Journal articles on the topic 'Rootstock/scion interaction'
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1
Gurusamy, V., T. D. Warkentin, and A. Vandenberg. "Grafting pea, faba bean, and lentil to improve pulse crop breeding." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 92, no. 1 (January 2012): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-124.
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Gurusamy, V., Warkentin, T. D. and Vandenberg, A. 2012. Grafting pea, faba bean, and lentil to improve pulse crop breeding. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 31–38. In vivo grafting experiments were conducted to determine their potential for improving pulse crop breeding techniques for pea, faba bean and lentil. Four scion×five rootstock genotype combinations were used for pea. Survival of grafted pea scions was not affected by genotype of scions or rootstocks, even for wild subspecies. Some scion-rootstock combinations resulted in reduced flowering time for scions. Total seed production of rootstock regrowth plus grafted scion was greater than for ungrafted controls or rooted cuttings. For faba bean, four scion×four rootstock combinations showed scion-rootstock interaction affected percent survival and flowering time of grafted scions. In vivo grafting of lentil scions to faba bean rootstocks is reported for the first time. Two lentil genotypes were grafted onto four faba bean rootstocks. The effects of lentil scion and faba bean rootstock genotype were significant for percent survival, but not for seed production. Percent scion survival was 85% for pea, 56% for faba bean, and 55% for lentil scions on faba bean rootstocks. In vivo grafting techniques can help to maximize the size of F2 populations for breeding and genetic studies. Intergeneric in vivo grafting of lentil onto faba bean rootstock could be useful for interspecific hybridization studies for lentil.
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Tedesco, Sara, Alexander Erban, Saurabh Gupta, Joachim Kopka, Pedro Fevereiro, Friedrich Kragler, and Ana Pina. "The Impact of Metabolic Scion–Rootstock Interactions in Different Grapevine Tissues and Phloem Exudates." Metabolites 11, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11060349.
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In viticulture, grafting is used to propagate Phylloxera-susceptible European grapevines, thereby using resistant American rootstocks. Although scion–rootstock reciprocal signaling is essential for the formation of a proper vascular union and for coordinated growth, our knowledge of graft partner interactions is very limited. In order to elucidate the scale and the content of scion–rootstock metabolic interactions, we profiled the metabolome of eleven graft combination in leaves, stems, and phloem exudate from both above and below the graft union 5–6 months after grafting. We compared the metabolome of scions vs. rootstocks of homografts vs. heterografts and investigated the reciprocal effect of the rootstock on the scion metabolome. This approach revealed that (1) grafting has a minor impact on the metabolome of grafted grapevines when tissues and genotypes were compared, (2) heterografting affects rootstocks more than scions, (3) the presence of a heterologous grafting partner increases defense-related compounds in both scion and rootstocks in shorter and longer distances from the graft, and (4) leaves were revealed as the best tissue to search for grafting-related metabolic markers. These results will provide a valuable metabolomics resource for scion–rootstock interaction studies and will facilitate future efforts on the identification of metabolic markers for important agronomic traits in grafted grapevines.
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Shivran, Mukesh, Nimisha Sharma, Anil Kumar Dubey, Sanjay Kumar Singh, Neha Sharma, Radha Mohan Sharma, Narendra Singh, and Rakesh Singh. "Scion–Rootstock Relationship: Molecular Mechanism and Quality Fruit Production." Agriculture 12, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 2036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122036.
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Most tree fruits are commercially grown on different root systems, hence called composite plants. The section provides the root system as the rootstock, and the atop ground portion is called the scion. The combination is selected based on different traits of scion varieties, rootstock, and prevailing edaphic situations. The dated back plant propagation technique of joining two plants (grafting/budding) that directly communicates new physiological traits to the desirable scion variety from the rootstock remains unclear. In spite of this, this propagation technique continues widely applied in the multiplication of several fruit plant species. In a grafted plant, rootstocks impacted the scion variety’s growth, yield and quality attributes, physiology, nutrient accumulation as well as biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in many ways. Modern research in plant science for next-generation sequencing providing new vital information about the molecular interactions in composite plants multiplied using grafting. Now it was confirmed that genetic exchange is occurring between rootstock and scion variety through grafting joints. In this aspect, we discuss the process and the molecular mechanism of rootstock scion interactions. This review finally explains the dynamics of rootstock–scion interactions as well as their effect on physiology in terms of production, environmental stresses, and fruit quality. The morphological, physiochemical, and molecular mechanisms have been reviewed to develop an integrated understanding of this unknowable process that questions existing genetic paradigms. The present review summarizes the reported molecular mechanism between scion and rootstock and the impact of rootstocks on the production biology of scion varieties of economically important fruit crops and identifies numerous key points to consider when conducting rootstock scion interaction experiments. Rootstocks may offer a non-transgenic approach to rapidly respond to the changing environment and expand agricultural production of perennial fruit crops where grafting is possible in order to meet the global demand for fruit, food, and demands of the future.
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Karunakaran, R., and R. V. J. Ilango. "Grafting influence on productivity and drought tolerance of tea clones." Journal of Agricultural Science 157, no. 03 (April 2019): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859619000480.
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AbstractGrafting of fresh cuttings using drought-susceptible and low-yielding clones as scions on drought-tolerant clones as rootstocks offers the possibility of raising composite plants with improved productivity and drought tolerance. Hence, the study was aimed to widen the choice of compatible composites and to delineate the underlying factors responsible for productivity and drought tolerance in grafted plants. One year-old composite plants of TRF-1, TRF-2 and UPASI-28 cleft-grafted on the rootstocks of UPASI-2, UPASI-9, ATK-1 and TRI-2025 were field planted along with their respective controls and evaluated. The results indicated that productivity and drought tolerance of scion clones varied significantly with the rootstocks used. Significant increases in yield and yield components were noted in the following graft combinations compared with their corresponding self-rooted scion clones: TRF-1 grafted on UPASI-9 and ATK-1, TRF-2 grafted on all four rootstocks, and UPASI-28 grafted on UPASI-9, TRI-2025 and UPASI-2. The findings clearly emphasize the scion–rootstock interaction as the critical determinant of productivity in grafted plants compared with vigour, drought tolerance and yield potential of scion and rootstock clones. Further, high-yielding capacity of grafts over the ungrafted scions and rootstocks was largely dependent on the yield potential of the scion clone and the degree of scion–rootstock compatibility. Higher field survival and enhanced yield observed during the drought period in the compatible grafts demonstrated their better drought tolerance compared with their respective self-rooted scions.
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Montesinos, Álvaro, Grant Thorp, Jérôme Grimplet, and María Rubio-Cabetas. "Phenotyping Almond Orchards for Architectural Traits Influenced by Rootstock Choice." Horticulturae 7, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7070159.
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The cropping potential of almond (Prunus amygdalus (L.) Batsch, syn P. dulcis (Mill.)) cultivars is determined by their adaptation to edaphoclimatic and environmental conditions. The effects of scion–rootstock interactions on vigor have a decisive impact on this cropping success. Intensively planted orchards with smaller less vigorous trees present several potential benefits for increasing orchard profitability. While several studies have examined rootstock effects on tree vigor, it is less clear how rootstocks influence more specific aspects of tree architecture. The objective of this current study was to identify which architectural traits of commercially important scion cultivars are influenced by rootstock and which of these traits can be useful as descriptors of rootstock performance in breeding evaluations. To do this, 6 almond cultivars of commercial significance were grafted onto 5 hybrid rootstocks, resulting in 30 combinations that were measured after their second year of growth. We observed that rootstock choice mainly influenced branch production, but the effects were not consistent across the different scion–rootstock combinations evaluated. This lack of consistency in response highlights the importance of the unique interaction between each rootstock and its respective scion genotype.
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Larsen, Fenton E., and Stewart S. Higgins. "GROWTH AND FRUIT PRODUCTION OF YOUNG MICROPROPAGATED APPLE (MALUS DOMESTICA BORKH.) TREES." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 637f—637. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.637f.
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Tree size, cumulative yield, yield efficiency and anchorage of 6 micropropagated (MP) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars were determined in 1991 after 5 years of production, as compared with trees on seedling (sdlg) or M 7a roots. Trees were planted in 1984, with crops harvested from 1987 through 1991. Trees were generally smallest (trunk cross-sectional area) on M 7a and were largest with 4 cultivars (`Delicious', `Jonathan', `Rome', `Spartan') when micropropagated. `Golden Delicious' (GD) was largest on sdlg. Cumulative yield was affected by a scion × rootstock interaction, with few trends in scion or rootstock effects. Mean cumulative yield was 84 kg tree-1, 71 and 58 for M 7a, MP and sdlg, respectively. Yield efficiency was also affected by a scion × rootstock interaction. In 1991, mean yield efficiency was 0.5 kg cm-2 for sdlg and MP trees, but was 1.05 for M 7a. Efficiency on M 7a was superior to other rootstocks with all scions except `GD', while sdlg and MP trees were statistically similar with all scions. All trees leaned in response to prevailing westerly winds, with trees on sdlg tending to be more upright than MP or M 7a trees.
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Shivran, Mukesh, Nimisha Sharma, Anil Kumar Dubey, Sanjay Kumar Singh, Neha Sharma, Vignesh Muthusamy, Maneesh Jain, et al. "Scion/Rootstock Interaction Studies for Quality Traits in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Varieties." Agronomy 13, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010204.
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To explore the quality rootstocks which impart better quality fruits in mango varieties, we studied the interactive effect of the scion and rootstock using five mango varieties (Mallika, Amrapali, Dashehari, Pusa Arunima, and Pusa Surya) grafted on three rootstocks (Olour, Kurukkan, and K-5). A total of 25 physico-chemical parameters were studied in the five grafted varieties viz., fruit weight, yield efficiency, fruit per plant, pulp percent, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, physiological loss in weight (PLW), peel thickness, respiration rate, etc., and were found to be altered through scion–rootstock interaction. Among the five mango varieties, Olour rootstock proved best to improve the fruit quality and shelf life using the grafting approach. Physico-chemical-traits-based clustering was unable to precisely group scion varieties according to their grafting rootstock. A total of 35 shelf-life specific markers were designed from ripening genes, such as expansin, polygalactouranase, ethylene insensitive, ethylene sensitive, etc. Of these specific primers, 24 showed polymorphism among the studied genotypes. The gene diversity (GD), allele per locus (An), polymorphism information content (PIC), and major allele frequency (MAF) observed were 0.43, 2.00, 0.34, and 0.63, respectively. Cluster analysis clearly showed that scion grafted on Kurukkan and Olour rootstock, and scion varieties grafted on K-5 rootstock grouped together have more similarity. A total of eight simple sequence repeats loci (SSRs) markers were associated with eight physiological traits. Strong association of SSR loci NMSLC-12 and NMSLC-14 with yield efficiency and fruit weight were observed with a phenotypic variance of 85% and 70%, respectively.
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Gong, Tian, Xuelian Zhang, Jeffrey K. Brecht, Zachary E. Black, and Xin Zhao. "Grape Tomato Growth, Yield, and Fruit Mineral Content as Affected by Rootstocks in a High Tunnel Organic Production System." HortScience 57, no. 10 (October 2022): 1267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci16553-22.
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Recently, so-called “vegetative” and “generative” rootstocks have been identified by seed companies as rootstock types that have different impacts on tomato scions. In this experiment of grafted grape tomato production in an organically managed high tunnel system, we characterized the effects of vegetative and generative rootstock cultivars on tomato yield components and fruit mineral contents. Grape tomato scions ‘BHN 1022’ (determinate) and ‘Sweet Hearts’ (indeterminate) were grafted onto ‘DR0141TX’ (vegetative), ‘Estamino’ (generative), and ‘Multifort’ (noncharacterized) rootstocks with self- and nongrafted scions as controls. Experiments were conducted twice with different transplanting dates (Expt. 1: 31 Jan. vs. Expt. 2: 9 Mar.) in 2018. No rootstock by scion interaction effects on whole-season fruit yield components were observed, indicating similar responses of determinate and indeterminate grape tomato scions to all rootstocks tested. For Expt. 1, the three rootstocks increased marketable fruit number, marketable yield, and total yield by 23.3%, 37.9%, and 34.4% on average, respectively, compared with the self- and nongrafted controls, primarily due to improved productivity during the peak and late harvest periods. For Expt. 2, the rootstocks did not significantly benefit any whole-season yield components. ‘DR0141TX’ and ‘Multifort’ increased stem diameter in both experiments, whereas ‘Estamino’ only increased stem diameter in Expt. 2 relative to the nongrafted controls. Consistent increase in aboveground dry biomass of rootstock treatments at crop termination in Expt. 1 corresponded to the greater yield of rootstock-grafted plants in that experiment. All rootstocks in both experiments consistently increased fruit P, K, Ca, Zn, and Fe contents on a dry weight basis at peak harvest regardless of the tomato scion used. Despite a relatively low level of root-knot nematode infestation, plants grafted with ‘DR0141TX’ or ‘Estamino’ tended to have lower root galling index ratings than scion controls and ‘Multifort’-grafted plants, which was more evident in Expt. 1. Given the different environmental conditions during the tomato production period between the two experiments conducted in high tunnels, our findings highlight the important influence of production environment on grafted tomato performance. This study on grafted grape tomatoes in high tunnel organic production systems also demonstrated that so-called “vegetative” and “generative” rootstocks had similar impacts on tomato scion yield components and fruit mineral contents.
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Blank, Magali, Sabrina Samer, and Manfred Stoll. "Grapevine rootstock genotypes influences berry and wine phenolic composition (<i>Vitis vinifera </i> L. cv. Pinot noir)." OENO One 56, no. 1 (February 7, 2022): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.1.4459.
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Grapevine rootstocks can affect the nitrogen (N) status of the grafted plant due to discrepancies in their nutrient uptake and their efficiency in the allocation of assimilates. When N becomes a limiting factor, the production of phenolic compounds in grapes is enhanced as a result of a down-regulation of the flavonoid production pathway. However, it is still not fully understood if the impact of rootstocks on fruit and wine composition is mediated by their effect on the vegetative growth and N status of the scion. The main objective of the study was to test if rootstock influence on Pinot noir berry and wine phenolic composition could be related to the N status of the scion. An investigation was carried out on Pinot noir (Vitis vinifera L.) vines grafted onto six rootstocks over three vintages (2012–2014). A micro-scale fermentation technique was used to produce wines from each field replicate. Scions grafted onto SO4, a high vigour rootstock, were characterised by a 15 % higher tannin concentration in berry seed and skin compared to those grafted onto the low vigour Riparia Gloire de Montpellier, while final tannin concentration in wines depended on the rootstock. Anthocyanin concentration was higher in berries of Pinot noir grafted onto R110 compared to 125AA, which was also reflected in the wines. A Multiple Linear Regression analysis suggested that rootstock influence on berry anthocyanins was linked to the N status of scion leaves (higher Leaf NBI_R). Understanding the interaction between the N uptake efficiency of rootstocks and scion berry/wine phenolic composition will help improve the selection of suitable rootstocks that match the desired wine profile.
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YIN, JOE PANG THAU. "ROOTSTOCK EFFECTS ON COCOA IN SABAH, MALAYSIA." Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 4 (October 2004): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479704002108.
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Twelve seedling cocoa families were evaluated as rootstocks in Sabah, Malaysia using three commercial cocoa clones as scions. The average yield was about 3 t dry cocoa beans ha−1. Yields on pure Scavina rootstock were about 10% above average and those on pure West African Amelonado about 10% below average. However, the effects of rootstock on yield were correlated with those on vigour and there was no effect on the ratio of yield to continuing vegetative growth. Rootstock did not influence bean weight or number of beans per pod or the uniformity of the trees. There was no indication of an interaction between rootstock and scion for any of the traits that were studied. The rootstock effect is considered large enough to warrant its control in critical work, especially field experiments with budded cocoa, but development of high performance scions is a higher priority in cocoa than intensive work with rootstocks.
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Abou Rayya, Mahmoud Sami, Nabila Elbadawy Kaseem, and Thanaa Shaban Mohamed Mahmoud. "Comparative Vegetative, Nutritional and Anatomical Study of Two Almond Varieties Grafted on Bitter Almond and Nemaguard Peach Rootstocks." Journal of Agriculture and Crops, no. 74 (September 28, 2021): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jac.74.140.148.
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A comparative study was conducted during the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 growing seasons for Nonpareil and Ne Plus Ultra almond cvs grafted on Bitter almond and Nemaguard peach rootstocks at the Experimental Research Station of National Research Centre at Nubaria, El Behera governorate, Egypt. The comparison was evaluated through the grafting success percentage, vegetative growth, determination of some leaf mineral composition, as well as, the anatomical examination of scion/rootstock union zone and cross-section of leaves. The obtained results clarified that the grafting success percentage was significantly affected by the different used rootstocks. Using Bitter almond rootstock recorded the highest percentage of grafting success, leaf chlorophyll content, root length, and a number of lateral root /plant in both cultivars. Using Nemaguard peach rootstock recorded significantly the highest values of scion length, stem girth above and below union zone, number of branches and leaves/plant, leaf area as well as seedlings fresh and dry weight. Leaves of both cultivars grafted on Nemaguard peach rootstock recorded the highest concentrations of leaf mineral contents as compared to those grafted on Bitter almond rootstock. Cross-sections of the graft union zone were taken after 28 days and 6 months from grafting for anatomical analysis. The callus cells developed 28 days after grafting, but cambial cells between the rootstock and scion tissues did not occur in all scion/rootstock combinations. After 6 months of grafting, cambial cells were established, vascular differentiation was observed, regular parenchymatic tissue properties and sclerenchyma bundles were seen in the graft union. There was no problem in terms of compatibility of Nonpareil and Ne Plus Ultra on Bitter almond and Nemaguard peach rootstocks. Comparing leaf cross-sections of almond grafted on both rootstocks demonstrated that the density of mesophyll cells was affected as a consequence of the rootstock–scion interaction. Nemaguard peach rootstock can be recommended for grafting Nonpareil and Ne Plus Ultra almond cultivars under Nubaria conditions to produce vigorous trees.
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Tandonnet, Jean-Pascal, Jean-Pierre Soyer, Jean-Pierre Gaudillère, Stéphanie Decroocq, Louis Bordenave, and Nathalie Ollat. "Long term effects of nitrogen and water supply on confered vigour and yield by SO4 and Riparia gloire de Montpellier rootstocks." OENO One 42, no. 2 (June 30, 2008): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2008.42.2.826.
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<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: the present study was designed to test the hypothesis according to which rootstock effects on scion growth and yield are related to fundamental physiological traits which are expressed consistently and independently of environmental conditions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Pruning weights and yield components from two independent rootstock experiments are reported. In the first experiment, the effect of two levels (30 and 70 kgN/ha/year) was studied during 15 years on Cabernet-Sauvignon vines grafted onto SO4 and Riparia Gloire de Montpellier (RGM). In the second one, Cabernet-Sauvignon and Merlot vines grafted on SO4 and RGM were submitted to two levels of soil fertility shortly after plantation: control and high (100 kgN/ha/year + irrigation) and data from the plantation to year 6 were recorded. In both experiments, vine vigour and yield were significantly affected by rootstocks and fertilisation/irrigation treatments. No interaction was recorded. The devigorating effect of RGM in comparison to SO4 was observed in both experiments, regardless of other parameters. Cabernet-Sauvignon was more affected by rootstock than Merlot.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Rootstock effects on vine vegetative and reproductive development were consistently expressed, indicating that scion-rootstock interactions are governed not only by adaptative, but also by specific physiological traits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of study</strong>: This work provides information on scion-rootstock interactions which may be useful in rootstock breeding programs and may help to better choose the rootstock according to the scion and the environment.</p>
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Singh, Hira, Pradeep Kumar, Ashwani Kumar, Marios Kyriacou, Giuseppe Colla, and Youssef Rouphael. "Grafting Tomato as a Tool to Improve Salt Tolerance." Agronomy 10, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020263.
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Salinity in soil or water is a serious threat to global agriculture; the expected acreage affected by salinity is about 20% of the global irrigated lands. Improving salt tolerance of plants through breeding is a complex undertaking due to the number of traits involved. Grafting, a surgical mean of joining a scion and rootstock of two different genotypes with the desired traits, offers an alternative to breeding and biotechnological approaches to salt tolerance. Grafting can also be used to circumvent other biotic and abiotic stresses. Increasing salinity tolerance in tomato (Solanum lycopresicum L.), a highly nutritious and economical vegetable, will have greater impact on the vegetable industry, especially in (semi) arid regions where salinity in soil and water are more prevalent. Besides, plants also experience salt stress when water in hydroponic system is recycled for tomato production. Grafting high yielding but salt-susceptible tomato cultivars onto salt-resistant/tolerant rootstocks is a sustainable strategy to overcome saline stress. Selection of salt-tolerant rootstocks though screening of available commercial and wild relatives of tomato under salt stress conditions is a pre-requisite for grafting. The positive response of grafting exerted by tolerant rootstocks or scion-rootstock interactions on yield and fruit characteristics of tomato under saline conditions is attributed to several physiological and biochemical changes. In this review, the importance of tomato grafting, strategies to select appropriate rootstocks, scion-rootstock interaction for growth, yield and quality characteristics, as well as the tolerance mechanisms that (grafted) plants deploy to circumvent or minimize the effects of salt stress in root zones are discussed. The future challenges of grafting tomato are also highlighted.
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Marè, C., E. Mica, and L. Cattivelli. "Molecular advances in rootstock-scion interaction in grapevine." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1136 (July 2016): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2016.1136.21.
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Kocsis, L., E. Tarczal, and G. Molnár Kocsisné. "Grape rootstock-scion interaction on root system development." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1136 (July 2016): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2016.1136.4.
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Kaserer, H., D. Blahous, and W. Brandes. "OPTIMIZING WINE GRAPE QUALITY BY CONSIDERING ROOTSTOCK-SCION INTERACTION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 427 (December 1996): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1996.427.31.
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Gireesh, T., Y. Annamma Varghese, K. E. Woeste, V. C. Mercykutty, and J. G. Marattukalam. "Effect of monoclonal and assorted seedling rootstocks on long term growth and yield of Hevea clones." Silvae Genetica 61, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2012): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2012-0007.
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AbstractSeven Hevea brasiliensis clones were evaluated on two types of rootstocks, assorted seedling rootstocks (AR) and monoclonal rootstock (MR) over 19 years. Influence of rootstock on scion growth and rubber yield was assessed based on juvenile height, circumference of the main trunk (cm), number of branches, branching height and cumulative dry rubber yield (g per tree per tapping, conventionally abbreviated gt-1t-1). Highest cumulative yield (g per tree per tapping) over the 12 years for which the trees were tapped was obtained from clone RRII 105 (MR: 1076 g per tree per tapping and AR: 497 g per tree per tapping), followed by RRII 203 (MR: 661; AR: 538), RRII 208 (MR: 477; AR: 486), RRII 118 (MR: 497; AR: 452). Gl 1 yielded the least, 219 g per tree per tapping (MR) and 378 g per tree per tapping (AR); GT1 produced 335 g per tree per tapping (MR) and 375 g per tree per tapping (AR). RRII 118 had the greatest circumference at age 19 (91.4 cm on MR) 88.8 on AR, followed by RRII 105 (MR: 87.4 cm AR: 89.2 cm) and GT 1 (MR: 88.5 cm; AR: 84.4cm). Effect of scion clone was significant (p<0.01) only for trunk circumference at opening, but not for cumulative rubber yield at age 11 (4 years after opening) or cumulative rubber yield at age 19 (12 years after opening). Most importantly, rootstock and clone × rootstock interaction did not significantly affect rubber yield or tree circumference at any evaluation time. There was no evidence to suggest that growth and yield of clones was influenced significantly by rootstock type.
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Wang, Tie, Lijun Deng, Shengjia Huang, Bo Xiong, Muhammad Muhammad, Zhendong Zheng, Wei Zheng, et al. "Genetic Relationship, SPAD Reading, and Soluble Sugar Content as Indices for Evaluating the Graft Compatibility of Citrus Interstocks." Biology 11, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 1639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11111639.
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The interstock, a stock between the rootstock and scion, has a significant regulatory effect on the stock and scion, and its function is highly dependent on graft compatibility. To assess the graft compatibility of the interstock and scion, ‘Yuanxiaochun’ was top grafted onto ‘Ponkan’, ‘Shiranuhi’, ‘Harumi’, ‘Tarocco’, and ‘Kumquat’. The results showed significant differences in the survival ratio and preservation ratio among different combinations. Grafting compatibility in the early stages of grafting was associated with the genetic relationship. The biomass accumulation revealed that the interstock could influence both the rootstock and the scion. The physiological and biochemical traits analysis suggested that SPAD reading and soluble sugar could be employed as preselected indices to evaluate graft compatibility in the late stage of grafting. These results indicated that the evaluation of graft compatibility was a dynamic process. The findings provided a new approach for studying the stock and scion interaction mechanisms mediated by interstock, and directly provided a theoretical and practical basis for the high-grafting of ‘Yuanxiaochun’ citrus.
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Polizzi, G., V. Guarnaccia, A. Vitale, M. Marra, M. Rocco, S. Arena, A. Scaloni, F. Giuffrida, C. Cassaniti, and C. Leonardi. "SCION/ROOTSTOCK INTERACTION AND TOLERANCE EXPRESSION OF TOMATO TO FORL." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1086 (June 2015): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1086.23.
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Liu, Wenqian, Chenggang Xiang, Xiaojun Li, Tao Wang, Xiaohong Lu, Zixi Liu, Lihong Gao, and Wenna Zhang. "Identification of Long-Distance Transmissible mRNA between Scion and Rootstock in Cucurbit Seedling Heterografts." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 15 (July 24, 2020): 5253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155253.
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Grafting has been widely used to improve plant growth and tolerance in crop production, as well as for clarifying systemic mRNA signaling from donor to recipient tissues in organ-to-organ communication. In this study, we investigated graft partner interaction mechanisms of Cucumis sativus (Csa) and Cucurbita moschata (Cmo) using a large-scale endogenous mRNA transport. The results indicated that most mobile transcripts followed an allocation pathway from source to sink. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that mRNA mobility functions are universally common and individually specific. Identification of mRNA mobility between distant tissues in heterografts with RT-PCR (reverse transcription PCR), RT-qPCR (reverse transcriptional quantitative real time PCR), and clone sequencing were used to estimate 78.75% of selected mobile transcripts. Integration of bioinformatic analysis and RT-qPCR identification allowed us to hypothesize a scion-to-rootstock-to-scion feedback signal loop of Csa move-down and Cmo move-up mRNAs, where Csa scion move-down mRNAs were involved in carbon fixation and biosynthesis of amino acid pathways, and Cmo root received Csa move-down mRNA and then delivered the corresponding Cmo upward mRNA to scion to improve photosynthesis of cucumber scion. This formed a feedback signal loop of scion-to-rootstock-to scion to explain why pumpkin rootstock enhanced cucumber production in the industry, which was utilized for organ communication and mediates photosynthesis processes in heterograft cucurbit crops.
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Young, Eric, and Dennis J. Werner. "Effects of Shoot, Root, and Shank Chilling during Rest in Apple and Peach on Growth Resumption and Carbohydrates." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 110, no. 6 (November 1985): 769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.110.6.769.
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Abstract One-year-old nursery trees of ‘Redchief’ apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) on MM106, M9, and seedling rootstocks and ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] on Lovell rootstock were subjected to root and shoot chilling treatments for 1500 and 1200 hr, respectively, followed by forcing in the greenhouse. Budbreak and new shoot and root growth were increased by chilling the apple root and shoot. In contrast, only shoot chilling increased these parameters in peach. When shanks of clonal apple rootstocks were treated as part of the shoot, statistical interaction between shoot and root chilling was eliminated when the shank was treated as part of the root. The root chilling effect was significant for both clonal and seedling apple rootstocks. Rootstock temperature (4° or 16°C) did not affect starch, soluble sugars, or sorbitol levels in scion, shank, or roots of apple and peach. Starch and soluble sugars generally decreased throughout the chilling and forcing phases, while sorbitol increased.
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Zhang, Cheng-Sheng, Yanfen Zheng, Lijuan Peng, and Jianmin Cao. "Rootstock-Scion Interaction Affects the Composition and Pathogen Inhibitory Activity of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Root Exudates." Plants 9, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 1652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121652.
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The composition and allelopathy to Phytophthora nicotianae (the causal agent of tobacco black shank disease) of root exudates from a resistant tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivar Gexin 3, a susceptible cultivar Xiaohuangjin 1025 and their reciprocal grafts were investigated. Grafting with disease-resistant rootstock could improve resistance to black shank; this is closely related to the allelopathy of root exudates. The root exudates from the resistant cultivar inhibited the growth of P. nicotianae, while those from the susceptible cultivar promoted the growth; the grafting varieties had intermediate properties. The root exudate composition differed among cultivars. Gexin 3 was rich in esters and fatty acids, while Xiaohuangjin 1025 contained more hydrocarbons and phenolic acids. The composition of root exudates of grafted cultivars as well as their allelopathy to P. nicotianae were altered, and tended to be close to the composition of cultivar used as rootstock. Eugenol, 4-tert-butylphenol, mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, dipropyl phthalate, and methyl myristate were identified as the main compounds contributing to inhibitory properties of root exudates. Sorbitol was suggested to play a role in disease induction. Overall, rootstock–scion interaction affected the composition of tobacco root exudates, which may be attributed to the different disease resistance among grafted plants, rootstock and scion.
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Hussein, Ismail A., and Donald C. Slack. "Fruit Diameter and Daily Fruit Growth Rate of Three Apple Cultivars on Rootstock–Scion Combinations." HortScience 29, no. 2 (February 1994): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.2.79.
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The effect of three vigor-control apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) rootstock (seedling, MM.106, and M.7a) on fruit diameter of three cultivars ('Red Delicious', `Granny Smith', and `Gala') was studied over two growing seasons (1990-91) in the arid climate of Willcox, Ariz. Daily fruit growth rate (DFGR) and effective fruit growth period (EFGP) data indicate cultivar differences in DFGR as well as EFGP. Cultivars with a high DFGR had a relatively shorter EFGP. Rootstock had no significant effect on EFGP. Cultivar x rootstock interaction on fruit diameter was significant for DFGR, but not for EFGP. `Red Delicious' and `Granny Smith' trees produced larger fruits on MM.106 and M.7a than on seedling rootstock. For `Gala', there was no significant effect of all rootstock on fruit diameter.
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Fazio, Gennaro, Yizhen Wan, Dariusz Kviklys, Leticia Romero, Richard Adams, David Strickland, and Terence Robinson. "Dw2, a New Dwarfing Locus in Apple Rootstocks and Its Relationship to Induction of Early Bearing in Apple Scions." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 139, no. 2 (March 2014): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.139.2.87.
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The ability of certain apple rootstocks to dwarf their scions has been known for centuries and their use revolutionized apple (Malus ×domestica) production systems. In this investigation, several apple rootstock breeding populations, planted in multiple replicated field and pot experiments, were used to ascertain the degree of dwarfing when grafted with multiple scions. A previous genetic map of a breeding population derived from parents ‘Ottawa 3’ (O.3) and ‘Robusta 5’ (R5) was used for quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of traits related to scion vigor suppression, induction of early bearing, and other tree size measurements on own-rooted and grafted trees. The analysis confirmed a previously reported QTL that imparts vigor control [Dw1, log of odds (LOD) = 7.2] on linkage group (LG) 5 and a new QTL named Dw2 (LOD = 6.4) on LG11 that has a similar effect on vigor. The data from this population were used to study the interaction of these two loci. To validate these findings, a new genetic map comprised of 1841 single-nucleotide polymorphisms was constructed from a cross of the dwarfing, precocious rootstocks ‘Geneva 935’ (G.935) and ‘Budagovsky 9’ (B.9), resulting in the confirmation and modeling of the effect of Dw1 and Dw2 on vigor control of apple scions. Flower density and fruit yield data allowed the identification of genetic factors Eb1 (LOD = 7.1) and Eb2 (LOD = 7.6) that cause early bearing of scions, roughly colocated with the dwarfing factors. The major QTL for mean number of fruit produced per tree colocated with Dw2 (LOD = 7.0) and a minor QTL was located on LG16 (LOD = 3.5). These findings will aid the development of a marker-assisted breeding strategy, and the discovery of additional sources for dwarfing and predictive modeling of new apple rootstocks in the Geneva® apple rootstock breeding program.
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Kuznetsova, Anna, Irina Dragavtseva, Sergey Shcheglov, Anna Drygina, and Anna Klyukina. "Study of the adaptability of scion-rootstock combinations of plum tree to temperature stressors in the Krasnodar Territory." E3S Web of Conferences 254 (2021): 02022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125402022.
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The relevance of the research is due to a change in the strength, frequency and direction of harmful weather stresses associated with climate change, which has an extremely negative effect on the general condition and productivity of plants, disrupts the conditions for the exit of plants from the dormant stage, while accelerating the rate of spring development. The rise of positive temperatures in the autumn period delays the entry of plants into the phase of organic dormancy, impairing their preparation for the winter. This paper provides an assessment of the adaptive response of the optimal course of growth and development of scion-rootstock combinations (SRC), taking into account changes in environmental conditions. The complexity of interaction mechanisms in the “scion-rootstock-environment” system is presented. Analysis of variance has shown that quantitative traits have complex genetic systems, which are characterized by multivariance of the reaction associated with multilevel redefinition of the genetic organization of quantitative traits of the SRC when changing the environmental limits. The value of the work is in the fact that the selected objects are perennial fruit crops, which are an interacting complex of two genotypes. The best combinations of grafts and rootstocks in the studied varieties in the specific environmental conditions and with given growing technologies were identified: Stanley / PK SK 1, Stanley / Druzhba, Renklod Donetskiy-1 / Evrika 99, Renklod Donetskiy-1 / cherry plum, Milena / Evrika 99 The highest-yielding under the changed conditions, and hence the most adaptive, were the combinations of plum variety Stanley on the rootstocks of PK SK 1 and Druzhba.
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Supriyono, Supriyono, Tarwa Mustopa, Nunuk Helilusiatiningsih, and Fristama Maulana. "PENGARUH JUMLAH MATA TUNAS BATANG ATAS DAN TINGGI BATANG BAWAH PADA SAMBUNG PUCUK TERHADAP PERSENTASE TUMBUH JAMBU AIR (Syzygium Samarangense)." Jurnal Agrotek Ummat 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jau.v7i2.2853.
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Water guava (Syzygium Samarangense) was a popular plant in Indonesia because it was fresh and sweet. The aim of this research was to analyze the effect of the number of shoots of the upper stems and height of the rootstock at the shoot graft on the percentage of growing water guava. The method used in this study was a completely randomized design, factor into one rootstock length, namely 10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm. and the second factor was the number of buds on the scion, namely 2, 3, and 4. The results showed that there was a significant interaction in the treatment combination of the number of 4 buds on the upper stem and the length of the rootstock 15 cm at 35 days after grafting affected the growth percentage and growth in the number of leaves and length of the scion.
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Suchoff, David H., Christopher C. Gunter, Jonathan R. Schultheis, Matthew D. Kleinhenz, and Frank J. Louws. "Rootstock Effect on Grafted Tomato Transplant Shoot and Root Responses to Drying Soils." HortScience 53, no. 11 (November 2018): 1586–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13215-18.
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Improvement of crop water use is imperative. Plants’ responses to limited water can dictate their ability to better use available resources and avoid prolonged and severe stress. The following study was conducted to determine how tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) rootstocks with different root system morphologies respond to drying soils. Plants were grown in pots containing an inorganic substrate composed of calcined clay and sand in a greenhouse on North Carolina State University’s campus. The heirloom tomato cultivar Cherokee Purple was used as the scion for ‘Beaufort’ and ‘Shield’ rootstocks as well as the self-grafted control. These rootstocks were assigned either normal or reduced irrigation treatments. Plants grown under the normal irrigation schedule were weighed and watered daily to maintain container capacity for one week. Those receiving reduced irrigation had all water withheld for one week, at which point strong midday wilting became evident. Shoot physiological and morphological data as well as root morphological data were collected at the end of the study. A constitutive positive increase on relative water content, leaf area, stomatal conductance (gS), and net CO2 assimilation rate was observed with scions grafted on ‘Beaufort’. In addition, this rootstock had a significantly longer total root system (118.6 m) compared with ‘Shield’ (94.9 m) and the self-grafted control (104.2 m). Furthermore, 76.4% of the total root length observed in ‘Beaufort’ was composed of very thin diameter roots ( <0.5 mm), which was higher than ‘Shield’ (73.67%) and the self-grafted control (69.07%). The only significant rootstock irrigation interaction observed was for effective quantum yield of photosystem II (φPSII). At normal irrigation there were no differences among the rootstock treatments; however, at reduced irrigation ‘Beaufort’ had significantly higher φPSII than both ‘Shield’ and the self-grafted control. These results may explain some of the improved production and water use efficiency observed in field trials using ‘Beaufort’ rootstock, and data secured may allow for better screening of rootstocks for improved water use efficiency in the future.
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He, Wen, Rui Xie, Liang Luo, Jiufeng Chai, Hao Wang, Yan Wang, Qing Chen, et al. "Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Inarching Invigorating Rootstock onto Incompatible Grafts in Citrus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 14523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314523.
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Grafting is a technique that is widely used in citrus production. Graft incompatibility often occurs in the orchard. Inarching can effectively improve the vigor of incompatible grafts, but its mechanism remains poorly understood. Our previous studies investigated the scion—rootstock interaction of citrus and highlighted the role of hormonal balance and genes in abscisic acid biosynthesis regulation. To further elucidate the mechanism of inarched grafts rejuvenation, Hm/Pt combination (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merrill cv. ‘Hongmian miyou’ grafted onto Poncirus trifoliata) were inarched with ‘Pujiang Xiangcheng’ (a novel citrus rootstock cultivar recently selected from wild Citrus junos populations), and comprehensive analysis was performed to compare the inarched grafts and controls. Compared with incompatible grafts, the results revealed that inarching could recover the leaf metabolism balance, including reducing starch content, increasing chlorophyll content and restoring the cell structure. Additionally, our results corroborated that hormonal balance and hormone-related genes played a central role in inarching compatibility. Furthermore, the roles of Hsf4, ERF1, NCED3 and PYL were highlighted, and a model for explaining inarched grafts recovery invigoration was proposed. This study shed light on the mechanism of inarching regulation tree vigor and offered deep insights into the scion—rootstock interaction in citrus.
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Goncalves, B., J. Moutinho-Pereira, A. Santos, A. P. Silva, E. Bacelar, C. Correia, and E. Rosa. "Scion-rootstock interaction affects the physiology and fruit quality of sweet cherry." Tree Physiology 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/26.1.93.
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Laino, Paolo, Maria P. Russo, Maria Guardo, Giuseppe Reforgiato-Recupero, Giampiero Valè, Luigi Cattivelli, and Vita M. C. Moliterni. "Rootstock-scion interaction affecting citrus response to CTV infection: a proteomic view." Physiologia Plantarum 156, no. 4 (November 23, 2015): 444–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12395.
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Archbold, D. D., G. R. Brown, and P. L. Cornelius. "Rootstock and In-row Spacing Effects on Growth and Yield of Spur-type ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 112, no. 2 (March 1987): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.112.2.219.
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Abstract The effects of in-row spacing (1.8, 3.0, and 4.3 m) and rootstock [seedling, Mailing Merton (MM) 111, MM 106, and Mailing (M) 7] on growth and yield of ‘Redspur Delicious’ (RS) and ‘Goldspur Golden Delicious’ (GS) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were studied over 14 years. Close in-row spacing generally reduced annual yield per tree of all scion-stock combinations. However, increased estimated yields per hectare resulted from close tree spacings, which compensated for the reduced yield per tree. RS/MM 106 generally had greater yield per tree than the others and exhibited greatest precocity. RS/seedling initially exhibited the lowest production per tree, although it eventually performed well. Of GS combinations, GS/M 7 generally performed best and GS/seedling poorest, although in early years the latter did well. Although a spacing × rootstock interaction on yield per tree or per hectare was not found in any year, significant spacing effects were first evident on clonal rootstocks (RS/MM 106, RS/M 7, GS/MM 111, GS/M 7). Cumulative production efficiency was affected by rootstock but not by spacing. RS and GS on MM 106 and M 7 were the most efficient, nearly twice that on seedling. Trunk cross-sectional area in 1984 was less on clonal than on seedling rootstocks. All combinations had smallest trunk size at the closest spacing.
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Treeby, MT, R. Storey, and KB Bevington. "Rootstock, seasonal, and fruit size influences on the incidence and severity of albedo breakdown in Bellamy navel oranges." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 1 (1995): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950103.
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The effect of stock and fruit size on the incidence and severity of albedo breakdown in fruit from Bellamy navel orange trees grafted onto 7 rootstocks was studied over 3 seasons. The rootstocks could be rated, from lowest to highest, according to the proportion of scion fruit showing some degree of albedo breakdown as follows: sweet orange < Cleopatra mandarin < trifoliate orange < Carrizo citrange = Troyer citrange < rough lemon < Rangpur lime. Rootstock strongly influenced fruit size distribution, and expression of albedo breakdown varied according to fruit size, but no fruit size x rootstock interaction occurred. Also, generally rootstock did not interact with year to affect the incidence and severity of albedo breakdown in Bellamy navel orange. Smaller fruit (<62 mm in diameter) had a lower incidence of albedo breakdown and the symptoms were less severe than for larger fruit. Very large fruit (>79 mm) had a lower incidence than medium (62-70 mm) and large fruit (71-79 mm). The proportion of fruit exhibiting symptoms of albedo breakdown was not positively related to crop load, and despite removal of the effect of crop load, season remained a strong influence on the appearance of albedo breakdown, indicating that seasonal factors, such as summer temperatures, may also be important in the development of albedo breakdown.
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Ljubojevic, Mirjana, Vladislav Ognjanov, Dusica Bosnjakovic, Goran Barac, Marina Ognjanov, Emina Mladenovic, and Jelena Cukanovic. "Sweet and sour cherry decorative forms." Genetika 44, no. 2 (2012): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1202367l.
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Biodiversity of natural populations, biodiversity located on farm and the introduced cultivars and selections are a rich source of genetic variability in sour and sweet cherries, but they have never been bread with the aim of creating decorative varieties. Low vigour ? dwarfing and upright ? sour cherry genotypes, NS 1/16 KK and NS 1/24 KK, were selected from natural population of Fruska Gora and private arboretum, respectively. Sweet cherry selections NS 6/15 K and RS 8/27 were part of on farm conservation of genetic resources. Furthermore, reduction in vigour was achieved by defining specific combining abilities as a result of rootstock/scion interaction. The outcome of this study is unique columnar and dwarf forms that integrate specific genetic potential of varieties and selections, their interaction with rootstocks and traditional horticultural skills. Collected biodiversity is another confirmation that the Balkan peninsula is one of the most valuable secondary centres of genetic diversity and inexhaustible gene pool for breeding both, varieties and vegetative rootstocks.
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ZAUBIN, ROBBER, and RUDI SURYADI. "PENGARUH TOPPING, JUMLAH DAUN, DAN WAKTU PENYAMBUNGAN TERHADAP KEBERHASILAN PENYAMBUNGAN JAMBU MENTE DI LAPANGAN." Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri 8, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jlittri.v8n2.2002.55-60.
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<p>Rendahnya produktivitas perkebunan jambu mente di Indonesia, yaitu rata-rata hanya 350 kg gclondongha, disebabkan antara lain karena pohon- pohonnya berasal dari bibit (seedling) yang mutunya kurang baik. Untuk meningkatkan potensi produksinya, pertanaman jambu mente yang ada sebaiknya disambung dengan batang atas (entres) unggul.Teknik penyam- bungan dirumah atap sudah tersedia dengan hasil 90% - 95% sambungan hidup, sedangkan untuk penyambungan di lapangan baru dilakukan dengan metode sambung samping dengan keberhasilan 40%. Suatu penelitian telah dilakukan di Instalasi Penelitian Cikampek mulai Januari 2000 sampai dengan Januai 2001, dengan tujuan untuk menguji perlakuan topping, jumlah daun batang bawah dan waktu penyambungan yang terbaik untuk meningkatkan keberhasilan penyambungan jambu mente di lapangan Rancangannya adalah petak tcrpisah dengan 2 ulangan dan 32 sambungan/ perlakuan. Perlakuan yang diuji adalah (1) lopping (pembuangan pucuk batang bawah), sebagai petak utama, terdii atas (al) tanpa topping, dan (a2) topping; (2) jumlah daun pada batang bawah dan waktu penyambungan, sebagai anak petak, terdiri atas : (bl) 2 daun, disambungpukul 08.00-11.00, (b2) 2 daun, disambung pukul 1 1.00-13 00, (b3) 2 daun, disambung pukul 13.00-15.00, (M) 4 daun, disambung pukul 08.00-11.00, (b5) 4 daun, disambung pukul 11.00-13.00, (b6) 4 daun, disambung, pukul 13.00-15.00. Topping dilakukan 7 hai sebelum penyambungan. Sebagai batang bawah digunakan tunas-tunas yang tumbuh dai pangkal batang mente jenis Pecangaan yang ditebang pada tinggi I m. Batang atas diambil dai pohon unggul jenis Balakrisnan-02. Parameter yang diamati adalah jumlah sambungan yang hidup, pertumbuhan tunas, dan jumlah daun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya interaksi yang nyata dari perlakuan terhadap semua parameter. Interaksi terbaik diperoleh pada topping dengan 4 helai daun pada batang bawah dan waktu penyambungan pukul 08.00 - 11.00, dengan jumlah sambungan hidup, pertumbuhan tunas dan jumlah daun tetinggi, masing-masing 86.36% ; 27 cm ; dan 14 daun, sedangkan hasil terendah ditunjukkan oleh interaksi tanpa topping dengan 2 helai daun pada batang bawah dan waktu penyambungan pukul 1 3 00-15.00, dengan 10% sambungan hidup, petumbuhan tunas 12 cm, dan 5 helai daun.</p><p>Kata kunci: Anacardium occidentale L, topping, teknik penyambungan, produktivitas</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong>Effect of topping, number of leaves and time of grafting on the success of cashew grafting at ield conditions</strong></p><p>The low productivity of cashew plantation in Indonesia, average 350 kg pods/ha, is among others caused by low quality of the cashew plants developed from seedlings. To increase the productivity, the existing trees should be grated with scions taken from high yielding vaieties. The grating technique of cashew at lath-house conditions is available with a success of 90-95%, however, grating technique for ield conditions using (he side grat succeded only 40%. The experiment was conducted at Cikampek Research Installation - Balittro, from January 2000 to January 2001, lo studs the efect of topping, number of leaves on rootstock, and the lime of grating on the success of cashew grating at ield conditions. The design was a split plot, with 2 replicates and 32 grats/treatment. The treatments were (1) topping of the rootstock, as the main plot, consisted of (al) without topping, (a2) topping, and (2) number of leaves on the rootstock and period of grating, as the subplot, consisted of (bl) 2 leaves at the rootstock/grated at 8.00 - 1 1.00, (b2) 2 leaves at the rootstock/graded at 11.00-13.00, (b3) 2 leaves al the rootstock/gratcd at 13.00-15.00, (b4) 4 leaves at the rootstock/gratcd at 08.00- 11.00, (b5) 4 leaves at the rootstock/grafted at 11.00-13.00, (b6) 4 leaves at the rootstock/gratcd at 13.00-15.00. Topping was conducted 7 days before grating Shoots grown from the trunk of the Pecangaan type, coppiced at I m height, were used as the rootstock Scions were taken from high yielding vaiety Balakisnan 02 type. Parameters assessed were number of 'lakes" and growth of scion, consisted of length of scion and number of leaves. Results of the expeiment showed that there were significant interaction of the treatments on all of the parameters. The best interaction was shown by topping with 4 leaves at the rootstock and grated at 8.00-11.00 which resulted in a 86.3% of "takes", 27 cm length of scion with 14 leaves, while the lowest results were shown by without topping with 2 leaves at the rootstock and grated at 13.00- 15.00 with 10% of "takes". 12 cm lengOi of scion with 5 leaves.</p><p>Key words Anacardium occidentale L., grafting technique, topping, productivity</p>
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Goenaga, Ricardo, Heber Irizarry, David Jenkins, Debbie Boykin, and Angel Marrero. "Yield, Fruit Quality Traits, and Leaf Nutrient Concentration of ‘Prolific’ Sapodilla Grafted onto Seedlings of 16 Sapodilla Rootstocks in Puerto Rico." HortTechnology 27, no. 4 (August 2017): 563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03718-17.
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Research on sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) has been very limited. A field study was conducted to determine the yield potential, fruit quality traits, leaf nutrient composition, and scion/rootstock compatibility of ‘Prolific’ sapodilla grafted onto 16 sapodilla rootstock seedlings. For this purpose, seedlings (maternal half-sibs) of cultivars Adelaide, Arcilago, Aruz, Blackwood, Blocksberg, Guilbe, Hanna, Jamaica-1, Larsen, Mendigo-1, Gallera, Morning Star, Russel, Prolific, Timothe, and Vasallo-1 were used as rootstock seedlings and evaluated during 7 years of production at Isabela, PR. Year showed a significant effect on the number of fruit per hectare, yield, individual fruit weight, fruit length and diameter, and total soluble solids. Rootstock seedlings had a significant effect on the number of fruit per hectare, yield, and individual fruit weight but had no effect on other fruit traits. The year × rootstock interaction was not significant for any of the variables measured in the study. Rootstock seedlings ‘Timothe’, ‘Vasallo-1’, ‘Larsen’, and ‘Aruz’ had the highest 7-year mean for number and the yield of fruit averaging 4479 fruit/ha and 1245 kg·ha−1, respectively. ‘Timothe’ and ‘Vasallo-1’ significantly out yielded the ‘Prolific’ rootstock seedling. The number of fruit per hectare and corresponding yield obtained in this study were very low probably as the result of wind exposure, the presence of the fungus Pestalotia causing floral necrosis, or both. Scion/rootstock incompatibility was not the cause of the low yield performance of grafted trees. The average individual weight of fruit was 282 g and ranged from 264 to 303 g. Averaged over rootstock seedlings, leaf tissue nutrient concentration did not vary greatly over time. Moreover, tissue nutrient concentration was similar before and after fertilization events.
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de Almeida, Nicolle Moreira, Alex-Alan Furtado de Almeida, Nayara de Almeida Santos, Junea Leandro do Nascimento, Carlos Henrique de Carvalho Neto, Carlos Priminho Pirovani, Dário Ahnert, and Virupax C. Baligar. "Scion-rootstock interaction and tolerance to cadmium toxicity in juvenile Theobroma cacao plants." Scientia Horticulturae 300 (June 2022): 111086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111086.
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Bujdosó, G., and K. Hrotkó. "Rootstock-scion interactions on dwarfing cherry rootstocks in Hungary." Horticultural Science 32, No. 4 (November 23, 2011): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3779-hortsci.
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In 1997 the Research Institute for Fruitgrowing and Ornamentals set up a comparative rootstock trial to study foreign-bred dwarf cherry rootstocks in the Hungarian climate. Based upon their effects on trunk and canopy growth, rootstocks can be classified into 3 groups: very vigorous (Cerasus mahaleb L. Cema, Cerasus avium L. C. 2493, Weiroot 13), medium vigorous (Weiroot 158, Weiroot 154, P-HL-A) and dwarfing rootstocks (Weiroot 72, Weiroot 53, GiSelA 5). Differences between the blooming and ripening times of rootstock/scion combinations were also observed. Linda produced the highest cumulative yield followed by Katalin, Germersdorfi 3 and Piramis. The largest fruit diameter was measured in Germersdorfi 3 among the sweet cherry cultivars; the highest ratio of fruits larger than 26 mm was found on Weiroot 72, and the lowest on GiSelA 5. The largest fruit diameter of the sour cherry Piramis was observed in trees on Cerasus avium C. 2493.
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Erwin, John E. "Temperature and Photoperiod Affect Grafted Cactus Scion Necrosis." HortTechnology 6, no. 4 (October 1996): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.6.4.393.
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The interaction among temperature, photoperiod, and irradiance on survival of Chamaecereus silvestrii (yellow sport) flat-grafted onto Hylocereus trigonus Haw. rootstock was studied in an effort to understand the basis for elevated scion necrosis during winter. Plants were placed in glasshouses maintained at 12, 16, 20, or 24 °C under either daylight (moles per day), 66% daylight or daylight + 100 μmol·s−1·m−2 irradiance levels. Plants were grown with an 8-hour (short day) or 8-hour + 4-hour night interruption (long day) photoperiod. Cactus scion necrosis increased under short days and a growing temperature of 12 °C and was nearly eliminated by long-day conditions and a growing temperature of 16 °C. Irradiance did not affect scion necrosis. Plant quality rating was highest when plants were grown under long-day conditions at 16 °C.
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Reighard, Gregory L., and David R. Ouellette. "Performance of Early Ripening Clingstone Peach Selections in South Carolina." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 463b—463. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.463b.
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The processing peach industry in South Carolina is largely based on `Babygold' varieties, which are late-season clingstone peaches. New varieties of high-quality peaches and nectarines with non-melting flesh that ripen earlier would allow more flexibility in seasonal processing schedules and avoid overlap with pome fruits. Twenty-four numbered selections from the Univ. of Arkansas and Rutgers Univ. breeding programs that ripen before `Babygold 5' were planted in 1995 near Clemson, S.C. Trees were budded on both Lovell and Guardian rootstocks. Bloom dates, fruit maturity dates, fruit yield, weight, soluble solids, firmness, flesh color, and tree growth were taken in 1997. No differences were observed among rootstocks for variety bloom and harvest dates, fruit yields, fruit quality or tree growth. Differences were found among varieties in all traits measured or scored. `NJC126', `A378', `A485', and `A82-8' ripened the earliest. `A429', `A473', and `A219' ripened the latest, about a week before `Babygold 5'. `A378' and `NJC126' had small fruit (<90 g); whereas `A473', `A43-143', `A9', `NJC130', and `NJC142' had large fruit (>170 g). `A429', `A473', `A43-143', and `NJC142' had the highest yields (31–39 kg/tree). An interaction between variety and rootstock was evident for fruit yield in some scion/rootstock combinations.
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Haegi, Anita, Valentina Catalano, Laura Luongo, Salvatore Vitale, Michele Scotton, Nadia Ficcadenti, and Alessandra Belisario. "A Newly Developed Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection and Quantification of Fusarium oxysporum and Its Use in Compatible and Incompatible Interactions with Grafted Melon Genotypes." Phytopathology® 103, no. 8 (August 2013): 802–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-11-12-0293-r.
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A reliable and species-specific real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was developed for detection of the complex soilborne anamorphic fungus Fusarium oxysporum. The new primer pair, designed on the translation elongation factor 1-α gene with an amplicon of 142 bp, was highly specific to F. oxysporum without cross reactions with other Fusarium spp. The protocol was applied to grafted melon plants for the detection and quantification of F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis, a devastating pathogen of this cucurbit. Grafting technologies are widely used in melon to confer resistance against new virulent races of F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis, while maintaining the properties of valuable commercial varieties. However, the effects on the vascular pathogen colonization have not been fully investigated. Analyses were performed on ‘Charentais-T’ (susceptible) and ‘Nad-1’ (resistant) melon cultivars, both used either as rootstock and scion, and inoculated with F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis race 1 and race 1,2. Pathogen development was compared using qPCR and isolations from stem tissues. Early asymptomatic melon infections were detected with a quantification limit of 1 pg of fungal DNA. The qPCR protocol clearly showed that fungal development was highly affected by host–pathogen interaction (compatible or incompatible) and time (days postinoculation). The principal significant effect (P ≤ 0.01) on fungal development was due to the melon genotype used as rootstock, and this effect had a significant interaction with time and F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis race. In particular, the amount of race 1,2 DNA was significantly higher compared with that estimated for race 1 in the incompatible interaction at 18 days postinoculation. The two fungal races were always present in both the rootstock and scion of grafted plants in either the compatible or incompatible interaction.
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Matta, Frank B., Crofton Sloan, and Shakeel Khan. "FOLIAR TOTAL NONSTRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATES IN APPLE CULTIVAR/ROOTSTOCK COMBINATIONS." HortScience 29, no. 7 (July 1994): 740c—740. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.7.740c.
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Apple leaves from current seasons' growth at mid-season (July) and during dormancy (December) were used to determine the influence of various apple scion/rootstock combination on total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC). `Empire' and `Royal Gala' had higher foliar TNC at mid-season compared to `Ultra Gold' on MM.106. `Empire' had higher foliar TNC on Mark than on MM.111, M.7A and M.26. `Blushing Golden' had higher foliar TNC on MM.111 than on the remaining rootstock% There was no significant interaction between cultivar and rootstock. Foliar TNC During Dormancy: `Blushing Golden' had the highest and lowest foliar TNC on MM.111 and M.7A, respectively. Cultivar differences did not exist with any rootstock. Foliar TNC results of this study indicated that there was a higher foliar TNC percentage in leaves at mid-season compared to leaves during dormancy. Data indicated cultivar influences on foliar TNC only at the mid-season. It seems that cultivar differences in TNC might be due to an increase in TNC formation, which during dormancy was stabilized. Rootstock influenced foliar TNC both at mid-season and during dormancy.
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Hu, Zhou, Fusheng Wang, Hong Yu, Manman Zhang, Dong Jiang, Taojiang Huang, Jinsong Xiang, Shiping Zhu, and Xiaochun Zhao. "Effects of scion-rootstock interaction on citrus fruit quality related to differentially expressed small RNAs." Scientia Horticulturae 298 (May 2022): 110974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.110974.
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Santarosa, E., P. V. Dutra de Souza, J. E. de Araujo Mariath, and G. V. Lourosa. "Physiological Interaction between Rootstock-Scion: Effects on Xylem Vessels in Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot Grapevines." American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 67, no. 1 (September 3, 2015): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2015.15003.
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Iacono, F., and E. Peterlunger. "ROOTSTOCK-SCION INTERACTION MAY AFFECT DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN VITIS VINIFERA CULTIVARS. IMPLICATIONS IN SELECTION PROGRAMS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 528 (May 2000): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2000.528.79.
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Guan, Wenjing, Xin Zhao, Donald W. Dickson, Maria L. Mendes, and Judy Thies. "Root-knot Nematode Resistance, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Specialty Melons Grafted onto Cucumis metulifer." HortScience 49, no. 8 (August 2014): 1046–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.8.1046.
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Interest in specialty melons (Cucumis melo) with distinctive fruit characteristics has grown in the United States in recent years. However, disease management remains a major challenge in specialty melon production. In this study, grafting experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of using Cucumis metulifer, a species known for its genetic resistance to root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.), as a potential rootstock for managing RKNs in susceptible specialty melon cultivars. In the greenhouse experiment, honeydew melon ‘Honey Yellow’ was grafted onto C. metulifer and inoculated with M. incognita race 1. The grafted plants exhibited significantly lower gall and egg mass indices and fewer eggs compared with non- and self-grafted ‘Honey Yellow’. Cucumis metulifer was further tested as a rootstock in conventional and organic field trials using honeydew melon ‘Honey Yellow’ and galia melon ‘Arava’ as scions. ‘Honey Yellow’ and ‘Arava’ grafted onto C. metulifer exhibited significantly lower galling and reduced RKN population densities in the organic field; however, total and marketable fruit yields were not significantly different from non- and self-grafted plants. Although the improvement of RKN resistance did not translate into yield enhancements, incorporating grafted specialty melons with C. metulifer rootstock into double-cropping systems with RKN-susceptible vegetables may benefit the overall crop production by reducing RKN population densities in the soil. At the conventional field site, which was not infested with RKNs, ‘Honey Yellow’ grafted onto C. metulifer rootstock had a significantly lower total fruit yield than non-grafted ‘Honey Yellow’ plants; however, fruit yields were similar for ‘Arava’ grafted onto C. metulifer rootstock and non-grafted ‘Arava’ plants. Although no significant impacts on the fruit quality attributes of ‘Honey Yellow’ were observed, grafting onto C. metulifer decreased the flesh firmness of ‘Arava’ in both field trials and resulted in a reduction in total soluble solids content under conventional production. In summary, grafting RKN-susceptible melons onto C. metulifer rootstock offers promise for growing these specialty melons; however, more studies are needed to elucidate the scion–rootstock interaction effect on fruit yield and quality.
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Singh, Hira, Pradeep Kumar, Sushila Chaudhari, and Menahem Edelstein. "Tomato Grafting: A Global Perspective." HortScience 52, no. 10 (October 2017): 1328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11996-17.
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Grafting of vegetable seedlings is a unique horticultural technology practiced for many years in East Asia to overcome issues associated with intensive cultivation using limited arable land. This technology was introduced to Europe and other countries in the late 20th century along with improved grafting methods suitable for commercial production of grafted vegetable seedlings. Tomato grafting is becoming a well-developed practice worldwide with many horticultural advantages. The primary motivation for grafting tomato has been to prevent the damage caused by soilborne pathogens under intensive production system. However, recent reports suggest that grafting onto suitable rootstocks can also alleviate the adverse effects of abiotic stresses such as salinity, water, temperature, and heavy metals besides enhancing the efficiency of water and nutrient use of tomato plants. This review gives an overview of the scientific literatures on the various aspects of tomato grafting including important steps of grafting, grafting methods, scion–rootstock interaction, and rootstock-derived changes in vegetative growth, fruit yield, and quality in grafted plants under different growing conditions. This review also highlights the economic significance of grafted tomato cultivation and offers discussion on the future thrust and technical issues that need to be addressed for the effective adoption of grafting.
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Smith, Rhonda J., and James A. Wolpert. "Viticultural Performance of Thirteen Rootstocks Grafted to `Chardonnay' in the Russian River Valley, Sonoma County, California." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 467c—467. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.467c.
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Thirteen grapevine rootstocks grafted to Vitis vinifera L. `Chardonnay' clone 4 were compared over 5 years of fruiting in a replicated trial. The scion and all rootstocks were certified as virus tested and true-to-type. Green-growing bench grafted vines were planted in 1989 and vine growth and yield component data collected in 1993–1997. Planting density was 2.44 × 3.66 m vine by row (1122 vines/ha). All vines were harvested on one date each year. Analyses conducted on the 5-year averages of most parameters indicated the year by treatment (rootstock) interaction was significant (P < 0.05). Within years, rootstock response was significantly different for most parameters. In the last 3 years (1995 to 1997), AXR#1 and 5C were among the highest-yielding stocks, ranging from 15.2 to 26.8 kg/vine and 13.8 to 26.1 kg/vine, respectively. Among the lower-yielding stocks during the same period was 101-14, which ranged from 11.6 to 22.9 kg/vine. Other low-yielding rootstocks included 110R and 779P. Vine yield was not highly correlated with either cluster number or cluster weight in any year; however, AXR#1 consistently produced among the highest number of clusters per vine. 5C had the greatest pruning weights in 1994 and 1995 (3.2 and 3.1 kg/vine, respectively) and 1045P had the highest in 1996 (2.4 kg/vine). 1045P also had the greatest shoot weights in each of the last 3 years for which pruning weights are available (1994–96). In 1994 and 1995, 101-14 had among the lowest shoot weights and shoot numbers per vine.
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Kurniawan, Hari, Rusdi Evizal, Liska Mutiara Septiana, and Maria Viva Rini. "Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Kopi Grafting Robusta/Liberika pada Klon dan Waktu Pemupukan yang berbeda." JURNAL AGROTROPIKA 21, no. 2 (October 7, 2022): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/ja.v21i2.6288.
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Grafting of different coffee species (interspecific grafting) aims to take advantage of the superiority of the rootstock and promote the growth and production of the scion. For example, Robusta coffee is grafted with Liberika coffee as rootstock. One of the principles of fertilization is the application of fertilizer at the right time. This study aimed to determine the effect of clones of Robusta/Liberica interspecific grafting and different fertilization times on the growth and yield of Robusta coffee. The research was conducted in a 15-year-old coffee plantation with the rootstock of Liberika coffee of the Red Robinson variety which was grafted to the scion of multiclonal Robusta coffee. Planting distance of coffee was 2.5 m x 2.5 m and shade trees were Gliricidia sepium. This research used a split plot design arranged in a factorial (4x2) with three replications so that there were 24 experimental units. The main plot was the time of fertilization, namely in early April and October and in early May and November. As sub-plots, there were Robusta coffee clones, namely Korolla 1, Korolla 2, Tugu Bungkuk, and Darmani. The results showed that fertilization time, clones, and their interactions did not affect the number of primary branches, primary branch length, number of secondary branches, fruit weight of harvested samples, number of fruit per bunch, fruit weight per bunch, dry seed weight per bunch, and coffee yield per tree. The interaction of coffee clones and fertilization time had a significant effect on the number of pods per branch, the number of harvested samples, dry bean weight of harvested samples, dry bean weight per branch, and coffee yield per hectare. For Darmani coffee clones, delaying fertilization from April and October to May and November reduced coffee yield. Key words : Interspesific grafting, Liberica, Robusta, time of fertilization, yield
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Panahi, B., A. Sheibani, and W. E. Peat. "The Effects of Combinations of Three Scions and Three Rootstocks on Yield and Quality of Iranian Pistachio Nuts." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 634e—634. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.634e.
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Rootstocks in various species have been shown to significantly influence vigor of scion growth, yield, fruit size, maturity, quality, and other phenomena. This research studied the effects of combinations of three scions and three rootstocks of Iranian pistachio on characteristics of fruit. A split-plot design was laid out at Rafsanjan/Iran in 1993 and results for a period of 2 years from 1994 to 1995 are presented. Diameter of trunk 5 cm above and below the graft area, weight of nuts with hull, weight of nuts without hull, weight of in-shell nuts, weight of blank, percent of shell splitting and total yield weight were measured. Almost all the treatment differences in the experiment were associated with rootstock effects and not scions. Statistical analysis indicated that different scions had no effect on any of the measured characteristics except the diameter of trunk 5 cm below the graft area. Rootstocks, however, had large and significant effects on all the characters except percent shell splitting. Interactions between scion and rootstock were important such that the combination of the scion `Kalehghochi' with the rootstock `Ahli' gave substantially higher yields than any other combination.
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Johnson, William C., William C. Johnson, Martin Goffinet, Mary J. Welser, Terence L. Robinson, H. Todd Holleran, Karl J. Niklas, and Steve A. Hoying. "053 Graft Union Strength of Apple Trees." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 450C—450. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.450c.
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An increased incidence of graft union failure of apple trees during high wind events has been noted by researchers participating in the NC-140 regional rootstock testing project for certain rootstock-scion combinations. By measuring the strength of graft unions in a survey of mature apple trees in multiple stock-scion combinations, we have determined that there are significant differences. These differences may be attributable to genotype specific characteristics of rootstocks, scions, and/or rootstock-scion interactions. We are presently exploring potential biophysical and anatomical differences related to weak graft unions of apple rootstock and scion varieties. As traits correlated with weak graft unions are identified, they will be useful to help growers avoid the rootstock-scion combinations that are particularly susceptible to tree failure.