. These two strains were effective in vanilla root rot control in controlled environments, but their effects in field experiments were less conclusive. Seven essential oils, which have long been regarded as having inhibitory effects on pathogens in nature, have also been investigated as biocontrol agents. Three oils, cinnamon oil, thyme oil and clove oil, were effective in inhibiting the growth of pathogen in vitro. These oils may develop into useful components of different management strategies with non-pathogenic strains. For the future, consideration will need to be given to the mechanism(s) of the interaction of the antagonistic components with the soil microbe population and host plant and also to appropriate formulation, to take account of soil type, crop status, cultural practices, environmental and economic factors. Biocontrol methods have considerable potential but must be acceptable to farmers as part of an overall crop management programme.
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West, Jon. "Chemical control of Armillaria root rot." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386565.

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Olsen, Mary. "Cotton (Texas) Root Rot." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/346609.

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Revised 02/2015; Originally published: 2000.
The most important disease of woody dicotyledonous plants in Arizona is Phymatotrichopsis root rot (Cotton or Texas root rot) caused by a unique and widely distributed soil-borne fungus, Phymatotrichopsis omnivora. The fungus is indigenous to the alkaline, low-organic matter soils of the southwestern United States and central and northern Mexico.
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Mabey, M. "An investigation of the foot rot disease complex on peas." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377699.

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Fernandes, Priya. "Study of charcoal rot disease using the model plant Arabidopsis Thaliana." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/7035.

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Macrophomina phaseolina is a warm climate fungal pathogen of the Botryosphaeriaceae family that causes charcoal rot disease in over 700 plant species including commercially grown plants such as soybean, maize, peanut and cotton. Currently used management approaches for the disease including irrigation, addition of organic amendments and crop rotation are not very effective. Limited knowledge on host-pathogen interactions hinders the development of disease resistance strain by genetic engineering. To understand the disease mechanisms at the molecular level, we chose to use Arabidopsis thaliana as a model to study charcoal rot. In this study we established Arabidopsis as a susceptible host for Macrophomina phaseolina. Furthermore, the cellular process of infection and propagation of the pathogen within the host system during the early and late stages of infection were examined by microscopy. Recent studies have demonstrated the crucial roles of different phytohormones in the induction of defense signaling pathways. Here, the interactions between plant hormone-mediated signaling and plant disease resistance were studied using a genetics approach with a hope of understanding the mechanisms of plant immunity against Macrophomina phaseolina mediated by auxin, SA, JA, ET and ABA. In this study we hypothesized that the necrotrophic fungus M. phaseolina invades the host by affecting the biosynthesis of plant hormones (mainly JA, ET and auxin) and/or activation of the corresponding hormonal pathways that are directly or indirectly involved in mounting a defense response against the pathogen. Several mutants that carry mutations in genes that are involved in hormone biosynthesis or signaling were obtained and tested. Results from our study showed that auxin, ET and SA signaling pathways have possible roles of in imparting pathogen resistance against M. phaseolina.
Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, Fairmount College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Biological Sciences.
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Books on the topic "Rot disease of tea"

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United Planters' Association of Southern India. Tea Research Institute., ed. Project report on forecasting blister blight disease and biology and control of primary root diseases in tea, April 1991 to March 1996. Valparai, Coimbatore Dist: UPASI Tea Research Institute, 1996.

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Rao, K. Manibhushan. Sheath rot disease of rice. Delhi: Daya Pub. House, 1996.

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Maloy, Otis C. Foot rot of wheat. Pullman, [Wash.]: Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture and Home Economics, Washington State University, 1986.

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Shaw, Charles G. Armillaria root disease. Washington, D.C: Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1991.

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Shaw, Charles G. Armillaria root disease. Washington, D.C: Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1991.

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Shaw, Charles G. Armillaria root disease. Washington, D.C: Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1991.

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Tea with the tiger. Toronto: Quattro Books, 2012.

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Bagchi, Debasis. Green tea: Antioxidant power to fight disease. Los Angeles: Keats Pub., 1999.

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Reid, L. M. Screening maize for resistance to gibberella ear rot. Ottawa, Ont: Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1996.

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Murray, Timothy D. Strawbreaker foot rot or eyespot of wheat. [Pullman, Wash.]: Washington State University Extension, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rot disease of tea"

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Arulpragasam, P. V. "Disease control in Asia." In Tea, 353–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2326-6_11.

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Rattan, P. S. "Pest and disease control in Africa." In Tea, 331–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2326-6_10.

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Caruana, Mario, and Neville Vassallo. "Tea Polyphenols in Parkinson’s Disease." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 117–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18365-7_6.

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Rahi, Deepak K., Ekta Chaudhary, and Sonu Rahi. "White Rot Exopolysaccharide: Avenues to Biomedical Applications." In Biomedical Research, Medicine, and Disease, 77–98. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003220404-8.

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Hayward, A. C., J. G. Elphinstone, D. Caffier, J. Janse, E. Stefani, E. R. French, and A. J. Wright. "Round Table on Bacterial Wilt (Brown Rot) of Potato." In Bacterial Wilt Disease, 420–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03592-4_64.

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Chang, Albert Ling Sheng, Suhaida Salleh, Ahmad Kamil Mohd Jaaffar, and Haya Ramba. "Modelling the Disease Severity of Cocoa Black Pod Rot Disease." In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 551–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4513-6_48.

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Wimalajeewa, D. L. S., and A. C. Hayward. "Etiology of the Head Rot Disease of Broccoli." In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, 766. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3555-6_162.

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Nataraj, Vennampally, Sanjeev Kumar, Giriraj Kumawat, M. Shivakumar, Laxman Singh Rajput, Milind B. Ratnaparkhe, Rajkumar Ramteke, et al. "Charcoal Rot Resistance in Soybean: Current Understanding and Future Perspectives." In Disease Resistance in Crop Plants, 241–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20728-1_10.

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Shinde, Swati V., and Sagar Lahade. "Deep Learning for Tea Leaf Disease Classification." In Applied Computer Vision and Soft Computing with Interpretable AI, 293–314. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003359456-20.

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Ludwig, W. F., T. Miedaner, and H. H. Geiger. "Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Foot Rot Resistance in RYE (Secale cereale)." In Durability of Disease Resistance, 333–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2004-3_61.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rot disease of tea"

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Hidayah, Baiq Nurul, Nani Herawati, Ai Rosah Aisah, and Muhammad Syafwan. "White Rot Disease on Garlic Crop:." In 3rd KOBI Congress, International and National Conferences (KOBICINC 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.210621.074.

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Jayanthy, S., V. M. Sathyendraa, K. P. Sumedh, and S. Suresh. "Tea Leaf Disease Classification and Tea Bud Identification." In 2022 Fourth International Conference on Emerging Research in Electronics, Computer Science and Technology (ICERECT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icerect56837.2022.10059683.

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Datsenko, L. A. "SUNFLOWER DRY ROT (REVIEW)." In 11-я Всероссийская конференция молодых учёных и специалистов «Актуальные вопросы биологии, селекции, технологии возделывания и переработки сельскохозяйственных культур». V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/conf11-2021-156-162.

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We carried out analysis of the literature data on the knowledge level of sunflower dry rot in the laboratory of biomethod of the crop management department of V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (VNIIMK). As a result of the analysis, we studied the following issues: the disease pathogen; symptoms of manifestation; the disease prevalence in the world and in Russia; its harmfulness; biology; species composition and taxonomic position of fungi of the genus Rhizopus on sunflower; methods of artificial infection of sunflower with dry rot.
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"Detection ofArmillariaRoot Rot Disease by Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds." In 2015 ASABE International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20152184801.

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Singh, Rahul, Neha Sharma, and Rupesh Gupta. "Proposed CNN Model for Tea Leaf Disease Classification." In 2023 2nd International Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence and Computing (ICAAIC). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaaic56838.2023.10140680.

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Manasa, J. P., and Nethravathi. "Mobile Based Application For Tea Leaf Disease Detection." In 2023 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Technology, Engineering, Management for Societal impact using Marketing, Entrepreneurship and Talent (TEMSMET). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/temsmet56707.2023.10149957.

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S, Sharath, Jayanthi P, Nirmaladevi K, Sri Sanjai N, and Thamiz Selvan A. "Enhanced Tea Leaf Disease Detection using Deep Learning." In 2024 Second International Conference on Emerging Trends in Information Technology and Engineering (ICETITE). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ic-etite58242.2024.10493308.

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Tanwar, Vishesh, Shweta Lamba, Bhanu Sharma, and Avinash Sharma. "Red Rot Disease Prediction in Sugarcane Using the Deep Learning Approach." In 2023 2nd International Conference for Innovation in Technology (INOCON). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/inocon57975.2023.10101147.

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Malvick, Dean. "Brown stem rot of soybean—understanding and managing this vexing disease." In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-182.

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Thangaraj, Rajasekaran, Balasubramaniam Vadivel, T. Aravind, L. Chandhru, K. Harish, and Sivaraman Eswaran. "Tea Leaf Disease Identification using Improved Convolution Neural Network." In 2023 International Conference on Digital Applications, Transformation & Economy (ICDATE). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdate58146.2023.10248508.

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Reports on the topic "Rot disease of tea"

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Kurm, Viola, and Jan van der Wolf. Report: Resistance of potato tubers against soft rot Pectobacteriaceae (SRP) : Disease resistance in potato tubers against soft rot Pectobacteriaceae. Wageningen: Stichting Wageningen Research, Wageningen Plant Research, Business unit Biointeractions and Plant Health, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/563736.

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Zhang, Xiaoyu, Mark Gleason, and Hanli Yang. Validation of Anthracnose Fruit Rot Disease-Warning System on Strawberry–Year 1. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2037.

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Cannon, Philip G., Ned B. Klopfenstein, Mee-Sook Kim, Jane E. Stewart, and Chia-Lin Chung. Brown root rot disease caused by Phellinus noxius in U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-1006.

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Kistler, Harold Corby, and Talma Katan. Identification of DNA Unique to the Tomato Fusarium Wilt and Crown Rot Pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571359.bard.

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Wilt and crown rot are two important diseases of tomato caused by different strains ("formae speciales") of the fungus, Fusarium oxysporum. While both pathogens are members of the same fungal species, each differs genetically and resistance to the diseases is controlled by different genes in the plant. Additionally, the formae speciales differ in their ecology (e.g. optimal temperature of disease development) and epidemiology. Nevertheless, the distinction between these diseases based on symptoms alone may be unclear due to overlapping symptomatology. We have found in our research that the ambiguity of the pathogens is further confounded because strains causing tomato wilt or crown rot each may belong to several genetically and phylogenetically distinct lineages of F. oxysporum. Furthermore, individual lineages of the pathogen causing wilt or crown rot may themselves be very closely related. The diseases share the characteristic that the pathogen's inoculum may be aerially dispersed. This work has revealed a complex evolutionary relationship among lineages of the pathogens that makes development of molecular diagnostic methods more difficult than originally anticipated. However, the degree of diversity found in these soil-borne pathogens has allowed study of their population genetics and patterns of dispersal in agricultural settings.
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Eneroth, Hanna, Hanna Karlsson Potter, and Elin Röös. Environmental impact of coffee, tea and cocoa – data collection for a consumer guide for plant-based foods. Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.2n3m2d2pjl.

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In 2020, WWF launched a consumer guide on plant-based products targeting Swedish consumers. The development of the guide is described in a journal paper (Karlsson Potter & Röös, 2021) and the environmental impact of different plant based foods was published in a report (Karlsson Potter, Lundmark, & Röös, 2020). This report was prepared for WWF Sweden to provide scientific background information for complementing the consumer guide with information on coffee, tea and cocoa. This report includes quantitative estimations for several environmental categories (climate, land use, biodiversity and water use) of coffee (per L), tea (per L) and cocoa powder (per kg), building on the previously established methodology for the consumer guide. In addition, scenarios of consumption of coffee, tea and cocoa drink with milk/plant-based drinks and waste at household level, are presented. Tea, coffee and cacao beans have a lot in common. They are tropical perennial crops traditionally grown in the shade among other species, i.e. in agroforestry systems. Today, the production in intensive monocultures has negative impact on biodiversity. Re-introducing agroforestry practices may be part of the solution to improve biodiversity in these landscapes. Climate change will likely, due to changes in temperature, extreme weather events and increases in pests and disease, alter the areas where these crops can be grown in the future. A relatively high ratio of the global land used for coffee, tea and cocoa is certified according to sustainability standards, compared to other crops. Although research on the implications of voluntary standards on different outcomes is inconclusive, the literature supports that certifications have a role in incentivizing more sustainable farming. Coffee, tea and cocoa all contain caffeine and have a high content of bioactive compounds such as antioxidants, and they have all been associated with positive health outcomes. While there is a strong coffee culture in Sweden and coffee contributes substantially to the environmental impact of our diet, tea is a less consumed beverage. Cocoa powder is consumed as a beverage, but substantial amounts of our cocoa consumption is in the form of chocolate. Roasted ground coffee on the Swedish market had a climate impact of 4.0 kg CO2e per kg powder, while the climate impact of instant coffee powder was 11.5 kg CO2e per kg. Per litre, including the energy use for making the coffee, the total climate impact was estimated to 0.25 kg CO2e per L brewed coffee and 0.16 kg CO2e per L for instant coffee. Less green coffee beans are needed to produce the same amount of ready to drink coffee from instant coffee than from brewed coffee. Tea had a climate impact of approximately 6.3 kg CO2 e per kg dry leaves corresponding to an impact of 0.064 CO2e per L ready to drink tea. In the assessment of climate impact per cup, tea had the lowest impact with 0.013 kg CO2e, followed by black instant coffee (0.024 kg CO2e), black coffee (0.038 kg CO2e), and cocoa drink made with milk (0.33 kg CO2e). The climate impact of 1kg cocoa powder on the Swedish market was estimated to 2.8 kg CO2e. Adding milk to coffee or tea increases the climate impact substantially. The literature describes a high proportion of the total climate impact of coffee from the consumer stage due to the electricity used by the coffee machine. However, with the Nordic low-carbon energy mix, the brewing and heating of water and milk contributes to only a minor part of the climate impact of coffee. As in previous research, coffee also had a higher land use, water use and biodiversity impact than tea per L beverage. Another factor of interest at the consumer stage is the waste of prepared coffee. Waste of prepared coffee contributes to climate impact through the additional production costs and electricity for preparation, even though the latter was small in our calculations. The waste of coffee and tea at Summary household level is extensive and measures to reduce the amount of wasted coffee and tea could reduce the environmental impact of Swedish hot drink consumption. For the final evaluation of coffee and tea for the consumer guide, the boundary for the fruit and vegetable group was used. The functional unit for coffee and tea was 1 L prepared beverage without any added milk or sweetener. In the guide, the final evaluation of conventionally grown coffee is that it is ‘yellow’ (‘Consume sometimes’), and for organic produce, ‘light green’ (‘Please consume). The evaluation of conventionally grown tea is that it is ‘light green’, and for organic produce, ‘dark green’ (‘Preferably consume this’). For cocoa, the functional unit is 1 kg of cocoa powder and the boundary was taken from the protein group. The final evaluation of conventionally grown cocoa is that it is ‘orange’ (‘Be careful’), and for organically produced cocoa, ‘light green’.
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Michel Jr., Frederick C., Harry A. J. Hoitink, Yitzhak Hadar, and Dror Minz. Microbial Communities Active in Soil-Induced Systemic Plant Disease Resistance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586476.bard.

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Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) is a highly variable property that can be induced by compost amendment of potting media and soils. For example, previous studies showed that only 1 of 79 potting mixes prepared with different batches of mature composts produced from several different types of solid wastes were able to suppress the severity of bacterial leaf spot of radish caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. armoraciae compared with disease on plants produced in a nonamended sphagnum peat mix. In this project, microbial consortia in the rhizosphere of plants grown in ISR-active compost-amended substrates were characterized. The plants used included primarily cucumber but also tomato and radish. Rhizosphere microbial consortia were characterized using multiple molecular tools including DGGE (Israel) and T -RFLP (Ohio) in both ISR-active field plots and potting media. Universal as well as population-specific bacterial and fungal PCR primers were utilized. T -RFLP analyses using universal bacterial primers showed few significant differences in overall bacterial community composition in ISR-active and inactive substrates (Ohio). In addition, the community members which were significantly different varied when different ISR-activecomposts were used (Ohio). To better characterize the shifts in microbial community structure during the development of ISR, population specific molecular tools were developed (Israel, Ohio).-PCR primers were designed to detect and quantify bacterial groups including Pyrenomycetes, Bacillus, Pan toea, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas and Streptomyces as well as Trichoderma and Fusarium; two groups of fungi that harbor isolates which are ISR active (Isreal and Ohio). Bacterial consortia associated with cucumber plants grown in compost-amended potting mixtures were shown to be dominated by the phylogenetic taxon Bacteroidetes, including members of the genus Chryseobacterium, which in some cases have been shown to be involved in biocontrol (Israel). Nested-PCR-DGGE analyses coupled with long l6S rDNA sequencing, demonstrated that the Chryseobacteriumspp. detected on seed and the root in compost-amended treatments were derived from the compost itself. The most effective ISR inducing rhizobacterial strains were identified as Bacillus sp. based on partial sequencing of l6S rDNA. However, these strains were significantly less effective in reducing the severity of disease than Trichoderma hamatum382 (T382). A procedure was developed for inoculation of a compost-amended substrate with T -382 which consistently induced ISR in cucumber against Phytophthora blight caused by Phytophthora capsiciand in radish against bacterial spot (Ohio). Inoculation of compost-amended potting mixes with biocontrol agents such as T -382 and other microbes that induce systemic resistance in plants significantly increased the frequency of systemic disease control obtained with natural compost amendments.
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Cohen, Roni, Kevin Crosby, Menahem Edelstein, John Jifon, Beny Aloni, Nurit Katzir, Haim Nerson, and Daniel Leskovar. Grafting as a strategy for disease and stress management in muskmelon production. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7613874.bard.

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The overall objective of this research was to elucidate the horticultural, pathological, physiological and molecular factors impacting melon varieties (scion) grafted onto M. cannonballus resistant melon and squash rootstocks. Specific objectives were- to compare the performance of resistant melon germplasm (grafted and non-grafted) when exposed to M. cannoballus in the Lower Rio Grande valley and the Wintergarden, Texas, and in the Arava valley, Israel; to address inter-species relationships between a Monosporascus resistant melon rootstock and susceptible melon scions in terms of fruit-set, fruit quality and yield; to study the factors which determine the compatibility between the rootstock and the scion in melon; to compare the responses of graft unions of differing compatibilities under disease stress, high temperatures, deficit irrigation, and salinity stress; and to investigate the effect of rootstock on stress related gene expression in the scion. Some revisions were- to include watermelon in the Texas investigations since it is much more economically important to the state, and also to evaluate additional vine decline pathogens Didymella bryoniae and Macrophomina phaseolina. Current strategies for managing vine decline rely heavily on soil fumigation with methyl bromide, but restrictions on its use have increased the need for alternative management strategies. Grafting of commercial melon varieties onto resistant rootstocks with vigorous root systems is an alternative to methyl bromide for Monosporascus root rot/vine decline (MRR/VD) management in melon production. Extensive selection and breeding has already produced potential melon rootstock lines with vigorous root systems and disease resistance. Melons can also be grafted onto Cucurbita spp., providing nonspecific but efficient protection from a wide range of soil-borne diseases and against some abiotic stresses, but compatibility between the scion and the rootstock can be problematic. During the first year experiments to evaluate resistance to the vine decline pathogens Monosporascus cannonballus, Didymella bryoniae, and Macrophomina phaseolina in melon and squash rootstocks proved the efficacy of these grafted plants in improving yield and quality. Sugars and fruit size were better in grafted versus non-grafted plants in both Texas and Israel. Two melons (1207 and 124104) and one pumpkin, Tetsukabuto, were identified as the best candidate rootstocks in Texas field trials, while in Israel, the pumpkin rootstock RS59 performed best. Additionally, three hybrid melon rootstocks demonstrated excellent resistance to both M. cannonballus and D. bryoniae in inoculated tests, suggesting that further screening for fruit quality and yield should be conducted. Experiments with ABA in Uvalde demonstrated a significant increase in drought stress tolerance and concurrent reduction in transplant shock due to reduced transpiration for ‘Caravelle’ plants. In Israel, auxin was implicated in reducing root development and contributing to increased hydrogen peroxide, which may explain incompatibility reactions with some squash rootstocks. However, trellised plants responded favorably to auxin (NAA) application at the time of fruit development. Gene expression analyses in Israel identified several cDNAs which may code for phloem related proteins, cyclins or other factors which impact the graft compatibility. Manipulation of these genes by transformation or traditional breeding may lead to improved rootstock cultivars. Commercial applications of the new melon rootstocks as well as the ABA and TIBA growth regulators have potential to improve the success of grafted melons in both Israel and Texas. The disease resistance, fruit quality and yield data generated by the field trials will help producers in both locations to decide what rootstock/scion combinations will be best.
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Li, Xuan, Junjie Wang, Jing Mao, and Yunnan Li. Therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine fumigating plus Yang-He decoction for patients with ankylosing spondylitis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.4.0074.

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Review question / Objective: To assess the therapeutic effects of combined TCMF with YHD for AS patients. Condition being studied: Traditional Chinese medicine fumigating (TCMF) and Yang-He decoction (YHD) are widely used for ankylosing spondylitis (AS), whether combined used TCMF and YHD provides superior therapeutic effects for AS remained unclear. Eligibility criteria: (1) Patients: adult patients diagnosed with AS; (2) Treatments: TCMF plus YHD, TCMF, YHD, and WM; (3) Outcomes: the primary endpoint was effective rate, and the secondary endpoints including Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score, Schober test (ST), thoracic expansion (TE), finger-floor distance (FFD), pillow-wall distance (PWD), spinal column activity (SCA), morning stiffness time (MST), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP); and (4) Study design: the study had to have RCT design.
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Crowley, David E., Dror Minz, and Yitzhak Hadar. Shaping Plant Beneficial Rhizosphere Communities. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594387.bard.

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PGPR bacteria include taxonomically diverse bacterial species that function for improving plant mineral nutrition, stress tolerance, and disease suppression. A number of PGPR are being developed and commercialized as soil and seed inoculants, but to date, their interactions with resident bacterial populations are still poorly understood, and-almost nothing is known about the effects of soil management practices on their population size and activities. To this end, the original objectives of this research project were: 1) To examine microbial community interactions with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their plant hosts. 2) To explore the factors that affect PGPR population size and activity on plant root surfaces. In our original proposal, we initially prqposed the use oflow-resolution methods mainly involving the use of PCR-DGGE and PLFA profiles of community structure. However, early in the project we recognized that the methods for studying soil microbial communities were undergoing an exponential leap forward to much more high resolution methods using high-throughput sequencing. The application of these methods for studies on rhizosphere ecology thus became a central theme in these research project. Other related research by the US team focused on identifying PGPR bacterial strains and examining their effective population si~es that are required to enhance plant growth and on developing a simulation model that examines the process of root colonization. As summarized in the following report, we characterized the rhizosphere microbiome of four host plant species to determine the impact of the host (host signature effect) on resident versus active communities. Results of our studies showed a distinct plant host specific signature among wheat, maize, tomato and cucumber, based on the following three parameters: (I) each plant promoted the activity of a unique suite of soil bacterial populations; (2) significant variations were observed in the number and the degree of dominance of active populations; and (3)the level of contribution of active (rRNA-based) populations to the resident (DNA-based) community profiles. In the rhizoplane of all four plants a significant reduction of diversity was observed, relative to the bulk soil. Moreover, an increase in DNA-RNA correspondence indicated higher representation of active bacterial populations in the residing rhizoplane community. This research demonstrates that the host plant determines the bacterial community composition in its immediate vicinity, especially with respect to the active populations. Based on the studies from the US team, we suggest that the effective population size PGPR should be maintained at approximately 105 cells per gram of rhizosphere soil in the zone of elongation to obtain plant growth promotion effects, but emphasize that it is critical to also consider differences in the activity based on DNA-RNA correspondence. The results ofthis research provide fundamental new insight into the composition ofthe bacterial communities associated with plant roots, and the factors that affect their abundance and activity on root surfaces. Virtually all PGPR are multifunctional and may be expected to have diverse levels of activity with respect to production of plant growth hormones (regulation of root growth and architecture), suppression of stress ethylene (increased tolerance to drought and salinity), production of siderophores and antibiotics (disease suppression), and solubilization of phosphorus. The application of transcriptome methods pioneered in our research will ultimately lead to better understanding of how management practices such as use of compost and soil inoculants can be used to improve plant yields, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. As we look to the future, the use of metagenomic techniques combined with quantitative methods including microarrays, and quantitative peR methods that target specific genes should allow us to better classify, monitor, and manage the plant rhizosphere to improve crop yields in agricultural ecosystems. In addition, expression of several genes in rhizospheres of both cucumber and whet roots were identified, including mostly housekeeping genes. Denitrification, chemotaxis and motility genes were preferentially expressed in wheat while in cucumber roots bacterial genes involved in catalase, a large set of polysaccharide degradation and assimilatory sulfate reduction genes were preferentially expressed.
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Reisch, Bruce, Avichai Perl, Julie Kikkert, Ruth Ben-Arie, and Rachel Gollop. Use of Anti-Fungal Gene Synergisms for Improved Foliar and Fruit Disease Tolerance in Transgenic Grapes. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7575292.bard.

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Original objectives . 1. Test anti-fungal gene products for activity against Uncinula necator, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer and Botrytis cinerea. 2. For Agrobacterium transformation, design appropriate vectors with gene combinations. 3. Use biolistic bombardment and Agrobacterium for transformation of important cultivars. 4. Characterize gene expression in transformants, as well as level of powdery mildew and Botrytis resistance in foliage of transformed plants. Background The production of new grape cultivars by conventional breeding is a complex and time-consuming process. Transferring individual traits via single genes into elite cultivars was proposed as a viable strategy, especially for vegetatively propagated crops such as grapevines. The availability of effective genetic transformation procedures, the existence of genes able to reduce pathogen stress, and improved in vitro culture methods for grapes, were combined to serve the objective of this proposal. Effective deployment of resistance genes would reduce production costs and increase crop quality, and several such genes and combinations were used in this project. Progress The efficacy of two-way combinations of Trichoderma endochitinase (CHIT42), synthetic peptide ESF12 and resveratrol upon the control of growth of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium digitatum were evaluated in vitro. All pairwise interactions were additive but not synergistic. Per objective 2, suitable vectors with important gene combinations for Agrobacterium transformation were designed. In addition, multiple gene co-transformation by particle bombardment was also tested successfully. In New York, transformation work focused on cultivars Chardonnay and Merlot, while the technology in Israel was extended to 41B, R. 110, Prime, Italia, Gamay, Chardonnay and Velika. Transgenic plant production is summarized in the appendix. Among plants developed in Israel, endochitinase expression was assayed via the MuchT assay using material just 1-5 days after co-cultivation. Plants of cv. Sugraone carrying the gene coding for ESF12, a short anti-fungal lytic peptide under the control of the double 358 promoter, were produced. Leaf extracts of two plants showed inhibition zones that developed within 48 h indicating the inhibitory effect of the leaf extracts on the six species of bacteria. X fastidiosa, the causal organism of Pierce's disease, was very sensitive to leaf extracts from ESF12 transformed plants. Further work is needed to verify the agricultural utility of ESF12 transformants. In New York, some transformants were resistant to powdery mildew and Botrytis fruit rot. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements and implications The following scientific achievements resulted from this cooperative BARD project: 1. Development and improvement of embryogenesis and tissue culture manipulation in grape, while extending these procedures to several agriculturally important cultivars both in Israel and USA. 2. Development and improvement of novel transformation procedures while developing transformation techniques for grape and other recalcitrant species. 3. Production of transgenic grapevines, characterization of transformed vines while studying the expression patterns of a marker gene under the control of different promoter as the 35S CaMV in different part of the plants including flowers and fruits. 4. Expression of anti-fungal genes in grape: establishment of transgenic plants and evaluation of gene expression. Development of techniques to insert multiple genes. 5. Isolation of novel grape specific promoter to control the expression of future antimicrobial genes. It is of great importance to report that significant progress was made in not only the development of transgenic grapevines, but also in the evaluation of their potential for increased resistance to disease as compared with the non engineered cultivar. In several cases, increased disease resistance was observed. More research and development is still needed before a product can be commercialized, yet our project lays a framework for further investigations.
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