Academic literature on the topic 'Root sytem architecture'
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Journal articles on the topic "Root sytem architecture"
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Atger, Claire, and Claude Edelin. "Premières données sur l'architecture comparée des systèmes racinaires et caulinaires." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 963–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-122.
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Since 1970, the architectural analysis of woody plants has given much information about structural and functional organization of tree crowns, their development, and reiteration patterns. In this study, we have extended this method to tree root systems. We describe the whole architecture of three species and we compare their root system and crown architectural patterns. Key words: architecture, tree, root system, crown, whole plant.
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Godoy, Eduardo P., Rubens A. Tabile, Robson R. D. Pereira, Giovana T. Tangerino, Arthur J. V. Porto, and Ricardo Y. Inamasu. "Design and implementation of an electronic architecture for an agricultural mobile robot." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 14, no. 11 (November 2010): 1240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-43662010001100015.
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A current trend in the agricultural area is the development of mobile robots and autonomous vehicles for remote sensing. One of the major challenges in the design of these robots is the development of the electronic architecture for the integration and control of the devices. Recent applications of mobile robots have used distributed architectures based on communication networks. A technology that has been widely used as an embedded network is the CAN protocol. The implementation of the ISO11783 standard represents the standardization of the CAN for application in agricultural machinery. This work describes the design and implementation of an electronic architecture for a mobile agricultural robot. The discussions are focused on the developed architecture, the wireless communication system for teleoperation and the distributed control based on CAN protocol and ISO11783. The evaluation of the developed system was based on the analysis of performance parameters such as motor response and architectural time delay obtained with the robot operation. The results show that the developed architecture can be applied for teleoperation and distributed control of agricultural robots meeting the requirements for accurate robot movement and an acceptable response time for robot control commands and supervision.
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Morita, Shigenori, and Jun Abe. "Grasping root system architecture." Root Research 23, no. 4 (2014): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3117/rootres.23.99.
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Ziegler, Clare, Rosemary J. Dyson, and Iain G. Johnston. "Model selection and parameter estimation for root architecture models using likelihood-free inference." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 16, no. 156 (July 2019): 20190293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0293.
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Plant root systems play vital roles in the biosphere, environment and agriculture, but the quantitative principles governing their growth and architecture remain poorly understood. The ‘forward problem’ of what root forms can arise from given models and parameters has been well studied through modelling and simulation, but comparatively little attention has been given to the ‘inverse problem’: what models and parameters are responsible for producing an experimentally observed root system? Here, we propose the use of approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) to infer mechanistic parameters governing root growth and architecture, allowing us to learn and quantify uncertainty in parameters and model structures using observed root architectures. We demonstrate the use of this platform on synthetic and experimental root data and show how it may be used to identify growth mechanisms and characterize growth parameters in different mutants. Our highly adaptable framework can be used to gain mechanistic insight into the generation of observed root system architectures.
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Tsybulnyk, Serhii, Viktoriia Nakoryk, and Diana Pivtorak. "DESIGN OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR CREATING THE ACCOMPANYING DOCUMENTATION OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS." Bulletin of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. Series Instrument Making, no. 67(1) (June 30, 2024): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/1970.67(1).2024.306737.
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Background. The architecture of the automated system is the main source of quality of software and software-hardware systems. It determines how quickly and efficiently a developer is able to analyze, understand, test, extend, and maintain an automated system. Changes in the system architecture have a high cost due to its complexity and the possibility of destruction during expansion. At present, most of the knowledge and information about the design decisions on which the architecture is based are implicitly embedded in it, which leads to problems during the development process, in particular, during the programmatic implementation of its structural elements. It is determined that, despite the long way that the evolution of systems architecture has passed, today there are very few objective, repeatable and empirically based methodologies and tools for the design and analysis of architecture. As a rule, software architects are programmers who have decades of experience in software development practice. Given their experience, they clearly understand that errors in the architecture design are the root causes of lower-level problems that manifest in the software code. Most often, a programmer feels when the architecture of his project is of low quality, because there are a large number of technical flaws, the number of which only increases with time. But most projects continue to be implemented, which leads to a decrease in the quality of the finished automated system. Objective. The purpose of this work is to design and document the software architecture of the automated system for creating the accompanying documentation of the educational process in order to take the first step towards understanding the relationships and the impact of the adopted project decisions on the code base. Conclusions. To achieve the goal, a class of multi-level architectures was chosen, among which the three-level architecture is the most common. Features of implementation of open and closed three-level architectures are considered. On the basis of the MVC architectural template, an architectural project of an automated system for creating accompanying documentation of the educational process has been developed. The main subsystems and data elements are documented.
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Chen, Ying L., Vanessa M. Dunbabin, Art J. Diggle, Kadambot H. M. Siddique, and Zed Rengel. "Development of a novel semi-hydroponic phenotyping system for studying root architecture." Functional Plant Biology 38, no. 5 (2011): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp10241.
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A semi-hydroponic bin system was developed to provide an efficient phenotyping platform for studying root architecture. The system was designed to accommodate a large number of plants in a small area for screening genotypes. It was constructed using inexpensive and easily obtained materials: 240 L plastic mobile bins, clear acrylic panels covered with black calico cloth and a controlled watering system. A screening experiment for root traits of 20 wild genotypes of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) evaluated the reliability and efficiency of the system. Root architecture, root elongation rate and branching patterns were monitored for 6 weeks. Significant differences in both architectural and morphological traits were observed among tested genotypes, particularly for total root length, branch number, specific root length and branch density. Results demonstrated that the bin system was efficient in screening root traits in narrow-leafed lupin, allowing for rapid measurement of two-dimensional root architecture over time with minimal disturbance to plant growth and without destructive root sampling. The system permits mapping and digital measurement of dynamic growth of taproot and lateral roots. This phenotyping platform is a desirable tool for examining root architecture of deep root systems and large sets of plants in a relatively small space.
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Nicola, Silvana. "Understanding Root Systems to Improve Seedling Quality." HortTechnology 8, no. 4 (October 1998): 544–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.8.4.544.
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Root architecture can be very important in plant productivity. The importance of studies on root morphology and development is discussed to improve seedling growth. Root systems of dicotyledonous species are reviewed, with emphasis on differences between growth of basal and lateral roots. The presence of different types of roots in plant species suggests possible differences in function as well. The architecture of a root system related to its functions is considered. Classical methods for studying root systems comprise excavation of root system, direct observation, and indirect analyses. While the first method is destructive and the third is effective in understanding root architecture only on a relatively gross scale, observation methods allow the scientist a complete a nondestructive architectural study of a root system. The three groups are reviewed related to their potential to give valuable information related to the root architecture and development of the seedling, with emphasis on the availability of a medium-transparent plant-growing system, enabling nondestructive daily observations and plant measurements under controlled environmental conditions. Effects of CO2 enrichment on seedling growth is reviewed, emphasizing the effects of CO2 on root growth.
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Akikawa, Motohiro, and Masayuki Yamamura. "Materializing Architecture for Processing Multimodal Signals for a Humanoid Robot Control System." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 25, no. 3 (May 20, 2021): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2021.p0335.
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In recent years, many systems have been developed to embed deep learning in robots. Some use multimodal information to achieve higher accuracy. In this paper, we highlight three aspects of such systems: cost, robustness, and system optimization. First, because the optimization of large architectures using real environments is computationally expensive, developing such architectures is difficult. Second, in a real-world environment, noise, such as changes in lighting, is often contained in the input. Thus, the architecture should be robust against noise. Finally, it can be difficult to coordinate a system composed of individually optimized modules; thus, the system is better optimized as one architecture. To address these aspects, a simple and highly robust architecture, namely memorizing and associating converted multimodal signal architecture (MACMSA), is proposed in this study. Verification experiments are conducted, and the potential of the proposed architecture is discussed. The experimental results show that MACMSA diminishes the effects of noise and obtains substantially higher robustness than a simple autoencoder. MACMSA takes us one step closer to building robots that can truly interact with humans.
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Maslard, Corentin, Mustapha Arkoun, Christophe Salon, and Marion Prudent. "Root architecture characterization in relation to biomass allocation and biological nitrogen fixation in a collection of European soybean genotypes." OCL 28 (2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2021033.
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Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] is the legume with the largest cultivated area worldwide and its yield depends largely on symbiotic nitrogen fixation and root architecture. This study aimed to explore the genetic variability of root architectural traits and di-nitrogen fixing activity in a small collection of nine European cultivars belonging to the same maturity group during their early stages. New image analysis approaches were implemented to characterise root architecture at high throughput. Significant genetic variability was identified for the width of the root system, root density, and for nitrogen fixation. This study allowed us to highlight trade-offs among root and nodule traits, and structural and functional traits. Finally, both the image analysis approach and the results could be used for breeding programs of soybean, that could take into account the root system architecture, when the plant interacts in symbiosis with N2-fixing bacteria.
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Sombu, Alwin Suryono, Ryadi Adityavarman, and John Petrus Talan. "Physical systems - Balinese cultural meaning in Three Monkeys Restaurant architecture in Sanur Bali." ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2024): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30822/arteks.v9i1.2715.
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Bali's Sanur tourism sector is home to many well-known structures with unique, non-Balinese architectural styles. This paper aims to expose the Balinese physical-meaning system found in the Three Monkeys restaurant's architecture in Sanur. The approach is descriptive; first, the "physical" architecture is explained, followed by the "purpose of existence" and "essence." Open frontage, bottom level raised over the terrace, and an alang-alang roof supported by bamboo poles. There is an open figure to the left and north, with bamboo trees around it and a glass-block wall atop. a blend of Balinese traditional and modern architecture. The arrangement: an open pool acts as a mediator between the dining room, kitchen, and bathroom; the terrace is shaded by frangipani trees, and there is a place of prayer in the northeast corner. The upper rooms are conditioned, enclosed by glass walls, modern compared to the lower rooms. The terrace materials are traditional (alang-alang roof, parasol stone wall - bamboo), the lower dining room is a mix of traditional (bamboo wall, alang-alang roof, wooden furniture) and modern (polished concrete floor, glass-block wall), and the upper room is modern (frameless glass wall, stainless-steel railing). The traditional-modern Balinese blend is displayed through the building's figure, layout and materials.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Root sytem architecture"
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Larrey, Mathieu. "Analysis of the root system architecture responses to reserves availability in grapevine rootstocks using the Archisimple model." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0448.
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Améliorer le taux de reprise des jeunes plants greffés/soudés afin de limiter leur dépérissement futur au vignoble est un enjeu majeur pour la pépinière viticole. Cela passe notamment par une meilleure compréhension des capacités d'enracinement et de la mise en place de l'architecture racinaire après implantation, en lien avec l'efficacité des racines à coloniser le sol et prélever les ressources hydro-minérales. De nombreux facteurs génétiques, physiologiques ou environnementaux modifient ces processus chez la vigne. Parmi eux, le statut nutritionnel du matériel végétal initial pourrait être déterminant. Cette thèse a pour objectif de caractériser, chez la jeune vigne en conditions contrôlées, l'influence de la disponibilité initiale en réserves carbonées et azotées sur la rhizogenèse, la croissance et la plasticité des traits morphologiques du système racinaire pour différents génotypes de porte-greffes, contrastés en termes de développement racinaire. Il sera notamment recherché si les processus d'émission, d'élongation et de ramification racinaire sont différemment impactés par la teneur locale en sucres et la nature du greffon. Ces données serviront également à calibrer un premier modèle de développement racinaire pour la vigneImproving the recovery rate of young grafted grapevines in order to limit their future decline in vineyards is a major challenge for nurseries and grape growers. This requires a better understanding of their rooting capacities and the establisment of their root system architecture (RSA) after implantation, in particular in relation to their efficiencies in soil prospection and soil resources capture. Many genetic, physiological or environmental factors modify these processes in grapes. Among them, the nutritional status of the mother plant material could be decisive. The aim of this thesis is to characterize, in young vines mostly under controlled conditions, the influence of the initial availability of carbon and nitrogen reserves on rhizogenesis, growth and plasticity of the morphological traits of the root system for different Vitis rootstock genotypes contrasted in terms of root development. In particular, it will be investigated whether the processes of root emission, elongation and branching are differently affected by the local carbohydrates content and the nature of the graft. These data will also be used to calibrate a first model of root system development for the vine. Such functional-structural root model is a promising way to overcome in situ root phenotyping issues and can serve as a basis for the development of root ideotypes in silico by highlighting the underlying genetic mechanisms and parameters that are most likely influence RSA
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Kellermeier, Fabian. "Environmental genetics of root system architecture." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4663/.
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The root system is the plant’s principal organ for water and mineral nutrient supply. Root growth follows an endogenous, developmental programme. Yet, this programme can be modulated by external cues which makes root system architecture (RSA), the spatial configuration of all root parts, a highly plastic trait. Presence or absence of nutrients such as nitrate (N), phosphate (P), potassium (K) and sulphate (S) serve as environmental signals to which a plant responds with targeted proliferation or restriction of main or lateral root growth. In turn, RSA serves as a quantitative reporter system of nutrient starvation responses and can therefore be used to study nutrient sensing and signalling mechanisms. In this study, I have analysed root architectural responses of various Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes (wildtype, mutants and natural accessions) to single and multiple nutrient deficiency treatments. A comprehensive analysis of combinatorial N, P, K an S supply allowed me to dissect the effect of individual nutrients on individual root parameters. It also highlighted the existence of interactive effects arising from simultaneous environmental stimuli. Quantification of appropriate RSA parameters allowed for targeted testing of known regulatory genes in specific nutritional settings. This revealed, for example, a novel role for CIPK23, AKT1 and NRT1.1 in integrating K and N effects on higher order lateral root branching and main root angle. A significant contribution to phenotypic variation also arose from P*K interactions. I could show that the iron (Fe) concentration in the external medium is an important driving force of RSA responses to low-P and low-K. In fact, P and K deprivation caused Fe accumulation in distinct parts of the root system, as demonstrated by Fe staining and synchrotron X-Ray fluorescence. Again, selected K, P and Fe transport and signalling mutants were tested for aberrant low-K and/or low-P phenotypes. Most notably, the two paralogous ER-localised multicopper oxidases LPR1 and LPR2 emerged as important signalling components of P and K deprivation, potentially integrating Fe homeostasis with meristematic activity under these conditions. In addition to the targeted characterisation of specific genotype-environment interactions, I investigated novel RSA responses to low-K via a non-targeted approach based on natural variation. A morphological gradient spanned the entire genotype set, linking two extreme strategies of low-K responses. Strategy I accessions responded to low-K with a moderate reduction of main root growth but a severe restriction of lateral root elongation. In contrast, strategy II genotypes ceded main root growth in favour of lateral root proliferation. The genetic basis of these low-K responses was then subsequently mapped onto the A. thaliana genome via quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis using recombinant inbred lines derived from parental accessions that either adopt strategy I (Col-0) or II (Ct-1). In sum, this study addresses the question how plants incorporate environmental signals to modulate developmental programmes that underly RSA formation. I present evidence for novel phenotypic responses to nutrient deprivation and for novel genetic regulators involved in nutrient signalling and crosstalk.
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佑脩, 田和, and Yusuke Tawa. "Dynamics and architecture of fine root system in a Cryptomeria japonica plantation." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13106238/?lang=0, 2019. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13106238/?lang=0.
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Johnson, James. "Quantitative analysis of plant root system architecture." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/55601/.
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The root system of a plant is responsible for supplying it with essential nutrients. The plant's ability to explore the surrounding soil is largely determined by its root system architecture (RSA), which varies with both genetic and environmental conditions. X-ray micro computed tomography (µCT) is a powerful tool allowing the non-invasive study of the root system architecture of plants grown in natural soil environments, providing both 3D descriptions of root architecture and the ability to make multiple measurements over a period of time. Once volumetric µCT data is acquired, the root system must first be segmented from the surrounding soil environment and then described. Automated and semi-automated software tools can be used to extract roots from µCT images, but current methods for the recovery of RSA traits from the resulting volumetric descriptions are somewhat limited. This thesis presents a novel tool (RooTh) which, given a segmented µCT image, skeletonises the root system and quantifies global and local root traits with minimal user interaction. The computationally inexpensive method used takes advantage of curve-fitting and active contours to find the optimal skeleton and thus evaluate root traits objectively. A small-scale experiment was conducted to validate and compare root traits extracted using the method presented here alongside other 2D imaging tools. The results show a good degree of correlation between the two methods.
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Linkohr, Birgit Isabel. "The control of root system architecture in 'Arabidopsis'." Thesis, University of York, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428452.
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Ribrioux, Sebastien. "Phosphate control of root system architecture in Arabidopsis." Thesis, University of York, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247735.
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Morandage, Shehan [Verfasser]. "Characterization of Root System Architectures from Field Root Sampling Methods / Shehan Morandage." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1221668927/34.
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Tracy, Saoirse Rosanna. "The response of root system architecture to soil compaction." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13037/.
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Soil compaction has been described as the most serious environmental problem caused by conventional agriculture, as it results in several stresses which may interact simultaneously, including increased soil strength, decreased aeration and reduced hydraulic conductivity. Root system architecture (RSA) is the arrangement of roots within the soil matrix and is important because the specific deployment of roots within the soil can determine soil exploration and resource uptake. As roots deliver water and nutrients to growing plants, whilst also providing anchorage, their importance cannot be overstated. Yet, our understanding of how roots interact with the surrounding soil, especially at the micro-scale level, remains limited because soil is an opaque medium, so preventing roots from being visualised without disturbing them. Destructive techniques are commonly employed for the analysis of RSA, however this can result in the loss of key information concerning root architecture, such as elongation rates and root angles and important soil characteristics such as soil structure and pore connectivity. However, X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) has been shown to be a promising technique for visualising RSA in an undisturbed manner. The species considered in this thesis were wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Further information regarding the response of roots to soil compaction has been achieved through the use of X-ray CT, automatic root tracing software and novel image analysis procedures. Soil compaction significantly affected root length, volume, surface area, angle, diameter, elongation rates and root path tortuosity, however the influence of soil texture on root responses to soil compaction was significant. Moderate compaction benefits root growth in clay soil, possibly due to the greater nutrient and water holding capacity, but adversely affected root growth in loamy sand. The results suggest that there is an optimum level of soil compaction for the different soil types. Roots elongated rapidly between 2-3 days after germination (DAG), it is hypothesised that is related to the mobilization of seed storage substances to the growing roots. The use of transgenic mutants of tomato with altered levels of abscisic acid (ABA) has provided a greater insight into the role of ABA in mediating root responses to soil compaction. This work will enable better phenotyping of plant varieties with enhanced root system traits for resource foraging and uptake. Knowledge of the responses of root systems in heterogeneous soil is vital to validate root phenotypes and overcome future food security challenges.
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Gruneir, Bram. "Multiple Agent Architecture for a Multiple Robot System." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/792.
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Controlling systems with multiple robots is quickly becoming the next large hurdle that must be overcome for groups of robots to successfully function as a team. An agent oriented approach for this problem is presented in this thesis. By using an agent oriented method, the robots can act independently yet still work together. To be able to establish communities of robots, a basic agent oriented control system for each robot must first be implemented. This thesis introduces a novel method to create Physical Robot Agents, promoting a separation of cognitive and reactive behaviours into a two layer system. These layers are further abstracted into key subsections that are required for the Physical Robot Agents to function. To test this architecture, experiments are performed with physical robots to determine the feasibility of this approach. A real-time implementation of a Physical Robot Agent would greatly expand its field of use. The speed of internal communication is analyzed to validate the application of this architecture to real-time tasks.
It is concluded that the Physical Robot Agents are well suited for multiple robot systems and that real-time applications are feasible.
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Aalund, Martin Peter. "A scaleable architecture for modular robot system controllers /." Digital version accessible at:, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
Full textBooks on the topic "Root sytem architecture"
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Donald, Myers, Moody David, and Goddard Space Flight Center, eds. Telerobotic rendezvous and docking vision system architecture: Final report, NASA SBIR phase II. Research Triangle Park, NC: Triangle Research and Development Corp., 1993.
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1902-1971, Jacobsen Arne, ed. Room 606: The SAS House and the work of Arne Jacobsen. London: Phaidon Press, 2003.
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Nicola, Silvana. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) root morpholgy, architecture, growth and development in an autotrophic culture system. 1997.
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Wang, Daqing. Development of hybrid architecture of the control system for modular and re-configurable robot (MRR) manipulators. 2006.
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Ishiguro, Akio, and Takuya Umedachi. From slime molds to soft deformable robots. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0040.
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An autonomous decentralized control mechanism, where the coordination of simple individual components yields non-trivial macroscopic behavior or functionalities, is a key to understanding how animals orchestrate the large degrees of freedom of their bodies in response to different situations. However, a systematic design methodology is still missing. To alleviate this problem, we focus, in this chapter, on the plasmodium of a true slime mold (Physarum polycephalum), which is a primitive multinucleate single-cell organism. Despite its primitiveness, and lacking a brain and nervous system, the plasmodium exhibits surprisingly adaptive and versatile behavior (e.g. taxis, exploration). This ability has undoubtedly been honed by evolutionary selection pressure, and there likely exists an ingenious mechanism that underlies the animals’ adaptive behavior. We successfully extracted a design scheme for decentralized control and implemented it in an amoeboid robot with many degrees of freedom. The experimental results showed that adaptive behaviors emerge even in the absence of any centralized control architecture.
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Mastering ROS for Robotics Programming - Second Edition: Design, build, and simulate complex robots using the Robot Operating System. Packt Publishing, 2018.
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Jones, Nicholas F. Politics and Society in Ancient Greece. Praeger, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400698446.
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Western democracies often trace their political roots back to Ancient Greece. While politics today may seem the dusty domain of lawmakers and pundits, in the classical era virtually no aspect of life was beyond its reach. Political life was not limited to acts of a legislature, magistrates, and the courts but routinely included the activities of social clubs, the patronage system, and expression through literature, art, and architecture. Through these varied means, even non-enfranchised groups (such as women and non-citizens) gained entry into a wider democratic process. Beyond the citizen world of traditional politics, there existed multiple layers of Greek political life-reflecting many aspects of our own modern political landscape. Religious cults served as venues for female office-holders; private clubs and drinking parties served significant social functions. Popular athletes capitalized on their fame to run for elected office. Military veterans struggled to bring back the good old days much to the dismay of the forward-thinking ambitions of naive twenty-somethings. Liberals and conservatives of all classes battled over important issues of the day. Scandal and intrigue made or ended many a political career. Taken collectively, these aspects of political life serve as a lens for viewing the whole of Greek civilization in some of its characteristic and distinctive dimensions.
Book chapters on the topic "Root sytem architecture"
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Orman-Ligeza, Beata, René Civava, Sophie de Dorlodot, and Xavier Draye. "Root System Architecture." In Soil Biology, 39–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54276-3_3.
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Pagès, L., S. Asseng, S. Pellerin, and A. Diggle. "Modelling Root System Growth and Architecture." In Root Methods, 113–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04188-8_4.
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Pagès, Loïc. "Root System Architecture: Analysis from Root Systems to Individual Roots." In Encyclopedia of Agrophysics, 712–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3585-1_209.
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Pagès, Loïc. "Why model root system architecture?" In The Supporting Roots of Trees and Woody Plants: Form, Function and Physiology, 187–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3469-1_18.
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Quint, Marcel, Rahul Bhosale, and Ive De Smet. "High Temperature Effects on Root System Architecture." In Plant Roots, 407–14. 5th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b23126-32.
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Liu, Ying, Wei Xuan, and Guohua Xu. "The Adaptation of Root System Architecture to Nitrogen Availability." In Plant Roots, 349–61. 5th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b23126-27.
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Kerk, Nancy. "The root meristem and its relationship to root system architecture." In Root Demographics and Their Efficiencies in Sustainable Agriculture, Grasslands and Forest Ecosystems, 509–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5270-9_42.
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Hinsinger, Philippe, Michael J. Bell, John L. Kovar, and Philip J. White. "Rhizosphere Processes and Root Traits Determining the Acquisition of Soil Potassium." In Improving Potassium Recommendations for Agricultural Crops, 99–117. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59197-7_4.
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AbstractPlants acquire K+ ions from the soil solution, and this small and dynamic pool needs to be quickly replenished via desorption of surface-adsorbed K from clay minerals and organic matter, by release of interlayer K from micaceous clay minerals and micas, or structural K from feldspars. Because of these chemical interactions with soil solid phases, solution K+ concentration is kept low and its mobility is restricted. In response, plants have evolved efficient strategies of root foraging. Root traits related to root system architecture (root angle and branching), root length and growth, together with root hairs and mycorrhiza-related traits help to determine the capacity of plants to cope with the poor mobility of soil K. Rooting depth is also important, given the potentially significant contribution of subsoil K in many soils. Root-induced depletion of K+ shifts the exchange equilibria, enhancing desorption of K, as well as the release of nonexchangeable, interlayer K from minerals in the rhizosphere. Both these pools can be bioavailable if plant roots can take up significant amounts of K at low concentrations in the soil solution (in the micromolar range). In addition, roots can significantly acidify their environment or release large amounts of organic compounds (exudates). These two processes ultimately promote the dissolution of micas and feldspars in the rhizosphere, contributing to the mining strategy evolved by plants. There are thus several root or rhizosphere-related traits (morphological, physiological, or biochemical) that determine the acquisition of K by crop species and genotypes.
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Tepfer, David, Jean-Pierre Damon, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Alessandro Pellegrineschi, Daniel Burtin, and Josette Martin-Tanguy. "Control of Root System Architecture through Chemical and Genetic Alterations of Polyamine Metabolism." In Biology of Adventitious Root Formation, 181–89. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9492-2_14.
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Moreira, Giovane, Anderson Leite, José Díaz-Amado, Cleia Libarino, and Joao Marques. "Human-Robot Autonomous System: An Interactive Architecture." In Synergetic Cooperation between Robots and Humans, 263–74. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47272-5_22.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Root sytem architecture"
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Nowacki, Wiktor, Dominik Gołemberski, Piotr Góral, and Adam Dóbrowski. "Prototype of mobile agrotechnical sorting robot with a vision system." In 2024 Signal Processing: Algorithms, Architectures, Arrangements, and Applications (SPA), 97–101. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/spa61993.2024.10715625.
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Shen, Yifan, Dingdong Liu, Yejin Bang, Ho Shu Chan, Rita Frieske, Hoo Choun Chung, Jay Nieles, et al. "A Humanoid Robot Dialogue System Architecture Targeting Patient Interview Tasks." In 2024 33rd IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (ROMAN), 1394–401. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ro-man60168.2024.10731285.
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Kun, Chen, Zheng Jianning, Li Shicong, Yu Xingjiang, and Wu Gaojie. "Design of Digital Technology Product Management System Based on Distributed Architecture." In 2024 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Robot Systems (AIARS), 73–80. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aiars63200.2024.00019.
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Patterson, Byron, Christina Ivler, and Pamela Hayes. "External Load Stabilization Control Laws for an H-6 Helicopter Testbed." In Vertical Flight Society 70th Annual Forum & Technology Display, 1–25. The Vertical Flight Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0070-2014-9508.
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A helicopter with an externally slung load represents a dynamic two-body problem where the pilot is required to manage the load motion in addition to normal flight operating tasks. One method of reducing the pilot workload for external load tasks is to control the load motion by providing feedback of the motion to the helicopter control laws. Under the Adaptive Vehicle Management System (AVMS) Phase II program, external load stabilization using feedback to the flight control system, termed the Flight Control Load Stabilization (FCLS), has been developed. The FCLS design includes two architectures: one improves load damping, and the other improves handling qualities. Development of the FCLS architectures consists of model correlation, design using the classic root locus technique, control law tuning by CONDUIT® optimization and a parametric study, and piloted simulation evaluation. The design technique proved effective in identifying two architectures and the associated settings for load damping and handling qualities improvements. Piloted simulation results attributable to the FCLS system indicate improved Cooper-Harper Pilot Ratings and time to completion for three ADS-33E-PRF Mission Task Elements.
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Crispino, Domenico. "The Hameau de la Reine at Versailles and the reproduction of vernacular architecture." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.15154.
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The proposed paper analyses the system of small buildings that compose the Hameau de la Reine in the Petit Trianon gardens in the park of the royal palace of Versailles. The complex of architectural artefacts, built at the end of the 18th century, emulates the features of vernacular architecture typical of the villages of Normandy. The main interest lies in the analysis of the masonry which reproduces the signs of wear caused by the salty coastal climate of northern France using the trompe-l'oeil technique. The study of the architectural elements found in this part of the park of Versailles, using the tools of the restoration discipline, makes possible the highlighting of the specific qualities that confer recognizability on both the vernacular architecture and its reproductions. The design of this section of Queen Marie-Antoinette's Domaine identifies an ideological root in eighteenth-century Enlightenment thinking from which came the physiocratic theories expressed by Quesnay and the Marquis de Mirabeau. The contribution intends to underline, through the analysis of the method of imitation of vernacular architecture, the importance that this architectural typology assumes in the process of rediscovery and fruition of the territory. The analysis of the Hameau complex testifies how vernacular architecture, not yet codified according to this terminology, was already identified at the end of the 18th century as an example of high quality value that found its effective collocation within the boundaries of the royal park of Versailles. The characteristics of this architecture allow it to find an effective place even inside the perimeter of the royal park of Versailles. It is possible to identify the prodromes of the modern architectural sensibility that recognizes and codifies the values of vernacular architecture within the site studied by this paper proposal.
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Fultz, Derek W., and Po-Ya Abel Chuang. "The Effect of Catalyst Coated Diffusion Media on PEM Fuel Cell Performance." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11597.
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Two fuel cell architectures, differing only by the surfaces onto which the electrodes were applied, have been analyzed to determine the root causes of dissimilarities in performance. The basic proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is comprised of the proton transporting membrane, platinum-containing anode and cathode electrodes, porous carbon fiber gas diffusion media (GDM), and flow fields which deliver the reactant hydrogen and air flows. As no optimal cell design currently exists, there is a degree of latitude regarding component assembly and structure. Catalyst coated diffusion media (CCDM) refers to a cell architecture option where the electrode layers are coated on the GDM layers and then hot-pressed to the membrane. Catalyst coated membrane (CCM) refers to an architecture where the electrodes are transferred directly onto the membrane. A cell with CCDM architecture has tightly bonded interfaces throughout the assembly which can result in lower thermal and electrical contact resistances. Considering the fuel cell as a 1-D thermal system, the through-plane thermal resistance was observed to decrease by 5–10% when comparing CCDM to CCM architectures. This suggests the thermal contact resistance at the electrode interfaces was significantly reduced in the hot-press process. In addition, the electrical contact resistances between the electrode and GDM were observed to be significantly reduced with a CCDM architecture. This study shows that these effects, which have a potential to increase performance, can be attributed to the hot-press lamination process and use of CCDM architecture.
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Albers, Albert, Korkiat Sedchaicharn, Christian Sauter, and Wolfgang Burger. "An Approach for the Modularization of a Product Architecture of Redesign Processes of Complex Systems." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49023.
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Design Structure Matrix (DSM) is known as an efficient tool to modularize product architectures. It is only effective when all the matrix elements are described with a similar level of abstraction. This lies generally in the level of the real existing components. In order to implement a DSM, all assemblies, components and their relations have to be defined beforehand. In this step, the product architecture is often developed intuitively without any analysis. After the analysis using DSM, the developed product architecture normally requires rectification. Some components have to be designed and modified repeatedly. In this paper, the model for describing the relationship between function and embodiment, the Contact and Channel Model (C&CM) as well as an approach and its implementation will be presented to avoid this repetition. After a principle solution has been selected, the system is modeled with C&CM elements in a new intermediate level of abstraction. An integration analysis by DSM can be performed in parallel with the use of a search algorithm to find the modular product architecture. The analysis result is a guideline for a modular architecture which helps designers to reduce the number of required iterations. This approach is implemented in the development of a robot forearm for the humanoid robot ARMAR III.
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Sheng, Shuangwen, and Robert X. Gao. "Architectural Effect on ANFIS for Machine Condition Assessment." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60071.
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This paper investigates the architectural effect on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for machine condition assessment. The study was motivated by ANFIS’s limitation in adapting its architecture to map the modeled input output relationship. Based on the grid input space partition method, two elements in defining an ANFIS architecture were studied: the type of the membership function (MF) and the MF number assigned to ANFIS inputs. A new modeling accuracy index was introduced to address the limitation of the traditional root mean square error (RMSE) in describing the effect of the MF type. The analysis showed that wide core membership functions enabled a smaller RMSE than narrow core membership functions for machine defect severity classification. It is further shown that selecting appropriate MF number is critical to ensuring accuracy of ANFIS, considering the overfitting problem. These results were experimentally investigated on a bearing test bed, where defect severity classification and dynamic load estimation were evaluated. The experiments agreed well with the theoretical analysis.
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Shu, Beibei, and Bjorn Solvang. "Architecture for task-dependent human-robot collaboration." In 2021 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf49454.2021.9382703.
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Maaß, Jochen, Jens Steiner, Ana Amado, Michaela Huhn, Annika Raatz, and Ju¨rgen Hesselbach. "Self Management in a Control Architecture for Parallel Kinematic Robots." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49881.
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Maintainability, extendibility and reusability of components in the design of robot control architectures is a major challenge. Parallel kinematic robots feature a wide variety of structures and applications. They are subject to easy reconfiguration because of the passive structure limbs. This class of robots requires more extensive calculations in their control laws than serial manipulators. During complex motion tasks, such as the ones required in assembly sequences, the algorithmic load may also vary over time. However, no generic control approach exists in order to reduce the complexity of control design for these kind of robots. In this paper the authors introduce an architecture for handling and assembly applications featuring self-management techniques as an approach to tackle these problems. The existing architecture features a modular and layered design. Concepts of self-management and self-optimization applied to this architecture are outlined. These properties are realized by the integration of self-managers within crucial system components. The mechanisms are extended for a future distributed version of the architecture. Real-time properties are guaranteed by an online formal analysis that verifies planned adaptations before realizing them.
Reports on the topic "Root sytem architecture"
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Eshel, Amram, Jonathan P. Lynch, and Kathleen M. Brown. Physiological Regulation of Root System Architecture: The Role of Ethylene and Phosphorus. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585195.bard.
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Specific Objectives and Related Results: 1) Determine the effect of phosphorus availability on ethylene production by roots. Test the hypothesis that phosphorus availability regulates ethylene production Clear differences were found between the two plants that were studied. In beans ethylene production is affected by P nutrition, tissue type, and stage of development. There are genotypic differences in the rate of ethylene production by various root types and in the differential in ethylene production when P treatments are compared. The acceleration in ethylene production with P deficiency increases with time. These findings support the hypothesis that ethylene production may be enhanced by phosphorus deficiency, and that the degree of enhancement varies with genotype. In tomatoes the low-P level did not enhance significantly ethylene production by the roots. Wildtype cultivars and ethylene insensitive mutants behaved similarly in that respect. 2) Characterize the effects of phosphorus availability and ethylene on the architecture of whole root systems. Test the hypothesis that both ethylene and low phosphorus availability modify root architecture. In common bean, the basal roots give rise to a major fraction of the whole root system. Unlike other laterals these roots respond to gravitropic stimulation. Their growth angle determines the proportion of the root length in the shallow layers of the soil. A correlation between ethylene production and basal root angle was found in shallow rooted but not deep-rooted genotypes, indicating that acceleration of ethylene synthesis may account for the change in basal root angle in genotypes demonstrating a plastic response to P availability. Short-time gravitropic response of the tap roots of young bean seedlings was not affected by P level in the nutrient solution. Low phosphorus specifically increases root hair length and root hair density in Arabidopsis. We tested 7 different mutants in ethylene perception and response and in each case, the response to low P was lower than that of the wild-type. The extent of reduction in P response varied among the mutants, but every mutant retained some responsiveness to changes in P concentration. The increase in root hair density was due to the increase in the number of trichoblast cell files under low P and was not mediated by ethylene. Low P did not increase the number of root hairs forming from atrichoblasts. This is in contrast to ethylene treatment, which increased the number of root hairs partly by causing root hairs to form on atrichoblasts. 3) Assess the adaptive value of root architectural plasticity in response to phosphorus availability. A simulation study indicated that genetic variation for root architecture in common bean may be related to adaptation to diverse competitive environments. The fractal dimension of tomato root system was directly correlated with P level.
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Waisel, Yoav, Bobbie McMichael, and Amram Eshel. Decision Making within Plant Root Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613030.bard.
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Architecture of a root system is the expression of the potential of various root types to branch, to grow and to coordinate with other plant organs, under the specific limitations of the environmental conditions. The present investigation has proven the following points. 1) Genotypes with different types of root systems were identified. The growth patterns of their roots and the distribution of laterals along their main axes were recorded. 2) The patterns of development of the root systems of four cotton genotypes, throughout the entire life cycle of the plants, were described, even at such a late stage of development when the total length of the roots exceeded two kilometers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that an analysis of this type is accomplished. 3) The development of root systems under restrictive soil conditions were compared with those that have developed under the non-restrictive conditions of aeroponics. Results indicate that in the absence of the mechanical impedance of the soil, cotton plants develop single roots that reach the length of 6 m, and have a total root length of 2000 m. Thus, root growth is strongly inhibited by the soil, with some root types being inhibited more than others. 4) One of the important decisions, in constructing an operational root system architecture of mature plants, is the shift of the balance between various root fractions in favor of the very fine roots. 5) Root system architecture is determined, in part, by the sites of initiation of the lateral roots. This is determined genetically by the number of xylem archs and by the totuosity of the stele. Selection for such traits should be sought.
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Falk, Kevin, and Asheesh Singh. Studies of Soybean Root System Architecture. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1950.
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LaBonte, Don, Etan Pressman, Nurit Firon, and Arthur Villordon. Molecular and Anatomical Characterization of Sweetpotato Storage Root Formation. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592648.bard.
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Original objectives: Anatomical study of storage root initiation and formation. Induction of storage root formation. Isolation and characterization of genes involved in storage root formation. During the normal course of storage root development. Following stress-induced storage root formation. Background:Sweetpotato is a high value vegetable crop in Israel and the U.S. and acreage is expanding in both countries and the research herein represents an important backstop to improving quality, consistency, and yield. This research has two broad objectives, both relating to sweetpotato storage root formation. The first objective is to understand storage root inductive conditions and describe the anatomical and physiological stages of storage root development. Sweetpotato is propagated through vine cuttings. These vine cuttings form adventitious roots, from pre-formed primordiae, at each node underground and it is these small adventitious roots which serve as initials for storage and fibrous (non-storage) “feeder” roots. What perplexes producers is the tremendous variability in storage roots produced from plant to plant. The marketable root number may vary from none to five per plant. What has intrigued us is the dearth of research on sweetpotato during the early growth period which we hypothesize has a tremendous impact on ultimate consistency and yield. The second objective is to identify genes that change the root physiology towards either a fleshy storage root or a fibrous “feeder” root. Understanding which genes affect the ultimate outcome is central to our research. Major conclusions: For objective one, we have determined that the majority of adventitious roots that are initiated within 5-7 days after transplanting possess the anatomical features associated with storage root initiation and account for 86 % of storage root count at 65 days after transplanting. These data underscore the importance of optimizing the growing environment during the critical storage root initiation period. Water deprivation during this phenological stage led to substantial reduction in storage root number and yield as determined through growth chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments. Morphological characterization of adventitious roots showed adjustments in root system architecture, expressed as lateral root count and density, in response to water deprivation. For objective two, we generated a transcriptome of storage and lignified (non-storage) adventitious roots. This transcriptome database consists of 55,296 contigs and contains data as regards to differential expression between initiating and lignified adventitious roots. The molecular data provide evidence that a key regulatory mechanism in storage root initiation involves the switch between lignin biosynthesis and cell division and starch accumulation. We extended this research to identify genes upregulated in adventitious roots under drought stress. A subset of these genes was expressed in salt stressed plants.
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Savaldi-Goldstein, Sigal, and Siobhan M. Brady. Mechanisms underlying root system architecture adaptation to low phosphate environment. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600024.bard.
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In order to advance our understanding towards potential biotechnology improvement of plant performance, we studied root responses to limited P in two different plants, Arabidopsis and tomato. Arabidopsis is among the most studied model plants that allows rapid application of molecular and developmental experiments while tomato is an important crop, with application in agriculture. Using Arabidopsis we found that steroid hormones modulate the extent of root elongation in response to limited P, by controlling the accumulation of iron in the root. We also found that the availability of P and iron control the activity of the steroid hormone in the root. Finally, we revealed the genes involved in this nutrient-hormone interaction. Hence, the ferroxidase LPR1 that promotes iron accumulation in response to low P is repressed by the transcription factor BES1/BZR1. Low P inhibits the steroid hormone pathway by enhancing the accumulation of BKI1. High levels of BKI1 inhibit the activity of the steroid hormone receptor at the cell surface and iron accumulation increases inside the root, resulting in a slow growth. Together, the extent of root elongation depends on interactions between an internal cue (steroid hormone) and cues derived from the availability of P and iron in the environment. Using tomato, we found that the response of two cultivated tomato varieties (M82 and New Yorker) to limited P is distinct from that of the wild species, Solanumpennellii. This is implicated at both the levels of root development and whole plant physiology. Specifically, while the root system architecture of cultivated tomato is modulated by limited P availability, that of the wild type species remained unaffected. The wild species appears to be always behaving as if it is always in phosphate deprived conditions, despite sufficient levels of phosphate. Hyper-accumulation of metals appears to mediate this response. Together, this knowledge will be used to isolate new genes controlling plant adaptation to limited P environment.
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Kapulnik, Yoram, Maria J. Harrison, Hinanit Koltai, and Joseph Hershenhorn. Targeting of Strigolacatones Associated Pathways for Conferring Orobanche Resistant Traits in Tomato and Medicago. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7593399.bard.
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This proposal is focused on examination of two plant interactions: parasitic with Orobanche, and symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF), and the involvement of a newly define plant hormones, strigolactones (SLs), in these plant interactions. In addition to strigolactones role in regulation of above-ground plant architecture, they are also known to be secreted from roots, and to be a signal for seed germination of the parasitic plants Orobanche. Moreover, secreted strigolactones were recognized as inducers of AMFhyphae branching. The present work was aimed at Generation of RNAi mutants of both tomato and Medicago, targeting multiple genes that may be involved in strigolactone production, carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, Pi signaling or other metabolic pathways, and hence affect AMF colonization and/or Orobanche resistance. Following the newly formed and existing RNAi mutants were examined for AMF colonization and Orobanche resistance. At the first phase of this project Orobanche seed germination assays and AMF colonization were examined in intact plants. These assays were shown to be effective and resulted with enhancement of Orobanche seed germination and AMF colonization in WT tomato plants, whereas roots of strigolactones impaired lines did not result with Orobanche seed germination and mycorrhiza colonization. Unexpectedly, root organ cultures (ROC) that were produced from the same wild type (WT) and mutant lines did not induce the Orobanche seed germination and AMFhyphal branching. This implies that under in vitro conditions ROC cultures are missing an important component for induction of Orobanche seed germination and AMFhyphal branching. In another line of experiments we have tested transgenic lines of Medicagotruncatula for AMFhuyphal branching and Orobanche seed germination assays. These lines included lines silenced for a GRAS transcription factor (RNAi 1845), an NBS-LRR type resistance gene (RNAi 1847), a kinase (RNAi 2403) and a protein of unknown function (RNAi 2417). In all cases, five independent transgenic root lines showed altered AMFphenotypes with reduced or aberrant colonization patterns. Following, we transformed tomato plants with the M. truncatulaTC 127050 PhosphoinositidekinaseRNAi construct. Transgenic lines that contained GUS constructs were used as control. All transgenic lines showed reduced level of Orobanche seed germination, masking any strigoalctones-specific effect. The research demonstrated that SLs production may not be examined in ROC –based bioassays. It was shown by the 3 independent assays employed in this project that none of the recognized characters of SLs may be reflected in these bioassays. However, when the whole plant root exudates were examined, SLs activity in root exudates was demonstrated. Hence, it can be concluded that the presence of an intact shoot, and possibly, shoot factors, may be necessary for production of SLs in roots. Another point of interest that rises from these results is that the presence of SLs is not necessary for AMF completion of life cycle. Hence, it may be concluded that SLs are important for AMFhyphal branching, before symbiosis, but not essential for AMF colonization and life cycle completion under ROC system conditions.
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Yoozbashizadeh, Mahdi, and Forouzan Golshani. Robotic Parking Technology for Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Control Around Park & Rides. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1936.
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A lack or limited availability for parking may have multiple consequences, not the least of which is driver frustration, congestion, and air pollution. However, there is a greater problem that is not widely recognized by the public, namely the negative effect on the use of transit systems due to insufficient parking spaces close to key transit stations. Automated parking management systems, which have been successfully deployed in several European and Japanese cities, can manage parking needs at transit stations more effectively than other alternatives. Numerous studies have confirmed that quick and convenient automobile access to park-and-ride lots can be essential to making public transit competitive with the automobile in suburban areas. Automated parking systems use a robotic platform that carries each vehicle to one of the locations in a custom designed structure. Each location is designed compactly so that considerably more vehicles can be parked in the automated garages than the traditional parking lots. Central to the design of these systems are three key technologies, namely: 1. Mechanical design and the operation of vehicle transfer, i.e., the robotic platform 2. Structural and architectural requirements to meet safety and earthquake standards, among other design imperatives, 3. Automation and intelligent control issues as related to the overall operation and system engineering. This article concerns the first technology, and more specifically the design of the robotic platform for vehicle transfers. We will outline the overall design of the robot and the shuttle, followed by a description of the prototype that was developed in our laboratories. Subsequently, performance related issues and scalability of the current design will be analyzed.
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Eshed-Williams, Leor, and Daniel Zilberman. Genetic and cellular networks regulating cell fate at the shoot apical meristem. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699862.bard.
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The shoot apical meristem establishes plant architecture by continuously producing new lateral organs such as leaves, axillary meristems and flowers throughout the plant life cycle. This unique capacity is achieved by a group of self-renewing pluripotent stem cells that give rise to founder cells, which can differentiate into multiple cell and tissue types in response to environmental and developmental cues. Cell fate specification at the shoot apical meristem is programmed primarily by transcription factors acting in a complex gene regulatory network. In this project we proposed to provide significant understanding of meristem maintenance and cell fate specification by studying four transcription factors acting at the meristem. Our original aim was to identify the direct target genes of WUS, STM, KNAT6 and CNA transcription factor in a genome wide scale and the manner by which they regulate their targets. Our goal was to integrate this data into a regulatory model of cell fate specification in the SAM and to identify key genes within the model for further study. We have generated transgenic plants carrying the four TF with two different tags and preformed chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay to identify the TF direct target genes. Due to unforeseen obstacles we have been delayed in achieving this aim but hope to accomplish it soon. Using the GR inducible system, genetic approach and transcriptome analysis [mRNA-seq] we provided a new look at meristem activity and its regulation of morphogenesis and phyllotaxy and propose a coherent framework for the role of many factors acting in meristem development and maintenance. We provided evidence for 3 different mechanisms for the regulation of WUS expression, DNA methylation, a second receptor pathway - the ERECTA receptor and the CNA TF that negatively regulates WUS expression in its own domain, the Organizing Center. We found that once the WUS expression level surpasses a certain threshold it alters cell identity at the periphery of the inflorescence meristem from floral meristem to carpel fate [FM]. When WUS expression highly elevated in the FM, the meristem turn into indeterminate. We showed that WUS activate cytokinine, inhibit auxin response and represses the genes required for root identity fate and that gradual increase in WUCHEL activity leads to gradual meristem enlargement that affect phyllotaxis. We also propose a model in which the direction of WUS domain expansion laterally or upward affects meristem structure differently. We preformed mRNA-seq on meristems with different size and structure followed by k-means clustering and identified groups of genes that are expressed in specific domains at the meristem. We will integrate this data with the ChIP-seq of the 4 TF to add another layer to the genetic network regulating meristem activity.
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Tabakovic, Momir, Stefan Savic, Andreas Türk, Thomas Schostal, Gabriele Eder, Karl Berger, Dieter Moor, Lukas Gaisberger, Michael Grobbauer, and Hubert Fechner. Analysis of the Technological Innovation System for BIPV in Austria. Edited by Michiel Van Noord. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69766/aocp4683.
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This report analyses the Technological Innovation System (TIS) of Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) in Austria. The study’s scope is consistent with the IEA PVPS Task 15 report [1].The analysis aims to facilitate and support the innovation, development, and implementation of industrial solutions of BIPV technologies. In Austria, the use of BIPV is still a niche application and covers under 2% of all implemented PV systems [1]. BIPV technology in Austria has historically developed with the support of different public financial incentives, national and European. The history of BIPV is somehow tightened to the history of PV. The first BIPV prototypes were developed by PV companies in the framework of national or European research activities, with the first development and innovation projects starting around 2003. In general, it should be mentioned that in the last years, PV and BIPV companies have increased specialization in the production of BIPV, especially colored and semitransparent PV modules. In this regard, a wide range of variants are offered (printing, coating, films). The colored components are mainly purchased from glass companies or polymer film producers. Another trend in Austria is the production of transparent glass/glass modules for integration in facades, skylights, winter gardens, or courtyard roofing. In 2020, the government of Austria presented a program called EAG (Erneuerabre Ausbau Gesetz) or Renewable Expansion Act [3.3.1 Hard institutions]containing certain working points to be implemented by 2024. Some of the measures are directly or indirectly relevant to the BIPV development and installation. Such as the PV encapsulation films using interference pigment technology from Lenzing Plastics. This TIS assessed the BIPV market through eight functional areas and provided the following results: ⁃ The analysis of knowledge development showed that it can be classified as moderate. On the one hand, there are not enough training and further education opportunities in the field of BIPV available, but on the other hand, the PV manufacturers and research institutions are driving forward the development of knowledge in the field of BIPV. ⁃ Knowledge dissemination is well advanced internationally within the research community but insufficient at the practical, national level, particularly between the PV industry and the construction sector. Architects are demanding more information from PV manufacturers and suppliers, who share their information only irregularly with the architectural community. Usually, architects obtain this information from PV technology platforms through workshops, brochures, and projects. However, architects have to engage with it more extensively. The goal is to make BIPV more appealing to architects. Thus, we have to summarize that knowledge dissemination is inadequate/weak. ⁃ Entrepreneurial willingness to experiment can be classified as moderate. Overall, it can be said that there are four players in the Austrian BIPV market and a substantial number of newcomers and small innovative players who could take the role of innovation drivers. However, there are too few opportunities for highly specialized small companies. ⁃ Resource mobilization is well positioned financially and in terms of network services. However, and this is essential if we want to expand the BIPV market strongly, there is a lack of skilled personnel (human resources) to carry out the expansion, which is why this function is rated to only be moderate. ⁃ The scoring of social capital is weak. The connection where there is a lack of communication is between the (BI)PV planner and the architects. In most projects, the (BI)PV planner is not involved in the early stages of the building design process. In addition, conventional PV planners have no experience or are hesitant of planning BIPV systems. ⁃ The legitimacy is moderate, but as the acceptance of PV improves from year to year, the chance of better acceptance of PV integrated into the building, i.e., BIPV, also increases. However, there are still reservations and resistance towards individual, specific BIPV projects. This resistance could be reduced by increasing knowledge about the multifunctional possibilities of BIPV at the decision-maker and customer stage as well as by showing best practice examples - Guidance of the search is moderate, as there are no specific political targets for BIPV, but there are for PV. However, the government and relevant authorities aim to implement clean energy development positively and apply applicable policies and regulations. There is an increased subsidy for innovative PV solutions [2] which also includes BIPV. ⁃ It can be stated that the market formation of BIPV in Austria still offers room for improvement. When it comes to governmental-driven incentives and support for the BIPVmarket development, the missing technical standards (e.g., fire safety regulations) and the absence of regulatory obligations on renewable energies in the local building codes are the biggest weaknesses. The structural and functional analysis is followed by a coupled structural-functional analysis. This assessment will help identify weaknesses and strengths and recommend strategies that will enable the growth of BIPV from a niche market to a major market segment. The aim is for photovoltaics (PV) on buildings to be primarily designed as Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) to reduce additional costs. This, combined with the avoided costs for other components of the building, should result in cost parity with Building-Applied Photovoltaics (BAPV). It is also crucial to encourage all manufacturers of building envelope components to ensure that their products offer the dual benefit of serving as building components while also generating electricity. By doing so, such products can become standard in the industry. The transition from BAPV to BIPV was already analyzed in a 2015 BIPV brochure [2] from the Austrian Photovoltaics Technology Platform (TPPV), which discussed the advantages of an integrated solution versus an attached solution and outlined the necessary steps to make BIPV the standard for building PV. The recommendations are summarized as follows: i) It is important to involve (BI)PV in the early stages of the building planning process. ii) successful implementation projects must be made public through various channels to increase knowledge about BIPV technology and its possibilities (e.g., lighthouse projects in public buildings). iii) PV standards and construction codes have to be harmonized. iv) The Austrian government should stipulate the use of PV in the obligatory building specifications. v) Another recommendation would be to enact a law requiring every sealed area to be checked for dual use with (BI)PV. One positive development worth mentioning is the Climate Fund's Lighthouse call, which focuses specifically on integrated PV and offers higher grants for BIPV than the Renewable Expansion Act] , demonstrating increased interest and commitment to this technology. In addition, the TPPV Innovation Awards, which were awarded for the first time specifically for building-integrated PV and now include other topics of PV integration outside of buildings, are a sign that the industry is broadening its perspective and recognizing the importance of BIPV beyond traditional applications. These developments could help to further promote the acceptance and deployment of BIPV and drive innovation in this area. Nevertheless, it is important to consider the significantly higher costs of BIPV products, as well as the greatly increased planning effort that arises when PV becomes an integral building product.