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1
Dale, Ethan R., Adrian J. McDonald, Jack H. J. Coggins, and Wolfgang Rack. "Atmospheric forcing of sea ice anomalies in the Ross Sea polynya region." Cryosphere 11, no. 1 (January 27, 2017): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-267-2017.
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Abstract. We investigate the impacts of strong wind events on the sea ice concentration within the Ross Sea polynya (RSP), which may have consequences on sea ice formation. Bootstrap sea ice concentration (SIC) measurements derived from satellite SSM/I brightness temperatures are correlated with surface winds and temperatures from Ross Ice Shelf automatic weather stations (AWSs) and weather models (ERA-Interim). Daily data in the austral winter period were used to classify characteristic weather regimes based on the percentiles of wind speed. For each regime a composite of a SIC anomaly was formed for the entire Ross Sea region and we found that persistent weak winds near the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf are generally associated with positive SIC anomalies in the Ross Sea polynya and vice versa. By analyzing sea ice motion vectors derived from the SSM/I brightness temperatures we find significant sea ice motion anomalies throughout the Ross Sea during strong wind events, which persist for several days after a strong wind event has ended. Strong, negative correlations are found between SIC and AWS wind speed within the RSP indicating that strong winds cause significant advection of sea ice in the region. We were able to partially recreate these correlations using colocated, modeled ERA-Interim wind speeds. However, large AWS and model differences are observed in the vicinity of Ross Island, where ERA-Interim underestimates wind speeds by a factor of 1.7 resulting in a significant misrepresentation of RSP processes in this area based on model data. Thus, the cross-correlation functions produced by compositing based on ERA-Interim wind speeds differed significantly from those produced with AWS wind speeds. In general the rapid decrease in SIC during a strong wind event is followed by a more gradual recovery in SIC. The SIC recovery continues over a time period greater than the average persistence of strong wind events and sea ice motion anomalies. This suggests that sea ice recovery occurs through thermodynamic rather than dynamic processes.
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Bertler, Nancy A. N., Howard Conway, Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, Daniel B. Emanuelsson, Mai Winstrup, Paul T. Vallelonga, James E. Lee, et al. "The Ross Sea Dipole – temperature, snow accumulation and sea ice variability in the Ross Sea region, Antarctica, over the past 2700 years." Climate of the Past 14, no. 2 (February 21, 2018): 193–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-193-2018.
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Abstract. High-resolution, well-dated climate archives provide an opportunity to investigate the dynamic interactions of climate patterns relevant for future projections. Here, we present data from a new, annually dated ice core record from the eastern Ross Sea, named the Roosevelt Island Climate Evolution (RICE) ice core. Comparison of this record with climate reanalysis data for the 1979–2012 interval shows that RICE reliably captures temperature and snow precipitation variability in the region. Trends over the past 2700 years in RICE are shown to be distinct from those in West Antarctica and the western Ross Sea captured by other ice cores. For most of this interval, the eastern Ross Sea was warming (or showing isotopic enrichment for other reasons), with increased snow accumulation and perhaps decreased sea ice concentration. However, West Antarctica cooled and the western Ross Sea showed no significant isotope temperature trend. This pattern here is referred to as the Ross Sea Dipole. Notably, during the Little Ice Age, West Antarctica and the western Ross Sea experienced colder than average temperatures, while the eastern Ross Sea underwent a period of warming or increased isotopic enrichment. From the 17th century onwards, this dipole relationship changed. All three regions show current warming, with snow accumulation declining in West Antarctica and the eastern Ross Sea but increasing in the western Ross Sea. We interpret this pattern as reflecting an increase in sea ice in the eastern Ross Sea with perhaps the establishment of a modern Roosevelt Island polynya as a local moisture source for RICE.
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Bertler, N. A. N., T. R. Naish, P. A. Mayewski, and P. J. Barrett. "Opposing oceanic and atmospheric ENSO influences on the Ross Sea Region, Antarctica." Advances in Geosciences 6 (January 9, 2006): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-6-83-2006.
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Abstract. Here we discuss the cause and effect of opposing atmospheric and oceanic ENSO forcings in the Ross Sea, that lead to a net warming in the eastern Ross Sea and a net cooling in the western Ross Sea during El Niño years. During La Niña years the opposite is observed. The oceanic ENSO effect causes a ~1 K warming with a 3 month lag during El Niño years in comparison to La Niña time periods. During El Niño events, the atmospheric ENSO effect leads to a shift and weakening of the Amundsen Sea Low, causing enhanced import of colder West Antarctic air masses into the western Ross Sea. We find that this indirect ENSO effect is about one order of magnitude stronger (up to 15 K) in the western Ross Sea than the direct effect (~1 K), leading to a net cooling during El Niño and net warming during La Niña events.
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ROBERTSON, ROBIN, AIKE BECKMANN, and HARTMUT HELLMER. "M2 tidal dynamics in the Ross Sea." Antarctic Science 15, no. 1 (February 19, 2003): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102003001044.
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In certain regions of the Southern Ocean, tidal energy is believed to foster the mixing of different water masses, which eventually contribute to the formation of deep and bottom waters. The Ross Sea is one of the major ventilation sites of the global ocean abyss and a region of sparse tidal observations. We investigated M2 tidal dynamics in the Ross Sea using a three-dimensional sigma coordinate model, the Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS). Realistic topography and hydrography from existing observational data were used with a single tidal constituent, the semi-diurnal M2. The model fields faithfully reproduced the major features of the tidal circulation and had reasonable agreement with ten existing tidal elevation observations and forty-two existing tidal current measurements. The differences were attributed primarily to topographic errors. Internal tides were generated at the continental shelf/slope break and other areas of steep topography. Strong vertical shears in the horizontal velocities occurred under and at the edges of the Ross Ice Shelf and along the continental shelf/slope break. Estimates of lead formation based on divergence of baroclinic velocities were significantly higher than those based on barotrophic velocities, reaching over 10% at the continental shelf/slope break.
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Parker, Steven J., Darren W. Stevens, Laura Ghigliotti, Mario La Mesa, Davide Di Blasi, and Marino Vacchi. "Winter spawning of Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni in the Ross Sea region." Antarctic Science 31, no. 05 (August 1, 2019): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102019000282.
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AbstractA survey of Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) was conducted in the northern Ross Sea region during the winter of 2016 to document the timing and location of spawning activity, to collect biological information about reproductive status during the spawning season and to look for temporal signals in biological data from D. mawsoni that may indicate a spawning migration of mature toothfish from the continental slope region to the northern Ross Sea region. The 58 day survey showed that spawning of D. mawsoni began on some seamounts by early July. No changes were detected between winter and summer in length, age, sex ratio or condition factor distributions for D. mawsoni in the northern Ross Sea as hypothesized following a spawning migration from the slope to the northern Ross Sea region. These results suggest that the distribution of D. mawsoni in the Ross Sea is mainly accomplished through ontogenetic migration and not annual return spawning migrations.
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Cohen, Lana, Sam Dean, and James Renwick. "Synoptic Weather Types for the Ross Sea Region, Antarctica." Journal of Climate 26, no. 2 (January 15, 2013): 636–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00690.1.
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Abstract Synoptic classifications over the Southern Ocean in the Ross Sea region of Antarctica (50°S–Antarctic coast, 150°E–90°W) have been derived from NCEP reanalysis data (1979–2011), producing a set of six synoptic types for the region. These types describe realistic synoptic conditions for the region and represent the moisture-bearing low pressure systems that circulate around Antarctica. The types are described as follows: low Bellingshausen/Amundsen (L-BA), low (L), zonal (Z), low Ross (L-R), ridge (R), and low Amundsen (L-A). Seasonal frequencies of the synoptic types reflect the seasonal zonal shift of the Amundsen Sea low (ASL) and also correlate well with the Southern Oscillation index (SOI) and the southern annular mode (SAM). Variability in the occurrences of the synoptic types L-R and L-BA indicate a shifting of the position of the ASL farther east (west) toward (away from) the Antarctic Peninsula during La Niña (El Niño) and positive (negative) SAM conditions. A joint linear regression of the SOI and SAM indices show the strongest correlations with the types L-BA and L-R in the spring and quantifies the joint forcing effect of these climate cycles on synoptic variability in the region. As a demonstration of how synoptic classification provides links between large-scale atmospheric circulation and local climate parameters, the synoptic types are related to precipitation and temperature at Roosevelt Island, an ice core site on the Ross Ice Shelf (80°S, 160°W). The synoptic types provide quantification of distinct precipitation and temperature regimes at this site, which allows for more fundamental understanding of the precipitation source regions and transport pathways that drive the variability in snow and ice proxies.
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Jeffries, M. O., A. L. Veazey, K. Morris, and H. R. Krouse. "Depositional environment of the snow cover on West Antarctic pack-ice floes." Annals of Glaciology 20 (1994): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1994aog20-1-33-38.
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The depth, density, load and isotopic (δ18O) composition of the snow cover on pack-ice floes were measured in late austral summer 1992 in the eastern Ross, Amundsen and western Bellingshausen Seas. Snow-density values commonly exceeded 350 kg m-3 and some were as high as 500 kg m-3. The densification of the snow occurs quickly and is attributed to a windy environment. The high density and sometimes considerable depth of the snow on the floes accounts for loads of as much as 700 kg m-2 and resultant sea-water flooding of the underlying sea ice. Lower mean δ18O values in the Ross/Amundsen Seas snow cover suggest that the region might have a cooler climate than the Bellingshausen Sea region. Snow depths on floes in the Bellingshausen Sea region were lower than those in the Ross/Amundsen Seas region, because the Bellingshausen Sea floes were first-year ice. Possible annual units in the isotope profiles of snow, as much as 2m deep, indicate that floes in the Ross/Amundsen Seas region were 2-3 years old.
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Jeffries, M. O., A. L. Veazey, K. Morris, and H. R. Krouse. "Depositional environment of the snow cover on West Antarctic pack-ice floes." Annals of Glaciology 20 (1994): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500016190.
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The depth, density, load and isotopic (δ18O) composition of the snow cover on pack-ice floes were measured in late austral summer 1992 in the eastern Ross, Amundsen and western Bellingshausen Seas. Snow-density values commonly exceeded 350 kg m-3and some were as high as 500 kg m-3. The densification of the snow occurs quickly and is attributed to a windy environment. The high density and sometimes considerable depth of the snow on the floes accounts for loads of as much as 700 kg m-2and resultant sea-water flooding of the underlying sea ice. Lower mean δ18O values in the Ross/Amundsen Seas snow cover suggest that the region might have a cooler climate than the Bellingshausen Sea region. Snow depths on floes in the Bellingshausen Sea region were lower than those in the Ross/Amundsen Seas region, because the Bellingshausen Sea floes were first-year ice. Possible annual units in the isotope profiles of snow, as much as 2m deep, indicate that floes in the Ross/Amundsen Seas region were 2-3 years old.
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Nigro, Melissa A., John J. Cassano, and Shelley L. Knuth. "Evaluation of Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) cyclone forecasts using infrared satellite imagery." Antarctic Science 24, no. 2 (October 17, 2011): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102011000745.
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AbstractThe Antarctic coast is an area of high cyclonic activity. Specifically, the regions of Terra Nova Bay, in the western Ross Sea, and Byrd Glacier, in the western Ross Ice Shelf, are prone to cyclone development. The United States, New Zealand, and Italian Antarctic programmes conduct extensive research activities in the region of the western Ross Sea. Due to the harsh weather conditions associated with the cyclonic systems that occur in this region and the abundant research activities in the area, it is important to be able to accurately predict the timing, location and strength of cyclones in this sector of Antarctica. This study evaluates the ability of the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (from 2006–09) to accurately forecast cyclones in the region of the western Ross Sea by comparing the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System forecasts to cyclones identified in infrared satellite imagery. The results indicate that the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System is able to accurately predict the presence of cyclones about 40% of the time (at a minimum) and the presence of no cyclones about 70% of the time.
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Luyendyk, Bruce P., Christopher C. Sorlien, Douglas S. Wilson, Louis R. Bartek, and Christine S. Siddoway. "Structural and tectonic evolution of the Ross Sea rift in the Cape Colbeck region, Eastern Ross Sea, Antarctica." Tectonics 20, no. 6 (December 2001): 933–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000tc001260.
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PADMAN, LAURENCE, SVETLANA EROFEEVA, and IAN JOUGHIN. "Tides of the Ross Sea and Ross Ice Shelf cavity." Antarctic Science 15, no. 1 (February 19, 2003): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102003001032.
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Two new ocean tide models for the Ross Sea including the ocean cavity under the Ross Ice Shelf, are described. The optimum model for predicting ice shelf surface height variability is based on assimilation of gravimetry-derived tidal constituents from the Ross Ice Shelf. Synthetic aperture radar interferograms provide an independent test of model performance. The standard deviation of tide height variability is largest under the eastern ice shelf along the Shirase and Siple Coasts, where it can exceed 0.8 m. The maximum peak-to-peak tidal range in this region is ∼3 m. The best predictor for ocean tidal currents north of the ice front is a dynamics-based model that solves the depth-integrated shallow water equations with a linear representation of benthic friction rather than the more usual quadratic form. Tidal currents over the open Ross Sea are dominated by diurnal, topographically trapped vorticity waves. The strongest modelled currents exceed 1 m s−1 at spring tide in a narrow band along the upper continental slope in the north-western Ross Sea. Typical tidal currents in the central continental shelf area of the Ross Sea are 10–20 cm s−1. Under the ice shelf the typical currents are ∼5 cm s−1.
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Jolly, Ben, Peter Kuma, Adrian McDonald, and Simon Parsons. "An analysis of the cloud environment over the Ross Sea and Ross Ice Shelf using CloudSat/CALIPSO satellite observations: the importance of synoptic forcing." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 13 (July 10, 2018): 9723–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-9723-2018.
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Abstract. We use the 2B-GEOPROF-LIDAR R04 (2BGL4) and R05 (2BGL5) products and the 2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR R04 (2BCL4) product, all generated by combining CloudSat radar and CALIPSO lidar satellite measurements with auxiliary data, to examine the vertical distribution of cloud occurrence around the Ross Ice Shelf (RIS) and Ross Sea region. We find that the 2BGL4 product, used in previous studies in this region, displays a discontinuity at 8.2 km which is not observable in the other products. This artefact appears to correspond to a change in the horizontal and vertical resolution of the CALIPSO dataset used above this level. We then use the 2BCL4 product to examine the vertical distribution of cloud occurrence, phase, and type over the RIS and Ross Sea. In particular we examine how synoptic conditions in the region, derived using a previously developed synoptic classification, impact the cloud environment and the contrasting response in the two regions. We observe large differences between the cloud occurrence as a function of altitude for synoptic regimes relative to those for seasonal variations. A stronger variation in the occurrence of clear skies and multi-layer cloud and in all cloud type occurrences over both the Ross Sea and RIS is associated more with synoptic type than seasonal composites. In addition, anomalies from the mean joint histogram of cloud top height against thickness display significant differences over the Ross Sea and RIS sectors as a function of synoptic regime, but are near identical over these two regions when a seasonal analysis is completed. However, the frequency of particular phases of cloud, notably mixed phase and water, is much more strongly modulated by seasonal than synoptic regime compositing, which suggests that temperature is still the most important control on cloud phase in the region.
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Harvey, M. J., G. W. Fisher, I. S. Lechner, P. Isaac, N. E. Flower, and A. L. Dick. "Summertime aerosol measurements in the ross sea region of Antarctica." Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics 25, no. 3-4 (January 1991): 569–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(91)90054-b.
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Sewell, Mary A. "The meroplankton community of the northern Ross Sea: a preliminary comparison with the McMurdo Sound region." Antarctic Science 18, no. 4 (November 14, 2006): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102006000630.
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As part of the Latitudinal Gradient Project (LGP) the coastal meroplankton community is being studied along the coast of Victoria Land, in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. In this preliminary analysis the meroplankton community from Cape Hallett (72°S) is compared to that from two previously sampled sites in the south-western Ross Sea; at Cape Roberts and in McMurdo Sound (c. 77°S). Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (MDS), a hierarchical cluster analysis and permutational MANOVA in combination show that the meroplankton composition differs significantly between the three sites. Although this preliminary analysis includes only one northern Ross Sea site, the results suggest that there are differences in meroplankton composition along the Victoria Land coast. Several larval types, including annelid trochophores, unidentified annelid larva, echinospira, barnacle nauplius, asteroid, echinoid, and ophiuroid larvae were absent or rare in the south-western Ross Sea but found abundantly at Cape Hallett. Detailed analysis of the meroplankton community at Cape Hallett and further examination of changes in the meroplankton community along the Victoria Land coast will continue in future years of the LGP.
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Aislabie, J., S. Jordan, J. Ayton, J. L. Klassen, G. M. Barker, and S. Turner. "Bacterial diversity associated with ornithogenic soil of the Ross Sea region, AntarcticaThis article is one of a selection of papers in the Special Issue on Polar and Alpine Microbiology." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 55, no. 1 (January 2009): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w08-126.
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In the Ross Sea region of Antarctica, ornithogenic soils form on land under Adélie Penguin rookeries. Compared with mineral soils of the Ross Sea region, ornithogenic soils are generally high in microbial biomass, organic carbon, and total nitrogen and phosphorus, with high electrical conductivity and large variations in pH. The objective of this study was to assess the bacterial composition of ornithogenic soils from Cape Hallett and Cape Bird in the Ross Sea region using culture-independent methods. Soil clone libraries were constructed and those clones that occurred ≥3 times were sequenced. The bacterial diversity of the soils was dependent on the presence of penguins. Firmicutes most closely related to the endospore-formers (e.g., Oceanobacillus profundus and Clostridium acidurici ) and (or) Gammaproteobacteria belonging to the genus Psychrobacter dominated soils currently occupied with penguins. In contrast, Gammaproteobacteria, closely related to cultured members of the genera Rhodanobacter , Psychrobacter , Dokdonella , and Lysobacter , dominated the soils previously colonized by penguins. Results of this study indicate that despite relatively high nutrient levels and microbial biomass, bacterial communities of ornithogenic soils were not more diverse than those of mineral soils of the Ross Sea region of Antarctica.
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Harris, Colin M. "Protected areas review: McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea." Polar Record 30, no. 174 (July 1994): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400024244.
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AbstractAs a result of new provisions in the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty a number of countries are reviewing the management plans for protected areas in Antarctica. The United States and New Zealand have initiated a review of the 15 existing sites in the Ross Sea region, using an independent party, the International Centre for Antarctic Information and Research, to facilitate and coordinate the process. Management provisions are being revised to comply with the Protocol, and improved maps for the sites are being prepared using Geographical Information Systems. Visits in 1993/94 gathered field information, and thus far two sites have had new plans drafted: these are proceeding through the international review process. Input and comment is invited from interested parties with experience in these areas.
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Basher, Zeenatul, David A. Bowden, and Mark J. Costello. "Diversity and Distribution of Deep-Sea Shrimps in the Ross Sea Region of Antarctica." PLoS ONE 9, no. 7 (July 22, 2014): e103195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103195.
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Parkinson, C. L., and D. J. Cavalieri. "Antarctic sea ice variability and trends, 1979–2010." Cryosphere Discussions 6, no. 2 (March 9, 2012): 931–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-6-931-2012.
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Abstract. In sharp contrast to the decreasing sea ice coverage of the Arctic, in the Antarctic the sea ice cover has, on average, expanded since the late 1970s. More specifically, satellite passive-microwave data for the period November 1978–December 2010 reveal an overall positive trend in ice extents of 17 100 ± 2300 km2 yr−1. Much of the increase, at 13 700 ± 1500 km2 yr−1, has occurred in the region of the Ross Sea, with lesser contributions from the Weddell Sea and Indian Ocean. One region, that of the Bellingshausen/Amundsen Seas, has, like the Arctic, instead experienced significant sea ice decreases, with an overall ice extent trend of −8200 ± 1200 km2 yr−1. When examined through the annual cycle over the 32-yr period 1979–2010, the Southern Hemisphere sea ice cover as a whole experienced positive ice extent trends in every month, ranging in magnitude from a low of 9100 ± 6300 km2 yr−1 in February to a high of 24 700 ± 10 000 km2 yr−1 in May. The Ross Sea and Indian Ocean also had positive trends in each month, while the Bellingshausen/Amundsen Seas had negative trends in each month, and the Weddell Sea and Western Pacific Ocean had a mixture of positive and negative trends. Comparing ice-area results to ice-extent results, in each case the ice-area trend has the same sign as the ice-extent trend, but differences in the magnitudes of the two trends identify regions with overall increasing ice concentrations and others with overall decreasing ice concentrations. The strong pattern of decreasing ice coverage in the Bellingshausen/Amundsen Seas region and increasing ice coverage in the Ross Sea region is suggestive of changes in atmospheric circulation. This is a key topic for future research.
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Gallego, R., S. Lavery, and M. A. Sewell. "The meroplankton community of the oceanic Ross Sea during late summer." Antarctic Science 26, no. 4 (December 16, 2013): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102013000795.
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AbstractMeroplankton community studies in the Antarctic have primarily focused on the coastal waters of both the Antarctic Peninsula and the Ross Sea. The New Zealand International Polar Year - Census of Antarctic Marine Life (IPY-CAML) voyage to the Ross Sea during the late summer (February–March) 2008 provided the first meroplankton samples from three regions in the deep, oceanic waters of the Ross Sea (shelf, slope and adjacent offshore Antarctic waters of Admiralty Seamount and Scott Island). We used a combined morphological and molecular approach to identify 36 larval operational taxonomic units based on sequences from three loci (16S, 18S, COI), and exclude early developmental stages of holoplankton. Overall, larval abundance was lower than previous Antarctic studies (5.19 specimens per 100 m3), with larvae most abundant in the first 200 m of the water column and most diverse in the shelf region. Multivariate analysis revealed significant differences in the meroplankton community between regions and depth ranges, but with low similarity within these groupings; differences between water masses were undetectable due to the confounding effect with both region and depth. The influence of nearby benthic populations (e.g. the acorn barnacleBathylasma corolliforme) and/or locally abundant taxa (e.g. the nudibranchTergipes antarcticus) was evident in the meroplankton community.
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Lindstrom, D. R. "Formation of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet." Annals of Glaciology 11 (1988): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500006352.
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A numerical ice-shelf model is employed to observe the inception of the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS) from a thin (20 m thick) floating ice cover under the following conditions: (i) a lower sea-level than at present, due to ice-sheet formation in the Northern Hemisphere, (ii) surface and basal temperature and accumulation rates approximately equal to those of present Antarctic ice shelves, and (iii) ice flow from East Antarctica into West Antarctica is neglected. The model determines the flow and thickness of floating ice and assumes that grounded ice is stagnant. Under these constraints, all regions except the Ross Sea, the Filchner region (east of Berkner Island), and up-stream of Thwaites Glacier ground within 4000 years. Ice readily grounds in the Ronne region (west of Berkner Island), forcing ice from Ellsworth Land to flow east toward the Filchner region. It is suggested that grounding over the Ross Sea, the Filchner region, and up-stream of Thwaites Glacier occurs only after grounded-ice flow is established. Grounded-ice flow is also a prerequisite of bed erosion and sediment deposition, which leave historical records of the actual ice-sheet formation. It is suggested that erosion and sediment deposition is minimal over the Ronne region and considerable along the path from Ellsworth Land to the Filchner region, because more ice flows toward the Filchner region than the Ronne region. It is probably difficult for ice to ground over the Ross region, so this region should have a high proportion of glacial marine sediments.
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Lindstrom, D. R. "Formation of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet." Annals of Glaciology 11 (1988): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500006352.
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A numerical ice-shelf model is employed to observe the inception of the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS) from a thin (20 m thick) floating ice cover under the following conditions: (i) a lower sea-level than at present, due to ice-sheet formation in the Northern Hemisphere, (ii) surface and basal temperature and accumulation rates approximately equal to those of present Antarctic ice shelves, and (iii) ice flow from East Antarctica into West Antarctica is neglected. The model determines the flow and thickness of floating ice and assumes that grounded ice is stagnant. Under these constraints, all regions except the Ross Sea, the Filchner region (east of Berkner Island), and up-stream of Thwaites Glacier ground within 4000 years. Ice readily grounds in the Ronne region (west of Berkner Island), forcing ice from Ellsworth Land to flow east toward the Filchner region. It is suggested that grounding over the Ross Sea, the Filchner region, and up-stream of Thwaites Glacier occurs only after grounded-ice flow is established. Grounded-ice flow is also a prerequisite of bed erosion and sediment deposition, which leave historical records of the actual ice-sheet formation. It is suggested that erosion and sediment deposition is minimal over the Ronne region and considerable along the path from Ellsworth Land to the Filchner region, because more ice flows toward the Filchner region than the Ronne region. It is probably difficult for ice to ground over the Ross region, so this region should have a high proportion of glacial marine sediments.
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Bockheim, James G., and Malcolm McLeod. "Glacial geomorphology of the Victoria Valley System, Ross Sea Region, Antarctica." Geomorphology 193 (July 2013): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.03.020.
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Maher, Patrick T. "A Ulysses Connection: Examining Experiences in the Ross Sea Region, Antarctica." Journal of Experiential Education 27, no. 3 (March 2005): 311–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105382590502700313.
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Weber, Nicholas J., Matthew A. Lazzara, Linda M. Keller, and John J. Cassano. "The Extreme Wind Events in the Ross Island Region of Antarctica." Weather and Forecasting 31, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 985–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-15-0125.1.
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Abstract Numerous incidents of structural damage at the U.S. Antarctic Program’s (USAP) McMurdo Station due to extreme wind events (EWEs) have been reported over the past decade. Utilizing nearly 20 yr (~1992–2013) of University of Wisconsin automatic weather station (AWS) data from three different stations in the Ross Island region (Pegasus North, Pegasus South, and Willie Field), statistical analysis shows no significant trends in EWE frequency, intensity, or duration. EWEs more frequently occur during the transition seasons. To assess the dynamical environment of these EWEs, Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) forecast back trajectories are computed and analyzed in conjunction with several other AMPS fields for the strongest events at McMurdo Station. The synoptic analysis reveals that McMurdo Station EWEs are nearly always associated with strong southerly flow due to an approaching Ross Sea cyclone and an upper-level trough around Cape Adare. A Ross Ice Shelf air stream (RAS) environment is created with enhanced barrier winds along the Transantarctic Mountains, downslope winds in the lee of the glaciers and local topography, and a tip jet effect around Ross Island. The position and intensity of these Ross Sea cyclones are most influenced by the occurrence of a central Pacific ENSO event, which causes the upper-level trough to move westward. An approaching surface cyclone would then be in position to trigger an event, depending on how the wind direction and speed impinges on the complex topography around McMurdo Station.
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Taylor, R. H., P. R. Wilson, and B. W. Thomas. "Status and trends of Adélie penguin populations in the Ross Sea region." Polar Record 26, no. 159 (October 1990): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400011803.
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AbstractAerial reconnaissance and photography were used in the Ross Sea sector of Antarctica to determine the breeding locations of Adelie penguinsPygoscelis adeliae, and to count the numbers of nests occupied during the early incubation period. From 1981 to 1987, all islands and sea coasts between 158°E and 175°E were searched, and 11 previously unreported breeding rookeries were discovered. Thirty-eight Adé1ie rookeries are now known from the region, with a total of about 1,082,000 breeding pairs — almost half the world population. Some rookeries were photographed in all, or most, of the seven seasons to study the pattern of natural fluctuations in Adelie populations, and comparisons have been made with earlier counts. Populations at nearly all rookeries have increased in size over the last 10–20 years. Possible reasons for this, and for annual fluctuations in numbers breeding, include seasonal variations in. sea ice and weather conditions, and longer-term climatic change.
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Kaspari, S., D. A. Dixon, S. B. Sneed, and M. J. Handley. "Sources and transport pathways of marine aerosol species into West Antarctica." Annals of Glaciology 41 (2005): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756405781813221.
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AbstractSixteen high-resolution marine aerosol (Na+, SO42–) records from spatially distributed International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition (ITASE) ice cores spanning the last ~200 years from the Pine Island–Thwaites and Ross drainage systems and the South Pole are used to examine sources (sea spray and frost flowers) and transport pathways of marine aerosols into West Antarctica. Factors contributing to the amount of marine aerosols transported inland include sea-ice extent, the presence of open-water features (polynyas, leads), wind strength and direction, and the strength and positioning of low-pressure systems. Analysis of SO42–/Na+ ratios indicates that frost flowers can contribute significantly (40%) to the Na+ budget of Antarctic ice cores. Higher Na+ concentrations in the Ross drainage system may result from greater production of marine aerosols related to frost flowers in the Ross Sea region in association with greater sea-ice extent and larger open-water areas. Significant positive correlations of sea-ice extent and the Na+ time series exist in some regions of West Antarctica. Higher wind speeds in winter and higher Na+ concentrations when sea-level pressure is lower indicate that intensified atmospheric circulation enhances transport and production of marine aerosols.
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Parkinson, C. L., and D. J. Cavalieri. "Antarctic sea ice variability and trends, 1979–2010." Cryosphere 6, no. 4 (August 15, 2012): 871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-871-2012.
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Abstract. In sharp contrast to the decreasing sea ice coverage of the Arctic, in the Antarctic the sea ice cover has, on average, expanded since the late 1970s. More specifically, satellite passive-microwave data for the period November 1978–December 2010 reveal an overall positive trend in ice extents of 17 100 ± 2300 km2 yr−1. Much of the increase, at 13 700 ± 1500 km2 yr−1, has occurred in the region of the Ross Sea, with lesser contributions from the Weddell Sea and Indian Ocean. One region, that of the Bellingshausen/Amundsen Seas, has (like the Arctic) instead experienced significant sea ice decreases, with an overall ice extent trend of −8200 ± 1200 km2 yr−1. When examined through the annual cycle over the 32-yr period 1979–2010, the Southern Hemisphere sea ice cover as a whole experienced positive ice extent trends in every month, ranging in magnitude from a low of 9100 ± 6300 km2 yr−1 in February to a high of 24 700 ± 10 000 km2 yr−1 in May. The Ross Sea and Indian Ocean also had positive trends in each month, while the Bellingshausen/Amundsen Seas had negative trends in each month, and the Weddell Sea and western Pacific Ocean had a mixture of positive and negative trends. Comparing ice-area results to ice-extent results, in each case the ice-area trend has the same sign as the ice-extent trend, but the magnitudes of the two trends differ, and in some cases these differences allow inferences about the corresponding changes in sea ice concentrations. The strong pattern of decreasing ice coverage in the Bellingshausen/Amundsen Seas region and increasing ice coverage in the Ross Sea region is suggestive of changes in atmospheric circulation. This is a key topic for future research.
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Hanchet, Stuart M., Andrew L. Stewart, Peter J. McMillan, Malcolm R. Clark, Richard L. O'Driscoll, and Michael L. Stevenson. "Diversity, relative abundance, new locality records, and updated fish fauna of the Ross Sea region." Antarctic Science 25, no. 5 (February 18, 2013): 619–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102012001265.
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AbstractTwo surveys were carried out in the Ross Sea region during February and March 2004 and 2008 from the New Zealand RVTangaroa. Fishes were sampled on the continental shelf and slope of the Ross Sea, and on adjacent seamounts to the north, mainly using a large demersal fish trawl and a large mesopelagic fish trawl. Parts of the shelf and slope were stratified by depth and at least three random demersal trawls were completed in each stratum, enabling biomass estimates of demersal fish to be calculated. Fish distribution data from these two surveys were supplemented by collections made by observers from the toothfish fishery. A diverse collection of over 2500 fish specimens was obtained from the two surveys representing 110 species in 21 families. When combined with previous documented material this gave a total species list of 175, of which 135 were from the Ross Sea shelf and slope (to the 2000 m isobath). Demersal species-richness, diversity and evenness indices all decreased going from the shelf to the slope and the seamounts. In contrast, indices for pelagic species were similar for the slope and seamounts/abyss but were much lower for the shelf.
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Parker, S. J., S. Mormede, S. M. Hanchet, A. Devries, S. Canese, and L. Ghigliotti. "Monitoring Antarctic toothfish in McMurdo Sound to evaluate the Ross Sea region Marine Protected Area." Antarctic Science 31, no. 4 (June 14, 2019): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102019000245.
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AbstractWe developed a random, stratified, vertical longline survey in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, to compare the local age and size composition, diet and reproductive status of Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) with those observed from a vessel-based survey of the southern Ross Sea shelf that includes a McMurdo Sound stratum. Results indicated that southern McMurdo Sound toothfish were larger and older than those a short distance away in northern McMurdo Sound. These data, in addition to recoveries of tagged fish, suggest that the large toothfish in McMurdo Sound may have limited mixing with the rest of the population. The potential effects of climate change and fishing in northern areas on toothfish abundance in McMurdo Sound will depend on the mechanism of toothfish recruitment to McMurdo Sound. Understanding the ecological relationships between McMurdo Sound toothfish and the larger population is required to predict these impacts. Furthermore, because toothfish predators (type C killer whalesOrcinus orca, Weddell sealsLeptonychotes weddellii) are abundant in the south-west margins of the Ross Sea, it is important to monitor toothfish in McMurdo Sound as part of the monitoring programme for the Ross Sea region Marine Protected Area.
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Jabour, Julia, and Danielle Smith. "The Ross Sea Region Marine Protected Area: Can It be Successfully Managed?" Ocean Yearbook Online 32, no. 1 (2018): 190–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116001-03201008.
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Bettoli, Maria G., Lorenzo Cantelli, Damiano Quarin, Marzia Ravanelli, Laura Tositti, and Ottavio Tubertini. "Marine Sediments and Snow from Ross Sea Region (Antarctica) Dating by210Pb Method." International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 71, no. 3-4 (August 1998): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067319808032636.
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Tuohy, Andrea, Nancy Bertler, Peter Neff, Ross Edwards, Daniel Emanuelsson, Thomas Beers, and Paul Mayewski. "Transport and deposition of heavy metals in the Ross Sea Region, Antarctica." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 120, no. 20 (October 20, 2015): 10,996–11,011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015jd023293.
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Coggins, Jack H. J., Adrian J. McDonald, and Ben Jolly. "Synoptic climatology of the Ross Ice Shelf and Ross Sea region of Antarctica: k -means clustering and validation." International Journal of Climatology 34, no. 7 (November 4, 2013): 2330–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.3842.
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Heinemann, Günther, and Thomas Klein. "Simulations of Topographically Forced Mesocyclones in the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea Region of Antarctica." Monthly Weather Review 131, no. 2 (February 2003): 302–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<0302:sotfmi>2.0.co;2.
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Petty, A. A., P. R. Holland, and D. L. Feltham. "Sea ice and the ocean mixed layer over the Antarctic shelf seas." Cryosphere Discussions 7, no. 4 (August 30, 2013): 4321–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-4321-2013.
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Abstract. An ocean mixed layer model has been incorporated into the Los Alamos sea ice model CICE to investigate regional variations in the surface-driven formation of Antarctic shelf waters. This model captures well the expected sea ice thickness distribution, and produces deep (> 500 m) mixed layers in the Weddell and Ross shelf seas each winter. This results in the complete destratification of the water column in deep southern coastal regions (leading to HSSW formation) and also in some shallower regions (no HSSW formation) of these seas. Shallower mixed layers are produced in the Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas. By deconstructing the surface power input to the mixed layer, we show that the freshwater flux from sea ice growth/melt dominates the evolution of the mixed layer in all seas, with a smaller contribution from the surface heat flux. The Weddell and Ross shelf seas receive an annual surplus of energy at the surface, the Amundsen shelf sea energy input in autumn/winter is balanced by energy extraction in spring/summer, and the Bellingshausen shelf sea experiences an annual surface energy deficit, through both a low energy input in autumn/winter and the highest energy loss in spring/summer. An analysis of the sea ice mass balance demonstrates the contrasting mean ice growth, melt and export in each region. The Weddell and Ross shelf seas have the highest annual ice growth, with a large fraction exported northwards each year, whereas the Bellingshausen shelf sea experiences the highest annual ice melt, driven by the advection of ice from the northeast. A linear regression analysis is performed to determine the temporal and spatial correlations between the autumn/winter mixed layer power input and several atmospheric variables. The temporal mean Weddell and Ross autumn/winter power input shows stronger spatial correlation to several atmospheric variables compared to the Amundsen and Bellingshausen. In contrast the spatial mean autumn/winter power input shows stronger temporal correlation to several atmospheric variables, in the Amundsen and Bellingshausen. All regions show strong temporal correlation between the autumn/winter surface power input and the meridional wind speed except the Ross, which instead shows moderate correlation to the zonal wind speed. Further regressions demonstrate that this is probably due to the Ross shelf-sea geometry and impact of the ocean turning angle on ice motion, with a more zonal (eastward) wind preventing ice build up along the Cape Adare coast in the eastern Ross shelf sea, increasing ice export.
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Farooq, Usama, Wolfgang Rack, Adrian McDonald, and Stephen Howell. "Long-Term Analysis of Sea Ice Drift in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica, at High and Low Spatial Resolution." Remote Sensing 12, no. 9 (April 29, 2020): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12091402.
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The Ross Sea region, including three main polynya areas in McMurdo Sound, Terra Nova Bay, and in front of the Ross Ice Shelf, has experienced a significant increase in sea ice extent in the first four decades of satellite observations. Here, we use Co-Registration of Optically Sensed Images and Correlation (COSI-Corr) to estimate 894 high-resolution sea ice motion fields of the Western Ross Sea in order to explore ice-atmosphere interactions based on sequential high-resolution Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) images from the Envisat satellite acquired between 2002–2012. Validation of output motion vectors with manually drawn vectors for 24 image pairs show Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.92 ± 0.09 with a mean deviation in direction of −3.17 ± 6.48 degrees. The high-resolution vectors were also validated against the Environment and Climate Change Canada sea ice motion tracking algorithm, resulting in correlation coefficients of 0.84 ± 0.20 and the mean deviation in the direction of −0.04 ± 17.39 degrees. A total of 480 one-day separated velocity vector fields have been compared to an available NSIDC low-resolution sea ice motion vector product, showing much lower correlations and high directional differences. The high-resolution product is able to better identify short-term and spatial variations, whereas the low-resolution product underestimates the actual sea ice velocities by 47% in this important near-coastal region. The large-scale pattern of sea ice drift over the full time period is similar in both products. Improved image coverage is still desired to capture drift variations shorter than 24 h.
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Monaghan, Andrew J., David H. Bromwich, Jordan G. Powers, and Kevin W. Manning. "The Climate of the McMurdo, Antarctica, Region as Represented by One Year of Forecasts from the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System*." Journal of Climate 18, no. 8 (April 15, 2005): 1174–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3336.1.
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Abstract In response to the need for improved weather prediction capabilities in support of the U.S. Antarctic Program’s Antarctic field operations, the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) was implemented in October 2000. AMPS employs a limited-area model, the Polar fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5), optimized for use over ice sheets. Twice-daily forecasts from the 3.3-km resolution domain of AMPS are joined together to study the climate of the McMurdo region from June 2002 to May 2003. Annual and seasonal distributions of wind direction and speed, 2-m temperature, mean sea level pressure, precipitation, and cloud fraction are presented. This is the first time a model adapted for polar use and with relatively high resolution is used to study the climate of the rugged McMurdo region, allowing several important climatological features to be investigated with unprecedented detail. Orographic effects exert an important influence on the near-surface winds. Time-mean vortices occur in the lee of Ross Island, perhaps a factor in the high incidence of mesoscale cyclogenesis noted in this area. The near-surface temperature gradient is oriented northwest to southeast with the warmest temperatures in the northwest near McMurdo and the gradient being steepest in winter. The first-ever detailed precipitation maps of the region are presented. Orographic precipitation maxima occur on the southerly slopes of Ross Island and in the mountains to the southwest. The source of the moisture is primarily from the large synoptic systems passing to the northeast and east of Ross Island. A precipitation-shadow effect appears to be an important influence on the low precipitation amounts observed in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Total cloud fraction primarily depends on the amount of open water in the Ross Sea; the cloudiest region is to the northeast of Ross Island in the vicinity of the Ross Sea polynya.
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Ionita, Monica, Patrick Scholz, Klaus Grosfeld, and Renate Treffeisen. "Moisture transport and Antarctic sea ice: austral spring 2016 event." Earth System Dynamics 9, no. 3 (July 4, 2018): 939–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-939-2018.
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Abstract. In austral spring 2016 the Antarctic region experienced anomalous sea ice retreat in all sectors, with sea ice extent in October and November 2016 being the lowest in the Southern Hemisphere over the observational period (1979–present). The extreme sea ice retreat was accompanied by widespread warming along the coastal areas as well as in the interior of the Antarctic continent. This exceptional event occurred along with a strong negative phase of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and the moistest and warmest spring on record, over large areas covering the Indian Ocean, the Ross Sea and the Weddell Sea. In October 2016, the positive anomalies of the totally integrated water vapor (IWV) and 2 m air temperature (T2m) over the Indian Ocean, western Pacific, Bellingshausen Sea and southern part of Ross Sea were unprecedented in the last 39 years. In October and November 2016, when the largest magnitude of negative daily sea ice concentration anomalies was observed, repeated episodes of poleward advection of warm and moist air took place. These results suggest the importance of moist and warm air intrusions into the Antarctic region as one of the main contributors to this exceptional sea ice retreat event.
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Rhodes, R. H., N. A. N. Bertler, J. A. Baker, H. C. Steen-Larsen, S. B. Sneed, U. Morgenstern, and S. J. Johnsen. "Little Ice Age climate and oceanic conditions of the Ross Sea, Antarctica from a coastal ice core record." Climate of the Past Discussions 8, no. 1 (January 10, 2012): 215–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-8-215-2012.
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Abstract. The Little Ice Age (LIA) is the most recent abrupt climate change event. Understanding its forcings and associated climate system feedbacks is made difficult by a scarcity of Southern Hemisphere paleoclimate records. In this paper we utilise ice core glaciochemical records to reconstruct atmospheric and oceanic conditions in the Ross Sea sector of Antarctic, a region influenced by two contrasting meteorological regimes: katabatic winds and cyclones. Stable isotope (δD) and lithophile element concentration (e.g., Al) records indicate that the region experienced ~1.75 °C cooler temperatures and strong (>57 m s−1) prevailing katabatic winds during the LIA. We observe that the 1590–1875 record is characterised by high d-excess values and marine element (e.g., Na) concentrations, which are linked to the intrusion of cyclonic systems. The strongest katabatic wind events of the LIA, marked by Al, Ti and Pb concentration increases of an order of magnitude (>120 ppb Al), also occur during this interval. Furthermore, concentrations of the biogenic sulphur species MS− suggest that biological productivity in the Ross Sea Polynya was ~80% higher prior to 1875 than in the subsequent time. We propose that colder temperatures and intensified cyclonic activity in the Ross Sea promoted stronger katabatic winds across the Ross Ice Shelf, resulting in an enlarged polynya with increased sea ice and bottom water production. It is therefore hypothesised that increased bottom water formation during the LIA occurred in response to atmospheric circulation change.
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Maher, Patrick T., Alison J. McIntosh, and Gary D. Steel. "Examining Dimensions of Anticipation: Inputs Prior to Visiting the Ross Sea Region, Antarctica." Tourism in Marine Environments 2, no. 2 (October 1, 2006): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/154427306779436318.
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Balks, M. R., and T. A. O’Neill. "Soil and permafrost in the Ross Sea region of Antarctica: stable or dynamic?" Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 42, no. 2 (September 13, 2016): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.2923.
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Soils in the Ross Sea Region of Antarctica generally comprise a surface desert pavement and a seasonally thawed active layer over permafrost. Most soils are formed on regolith such as glacial till or colluvium. Mean annual air temperatures range from -18°C to -24°C with low precipitation. The active layer ranges in depth from minimal in higher altitude, colder sites, to near 1 m deep at warmer coastal sites in the northern part of the region. Underlying permafrost may be ice-cemented, or dry with no ice cement. In some areas ice-cored moraine occurs where there is a large body of ice within the subsoil permafrost. Two examples of active gully/fan -forming events, one at Cape Evans and one at Lake Vanda are described. At the Cape Evans event water from a small lake thawed and came into contact with the ice in the underlying patterned ground ice-wedge causing the ice-wedge to melt and extensive gully erosion to occur. A fan-building event near Lake Vanda in the Wright Valley resulted in erosive and depositional features covering a horizontal distance of about 3 km and an altitudinal range of about 1400 m. Such occasional events, can be attributed to warmer than average summers, and were first described in the Ross Sea Region in the 1970s. The Cape Evans and Lake Vanda events are examples of active, rapid, landscape processes and show that landscapes are not as static as is often assumed.
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Bockheim, J. G. "Functional diversity of soils along environmental gradients in the Ross Sea region, Antarctica." Geoderma 144, no. 1-2 (March 2008): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.10.014.
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AHYONG, SHANE T., and ELLIOT W. DAWSON. "Lithodidae from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with descriptions of two new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura)." Zootaxa 1303, no. 1 (August 28, 2006): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1303.1.3.
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The lithodid crab fauna of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, comprises three species in two genera. Two species are new to science: Neolithodes yaldwyni sp. nov. and Paralomis stevensi sp. nov. Neolithodes yaldwyni, previously misidentified from off the Balleny Islands in the Ross Sea as N. brodiei, is morphologically most similar to N. capensis Stebbing, 1905, described from South Africa, differing chiefly in the proportional lengths of the dactyli of the ambulatory legs. Paralomis stevensi is most similar to P. birsteini, differing chiefly by its shorter ambulatory leg dactyli, and in males, the longer ambulatory legs and much larger right cheliped. The third lithodid from the Ross Sea, Paralomis birsteini Macpherson, 1988, is reported from a wide size range of specimens, including an ovigerous female, indicating the presence of a reproductive population in the region. The presence of N. yaldwyni in the Ross Sea is consistent with the hypothesis that lithodids colonized the Southern Ocean via southward movement from low to high latitudes through deepwater. The strong similarity between N. capensis and N. yaldwyni indicates a possible South African–Kerguelen–Antarctica link. The rhizocephalan, Briarosaccus callosus Boschma, 1930, parasitizing P. birsteini, is recorded for the first time from the area.
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Nigro, Melissa A., and John J. Cassano. "Identification of Surface Wind Patterns over the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, Using Self-Organizing Maps." Monthly Weather Review 142, no. 7 (June 27, 2014): 2361–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-13-00382.1.
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Abstract The interaction of synoptic and mesoscale circulations with the steep topography surrounding the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, greatly influences the wind patterns in the region of the Ross Ice Shelf. The topography provides forcing for features such as katabatic winds, barrier winds, and barrier wind corner jets. The combination of topographic forcing and synoptic and mesoscale forcing from cyclones that traverse the Ross Ice Shelf sector create a region of strong but varying winds. This paper identifies the dominant surface wind patterns over the Ross Ice Shelf using output from the Weather Research and Forecasting Model run within the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System and the method of self-organizing maps (SOM). The dataset has 15-km grid spacing and is the first study to identify the dominant surface wind patterns using data at this resolution. The analysis shows that the Ross Ice Shelf airstream, a dominant stream of air flowing northward from the interior of the continent over the western and/or central Ross Ice Shelf to the Ross Sea, is present over the Ross Ice Shelf approximately 34% of the time, the Ross Ice Shelf airstream varies in both its strength and position over the Ross Ice Shelf, and barrier wind corner jets are present in the region to the northwest of the Prince Olav Mountains approximately 14% of the time and approximately 41% of the time when the Ross Ice Shelf airstream is present.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "Data-driven insights into correlation among geophysical setting, topography and seafloor sediments in the Ross Sea, Antarctic." Caderno de Geografia 31, no. 64 (December 9, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2318-2962.2021v31n64p1.
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Detailed mapping based on the high-resolution grids, such as GEBCO, ETOPO1, GlobSed, EGM-2008 is crucial for various domains of Earth sciences: geophysics, glaciology, Quaternary, sedimentology, geology, environmental science, geomorphology, etc. The study presented a GMT-based scripting techniques of the cartographic data processing aimed at the comparative analysis of the bathymetry, sediment thickness, geologic objects and geophysical settings in the study area based on various datasets. The study area is located in the Ross Sea, Antarctic. The highest values of the sediment thickness over 7,500 m are dominating in the southwest segment of the Ross Sea closer to the Victoria Land, followed by the region over the Ross Ice Shelf with values between 5,500 to 7,000 m (170°-175°W). The increased sediment thickness (2,500 to 3,000 m) was also mapped seen in the region NE off the Sulzberger Bay (70-75°S to 140-155°W), caused by the closeness of the Marie Bird Land ice coasts. A remarkable correlation between the gravity and the topography of the sea-land border in the Marie Bird Land area is well reflected in the coastal line and a set of the higher values in the free-air gravity. On the contrary, negative values (–60 to -80 mGal) are notable along the submarine toughs stretching parallel in the western part of the basin: e.g. the trough stretching in NW-SE direction in the 170°W-175°E, 65°S-68°S, between the 167°W-175°W, 70°S-72°S. Such correlations are clearly visible on the map, indicating geological lineaments and bathymetric depressions correlating with gravity grids. The paper contributes to the regional studies of the Ross Sea, the Antarctic and Polar region, and development of the cartographic technical methodologies by presenting an application of the GMT for thematic mapping.
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Petty, A. A., P. R. Holland, and D. L. Feltham. "Sea ice and the ocean mixed layer over the Antarctic shelf seas." Cryosphere 8, no. 2 (April 29, 2014): 761–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-761-2014.
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Abstract. An ocean mixed-layer model has been incorporated into the Los Alamos sea ice model CICE to investigate regional variations in the surface-driven formation of Antarctic shelf waters. This model captures well the expected sea ice thickness distribution, and produces deep (> 500 m) mixed layers in the Weddell and Ross shelf seas each winter. This results in the complete destratification of the water column in deep southern coastal regions leading to high-salinity shelf water (HSSW) formation, and also in some shallower regions (no HSSW formation) of these seas. Shallower mixed layers are produced in the Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas. By deconstructing the surface processes driving the mixed-layer depth evolution, we show that the net salt flux from sea ice growth/melt dominates the evolution of the mixed layer in all regions, with a smaller contribution from the surface heat flux and a negligible input from wind stress. The Weddell and Ross shelf seas receive an annual surplus of mixing energy at the surface; the Amundsen shelf sea energy input in autumn/winter is balanced by energy extraction in spring/summer; and the Bellingshausen shelf sea experiences an annual surface energy deficit, through both a low energy input in autumn/winter and the highest energy loss in spring/summer. An analysis of the sea ice mass balance demonstrates the contrasting mean ice growth, melt and export in each region. The Weddell and Ross shelf seas have the highest annual ice growth, with a large fraction exported northwards each year, whereas the Bellingshausen shelf sea experiences the highest annual ice melt, driven by the advection of ice from the northeast. A linear regression analysis is performed to determine the link between the autumn/winter mixed-layer deepening and several atmospheric variables. The Weddell and Ross shelf seas show stronger spatial correlations (temporal mean – intra-regional variability) between the autumn/winter mixed-layer deepening and several atmospheric variables compared to the Amundsen and Bellingshausen. In contrast, the Amundsen and Bellingshausen shelf seas show stronger temporal correlations (shelf sea mean – interannual variability) between the autumn/winter mixed-layer deepening and several atmospheric variables.
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Seefeldt, Mark W., John J. Cassano, and Thomas R. Parish. "Dominant Regimes of the Ross Ice Shelf Surface Wind Field during Austral Autumn 2005." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 46, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 1933–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jamc1442.1.
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Abstract An analysis of the surface wind field across the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, is conducted for austral autumn 2005. The airflow is divided into dominant wind regimes identifying similar wind patterns and the associated typical atmospheric forcing. The results of previous research and a seasonal analysis of the recently expanded network of automatic weather stations in the Ross Ice Shelf region are used to define the dominant wind regimes. Events composing each wind regime are identified by matching wind speed and wind direction observations at several automatic weather station sites for durations of at least 10 h. The four different dominant wind regimes are barrier wind, strong katabatic, weak katabatic, and light wind. Each wind regime is studied through the use of wind rose plots and sea level pressure fields from the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System. The sea level pressure fields are used to characterize the forcing of the surface wind field by synoptic pressure gradients. The four dominant wind regimes result in classifying less than 50% of the total hours for austral autumn 2005. The results indicate that previous studies of the Ross Ice Shelf surface wind field, focusing on katabatic winds and barrier winds, represent less than one-half of the observed winds. This study provides a better understanding of the composition of the surface wind field in Antarctica and more insight into the characteristics of the Ross Ice Shelf airstream.
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Arenz, Brett E., Benjamin W. Held, Joel A. Jurgens, Roberta L. Farrell, and Robert A. Blanchette. "Fungal diversity in soils and historic wood from the Ross Sea Region of Antarctica." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38, no. 10 (October 2006): 3057–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.01.016.
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Ruprecht, Ulrike, H. Thorsten Lumbsch, Georg Brunauer, T. G. Allan Green, and Roman Türk. "Insights into the Diversity of Lecanoraceae (Lecanorales, Ascomycota) in continental Antarctica (Ross Sea region)." Nova Hedwigia 94, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 287–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2012/0017.
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Bowman, Jeff S., and Jody W. Deming. "Wind-driven distribution of bacteria in coastal Antarctica: evidence from the Ross Sea region." Polar Biology 40, no. 1 (March 21, 2016): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-016-1921-2.
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