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1
Tindale, MD. "Taxonomic notes on three Australian and Norfolk Island species of Glycine Willd. (Fabaceae: Phaseolae) including the choice of a Neotype for G.clandestina Wendl." Brunonia 9, no. 2 (1986): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bru9860179.
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Explanations are made for the choice of a neotype from Kurnell, Botany Bay, N.S.W., Australia. A new combination is made for G. microphylla from Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania) and Norfolk Island. A new species, G. arenaria, is described from the East Kimberley District of Western Australia, and the Northern Territory. The three species are illustrated in detail. Keys are provided to distinguish these taxa from their allies.
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McMinn, A. "Late Pleistocene Dinoflagellate Cysts from Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia." Micropaleontology 35, no. 1 (1989): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1485534.
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Lee, Ka‐Man, Michel A. Beal, and Emma L. Johnston. "A new predatory flatworm (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida) from Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Natural History 39, no. 47 (January 2006): 3987–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930500485263.
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Liggins, GW, SJ Kennelly, and MK Broadhurst. "Observer-based survey of by-catch from prawn trawling in Botany Bay and Port Jackson, New South Wales." Marine and Freshwater Research 47, no. 7 (1996): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9960877.
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Catches and by-catches were surveyed in the commercial prawn trawl fleets of Botany Bay and Port Jackson, two estuaries in the Sydney metropolitan area (NSW, Australia). Catches were surveyed in all tows during replicate fishing trips in each month during the 1990-91 and 1991-92 prawn trawl seasons in each estuary. Significant species-specific variabilities in abundances were detected between estuaries, between years, and between early and late in the fishing season. The mean annual ratio of by-catch to catch of prawns (by weight) was 2.5 : 1 for Botany Bay and 1.8 : 1 for Port Jackson. A mean annual by-catch (� 1 s.e.) of 142 � 14 t was taken from the Botany Bay fishery and 38 � 3 t from Port Jackson. These by-catches included large numbers of small recreationally and commercially important finfish: a mean annual by-catch of 1.52 �0.20 million fish from Botany Bay and 219� 23 thousand fish from Port Jackson. Despite uncertainties about the impacts of such by-catches on interacting commercial and recreational fisheries, it is recommended that strategies for the reduction of such by-catches be considered.
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Jacobs, SWL, F. Perrett, GR Sainty, KH Bowmer, and BJ Jacobs. "Ludwigia peruviana (Onagraceae) in the Botany Wetlands near Sydney, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 8 (1994): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9941481.
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Ludwigia peruviana is an aquatic shrubby species introduced from the Americas and spreading to wetlands in coastal south-eastem Australia. It has become dominant, replacing much of the former vegetation in the Botany Wetlands, a series of shallow urban swamps and lakes near Sydney, Australia. Studies of L. peruviana were essential to the development of a management plan for the Botany Wetlands. Ecological studies were conducted in situ and supplemented by a series of germination and growth experiments in controlled environments. Flowering peaked in early autumn. Seed production for 1990-91 was ~ 450000 seeds m-2 and there was also ~ 65000 seeds m-2 in the soil seed bank and ~ 300000 seeds m-2 in old fruits that remained on the stems over winter. The seeds are ~ 0.8 mm long, weigh ~ 0.05 mg, are hydrophobic, usually germinate while afloat, and are easily dispersed by water, machinery and birds. Viability of fresh seed was 99% (tetrazolium dye test), and - 20% of seeds were dormant. Dormancy appeared to break down within two years. Propagation and dispersal may also occur by means of stem pieces that produce new shoots. New plants from seed, seedlings or stem fragments may become established on strand lines or form floating islands that may eventually become stranded. Management needs to focus on control of the seedlings and soil seed bank.
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Nelson, E. Charles. "Historical revision XXII: John White (c. 1756-1832), surgeon-general of New South Wales: biographical notes on his Irish origins." Irish Historical Studies 25, no. 100 (November 1987): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400025074.
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John White was appointed chief surgeon to the First Fleet on 24 October 1786 and sailed with that fleet, aboard theCharlotte, on 13 May 1787 for Botany Bay on the eastern seaboard of New Holland (Australia) where a penal colony was to be established. Between 18 and 20 January 1788 the entire fleet arrived at its destination and thus began the settlement of Australia by Europeans. White served as surgeon-general of the new colony, New South Wales, for almost six years until 17 December 1794 when he sailed on theDaedalusfor Europe, never to return to Australia.
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Mortensen, Simon, and Phillip Holliday. "EXTENDING TRANSIT WINDOWS AND VESSEL DRAFTS IN PORT BOTANY USING A NEXT GENERATION, PHYSICS-BASED OPERATIONAL SYSTEM." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36v (December 28, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.management.4.
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Servicing the largest population centre in Australia, Port Botany is vital to the economic wellbeing of Sydney and New South Wales. The channel entrance is often subject to energetic Pacific Ocean swell, moderate tides and occasionally severe winds. In August 2019, the Port Authority of NSW (PANSW) adopted the NCOS ONLINE system to provide enhanced decision support for under keel clearance management of deep drafted vessels in Port Botany. The technical framework and real-life application of the physics-based operational system NCOS ONLINE is presented in this paper.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/uPvX_0DNjRo
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Fisher, JM, and TW Hancock. "Population dynamics of Heterodera avenae Woll. in South Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 1 (1991): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9910053.
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Population changes of the cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.) under various rotational regimes in the field were examined. A density of 5 eggs/g soils caused a loss of about 10% in yield of wheat cv. Bayonet under the experimental conditions. Maximum multiplication rate at low initial densities was about l0x, but this rapidly decreased as initial density increased. Equilibrium levels ranged from 15 eggs/g soil up to 40 eggs/g under different conditions. The resistant wheat, Aus 10894, maintained an equilibrium level of about 1 egg/g soil-a level low enough to avoid damage in a following crop. Annual percentage hatch varied from 70-90% with an average of 85%. Presence or absence of plant species had little effect on per cent hatch. About 7.5% of the nematodes successfully penetrated and became established in the root systems of seedlings, invading both seminal and nodal roots, but only about 0.5% became established in the principal axes of the seminal roots. The implications of these data for various rotational practices are discussed.
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Sudmeyer, R. A., D. J. M. Hall, J. Eastham, and M. A. Adams. "The tree - crop interface: the effects of root pruning in south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 6 (2002): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02012.
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This paper examines the effect severing lateral tree roots (root pruning) has on crop and tree growth and soil water content at 2 sites in the south-west of Western Australia. Crop and tree growth and soil water content were assessed in a Pinus pinaster windbreak system growing on 0.45–1.00 m of sand over clay, and crop growth was assessed adjacent to Eucalyptus globulus windbreaks growing on 4–5 m of sand. Crop yield was depressed by 23–52% within 2.5 times the tree height (H) of unpruned pines and by 44% within 2.5 H of pruned eucalypts. Depressed yields made cropping uneconomical within 1.5 H of the eucalypts and 1 H of the pines. Root pruning most improved crop yields where lateral tree roots were confined close to the soil surface and decreased in effectiveness as the depth to confining layer (clay) increased. Crop losses within 2.5 H of the pines were reduced from 39 to 14% in the year the trees were root pruned and were 25% 1 year after root pruning. Subsequent root pruning of the eucalypts did not improve crop yield. While root pruning severed lateral pine roots, tree growth was not significantly reduced. The principal cause of reduced crop yield near the trees appeared to be reduced soil moisture in the area occupied by tree roots. Competition for nutrients and light appeared to have little effect on crop yield. Root pruning can spatially separate tree and crop roots where the tree roots are confined close to the surface, and significantly improve crop yields without reducing tree growth.
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Pitt, Kylie A., and Michael J. Kingsford. "Temporal and spatial variation in recruitment and growth of medusae of the jellyfish, Catostylus mosaicus (Scyphozoa : Rhizostomeae)." Marine and Freshwater Research 54, no. 2 (2003): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf02110.
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The timing of recruitment and growth of medusae of the commercially harvested jellyfish, Catostylus mosaicus (Scyphozoa), was examined over a period of 8 years at Botany Bay and 2.5 years at Lake Illawarra in New South Wales, Australia. Recruitment events occurred sporadically during December and between March and July at Botany Bay and between February and July at Lake Illawarra. Recruitment did not occur during late winter or spring at either location, although small numbers of recruit medusae could potentially occur during any time of year. Despite anecdotal observations that recruitment sometimes occurred after periods of heavy rain, we found no correlation between the timing of recruitment and rainfall in Botany Bay over a period of 8 years. Cohort analyses indicated growth of small medusae was very rapid (max. 4.81 mm day–1), with growth rates decreasing as medusae grew larger. Medusae appeared to grow faster at Botany Bay than Lake Illawarra. A conservative estimate indicated medusae of C. mosaicus can live for up to 13 months.
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Rovira, A. D. "Characterization of Isolates ofRhizoctonia solanifrom Cereal Roots in South Australia and New South Wales." Phytopathology 76, no. 11 (1986): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-76-1245.
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Elliott, Dorice Williams. "TRANSPORTED TO BOTANY BAY: IMAGINING AUSTRALIA IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY CONVICT BROADSIDES." Victorian Literature and Culture 43, no. 2 (February 25, 2015): 235–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150314000539.
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The speaker of this ballad(circa 1828) laments the fact that, though he was born of “honest parents,” he became “a roving blade” and has been convicted of an unspecified crime for which he has been sentenced to “Botany Bay,” a popular name for Australia. Although he addresses his audience as “young men of learning,” the rest of the ballad implies that he, as is conventional in the broadside form, is a working-class apprentice gone astray. Like this fictional speaker, approximately 160,000 men and women convicted of crimes ranging from poaching hares to murder – but mostly theft – were transported to one of the new British colonies in Australia between the years 1787 and 1867. Minor crimes such as shoplifting, which today would merit some community service and a fine, yielded a sentence of seven years, while other felons were sentenced for fourteen years to life for more serious crimes. While non-fictional accounts of the young colony of New South Wales were published in Britain almost as soon as the First Fleet arrived there in 1788, these were written by people with at least a middle-class education, whereas the vast majority of the convicted felons who were transported came from the working classes. Since books and newspapers were expensive and the level of literacy among working-class people varied considerably, few of them would have had access to such accounts of the new colonies. Several descriptions, mostly borrowed from the writings of the officers who accompanied the First Fleet, were published in cheap chapbook form, while occasional letters from convicts to their families were printed and distributed, and of course there were unpublished letters plus word-of-mouth reports from convicts or soldiers who did return. But none of these were broadly disseminated among working-class people.
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Low, AB, and BB Lamont. "Aerial and Belowground Phytomass of Banksia Scrub-Heath at Eneabba, South-Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 38, no. 4 (1990): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900351.
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Three Banksia spp. accounted for 80% of the aerial biomass of scrub-heath on deep sand. Reproductive structures contributed relatively more than leaves or stems to biomass of a non-sprouting Banksia, which also retained most of its dead leaves, than to the two resprouting species. Sclerophyllous hemicryptophytes accounted for only 1% of the aerial biomass. Litter contributed 19% of above-ground dead plus live phytomass and was poorly decomposed. The overall root f shoot ratio, to a depth of 2.5 m, was a high 2.35. Rootstocks, laterals and proteoid roots made major contributions to below-ground phytomass even though they were confined to the uppermost 15 cm of soil. Despite an exponential decline in root mass with depth, the gradient was less than in related ecosystems due to the abundance of well developed tap roots and vertical laterals (sinkers) to a depth of at least 5 m.
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DE ARAÚJO, MARCEL SANTOS, and REINALDO JOSÉ FAZZIO FERES. "Catalog of the mite (Acari) type specimens deposited at the “Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de São José do Rio Preto”, São Paulo, Brazil (DZSJRP)." Zootaxa 4700, no. 4 (November 26, 2019): 557–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4700.4.11.
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A catalog of the type specimens of mites deposited at the Mite Collection of the Zoology and Botany Department of São Paulo State University (São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo state, Brazil) is presented. The collection of type specimens includes 120 species of 64 genera and 16 families, most of which from Brazil, but also from Angola, Australia, Costa Rica, Phillipines, South Africa, Sultanate of Oman and Thailand. For each species the original publication, provenance data, specimens conditions are provided.
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Attenbrow, Valerie J., and Caroline R. Cartwright. "An Aboriginal shield collected in 1770 at Kamay Botany Bay: an indicator of pre-colonial exchange systems in south-eastern Australia." Antiquity 88, no. 341 (August 26, 2014): 883–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00050754.
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A bark shield now in the British Museum can be identified from documentary and pictorial evidence as one collected by Captain Cook during his first voyage to Australia in 1770. Such shields often had special value to their Australian Aboriginal owners and hence might have been exchanged over considerable distances. This particular shield is known to have been collected in Kamay Botany Bay but analysis of the bark of which it is made revealed it to be of red mangrove, a tropical species found today more than 500km distant on the New South Wales north coast. It hence bears valuable testimony to the long-distance exchange networks operating in eastern Australia in the period before the disruption caused by European colonisation.
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Gupta, V. V. S. R., S. J. Kroker, M. Hicks, C. W. Davoren, K. Descheemaeker, and R. Llewellyn. "Nitrogen cycling in summer active perennial grass systems in South Australia: non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 10 (2014): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14109.
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Non-symbiotic nitrogen (N2) fixation by diazotrophic bacteria is a potential source for biological N inputs in non-leguminous crops and pastures. Perennial grasses generally add larger quantities of above- and belowground plant residues to soil, and so can support higher levels of soil biological activity than annual crops. In this study, the hypothesis is tested that summer-active perennial grasses can provide suitable microsites with the required carbon supply for N2 fixation by diazotrophs, in particular during summer, through their rhizosphere contribution. In a field experiment on a Calcarosol at Karoonda, South Australia, during summer 2011, we measured populations of N2-fixing bacteria by nifH-PCR quantification and the amount of 15N2 fixed in the rhizosphere and roots of summer-active perennial grasses. Diazotrophic N2 fixation estimates for the grass roots ranged between 0.92 and 2.35 mg 15N kg–1 root day–1. Potential rates of N2 fixation for the rhizosphere soils were 0.84–1.4 mg 15N kg–1 soil day–1 whereas the amount of N2 fixation in the bulk soil was 0.1–0.58 mg 15N kg–1 soil day–1. Populations of diazotrophic bacteria in the grass rhizosphere soils (2.45 × 106 nifH gene copies g–1 soil) were similar to populations in the roots (2.20 × 106 nifH gene copies g–1 roots) but the diversity of diazotrophic bacteria was significantly higher in the rhizosphere than the roots. Different grass species promoted the abundance of specific members of the nifH community, suggesting a plant-based selection from the rhizosphere microbial community. The results show that rhizosphere and root environments of summer-active perennial grasses support significant amounts of non-symbiotic N2 fixation during summer compared with cropping soils, thus contributing to biological N inputs into the soil N cycle. Some pasture species also maintained N2 fixation in October (spring), when the grasses were dormant, similar to that found in soils under a cereal crop. Surface soils in the rainfed cropping regions of southern Australia are generally low in soil organic matter and thus have lower N-supply capacity. The greater volume of rhizosphere soil under perennial grasses and carbon inputs belowground can potentially change the balance between N immobilisation and mineralisation processes in the surface soils in favour of immobilisation, which in turn contributes to reduced N losses from leaching.
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Smith, Kimberley A., and Iain M. Suthers. "Consistent timing of juvenile fish recruitment to seagrass beds within two Sydney estuaries." Marine and Freshwater Research 51, no. 8 (2000): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf99142.
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Recruitment patterns of juvenile Rhabdosargus sarba (Sparidae) and Pelates sexlineatus (Terapontidae) were examined by frequent (1–4 weeks) beach seining of seagrass beds in Sydney, south-east Australia. Two sites within each of two estuaries (Botany Bay and Pitt Water) were sampled for one year. One site within Botany Bay was sampled for 3 years. A total of 12 824 juveniles of R. sarba and 7037 juveniles of P. sexlineatus were collected. R. sarba recruited in 4 pulses during winter/spring, while P. sexlineatus recruited in 6 pulses during summer/autumn, and the timing of recruitment events was consistent among locations and years. P. sexlineatus recruitment coincided with new moons, but R. sarba recruitment dates were less precisely determined. Predictable annual recruitment patterns result in temporal partitioning of seagrass habitat between these two abundant estuarine species. Spatial differences in magnitude of recruitment events among sites reflected patterns of estuarine circulation.
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Maroske, Sara, and Thomas A. Darragh. "F. Mueller, ‘The Murray-scrub, Sketched Botanically’, 1850: A Humboldtian Description of Mallee Vegetation." Historical Records of Australian Science 27, no. 1 (2016): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr16001.
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Although best known as a descriptive botanist, Ferdinand Mueller published an early account of the South Australian Mallee in the style of his scientific hero, Alexander von Humboldt. This vegetation type is found across southern arid Australia and includes several distinctive botanical features that Mueller sought to highlight. While his article was republished twice, each issue was in German and consequently this work has tended to be overlooked in scholarship on the history of Australian botany. Mueller's article is introduced here along with a translation into English for the first time.
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Anderson, M. J. "Variations in biofilms colonizing artificial surfaces: seasonal effects and effects of grazers." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75, no. 3 (August 1995): 705–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400039114.
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The colonization of microscopic organisms, commonly called a biofilm, was examined on fibreglass panels situated intertidally at Quibray Bay of Botany Bay in New South Wales, Australia. Panels were examined by incident light microscopy, measuring percentage cover, and by a computer image analysis technique, measuring optical density. Optical density was positively correlated with and was therefore a reliable estimate of total percentage cover of the biofilm. Optical density has not been used before in this application and, although some drawbacks are discussed, it is a much more efficient sampling method than microscopic examination of panels.
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Meney, KA, KW Dixon, M. Scheltema, and JS Pate. "Occurrence of Vesicular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Dryland Species of Restionaceae and Cyperaceae From South-West Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 41, no. 6 (1993): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9930733.
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Species of Cyperaceae and Restionaceae were examined for presence of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi in natural habitat in south-west Western Australia. VA mycorrhizal fungi were detected in roots of two species of Cyperaceae (Lepidosperma gracile and Tetraria capillaris), and two species of Restionaceae (Alexgeorgea nitens and Lyginia barbata), all representing the first records for these genera. Results indicated a very short seasonal period of infection, with VA mycorrhizal fungi representing the genera Acaulospora, Glomus, Scutellospora and Gigaspora identified in roots. VA mycorrhizal fungi were prominent from late autumn to early winter (April-June) and in up to 30% of the young, new season's roots as they penetrated the upper 10 cm region of the soil profile. Mycorrhizal infection was not evident during the dry summer months. This study suggests that mycorrhizas may be important for nutrition of these hosts in these environments but their activity is restricted to a brief period of the growing season.
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Collins, Paul. "Ministry at the Ends of the Earth: Priests and People in New South Wales, 1830-1840." Studies in Church History 25 (1989): 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042420840000872x.
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Catholics arrived at Botany Bay with the first fleet in January 1788. But it was not until 1820 that institutional Catholicism arrived in the persons of two Irish priests—Fathers Philip Conolly and John Joseph Therry. They had been appointed after considerable negotiation between the British government, the London Vicar Apostolic, Bishop William Poynter, the Vicar Apostolic of Mauritius, Bishop Edward Bede Slater (in whose vast territory Australia was included), and the Roman Congregation of Propaganda Fide. In the period 1788 to 1820 sporadic priestly ministry had been carried on by three Irish convict priests and by Father Jeremiah O’Flynn, the maverick Prefect Apostolic, whose brief appearance in Sydney in 1817-18 was terminated by deportation.
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Coles, R. B., and T. J. Wicks. "The incidence of Alternaria radicina on carrot seeds, seedlings and roots in South Australia." Australasian Plant Pathology 32, no. 1 (2003): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ap02069.
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Shearer, BL, and JT Tippett. "Distribution and Impact of Armillaria luteobubalina in the Eucalyptus marginata Forest of South-Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 36, no. 4 (1988): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880433.
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Armillaria luteobubalina is a widespread primary pathogen in the Eucalyptus marginata forest of south-western Australia. Over 200 infection centres were identified during the 5-year period between 1981 and 1985. The fungus sporulated during June and July, usually from roots but sometimes from stems (e.g. E. calophylla). Armillaria luteobubalina basidiomes were found originating from roots of 34 plant species, with greatest incidence on roots of E. marginata. Root systems were excavated and patterns of A . Luteobubalina invasion recorded. Rhizomorphs were not found and fungal spread between hosts was via root to root contacts, Variation in host species' susceptibility to the fungus was reflected in different patterns of xylem compartmentalisation and variable amounts of cambial damage. The degree of resistance expressed at the collar or lower stem determined the fate of individuals of the various species. Lack of resistance in Eucalyptus wandoo to tangential spread of A. luteobubalina often resulted in death by the time columns of decay had advanced into the lower stem or butt. Banksia grandis, E. calophylla, E. gomphocephala, and E. marginata resisted to varying degrees. Inverted V-shaped lesions, often mis- taken for fire scars, were evidence of the ability of E. gomphocephala and E. marginata individuals to resist tangential spread and prevent girdling of stems. In stems of E. calophylla, lesions did not have a definite V shape, decay penetrated deeper and the fungus persisted longer than in those of E. marginata. Host mortality following infection was greater in the intermediate- and low-rainfall zones of the eastern E. marginata forest than in the high-rainfall zone to the west.
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Gale, S. J., C. A. de Rochefort, S. R. Moore, and A. J. C. Timms. "The origin and stratigraphic significance of the Quaternary Waterloo Rock of the Botany Basin of south-east Australia." Australian Geographer 49, no. 2 (December 11, 2017): 291–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2017.1398041.
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Zahid, M. I., G. M. Gurr, A. Nikandrow, M. Hodda, W. J. Fulkerson, and H. I. Nicol. "Survey of fungi and nematodes associated with root and stolon diseases of white clover in the subtropical dairy region of Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 8 (2001): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01015.
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A survey of 12 white clover-based dairy pastures on the north coast of New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland, Australia, detected 65 species of fungi and 6 nematode species. The fungi included species of Fusarium, Gliocladium, Codinaea, Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Drechslera, Rhizoctonia, Phoma, Pythium, Phytophthora, Penicillium, Rhizopus and Trichoderma from roots and stolons of white clover. Fungal rots of roots and stolons were most severe during the summer months (November and January samples), while root-knot symptoms caused by plant parasitic nematodes were more severe in June. Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes Meloidogyne trifoliophila, Heterodera trifolii and the ectoparasitic nematode Helicotylenchus dihystera were the numerically dominant nematodes in the region. Other nematode species, including Pratylenchus, Xiphinema and Tylenchorhynchus, were present at lower frequencies and principal component analysis indicated that these were less important as white clover pathogens. Meloidogyne trifoliophila was detected for the first time in Australia and was present at all sites. Many of the fungi and nematodes found are common pathogens of white clover. These pathogens are likely to be contributing to the poor seedling performance, growth and persistence of white clover typical in dairy pastures of the subtropical east coast of Australia.
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Parsons, R. F., and Stephen D. Hopper. "Monocotyledonous geophytes: comparison of south-western Australia with other areas of mediterranean climate." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 2 (2003): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02067.
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Recent data on monocotyledonous geophytes from south-western Australia are compiled and compared with those from other areas of mainly mediterranean climate, especially California, Chile and Victoria, Australia. South-western Australia has a high monocot geophyte diversity of 496 species (7% of an estimated native flora of 7100 vascular species), like Victoria (12%) and the Cape region (14%). As in Victoria, orchids are by far the most important group, with c. 400 species, including those likely to be described once ongoing taxonomic research is completed. South-western Australia has higher geophyte numbers than Victoria in all families considered, but a lower geophyte percentage because of a much higher vascular species total. Among south-western Australian non-orchid geophytes, as in Victoria, the most common storage organ is tuberous roots, followed by corms then bulbs and rhizomes, whereas in California bulbs are by far the most common. The presence of microgeophytes with seed-like storage organs is a special feature seen in several phylogenetically unrelated lineages in the south-western Australian and Victorian geophytic flora, especially on granite outcrops. Divergent phylogenetic history is undoubtedly a major factor underlying striking differences between the monocot geophytes of mediterranean Australia, California, Chile, South Africa and Mediterranean countries. Further studies, particularly on the last two regions, will enable better elucidation of these patterns.
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McGuinness, Keith A. "Effects of oil spills on macro-invertebrates of saltmarshes and mangrove forests in Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 142, no. 1-2 (October 1990): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(90)90141-x.
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Jackson, W. D., and R. J. E. Wiltshire. "Historical taxonomy and a resolution of the Stylidium graminifolium complex (Stylidiaceae) in Tasmania." Australian Systematic Botany 14, no. 6 (2001): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb99024.
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The troubled taxonomic history of Stylidium graminifolium Sw. ex Willd. (syn. Candollea serrulata Labill.) is reviewed. The entity formerly known as S. graminifolium forms a complex consisting of three species. Stylidium graminifolium sens. str. is lectotypified on the basis of plants collected by Banks and Solander from Botany Bay NSW in 1770. This narrow-linear-leaved species is diploid (2n = 30) and is distributed widely on infertile soils in south-eastern continental Australia and Tasmania. Stylidium armeria Labill., on the basis of plants collected from southern Tasmania in the late 1790s, is a tetraploid (2n = 60), with leaves about two to three or four times wider than in S. graminifolium and more spathulate in shape. It has a strictly littoral habitat along the rough water coasts of Tasmania from Macquarie Heads to Tasman Peninsula, probably extending to the coasts of south-eastern Australia. Stylidium melastachys R.Br., on the basis of plants collected from the Kent Group in Bass Strait in 1803, is synonymous with S. armeria. A third species, S. dilatatum W.D.Jackson and R.J.E.Wiltshire, is described as new. It is morphologically similar to S. graminifolium but has linear leaves about two to three times as wide as S. graminifolium and is a tetraploid (2n = 60). It is widely distributed in Tasmania and in the cooler subalpine areas of south-eastern Australia but is confined to more fertile soils than the soils in which S. graminifolium is found.
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Meney, KA, JS Pate, and KW Dixon. "Comparative Morphology, Anatomy, Phenology and Reproductive Biology of Alexgeorgea Spp (Restionaceae) From South-Western Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 38, no. 6 (1990): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900523.
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Morphological features of Alexgeorgea nitens, A. subterranea and a recently named new species, A. ganopoda, are described. All are markedly rhizomatous and clonal, with spaced aerial culms and sand-binding roots. A. ganopoda develops nodal and internodal apogeotropic roots. Male plants bear spikelets aerially, female plants sessile underground inflorescences at a maximum intensity of one flower per season's rhizome segment. Fruiting is geocarpic and seeds are extremely large for Restionaceae, e.g. 605 mg dry weight per seed in A. ganopoda, 190 in A. nitens, 162 in A. subterranea. Germination occurs while fruits are still attached to rhizomes. Germination is hypogeal, remotive in A. nitens and A. subterranea, admotive in A. ganopoda. Graminoid seedling leaves are formed in A. nitens and A. subterranea but not in A. ganopoda. Anatomy of culm, root and rhizome conforms generally to that of other Restionaceae. Xeromorphic features are exhibited by the two dry habitat species A. nitens and A. subterranea. Roots, rhizomes and culm bases of A. ganopoda carry interconnected cortical investments of aerenchyma, apparently as an adaptation to seasonally waterlogged habitats. Species-specific anatomical differences include the tissue architecture of culms, vascular bundle numbers in rhizome internodes and seedling leaf anatomy. Starch reserves are prominent throughout A. nitens, less so in A. subterranea and absent from A. ganopoda. Seed dry matter contains 57-59% starch. Male and female A. subterranea and male A. nitens reproduce annually. Female A. nitens flower very occasionally, mostly without setting seed. One known population of A. ganopoda is male and female fertile, the other almost entirely sterile. A. subterranea flowers in spring coincident with peak vegetative growth, A. nitens in autumn before the season's onset of growth. The reproductive phenology of A. ganopoda is unclear. The large-seededness, geocarpy and in situ germination of Alexgeorgea spp. represent an unusual form of clone replacement, resulting in establishment of seedlings within the wake of the advancing parent clone. The implications of this system are discussed.
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Chesterfield, CJ, and RF Parsons. "Regeneration of Three Tree Species in Arid South-Eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 33, no. 6 (1985): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9850715.
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Grazing effects by introduced mammals on tree seedlings in the arid zone have caused concern for the long-term future of some tree species. This was investigated by measuring stem girths of Casuarina cristata Miq., Heterodendrum oleifoliurn Desf. and Myoporum platycarpum R.Br. in arid-zone wood- lands. Episodic seedling regeneration of Myoporum is inferred following series of wet years in the 1950s and 1970s. Although young Myoporum plants appear unpalatable to stock, regeneration may be sup- pressed by rabbit-grazing in some areas. Almost no Heterodendrurn seedlings were found but suckering was common after burning and clearing. This species is highly palatable to grazing mammals and suckers may grow to safety above the browse line only where stock are absent. Evidence for recent Casuarina seedling regeneration was limited to one cohort, on a site that had been flooded. While suckers can be found locally where surface roots become exposed, suckering appears insufficient to perpetuate many Casuarina stands. Mammal-grazing seems important in strongly limiting regeneration. While Casuarina and Heterodendrum stand densities decline due to natural senescence and occasional fire, the only species regenerating into gaps is Myoporum. There is concern for the future of Casuarina and Heterodendrum, given their widespread failure to regenerate despite the wettest 3 years ever recorded, in 1973-75. On pastoral land, at least 10 years without stock-grazing might be needed for successful regeneration of Heterodendrurn. In reserves, some nature conservation programs for woodlands might require virtual eradication of all exotic mammalian herbivores, including goats.
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Jasonsmith, J. F., W. Maher, A. C. Roach, and F. Krikowa. "Selenium bioaccumulation and biomagnification in Lake Wallace, New South Wales, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 59, no. 12 (2008): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08197.
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Selenium concentrations were measured in water, sediments and organisms inhabiting a freshwater coal power station cooling reservoir. Se concentrations found were: water, 1.9 ± 2 μg L–1; sediment, 7 ± 1 μg g–1; phytoplankton, 3.4 μg g–1; zooplankton, 5.3 μg g–1; epiphytic algae, 1.3 ± 0.2 μg g–1; benthic algae, 8 ± 2 μg g–1; macrophyte leaves, 2.7–2.8 μg g–1; macrophyte roots, 0.5–6.5 μg g–1; detritus, 10 μg g–1; Oligochaeta, 11 μg g–1; Corbiculidae, 1.1 μg g–1; Insects, 3.7–8.3 μg g–1; Gastropoda, 3.2 μg g–1; Crustacea, 3.1–6 μg g–1; whole fish, 2.2–13 μg g–1; and fish liver, 134–314 μg g–1. Bioconcentration factors were similar to those found in aquatic ecosystems with comparable Se concentrations in the water column. A food web was constructed with four main food chains (phytoplankton, epiphytic algae, benthic algae and sediment/detrital), with fish fed from multiple pathways. Biomagnification only occurs along food chains for flathead gudgeons and rainbow trout. Se concentrations in food sources were above the 3 μg g–1 dietary Se level considered to induce teratogenesis in fish spawning. Flathead gudgeons were found to be suffering teratogenesis and rainbow trout showed no evidence of teratogenesis.
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Braschkat, J., and P. J. Randall. "Excess cation concentrations in shoots and roots of pasture species of importance in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 9 (2004): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02078.
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Excess cation concentrations (total cations – total inorganic anions) are reported for roots and shoots of 16 plant species of importance in pastures in south-eastern Australia. This information is required for the calculation of acidification in grazed pasture systems. The excess cation concentrations for shoots at flowering were [cmol(+)/kg]: perennial grasses — Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) 50, Phalaris aquatic (phalaris) 51, Danthonia richardsonii (wallaby grass) 30, Dactylus glomerata (cocksfoot) 62, Holcus lanatus (Fog grass) 60; annual grasses — Lolium rigidum 29, Vulpia bromoides (vulpia) 40, Hordeum leporinum (barley grass) 46, Bromus mollis (soft brome) 59; perennial legumes — Medicago sativa (lucerne) 115, Trifolium repens (white clover) 147; annual legumes — Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) 142, Medicago truncatula (barrel medic) 114, Ornithopus sativus (serradella) 137; weeds — Arctotheca calendula (cape weed) 165, Echium plantagineum (Paterson’s curse) 169. Values for roots were in the same order as shoots in vulpia and wallaby grass but lower for the other species, varying between 26 and 62% of the shoot value in grasses and 29 and 49% in legumes. For a subset of 4 legumes and 3 grasses, the excess cation concentrations in shoots were measured over the main production period in spring. Excess cation concentrations generally declined during the season, with the change being relatively larger in grasses than legumes.
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Adams-Schimminger, Miriam, Graham Fifield, Bruce Doran, and David Freudenberger. "Woodland Rehabilitation and Biodiversity Conservation in an Agricultural Landscape in South Eastern Australia." Case Studies in the Environment 1, no. 1 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.sc.399598.
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Southern Australia has a tree crisis. The iconic and ecologically essential eucalypt trees are dying out across vast swathes of farmland that were once grassy woodlands. A century of clearing and agricultural intensification, plus the failure of these trees to self-regenerate, has led to a massive loss of wildlife habitat, particularly tree hollows that only form in large and old Eucalyptus trees. Just as importantly, this decline in trees has exposed farmers to losses of agricultural productivity. There is now a lack of shelter for livestock. Rising salty ground water is degrading pastures as this ground water is no longer being controlled by the deep roots and respiration of eucalypts. We describe the research that shows how an innovative partnership between farmers, a non-government environmental organisation, and government funding is rehabilitating entire fields to a productive and wildlife-rich woodland full of thriving eucalypts.
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Pattison, A. L., L. W. Burgess, T. L. Bell, and M. H. Ryder. "Vegetative reproduction and root anatomy of Solanum centrale J.M.Black (Australian bush tomato)." Rangeland Journal 41, no. 4 (2019): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj19011.
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The aim of this study was to describe the morphology, anatomy and function of underground structures associated with colonies of Solanum centrale J.M.Black (Australian bush tomato), a perennial sub-shrub found in arid areas of Australia and an important traditional staple food for Aboriginal people. It is known that this species forms clonal communities, but there is little understanding of the mechanisms of formation in either natural or cultivated situations. The underground connections within seven clonal communities from Central and South Australia were documented and samples of secondary roots, thick lateral roots and stems were examined under both laboratory and glasshouse conditions. Clonal communities were observed at all sites with individual ramets arising from lateral roots (root-suckers) that ranged from 2–10 mm in diameter growing in a network 5–15 cm below the soil surface. Lateral roots have dicotyledonous root anatomy and rapidly resprout to form new clonal ramets. They also have the capacity to accumulate starch in parenchyma cells. The morphology and root-suckering ability resemble those of weedy Solanum spp. from other parts of the world, as well as species from a variety of genera adapted to arid climates. Methods to capitalise on the ability of lateral roots to form clonal ramets in cultivated situations, particularly given the difficulties in establishing crops from seed, are discussed.
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Miller, Caroline L., and Jacqueline A. Hickling. "Phased in smoke-free workplace laws: impact in grass-roots pubs and clubs in South Australia." Health Promotion Journal of Australia 18, no. 1 (2007): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/he07026.
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Jones, H. R., and R. A. Sudmeyer. "Economic assessment of windbreaks on the south-eastern coast of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 6 (2002): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02010.
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Windbreaks in the south-eastern coastal region of Western Australia are generally established to protect agricultural land against damage from wind erosion. However, to date there has been no detailed economic analysis of establishing windbreaks on farms in the region. Accordingly, a decision model was developed to estimate benefits and costs of windbreaks as determined by production inputs and outputs, windbreak system design, frequency and severity of wind damage, and commercial tree products from the windbreak. The model used crop yield responses to shelter at sites across the medium–low rainfall agricultural areas of southern Western Australia. The model lends itself to further development as a risk analysis tool incorporating probabilities and empirical measurements of wind damage. A benefit:cost analysis, using a partial budget approach, compared situations with and without windbreaks. The model showed that windbreaks improved profitability when they reduced the severity of wind damage to crops. Without wind erosion events, windbreaks had a negative impact on farm profit. Investment in windbreaks is therefore a form of insurance. The relative level of benefits is determined by the frequency of wind damage, severity of damage, distance between windbreaks, pruning of lateral tree roots and the possibility of using trees that can produce commercial timber products.
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Parsons, R. F. "Monocotyledonous geophytes: comparison of California with Victoria, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 48, no. 1 (2000): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt98056.
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Data on monocotyledonous geophytes from a recent Victorian flora are compiled and compared with those from California and some other areas of mainly mediterranean climate. Victoria's monocot geophyte diversity of 9% places it with parts of South Africa and Western Australia in a group of much higher diversity than California and Chile. The Victorian list is dominated by orchids (all with tuberous roots) and that from California by Alliaceae, Calochortaceae and Liliaceae, with bulbs being the predominant storage organ. Only four families of the 17 involved have native species in both California and Victoria. Most taxa in both areas are dormant in summer and grow during the cool season. However, the Amaryllidaceae found in the Sonoran Desert and the driest parts of Victoria are able to grow in the warm season in response to summer rain.
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Pereg, Lily L. "Black root rot of cotton in Australia: the host, the pathogen and disease management." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 12 (2013): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13231.
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Black root rot is a seedling disease caused by the soil-borne fungal pathogen Thielaviopsis basicola, a species with a worldwide distribution. Diseased plants show blackening of the roots and a reduced number of lateral roots, stunted or slow growth, and delayed flowering or maturity. It was first detected in cotton in Australia in 1989, and by 2004, T. basicola reached all cotton-growing regions in New South Wales and Queensland and the disease was declared as an Australian pandemic. This review covers aspects of the disease that have implications in black root rot spread, severity and management, including the biology and ecology of T. basicola, host range and specificity, chemical and biological control of T. basicola in cotton cropping systems, and crop rotations and host resistance. This review is of special interest to Australian readers; however, the incorporation of ample information on the biology of the pathogen, its interactions with plants and it relation to disease management will benefit readers worldwide.
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Bell, Maureen. "From the 1870s to the 1970s: the Changing Face of Public Psychiatry in South Australia." Australasian Psychiatry 11, no. 1 (March 2003): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1665.2003.00513.x.
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Objective: To give an overview of the development of psychiatric services in South Australia from the 1870s to the 1970s, to describe some of the milestones in their progress, and to demonstrate that many of the guiding principles of contemporary services can be found to have their roots in this period. Conclusions: Psychiatric services in South Australia progressed in fits and starts, but not for want of commitment and concern by those responsible for the care of the mentally ill. While in broad outline the development of services followed the course taken in other states, it is clear that the individual efforts of staff of the hospitals and a number of members of the public played an important role in improving the conditions and treatment of those with a mental illness, and laying the foundations for the movement of psychiatric services from their early isolationist position into the general health arena.
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Mitchell, Tony. "Doppio: a Trilingual Touring Theatre for Australia." New Theatre Quarterly 8, no. 29 (February 1992): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00006333.
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Doppio is a theatre company which uses three languages – English, Italian, and a synthetic migrant dialect it calls ‘Emigrante’ – to explore the conditions of the large community of Italian migrants in Australia. It works, too, in three different kinds of theatrical territory, all with an increasingly feminist slant – those of multicultural theatrein-education; of community theatre based in the Italian clubs of South Australia; and of documentary theatre, exploring the roots and the past of a previously marginalized social group. The company's work was seen in 1990 at the Leeds Festival of Youth Theatre, but its appeal is fast increasing beyond the confines of specialisms, ethnic or theatric, and being recognized in the ‘mainstream’ of Australian theatrical activity. Tony Mitchell – a regular contributor to NTQ, notably on the work of Dario Fo – who presently teaches in the Department of Theatre Studies in the University of Technology in Sydney, here provides an analytical introduction to the company's work, and follows this with an interview with one of its directors and co-founders, Teresa Crea.
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Jones, Alan R., Anna Murray, Theresa A. Lasiak, and Robin E. Marsh. "The effects of beach nourishment on the sandy-beach amphipod Exoediceros fossor: impact and recovery in Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia." Marine Ecology 29, s1 (July 2008): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2007.00197.x.
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Macfarlane, Terry D., and Gregory J. Keighery. "Two new species of Tricoryne (Hemerocallidaceae) from the Midwest region of Western Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 27, no. 6 (2014): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb14046.
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Field studies have provided an improved understanding of a known undescribed species of Tricoryne R.Br. and also shown that two or three separate species are included in an existing taxonomic concept. Two new species are described here, namely, T. tuberosa Keighery & T.D.Macfarl. and T. soullierae T.D.Macfarl. & Keighery. Tricoryne tuberosa has an extensive range in the northern wheatbelt and adjacent pastoral areas of south-western Western Australia. It has large root tubers, the leaves are withered at flowering time, and it forms clonal groups by long rhizomatous shoots. Tricoryne soullierae has a restricted distribution in remnant vegetation in the northern wheatbelt. It has fibrous roots and is conspicuously leafy when flowering.
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Brundrett, MC, and LK Abbott. "Roots of Jarrah Forest Plants .I. Mycorrhizal Associations of Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants." Australian Journal of Botany 39, no. 5 (1991): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9910445.
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This survey included 109 plants native to the jarrah forest (a mediterranean eucalypt woodland in south-western Australia dominated by Eucalyptus marginata and E. calophylla). Mycorrhizal formation by seedlings of these plants was examined after inoculation with isolates of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, or after growth in intact cores of natural habitat soil containing VAM and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. These methods were supplemented by examining roots from mature forest-grown plants, so that different methods and criteria for designating mycorrhizal association types could be considered. Most plants had one of the following types of mycorrhizal association: VAM only (56% of species); both ECM and VAM (16% of species); or non-mycorrhizal roots (25% of species, which also had long root hairs and/or cluster roots). Plants with dual ECM/VAM associations often formed ECM more readily than VAM. With the exception of the large and diverse families, Papilionaceae, Myrtaceae and Anthericaceae, plants within a family had consistent mycorrhizal relations, as did the members of most genera.
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Maher, William A., Simon D. Foster, Anne M. Taylor, Frank Krikowa, Elliot G. Duncan, and Anthony A. Chariton. "Arsenic distribution and species in two Zostera capricorni seagrass ecosystems, New South Wales, Australia." Environmental Chemistry 8, no. 1 (2011): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en10087.
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Environmental context Arsenic concentrations and species were determined in seagrass ecosystems where the food web was established using carbon and nitrogen isotopes. There was a clear increase in the proportion of arsenobetaine in tissues of higher trophic level organisms, which is attributed to an increasing arsenobetaine content of the diet and the more efficient assimilation and retention of arsenobetaine over other arsenic species. The results provide an explanation for the prominence of arsenobetaine in higher marine animals. Abstract Arsenic concentrations and species were compared in biota from two Zostera capricorni ecosystems. Mean arsenic concentrations were not significantly different for non‐vegetative sediment, rhizosphere sediment, Z. capricorni blades, roots, rhizomes, epiphytes, amphipods, polychaetes, molluscs, crustaceans and fish, but were significantly different in detritus. Sediments and plant tissues contained mostly inorganic arsenic and PO4–arsenoriboside. Detritus contained mostly PO4–arsenoriboside. Fish tissues contained predominately arsenobetaine. Other animals had lower proportions of arsenobetaine and variable quantities of minor arsenic species. Bioconcentration but not biomagnification of arsenic is occurring with no evidence of arsenic hyper accumulation. The proportion of arsenobetaine increases through the food web and is attributed to a shift from a mixed diet at lower trophic levels to animals containing mostly arsenobetaine at higher trophic levels and the more efficient retention of arsenobetaine, compared to other arsenic species.
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Foreman, Paul W. "A framework for testing the influence of Aboriginal burning on grassy ecosystems in lowland, mesic south–eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 8 (2016): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16081.
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The complex interactions among climate, soils, fire and humans in the biogeography of natural grasslands has long been debated in Australia. On the one hand, ecological models assume the primacy of climate and soils. On the other, Aboriginal burning is hypothesised to have altered the entire continent since before the last glacial maximum. The present paper develops a framework to test for the ‘fingerprint’ of Aboriginal burning in lowland, mesic grassy ecosystems of south-eastern Australia, using ecological theory, and the ethno-historical record. It is clear that fire-stick farming was used to promote staple roots in south-eastern Australia and, in some instances, it has been shown to influence grassland–woodland boundaries. The framework comprises the following three evidence lines: (1) archival benchmarking and palaeoecology; (2) phytoecology; and (3) ethnology and archaeology. That fire-stick farming was likely instrumental in grassland formation and maintenance must be supported by evidence that shows that ‘natural’ grasslands exist in climatically–edaphically unexpected places, that fine-scale patterns and dynamics are at least partly due to fire and that the fire regime has been influenced by Aboriginal burning. Application of the framework indicated that widespread Aboriginal burning for staple foods likely extended the area of temperate grasslands and influenced their structure and function.
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Casanova, Michelle T., and I. Joan Powling. "What makes a swamp swampy? Water regime and the botany of endangered wetlands in western Victoria." Australian Journal of Botany 62, no. 6 (2014): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14119.
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Freshwater temporary wetlands are a little-studied ecosystem worldwide. They have been recognised as critically endangered in south-eastern Australia under Australian biodiversity conservation legislation. However, little has been recorded about their hydrology, functioning or biodiversity values; i.e. the factors that make them intrinsically ‘swampy’. In this paper, we developed a simple threshold model of wetland hydrology based on historical rainfall records and calculated evaporation records matched to records and recollections of the owners of swamps, and documented water-plant and microalgal species richness. The model indicated that swamps were inundated to at least 10-cm depth in an average of 6.3 years per decade for most of the 20th century. The average dry time between inundations was 1.27 years (maximum of 4.5 years). Since 1998, the frequency of inundation appears to have decreased, and the average dry times have increased. Despite, or because of, their temporary nature, these swamps have high biodiversity values among the vegetation and the microalgae, more than has been recorded for near-by permanent wetlands. There is no evidence that a drier and warmer climate will have a negative impact on biodiversity values; however, land management is likely to be important for maintaining these systems as the climate changes.
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Officer, S. J., V. M. Dunbabin, R. D. Armstrong, R. M. Norton, and G. A. Kearney. "Wheat roots proliferate in response to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers in Sodosol and Vertosol soils of south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 47, no. 1 (2009): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr08089.
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Root growth responses to separately placed of bands of N and P fertiliser were examined at the 3-leaf (GS13) and stem extension growth stages (GS30) for wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yitpi) growing in 2 major alkaline soil types from the rainfed (375–420 mm) grain production regions of south-eastern Australia. Intact cores of a Sodosol and a Vertosol were destructively sampled and changes in root length density (RLD) and root diameter distribution within the soil profile were examined using restricted maximum likelihood analysis and principal component analysis, respectively. At GS13, RLD increased in the Vertosol when only P was applied, although there was no shoot growth response. The root response to P consisted of a spatially generalised increase in RLD, rather than a specific increase in the vicinity of the P fertiliser band. There was a substantially greater, but still generalised, increase in RLD in the Vertosol when both N and P fertiliser were applied, although there was no response to N fertiliser (without P). The distribution of root length in diameter classes changed with depth in the profile at GS13 but was otherwise similar, regardless of soil types and fertiliser treatment. The root responses to fertiliser at GS30 also consisted of a generalised proliferation of RLD in the topsoil, with no detectable fertiliser-specific changes in the location or structure of the root system. Shoot and root growth increased to a similar level at GS30 when plants were supplied with N, irrespective of P, and root diameter distributions were again insensitive to fertiliser treatment. Plants responded to N by increasing the RLD of relatively fine roots (100–250 μm), which was a P style of acquisition strategy that was possibly triggered by moisture limitations. Consequently, the root responses to fertiliser under realistic semi-arid conditions did not follow expectations based on nutrient acquisition studies. Instead, wheat plants responded to N or P fertiliser with a generalised proliferation of fine roots, apparently to better compete for finite water and nutrients.
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Antoniolli, Z. I., E. Facelli, P. O'Connor, D. Miller, K. Ophel-Keller, and S. E. Smith. "Spore communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhizal associations in different ecosystems, south Australia." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 26, no. 3 (September 2002): 627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832002000300007.
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Communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were surveyed in different South Australian ecosystems. The soil was wet-sieved for spore extraction, followed by the determination of presence and abundance of AMF species as well as the percentage of root colonization. Mycorrhizal associations were common and there was substantial fungal diversity in different ecosystems. Spores were most abundant in the permanent pasture system and less abundant under continuous wheat. The incidence of mycorrhizal associations in different plant species and the occurrence of Arum and Paris type colonization generally conformed with previous information. Spores of seventeen AMF were verified throughout seasonal changes in 1996 and 1997 in the permanent pasture and on four host species (Lolium perenne, Plantago lanceolata, Sorghum sp. and Trifolium subterraneum) , set up with the same soils under greenhouse conditions. Glomus mosseae was the dominant spore type at all sampling times and in all trap cultures. Mycorrhizal diversity was significantly affected by different sampling times in trap cultures but not in field-collected soil. P. lanceolata, Sorghum sp. and T. subterraneum as hosts for trap cultures showed no differences in richness and diversity of AMF spores that developed in association with their roots. Abundance and diversity were lowest, however, in association with L. perenne , particularly in December 1996. Results show that the combination of spore identification from field-collected soil and trap cultures is essential to study population and diversity of AMF. The study provides baseline data for ongoing monitoring of mycorrhizal populations using conventional methods and material for the determination of the symbiotic effectiveness of AMF key members.
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Wong, DH, MJ Barbetti, and K. Sivasithamparam. "Fungi associated with root rot of subterranean clover in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 3 (1985): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850574.
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Field trials were conducted during 1982-84 to determine the severity of root rot, and the identity and pathogenicity of the fungi associated with root rot of subterranean clover at five locations in the south-west of Western Australia. At all sites, there was moderate to severe root rot and seedling emergence was greatly reduced. Pythium irregulare and Fusarium oxysporum were the fungi most frequently isolated from diseased roots. F. avenaceum, P. irregulare, P. spinosum and R. solani were highly pathogenic to subterranean clover seedlings. F. oxysporum and P. medicaginis were less pathogenic and F. acuminatum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, one isolate of M. phaseoli, and W. circinata were only weakly pathogenic. Ceratobasidium sp. (AG K), F. sulphureum, one isolate of M. phaseoli, P. coloratum, and R. cereale were non-pathogenic. This is the first record of pathogenicity of F. acuminatum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, M. phaseoli and P. spinosum on subterranean clover in Western Australia. P. clandestina was detected at all sites.
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Akinniyi, Ganiyu, Jeonghee Lee, Hiyoung Kim, Joon-Goo Lee, and Inho Yang. "A Medicinal Halophyte Ipomoea pes-caprae (Linn.) R. Br.: A Review of Its Botany, Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Bioactivity." Marine Drugs 20, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20050329.
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Ipomoea pes-caprae (Linn.) R. Br. (Convolvulaceae) is a halophytic plant that favorably grows in tropical and subtropical countries in Asia, America, Africa, and Australia. Even though this plant is considered a pan-tropical plant, I. pes-caprae has been found to occur in inland habitats and coasts of wider areas, such as Spain, Anguilla, South Africa, and Marshall Island, either through a purposeful introduction, accidentally by dispersal, or by spreading due to climate change. The plant parts are used in traditional medicine for treating a wide range of diseases, such as inflammation, gastrointestinal disorders, pain, and hypertension. Previous phytochemical analyses of the plant have revealed pharmacologically active components, such as alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. These phytoconstituents are responsible for the wide range of biological activities possessed by I. pes-caprae plant parts and extracts. This review arranges the previous reports on the botany, distribution, traditional uses, chemical constituents, and biological activities of I. pes-caprae to facilitate further studies that would lead to the discovery of novel bioactive natural products from this halophyte.