Academic literature on the topic 'Ross River'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ross River"
1
Wolstenholme, John. "Ross River virus: an Australian export?" Medical Journal of Australia 156, no. 8 (April 1992): 515–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1992.tb121407.x.
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Russell, Richard C. "Ross River Virus: Ecology and Distribution." Annual Review of Entomology 47, no. 1 (January 2002): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145100.
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Douglas, William A. C. "Ross River virus disease and rheumatoid arthritis." Medical Journal of Australia 167, no. 4 (August 1997): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb138860.x.
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Fraser, J. R. E. "Epidemic Polyarthritis and Ross River Virus Disease." Clinics in Rheumatic Diseases 12, no. 2 (August 1986): 369–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0307-742x(21)00556-7.
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Woodruff, Rosalie E., Charles S. Guest, Michael G. Garner, Niels Becker, and Michael Lindsay. "Early Warning of Ross River Virus Epidemics." Epidemiology 17, no. 5 (September 2006): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000229467.92742.7b.
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Tong, S. "Climate variability and Ross River virus transmission." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 56, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.8.617.
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Vale, TG, DM Spratt, and MJ Cloonan. "Serological Evidence of Arbovirus Infection in Native and Domesticated Mammals on the South Coast of New-South-Wales." Australian Journal of Zoology 39, no. 1 (1991): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9910001.
Full textAbstract:
Sera from twelve species of native and five species of introduced mammals collected on the south coast of New South Wales between 1982 and 1988 were tested for antibodies to the following arboviruses: Ross River virus (621 animals tested); Barmah Forest virus (371); Gan Gan virus (337); Trubanaman virus (378). Serum neutralising antibodies to Ross River virus were found in bandicoots, wallabies, kangaroos, cattle, goat and horses; to Barmah Forest virus in kangaroo, cattle and horses; to Gan Gan virus in kangaroos, wallabies, rat, cows, horses and sheep; and to Trubanaman virus in kangaroos, wallabies, cows and horses. Titres to Ross River virus in seropositive native animal sera ranged from 32 to 1024 and those in seropositive domesticated animal sera ranged from 8 to 32 768. Prevalence of serum antibodies in macropodids, cattle and horses was: Ross River virus, 68, 19, 62%; Barmah Forest virus, 4, 26, 9%; Gan Gan virus, 44, 13, 13%; Trubanaman virus, 60, 3, 10% respectively. Evidence suggests that: (1) kangaroos and wallabies are major vertebrate hosts for Ross River virus; (2) the role of bandicoots warrants further investigation; (3) horses may be important amplifying hosts of the virus, which causes epidemic polyarthritis in man in Australia.
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Patton, Peter C., Geoff Pickup, and David M. Price. "Holocene Paleofloods of the Ross River, Central Australia." Quaternary Research 40, no. 2 (September 1993): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1072.
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AbstractThe rivers of central Australia rise in the MacDonnell Ranges and flow out across broad, low-relief plains into the surrounding desert. The stratigraphy of the Ross River plain records the areal extent and frequency of Holocene floods. This floodout plain is underlain by deeply weathered alluvial deposits, characterized by red earth soils dated by thermoluminesence at >59,000 yr. This old alluvium is covered by a sheet-like deposit of very silty sand of probable eolian origin dated by thermoluminesence at 9200 ± 900 yr. The oldest Holocene alluvium occurs as broad, low-relief bars and levee deposits flanking the modem channel and as low-relief long-wavelength bedforms that fan out across the plain. This deposit resulted from a flood flow, up to 10 km wide, that covered the entire plain. Evidence for several large floods between 1500 and 700 yr B.P. is also preserved in a 500- to 1500-m-wide paleochannel. Thus, the surface features on the floodout plains are the product of a few rare large flood events. This paleohydrologic record is additional evidence of the dynamic nature of the hydrometerological regime of central Australia.
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Aaskov, John, Andrei Fokine, and Wenjun Liu. "Ross River virus evolution: implications for vaccine development." Future Virology 7, no. 2 (February 2012): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fvl.11.139.
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Dugdale, Alan E. "Itching bites may limit Ross River virus infection." Medical Journal of Australia 177, no. 7 (October 2002): 399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04859.x.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Ross River"
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Rulli, Nestor Ezequiel. "Ross River virus infection : mechanisms and potential treatment /." full text available via ADT, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au/public/adt-AUC20080227.091948/index.html.
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Rulli, Nestor Ezequiel, and na. "Ross River Virus Infection: Disease Mechanisms and Potential Treatment." University of Canberra. School of Health Sciences, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20080227.091948.
Full textAbstract:
Ross River virus (RRV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus and the aetiological agent of
epidemic polyarthritis (EPA). Arthropod borne-Alphaviruses that are related to RRV,
such as Chikungunya virus, Sindbis virus and Barmah Forest virus, are usually
associated with epidemics of infectious arthritides in different parts of the world. In
humans, RRV-induced disease symptoms include fever, rash, myalgia and pain and
stiffness of the joints. Muscle and joint pain are the most debilitating symptoms in RRV
patients and the best treatment available is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAID). Previous studies in mice have demonstrated that RRV infection results in
inflammation of skeletal muscle and joints and that macrophages play a primary role in
disease.
The present study was carried out to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms
mediating RRV-induced muscle and joint pathology. Previous studies have reported
that encephalitic alphaviruses trigger apoptosis of brain cells in mice and that blocking
apoptosis reduces mortality rates. In the present study, the ability of RRV to induce
muscle apoptosis was investigated in vitro, using a murine myoblast cell line (C1C12),
and in vivo, using a mouse model of RRV disease. RRV-infected C1C12 myofibres
displayed an array of morphological and biochemical makers of apoptosis. Apoptosis
was also observed in the skeletal muscle of RRV-infected C57BL/6J mice. Blocking
apoptosis by general caspase inhibition resulted in milder disease symptoms, reduced
myofibre damage and decreased inflammation of muscle and joint tissues. The total
number of cell infiltrates as well as the number of macrophages infiltrating muscle was
significantly reduced by the treatment with a caspase inhibitor.
The effects of RRV infection on the skeletal system were also investigated. Primary
human osteoblast cells were infected with RRV and monitored for viral-induced
cytopathic effect. Osteoblasts supported rapid virus growth and, by 48 hours after
infection, succumbed to viral-induced necrosis. In addition, histological examination of
bone tissue from RRV-infected C57BL/6J mice showed clear evidence of bone
resorption. Tibias from infected mice showed an increased number of activated
osteoclasts, a reduction in bone density and thinning of cortical bone.
The expression of host factors involved in inflammatory responses and bone
remodelling was studied in RRV-infected myofibres and osteoblast cell cultures and in
the muscle and joint tissues from infected mice. RRV-infected muscle cells and tissue
showed elevated mRNA levels for the chemokines CCL-2, CCL3, CCL5 and CXCL1,
all of which are known to mediate the migration of monocytic cells. With the exception
of CXCL1, these chemokines were also found to be up-regulated in RRV-infected
osteoblast cultures and in joint tissues from infected mice. Muscle and joint tissue from
infected mice also showed elevated mRNA levels for type I and type II interferons,
TNF- and NOS2. In addition, joint tissues from infected animals contained high levels
of IL-6 and IL-1, two cytokines known to mediate bone remodelling.
Finally, the therapeutic potential of the drug bindarit was investigated using the mouse
model of RRV disease. Bindarit is a known inhibitor of CCL-2 and TNF- and has
been found to prevent protein denaturation. Treatment with bindarit resulted in mice
developing milder disease symptoms, reduced muscle damage and decreased
inflammation of muscle and joint tissues. In particular, bindarit significantly reduced
macrophage infiltration into skeletal muscle tissue.
This thesis has contributed to the understanding of RRV pathogenesis. It has identified
novel mechanisms of RRV-induced muscle and bone pathology and provided further
evidence that associate pro-inflammatory host factors to RRV disease. This work has
also demonstrated that bindarit should be considered as a candidate for treating RRV
disease in humans.
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Choi, Yoon-Hong. "The mathematical modelling of the Ross River Virus transmission." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1997. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/896.
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Ross River virus is one of the most severe communicable diseases in Australia. During the 1995/96 outbreak of Ross River virus in south-western Australia, over 1 ,300 human cases were reported. Since the symptoms of the disease are sometimes too weak to be diagnosed, it is important to determine the number of humans who actually contracted the virus during outbreaks. To do this, several mathematical models with different hypotheses are constructed and analysed mathematically. The threshold mathematical conditions of these models suggest that as well as the size of the vector mosquito population, the population size and length of viraemia periods; of host populations and the infection rates between the hosts and vectors play the main roles in the transmission. Several parameters in the transmission are currently unknown, so only simple models of RRV transmission are computer-simulated. Some of the unknown parameters are extrapolated from published studies of other arboviruses. The sensitivities of the models to some of the unknown parameters are also examined. Simulation results indicate the sero-conversion rates and ratios of clinical to subclinical human infections during the outbreaks which occurred in the Peel and Leschenault districts in Southwestern Australia.
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Prow, Natalie A. "Epidemiology of Ross River virus in the south-west of Western Australia and an assessment of genotype involvement in Ross River virus pathogenesis." University of Western Australia. Microbiology and Immunology Discipline Group, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0132.
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[Truncated abstract] Ross River virus (RRV) causes the most common arboviral disease in Australia, with approximately 5000 new cases reported each year, making this virus a major public health concern. The aim of this thesis was to link results from virological, pathogenesis and epidemiological studies to further define RRV disease in the south-west (SW) of Western Australia (WA), a region of endemic and epizootic RRV activity. A crosssectional seroprevalence study was used to show that 7.8 percent of SW communities were seropositive to RRV, comparable to other regions of Australia with similar temperate climates to the SW . . . RRV-specific IgM antibodies were found to persist for at least two years following RRV infection. A murine model was used to conclusively show differences in pathogenesis between RRV genotypes, the SW and northern-eastern (NE) genotypes, which are known to circulate throughout Australia. The SW genotype, unique to the SW of WA induced only poor neutralising antibody production and nonneutralising antibodies after the acute phase of infection. In comparison, the NE genotype which currently predominates in mosquito populations in the SW of WA, induced the most efficient neutralising antibody response and consequently produced the mildest disease in the mouse. These data in the mouse suggest that the infecting genotype will mostly likely influence disease outcome in humans and could at least partially explain why more severe and persistent disease has been reported from the SW of WA. Collectively, results from this thesis provide an important benchmark against which future investigations into BFV and RRV diseases can be measured.
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Zaid, Ali, and n/a. "IMMUNE EVASION AND DISEASE MECHANISMS IN ROSS RIVER VIRUS INFECTION." University of Canberra. Biomedical Sciences, 2008. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20091216.122508.
Full textAbstract:
Ross River virus (RRV) is an Alphavirus distributed throughout Australia. It is transmitted by
mosquitoes and is known to cause moderate to severe disease symptoms in humans. Along with
other alphaviruses such as Sindbis virus and Chikungunya virus, RRV is known to cause arthritic
symptoms, characterised by muscle and joint inflammation. Several investigations have established
the role of macrophage cells and pro-inflammatory host factors in the development of RRV-induced
disease.
In this study, we attempted to determine differences between RRV passaged in mammalian and
mosquito cells. There is strong evidence that arthropod-borne viruses are able to display enhanced
infectivity when passaged into arthropod cell line. We showed that mosquito cell-derived RRV
(mos-RRV) was able to replicate to higher titres than mammalian cell-derived RRV. We also
showed that mos-RRV failed to induce Type I IFN-associated antiviral responses.
The second aim of this study was to investigate the role of TNF-ᬠa pro-inflammatory cytokine
implicated in arthritic diseases, in the development of RRV disease. We treated RRV-infected
C57BL/6J mice with a commercially available TNF-ᠩnhibitor drug and monitored disease signs.
We found that the TNF-ᠩnhibitor does not ameliorate RRV disease (RRVD) symptoms, and that it
does not prevent muscle and joint inflammation. We analysed histological sections of muscle and
joint tissue of Enbrel-treated and untreated, RRV-infected cells. We also determined and compared
host cytokine expression profiles.
Finally, we sought to determine the requirement for natural killer (NK) cells in RRV disease. NK
cells have been detected in the synovium of RRV-infected patients since early studies, but their role
in disease pathogenesis remains unclear. Using a NK-dysfunctional mouse (C57BL/6J-Lystbg), we
showed that mice lacking a functional NK system are more susceptible to RRV disease than wildtype,
C57BL/6J mice. We monitored disease symptoms following RRV infection and assessed
muscle and joint inflammation in Lystbg and C57BL/6J mice.
This thesis examines mechanisms of viral infection and immune evasion employed by RRV, as well
as into the role of host cells and cytokines in RRVD pathogenesis disease mechanisms. We showed
that a functional NK cell system is required for the regulation of RRV-induced muscle and joint
inflammation. Our characterisation of the use of a commercial TNF-ᠩnhibitor in RRV-induced
disease in mice may provide information on the role of TNF-ᠩn viral arthritis, and may help
towards developing safe and effective treatment.
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Horne, Felicity Anne. "Consequences of an in utero Ross River virus in mice." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1997. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36998/1/36998_Horne_1997.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The physical and immunological consequences to BALB/c and CBA murine
neonates of in utero infection with Ross River virus [RRV] were compared to
previously reported teratogenic and tolerogenic properties of other togaviruses.
X-ray imaging as a means of determining the incidence, type and extent of
teratogenesis induction in neonatal mice lacked sufficient resolution for the
determination of structural abnormalities.
A previously described histological technique for identifying cartilage and bone
defects [Mabruk et al., 1988] was unsatisfactory as disintegration of neonatal
material occurred upon storage. This study modified the method to include an
inital fixation step in normal buffered formalin prior to Alcian Blue staining, a
ten-fold increase in the concentration of the clearing agent and an extension
of reagent exposure times. No skin defects nor skeletal deformities, reported
in similar studies with related viruses, were noted in the present investigation.
Skeletal changes observed following embryonic exposure to RRV at 8 to 18
days gestation were similar to those seen in uninfected control mice. Such
changes, which included bones missing or not visible in the extremities of
mice, were attributed to incomplete skeletal development resulting from
variations both in the murine gestational period [19 to 21 days] and in the
collection of neonates post-partum [within 12 hours of birth].
Changes to the structure [malformation] and orientation [misalignment] of the
sternebrae, noted in the present investigation, were considered variable but
normal representations of ossification centres within the sternum. No
difference in the incidence or severity of these anatomical disturbances was
observed between uninfected and RRV infected mice in this study. Although
the development of six bones within the sternum were expected, 6% [5/83] of
neonatal BALB/c mice demonstrated a supernumerary sternebra. This
observation was not significant for uninfected and RRV-infected populations.
Further, one uninfected CBA mouse presented with only five sternebrae.
Consequently, it is concluded that in utero exposure to RRV, strain T48, does
not induce teratogenic changes to BALB/c or CBA foetuses.
The induction of neonatal immunological tolerance in uninfected mice and mice
exposed in utero to RRV was assessed using an indirect enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay [ELISA] to quantify the murine serum titres of anti-RRV
lgM and lgG subclass antibodies. Further, a virus titration method was utilised
to assay murine sera for virus content. Four experimental groups of mice were
investigated : U and I defined as uninfected and infected respectively; 0 and
M defined as offspring and mother respectively.
Serum titres of anti-RRV lgM antibody remained similar or increased
significantly during the testing period. In contrast, the serum titres of anti-RRV
lgG antibodies were obseNed to significantly increase only in those offspring
suckled on uninfected mothers [U0UM and l0UM groups] and to significantly
decrease only in those offspring suckled on infected mothers [U0 1M and 10
1M
groups]. Further, a significant reduction in the incidence of viraemia and
median serum titre of virus was obseNed only in BALB/c mice born to, and
subsequently suckled on, uninfected mothers.
For both BALB/c and CBA mouse strains, comparisons between groups of
mice [U0 UM and 10
UM; U0 1M and 10
1J indicated that the serum titres of anti-RRV
lgG subclass and lgM antibodies remained similar or were significantly
elevated in the uninfected offspring during the 2 week period following
intraperitoneal [i.p.] injection with RRV. Other comparisons [U0UM and U0 1M;
10
UM and 10
1J indicated that although the serum titres of anti-RRV lgG
subclass antibodies were similar or significantly elevated in those mice suckled
on infected mothers at 1 and 3 days following i.p. injection, this trend was
reversed at 14 days post-injection. For these same comparisons, serum titres
of RRV-specific lgM antibody remained similar or were significantly higher in
those mice suckled on uninfected mothers for the entire testing period. In
addition, more offspring born to, and subsequently suckled on, uninfected mothers were viraemic, with significantly higher serum titres of virus, than any
other experimental group.
Generally, inter-strain comparisons for each experimental group indicated that
serum titres of anti-RRV antibodies were either similar in both mouse strains
or significantly elevated in CBA mice. Significant variation in the incidence of
viraemia and median serum titre of virus was observed only in those mice born
to, and subsequently suckled on, uninfected mothers. At 3 days post-injection,
more CBA mice were viraemic, with higher serum titres of virus, than BALB/c
mice.
Post-partum transfer of maternal immunoglobulin moderated the lgG and lgM
immune responses in uninfected mice suckled on infected mothers, affirming
the importance of maternal antibody in neonatal anti-viral protection.
This investigation presents important information on the effects of in utero
exposure to RRV in the murine model. A distinct deficiency in lgG production
was demonstrated in mice infected in utero with virus then challenged postpartum.
Further characterisation of this immunodeficiency indicated that all the
lgG pathways in BALB/c mice were affected, while in CBA mice only the lgG1
and lgG3 subclasses were reduced. No correlation between prenatal exposure
to RRV and lgM production was evident. These results provide the first
evidence for the induction of neonatal immunological tolerance in BALB/c and
CBA mice following in utero exposure to RRV. This thesis proposes clonal
anergy of B cells, capable of responding to RRV, as the primary mechanism
responsible for the immunologically non-responsive state observed in this
study. However, the ancillary role of clonal abortion of RRV-specific Band T
cell clones in the induction of murine neonatal tolerance cannot be dismissed.
The future investigation of specific aspects identified in this study are of
considerable importance in vaccine development. The possibility of adverse
effects of a live vaccine on an unborn child would greatly affect the decision
as to whether a RRV vaccine should be live attenuated or killed.
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Liu, Xiang. "Ross River Virus Interaction with the Type I IFN Pathways." Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367506.
Full textAbstract:
Ross River virus (RRV) belongs to the genus Alphavirus and is a medically important arbovirus that causes musculoskeletal disease in humans with symptoms such as arthralgia, arthritis and myalgia. Disease symptoms consistent with RRV infection were first recorded in 1928 in Australia. Currently, with approximately 5,000 cases of RRV infection reported each year in Australia, RRV is the most widely spread arbovirus throughout the South Pacific region. At present there are no specific therapeutics or vaccines available. RRV disease is treated with analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to provide symptomatic relief. Therefore, it is important to investigate RRV disease mechanisms so as to better understand disease pathogenesis, which could lead to identifying potential targets for therapeutic intervention. The host Type I interferon (IFN) system is the primary innate antiviral defence mechanism. The antiviral effects of type I IFN act to both suppress viral replication and modulate innate and adaptive immune responses during viral infection. However, the interplay between the host type I IFN responses and alphavirus infection is currently poorly understood. This thesis focuses on the role of type I IFN system in RRV infection and disease pathogenesis.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Institute for Glycomics
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Carver, Scott Stevenson. "Dryland salinity, mosquitoes, mammals and the ecology of Ross River virus." University of Western Australia. School of Animal Biology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0100.
Full textAbstract:
[Truncated abstract] In an era of emerging and resurging infectious diseases, understanding the ecological processes that influence pathogen activity and the influences of anthropogenic change to those are critical. Ross River virus (RRV, Togoviridae: Alphavirus) is a mosquito-borne zoonosis occurring in Australia with a significant human disease burden. In the southwest of Western Australia (WA) RRV is principally vectored by Aedes camptorhynchus Thomson (Diptera: Culicidae), which is halophilic. The inland southwest, the Wheatbelt region, of WA is substantially affected by an anthropogenic salinisation of agricultural land called dryland salinity, which threatens to influence transmission of this arbovirus. This study assessed the ecological impacts of dryland salinity on mosquitoes, mammalian hosts and their interactions to influence the potential for RRV transmission. Many aquatic insect taxa colonise ephemeral water bodies directly as adults or by oviposition. Using a manipulative experiment and sampling from ephemeral water bodies in the Wheatbelt, I demonstrated that salinity of water bodies can modify colonisation behaviour and the distribution of some organisms across the landscape. Halosensitive fauna selected less saline mesocosms for oviposition and colonisation. In particular, Culex australicus Dobrotworksy and Drummond and Anopheles annulipes Giles (Diptera: Culicidae), potential competitors with Ae. camptorhynchus, avoided ovipostion in saline mesocosms and water bodies in the field. This finding suggests salinity influences behaviour and may reduce interspecific interactions between these taxa and Ae. camptorhynchus at higher salinities. Using extensive field surveys of ephemeral water bodies in the Wheatbelt I found mosquitoes frequently colonised ephemeral water bodies, responded positively to rainfall, and populated smaller water bodies more densely than larger water bodies. The habitat characteristics of ephemeral water bodies changed in association with salinity. Consequently there were both direct and indirect associations between salinity and colonising mosquitoes. Ultimately the structure of mosquito assemblages changed with increasing salinity, favouring an increased regional distribution and abundance of Ae. camptorhynchus. The direct implication of this result is secondary salinisation has enhanced the vectorial potential for RRV transmission in the WA Wheatbelt. ... This thesis contributes to an emerging body of research aimed at delineating important ecological processes which determine transmission of infections disease. Collectively the findings in this study suggest dryland salinity enhances the potential for RRV activity in the Wheatbelt. Currently, human RRV notifications in the Wheatbelt do not reflect the salinity-RRV transmission potential in that area, but appear to be associated with dispersal of RRV from the enzootic coastal zone of southwest WA. I speculate dryland salinity is a determinant of potential for RRV transmission, but not activity. Dryland salinity is predicted to undergo a two to four fold expansion by 2050, which will increase the regional potential for RRV activity. Preservation and restoration of freshwater ecosystems may ameliorate the potential for transmission of RRV and, possibly, human disease incidence.
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Ratnayake, Jayalath Tikiri Bandara. "The Valuation of Social and Economic Costs of Mosquito-Transmitted Ross River Virus." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367397.
Full textAbstract:
Insect pests (such as mosquitoes) and their associated impacts have become important social, economic and environmental health issues. Mosquitoes transmit diseases, are widely perceived as a nuisance and are becoming a serious health concern for the public. The incidence of contracting mosquito-transmitted diseases has markedly increased in recent decades in Australia (Russell 1994). Currently, Ross River virus is the most prevalent mosquito-transmitted viral disease in Australia with up to 8,000 cases reported annually (Curran et al. 1996). The absence of documented evidence about the full social costs of mosquito-transmitted diseases is a critical issue as there is currently no economic rationale underlying existing resource allocation for intervention programs.
This study of the full social costs of Ross River virus was conducted between April and July 2002. Demographic, health-state and disease-related data were collected using survey questionnaires for 201 notified Ross River virus victims from across Queensland. Two self-administered surveys were conducted at the time approximately onset and six months from onset while a phone survey was conducted at 12 months after onset. Direct impacts such as the costs of health care (medical consultations, pathology services and medicines), non health care resources (treatment-related transport) and indirect impacts such as the opportunity cost of lost productivity (due to disability and treatment-related waiting times) of the viral illness were recorded in the questionnaires and were valued using market prices. A non-market valuation method (willingness-to-pay), in conjunction with a self-assessed standard health measure (Short Form 36) were used to quantify more intangible health-related quality of life effects such as change in physical, mental and social functioning. Estimated full social costs of the disease were analysed across age and gender groups. Based on the mean cost estimates for the study sample, the total disease costs have been extrapolated by local government areas as the appropriate administrative areas. A wide range of social and economic costs of the virus has been addressed in this thesis. However, the derived costs cannot be summed into a total estimate as several of these values overlap in terms of coverage. Therefore, only the major cost components, with a minimum of overlap, have been used to estimate the aggregate social cost of the disease. Given the methodological and empirical limitations of the study, the most accurate estimate of the average per
capita full costs of Ross River virus in Queensland is estimated at $AUD (2002) 1,070 per case.
The estimate of the full social cost of Ross River virus disease can be a vital input for many relevant policy applications. For example, disease costs together with resource costs of current interventions, are essential inputs for ongoing economic evaluations of mosquito control programs at local level. In this thesis, the cost minimisation approach has been presented to evaluate mosquito control programs at the local level where the policy analyst’s task is to minimise the overall social costs (that is, disease costs plus control costs). These economic evaluations have substantial potential benefits to society in terms of the efficient allocation of scarce resources.
In addition, estimated disease cost is a significant input for economic impact assessment of regional disease outbreaks. It also can be used to highlight disease impact upon the economy and community and hence draw attention to the scale and scope of such problems to policy makers at all levels so that they can respond appropriately to the mosquito problem, and mosquito-transmitted diseases, as priority issues in the political agenda.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Hu, Wenbiao. "Applications of Spatio-temporal Analytical Methods in Surveillance of Ross River Virus Disease." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16109/1/Wenbiao_Hu_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The incidence of many arboviral diseases is largely associated with social and environmental conditions. Ross River virus (RRV) is the most prevalent arboviral disease in Australia. It has long been recognised that the transmission pattern of RRV is sensitive to socio-ecological factors including climate variation, population movement, mosquito-density and vegetation types. This study aimed to assess the relationships between socio-environmental variability and the transmission of RRV using spatio-temporal analytic methods. Computerised data files of daily RRV disease cases and daily climatic variables in Brisbane, Queensland during 1985-2001 were obtained from the Queensland Department of Health and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, respectively. Available information on other socio-ecological factors was also collected from relevant government agencies as follows: 1) socio-demographic data from the Australia Bureau of Statistics; 2) information on vegetation (littoral wetlands, ephemeral wetlands, open freshwater, riparian vegetation, melaleuca open forests, wet eucalypt, open forests and other bushland) from Brisbane City Council; 3) tidal activities from the Queensland Department of Transport; and 4) mosquito-density from Brisbane City Council. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used as an exploratory technique for discovering spatial and temporal pattern of RRV distribution. The PCA results show that the first principal component accounted for approximately 57% of the information, which contained the four seasonal rates and loaded highest and positively for autumn. K-means cluster analysis indicates that the seasonality of RRV is characterised by three groups with high, medium and low incidence of disease, and it suggests that there are at least three different disease ecologies. The variation in spatio-temporal patterns of RRV indicates a complex ecology that is unlikely to be explained by a single dominant transmission route across these three groupings. Therefore, there is need to explore socio-economic and environmental determinants of RRV disease at the statistical local area (SLA) level. Spatial distribution analysis and multiple negative binomial regression models were employed to identify the socio-economic and environmental determinants of RRV disease at both the city and local (ie, SLA) levels. The results show that RRV activity was primarily concentrated in the northeast, northwest and southeast areas in Brisbane. The negative binomial regression models reveal that RRV incidence for the whole of the Brisbane area was significantly associated with Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) at a lag of 3 months (Relative Risk (RR): 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06 - 1.17), the proportion of people with lower levels of education (RR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01 - 1.03), the proportion of labour workers (RR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.95 - 1.00) and vegetation density (RR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00 - 1.04). However, RRV incidence for high risk areas (ie, SLAs with higher incidence of RRV) was significantly associated with mosquito density (RR: 1.01; 95% CI: 1.00 - 1.01), SOI at a lag of 3 months (RR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.23 - 1.78), human population density (RR: 3.77; 95% CI: 1.35 - 10.51), the proportion of indigenous population (RR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.37 - 0.87) and the proportion of overseas visitors (RR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.35 - 0.92). It is acknowledged that some of these risk factors, while statistically significant, are small in magnitude. However, given the high incidence of RRV, they may still be important in practice. The results of this study suggest that the spatial pattern of RRV disease in Brisbane is determined by a combination of ecological, socio-economic and environmental factors. The possibility of developing an epidemic forecasting system for RRV disease was explored using the multivariate Seasonal Auto-regressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) technique. The results of this study suggest that climatic variability, particularly precipitation, may have played a significant role in the transmission of RRV disease in Brisbane. This finding cannot entirely be explained by confounding factors such as other socio-ecological conditions because they have been unlikely to change dramatically on a monthly time scale in this city over the past two decades. SARIMA models show that monthly precipitation at a lag 2 months (=0.004,p=0.031) was statistically significantly associated with RRV disease. It suggests that there may be 50 more cases a year for an increase of 100 mm precipitation on average in Brisbane. The predictive values in the model were generally consistent with actual values (root-mean-square error (RMSE): 1.96). Therefore, this model may have applications as a decision support tool in disease control and risk-management planning programs in Brisbane. The Polynomial distributed lag (PDL) time series regression models were performed to examine the associations between rainfall, mosquito density and the occurrence of RRV after adjusting for season and auto-correlation. The PDL model was used because rainfall and mosquito density can affect not merely RRV occurring in the same month, but in several subsequent months. The rationale for the use of the PDL technique is that it increases the precision of the estimates. We developed an epidemic forecasting model to predict incidence of RRV disease. The results show that 95% and 85% of the variation in the RRV disease was accounted for by the mosquito density and rainfall, respectively. The predictive values in the model were generally consistent with actual values (RMSE: 1.25). The model diagnosis reveals that the residuals were randomly distributed with no significant auto-correlation. The results of this study suggest that PDL models may be better than SARIMA models (R-square increased and RMSE decreased). The findings of this study may facilitate the development of early warning systems for the control and prevention of this widespread disease. Further analyses were conducted using classification trees to identify major mosquito species of Ross River virus (RRV) transmission and explore the threshold of mosquito density for RRV disease in Brisbane, Australia. The results show that Ochlerotatus vigilax (RR: 1.028; 95% CI: 1.001 - 1.057) and Culex annulirostris (RR: 1.013, 95% CI: 1.003 - 1.023) were significantly associated with RRV disease cycles at a lag of 1 month. The presence of RRV was associated with average monthly mosquito density of 72 Ochlerotatus vigilax and 52 Culex annulirostris per light trap. These results may also have applications as a decision support tool in disease control and risk management planning programs. As RRV has significant impact on population health, industry, and tourism, it is important to develop an epidemic forecast system for this disease. The results of this study show the disease surveillance data can be integrated with social, biological and environmental databases. These data can provide additional input into the development of epidemic forecasting models. These attempts may have significant implications in environmental health decision-making and practices, and may help health authorities determine public health priorities more wisely and use resources more effectively and efficiently.
Books on the topic "Ross River"
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Vickers, J. Roderick. The Ross Site (DIPd-3) 1980 research. Edmonton: Alberta Culture and Multiculturalism, Historical Resources Division, 1989.
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Vickers, J. Roderick. The Ross Site (DIPd-3) 1980 research. Edmonton: Archaeological Survey of Alberta, 1989.
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May, Dawn. Arctic regions in a torrid zone: The history of the Ross River Meatworks, Townsville, 1892-1992. Townsville: James Cook University, Dept. of history & Politics, 1990.
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A listing of entrymen on lands east of the Scioto River in Ross Co., Ohio. [Columbus, OH (459 Ross Rd., Columbus 43213-1953): Woolkoch Pub.], 1994.
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Condon, Robert John. Acute symptoms and sequelae of Ross River virus infection in the south west of Western Australia, 1988-89. Western Australia: Health Dept. of Western Australia, 1994.
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Wiggin, Kate Douglas Smith. Rose o'the river. Toronto: W. Briggs, 1997.
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Shelley, Rex. A river of roses. Singapore: Times Book International, 1998.
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Alexander, Ross. Adventures of the first settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810-1813. Corvallis, Ore: Oregon State University Press, 2000.
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Adventures of the first settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810-1813. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986.
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Ashby, Ruth. Rosa Parks: Freedom rider. New York: Sterling Pub., 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Ross River"
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Stöcker, W. "Ross-River-Viren (RRV)." In Springer Reference Medizin, 2082–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48986-4_3746.
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Stöcker, W. "Ross-River-Viren (RRV)." In Lexikon der Medizinischen Laboratoriumsdiagnostik, 1. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49054-9_3746-1.
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Williams, Craig R., and David O. Harley. "IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS ON ROSS RIVER VIRUS OUTBREAKS." In Viral Infections and Global Change, 419–32. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118297469.ch22.
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Tupanceska, Daniela, Ali Zaid, Nestor E. Rulli, Sandra Thomas, Brett A. Lidbury, Klaus I. Matthaei, Ruben Ramirez, and Suresh Mahalingam. "Ross River Virus: An Arthritogenic Alphavirus of Significant Importance in the Asia Pacific." In Issues in Infectious Diseases, 94–111. Basel: KARGER, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000096693.
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Bortolotto, María Celina. "Untangling Literary Knots: Writing, Memory, and Identity in Sonia Rivera-Valdés’ Rosas de Abolengo (2011)." In Contemporary U.S. Latinx Literature in Spanish, 73–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02598-4_5.
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Prieto, Moisés. "Corrupt and Rapacious: Colonial Spanish-American Past Through the Eyes of Early Nineteenth-Century Contemporaries. A Contribution from the History of Emotions." In Palgrave Studies in Comparative Global History, 105–39. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0255-9_5.
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AbstractAround 1800, merchants, scientists and adventurers travelled to Latin America with different purposes. Their multifaceted interests in a world region, experiencing a threshold of independence from Spanish colonial rule, inspired new historical and political works about the continent’s recent past. The Enlightenment provided not only the philosophical armamentarium against corruption, but it also paved the way to a new expression of sentiments and to the loss of fear when addressing injustice. Some examples of these are Hipólito Villaroel’s list of grievances and Humboldt’s Political essay. These two authors provide some thoughts on the political landscape of New Spain (now Mexico), while the two Swiss physicians Rengger and Longchamp describe the ruthless and odd dictator Francia of independent Paraguay as a champion of anti-corruption. Finally, Argentine dictator Rosas—and his robberies as described by Rivera Indarte, Sarmiento and other anonymous authors—represent the embodiment of corruption through pure larceny, for whose crimes the Spanish colonial past apparently no longer served as a comparison.
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Sun, Keun J., and Patrick H. Johnston. "Effect of Rivet Rows on Propagation of Lamb Waves in Mechanically Fastened Two-Layer Aluminum Plates." In Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 1569–76. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1987-4_201.
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"Ross-River-Fieber." In Lexikon der Infektionskrankheiten des Menschen, 722. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39026-8_959.
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"Ross River Virus." In Molecular Detection of Human Viral Pathogens, 377–88. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b13590-36.
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Aaskov, John. "Ross River VirusEpidemic Polyarthritis." In Vaccines for Biodefense and Emerging and Neglected Diseases, 631–44. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-369408-9.00034-2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Ross River"
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Prem B Parajuli, William L Kingery, Mary Love Tagert, Joel O Paz, and Larry O Oldham. "Modeling Phosphorus Loading to the Ross Barnett Reservoir Using SWAT in the Upper Pearl River Watershed in East-central Mississippi." In 2010 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 20 - June 23, 2010. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.29886.
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Sanchez, Marcos Sanchez, and John Iliff. "Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy bridge over the River Barrow. Design and Construction of a long span extrados bridge." In IABSE Congress, Christchurch 2021: Resilient technologies for sustainable infrastructure. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/christchurch.2021.0436.
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<p>This paper describes the key elements from early planning to completion of a new bridge over the River Barrow which is part of the New Ross bypass in the south of Ireland. The structure has a total length of 887m, with a span arrangement of 36-45-95-230-230-95-70-50-36m. The two central twin spans are the longest of its kind in the world (extrados with a full concrete deck). The bridge carries a dual carriageway with a cable arrangement consisting of a single plane of cables located in the central axis of the deck. The design and construction focused in providing a structure with long term durability, resilience, and a robust approach to design scenarios using the Eurocodes and state of the art analysis techniques, including extreme events such as fire and ship impact<i>.</i></p>
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Marx, Jane W. "Prince Memorial Greenway, Santa Rosa Creek." In Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference 1998. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40382(1998)126.
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Mendizábal, Andrés, Raúl Samaniego, and Miguel Angel Aleman. "Three Years Later: Conclusion of a Successful Social-Environmental Management Model to Overcome the Impacts of a Heavy Crude Oil Spill." In 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2012-90009.
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On February 25, 2009, OCP Ecuador S.A. faced its first major incident; an oil spill consisting of 11,700 barrels of heavy crude oil in an area of high biodiversity in eastern Ecuador. An earth movement caused stress in the pipeline that resulted in its breakage. The temporarily impacted area covered 30 hectares of soil and gravel along 180 kilometers of three rivers that form the high watershed of the Amazon River; these rivers are the Santa Rosa, Quijos and the Coca. A paper describing the model implemented to manage the emergency, clean up and remediation activities was presented during the 2010 International Pipeline Conference. Now, 3 years later, this paper presents the final conclusions and lessons learned once the remediation, approval process and subsequent monitoring have been completed.
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Schmalz, Jr., Richard A. "ROMS High Resolution Hindcasts for Delaware River and Bay." In 11th International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41121(388)5.
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Wu, Hao, Dapeng Sun, Lin Lu, Bin Teng, Jianqiao Zhang, and Bin Xie. "Suppressing Vortex-Induced Vibrations of Long Flexible Riser by Multiple Control Rods." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20561.
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Experimental investigations on a passive control method for suppressing VIV of long flexible riser are presented in this work. A riser model with L/D (slenderness ratio) of 1750 was horizontally installed on a carriage and uniform current was simulated by towing the riser using the carriage in a wave tank, which leads to the Reynolds numbers ranging from 103 to 104. Four slender control rods with diameter d = 0.25D were placed parallel to the riser at uniform angle (i.e. at 90° intervals around the riser circumference). Different pitch distances l/D = 0.813, 1 and 1.188 were considered in this work, where l is the center-to-center distance between control rod and riser model. Strain along the riser and tension were measured by Fiber Bragg Grating and tensionmeter, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the response characteristics of a riser model with multiple control rods are quite distinct from that of a bare riser. Multiple control rods can suppress VIV response significantly, and their performance is mainly dependent on the pitch distance. It is found that the spatial maximum standard deviation of strain decreases about 84% due to the existence of control rods. The optimal pitch distance is found to be l/D ≤ 1. Moreover, spectrum analysis shows that the dominate frequency increases linearly with the increasing of flow velocity, for both the bare riser and the riser with control rods, while the frequency band of the suppressed riser becomes broader compared with the bare riser. It is also observed that the tension of the riser is slightly increased due to the presence of four rods, but not sensitive to the pitch distance.
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Vasylenko, Ye, O. Koshkina, Yu Nabyvanets, O. Konovalenko, and T. Maslova. "Hydromorphological monitoring in Ukraine: a case study in the Ros River basin." In 15th International Conference Monitoring of Geological Processes and Ecological Condition of the Environment. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20215k2024.
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Alica J. Ketchem. "Restoration of the Rose River using Natural Stream Channel Design in Emergency Watershed Protection." In 2004, Ottawa, Canada August 1 - 4, 2004. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.16201.
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Orr, Ansel, Steve Olmos, Dan Cheek, Mike Coyne, Nagu Tatineni, YC Park, and Danny Seal. "Unconventional Approach Simplifies Steel Catenary Riser Decommissioning." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31029-ms.
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Abstract A major pipeline company was tasked with decommissioning the Morpeth tension leg platform (TLP) in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and needed to abandon a 22-year-old, 8-in gas export steel catenary riser (SCR). The conventional approach to decommissioning an SCR is to mobilize a topside winch package, which sometimes requires the removal of platform equipment. The next step is to carry out structural engineering checks on the platform, determine the wire's various drop point routes through the platform, and provide the engineering analysis necessary to handshake the load from the winch to a heavy lift vessel for abandonment. This was the original plan for the Morpeth TLP SCR decommissioning program. Instead of employing this traditional approach to remove the riser using a topside winch package and heavy lift vessel, the pipeline owner requested an alternative method that had been used previously for an international operator. This novel method employed ROVs and divers to install a series of clamps to grip and secure the riser prior to cutting and used a Multiservice Vessel (MSV) to manage the disconnected riser for abandonment on the seafloor. The appeal of this integrated solution is that it does not interfere with the platform's topside operations or equipment layout and can provide potential cost savings. This methodology was used for the first time in the GoM to remove a riser to make space for a new one to be installed. For this installation, a clamp was designed by the operator to sit on the J-lay collar and to support the weight of the riser being removed. The project was modeled in OrcaFlex to determine safety requirements and the service company carried out the riser removal. Following adaptations to accommodate the differences presented by the Morpeth TLP SCR, a similar approach was used in the SCR decommissioning project, with the service company's engineering team designing a combination of a friction and through-pin box clamp, determining their placement, mapping out the role of divers, and defining the necessary vessel movements for each phase of the operation. Following an initial survey to determine the profile of the SCR, the service company created an OrcaFlex model and decommissioning plan that would allow the vessel to safely execute the program. The model allowed the team to incorporate safety factors to ensure that the load of the riser could be managed and that the riser could be handled without jeopardizing the safety of the vessel or creating riser clashing during the process of cutting and swinging the riser away from the TLP. It was determined that a winch wire could be cantilevered off the stern of the vessel to provide overhead access to the riser and clamp connection point. With the clamps properly connected, the riser was severed in a controlled manner by ROVs and then abandoned within the right-of-way (along the pre-approved area) of the pipeline prior to the ends being plugged and covered. In comparing the actual dynamic loads monitored during the operation with a line rider, it was confirmed that the model was within 5% of the expected loads, estimated at 54 metric tons. This paper explains how an unconventional method of SCR decommissioning allowed execution entirely from the MSV without impeding the operator's decommissioning schedule or conflicting with the work of other contractors on the platform to provide substantial cost savings. The solution also can be used to replace existing risers, whether the useful life of the platform exceeds the useful life of the riser and/or in the case where new field development requires a new tie-in. Other deepwater, vessel-based decommissioning solutions include the abandonment and/or recovery of flushed umbilicals and potentially the abandonment of flexible catenary risers. Following successful execution of the SCR decommissioning project, the pipeline company requested a FEED for using this integrated decommissioning solution for additional offshore assets. It was also requested that the clamp design be ROV installable. The study is for a three-year program to abandon five export SCRs on multiple TLPs in the GoM with loads upwards of 350 metric tons. The abandonment method to be employed for the upcoming SCR decommissioning program is the same as the one described in this paper, with execution from a single, standalone MSV.
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von der Ohe, Christian B., Roy Johnsen, and Nuria Espallargas. "Hydraulic Cylinders for Offshore Splash Zone Operation: A Review of Piston Rod Failure Cases and Alternative Concepts." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79039.
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Hydraulic cylinders are used for many vital applications on offshore installations. For the long stroke cylinders used in the direct acting riser tensioning application the piston rod surface is exposed to severe degradation; combining corrosion, wear and mechanical stress. Direct acting riser tensioning systems are often used during ultra-deepwater offshore drilling, when exploring for oil and gas. These direct acting riser tensioning systems usually consist of 6 long stroke hydraulic cylinders located at the splash zone level. These cylinders ensure constant tensioning of the drilling riser as the drilling vessel is operated in ultra deep waters up to 3000 meters compensating for heave due to sea waves and tide. The direct acting tensioning systems have been in operation since the late 1990’s, but the system integrity and service life has so far not been acceptable. Operational experience shows that the thermal sprayed coatings applied on these piston rods have dramatically shorter life than predicted by qualification tests programs. The consequence of the failing rod surface is sudden coating damage such as pits and flaking which further damages the seals in the packing flange. As a result hydraulic oil leakages occurs, thus polluting the environment and in the worst case leads to loss of the tensioning in the riser causing subsequent drilling down time and eventual riser breakage and blowout. This paper will provide a generic summary of operational experience, development and degradation issues of direct-acting riser tensioning cylinder piston rod surfaces. Several case histories are included to highlight piston rod failures and an evaluation of alternative concepts to improve service life of piston rods is given.
Reports on the topic "Ross River"
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Long, D. G. F., D. Hughes, and J. G. Abbott. Geology of the Ross River Coal Deposits. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/132338.
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Hodul, M., H. P. White, and A. Knudby. A report on water quality monitoring in Quesnel Lake, British Columbia, subsequent to the Mount Polley tailings dam spill, using optical satellite imagery. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330556.
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In the early morning on the 4th of August 2014, a tailings dam near Quesnel, BC burst, spilling approximately 25 million m3 of runoff containing heavy metal elements into nearby Quesnel Lake (Byrne et al. 2018). The runoff slurry, which included lead, arsenic, selenium, and vanadium spilled through Hazeltine Creek, scouring its banks and picking up till and forest cover on the way, and ultimately ended up in Quesnel Lake, whose water level rose by 1.5 m as a result. While the introduction of heavy metals into Quesnel Lake was of environmental concern, the additional till and forest cover scoured from the banks of Hazeltine Creek added to the lake has also been of concern to salmon spawning grounds. Immediate repercussions of the spill involved the damage of sensitive environments along the banks and on the lake bed, the closing of the seasonal salmon fishery in the lake, and a change in the microbial composition of the lake bed (Hatam et al. 2019). In addition, there appears to be a seasonal resuspension of the tailings sediment due to thermal cycling of the water and surface winds (Hamilton et al. 2020). While the water quality of Quesnel Lake continues to be monitored for the tailings sediments, primarily by members at the Quesnel River Research Centre, the sample-and-test methods of water quality testing used, while highly accurate, are expensive to undertake, and not spatially exhaustive. The use of remote sensing techniques, though not as accurate as lab testing, allows for the relatively fast creation of expansive water quality maps using sensors mounted on boats, planes, and satellites (Ritchie et al. 2003). The most common method for the remote sensing of surface water quality is through the use of a physics-based semianalytical model which simulates light passing through a water column with a given set of Inherent Optical Properties (IOPs), developed by Lee et al. (1998) and commonly referred to as a Radiative Transfer Model (RTM). The RTM forward-models a wide range of water-leaving spectral signatures based on IOPs determined by a mix of water constituents, including natural materials and pollutants. Remote sensing imagery is then used to invert the model by finding the modelled water spectrum which most closely resembles that seen in the imagery (Brando et al 2009). This project set out to develop an RTM water quality model to monitor the water quality in Quesnel Lake, allowing for the entire surface of the lake to be mapped at once, in an effort to easily determine the timing and extent of resuspension events, as well as potentially investigate greening events reported by locals. The project intended to use a combination of multispectral imagery (Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2), as well as hyperspectral imagery (DESIS), combined with field calibration/validation of the resulting models. The project began in the Autumn before the COVID pandemic, with plans to undertake a comprehensive fieldwork campaign to gather model calibration data in the summer of 2020. Since a province-wide travel shutdown and social distancing procedures made it difficult to carry out water quality surveying in a small boat, an insufficient amount of fieldwork was conducted to suit the needs of the project. Thus, the project has been put on hold, and the primary researcher has moved to a different project. This document stands as a report on all of the work conducted up to April 2021, intended largely as an instructional document for researchers who may wish to continue the work once fieldwork may freely and safely resume. This research was undertaken at the University of Ottawa, with supporting funding provided by the Earth Observations for Cumulative Effects (EO4CE) Program Work Package 10b: Site Monitoring and Remediation, Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, through the Natural Resources Canada Research Affiliate Program (RAP).
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Possible changes in ground-water flow to the Pecos River caused by Santa Rosa Lake, Guadalupe County, New Mexico. US Geological Survey, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri854291.
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