Relevant bibliographies by topics / Root rot pathogens

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Academic literature on the topic 'Root rot pathogens'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Root rot pathogens"

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El-Kazzaz, M. K., M. M. Badr, H. M. El-Zahaby, and M. I. Gouda. "Biological control of seedling damping-off and root rot of sugar beet plants." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (December 31, 2017): 645–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10580-pps.

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Some fungal and bacterial bioagents as well as an Actinomycete isolate were screened for their antagonistic effects against S. rolfsii, R. solani, M. phaseolina, F. oxysporum and F. solani in vitro. Trichoderma hamatum, T. harzianum, T. pseudokningii, certain isolates of Bacillus subtilis and one isolate of Pseudomonas fluorescens were the most effective bioagents in suppressing the radial growth of the four pathogens, in general. Yet, they were less effective in retarding growth of Fusarium spp. as compared with the other pathogens under study. Studying biological control showed the possibility of controlling sugar beet damping-off and root rot by certain bioagents as T. hamatum, T. hazianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens and B. subtilis under greenhouse (S. rolfsii-infested soil) and field (natural infection) conditions. These treatments also caused and increase root yield per plot.
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Hanson, L. E. "Interaction of Rhizoctonia solani and Rhizopus stolonifer Causing Root Rot of Sugar Beet." Plant Disease 94, no. 5 (May 2010): 504–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-5-0504.

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In recent years, growers in Michigan and other sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) production areas of the United States have reported increasing incidence of root rot with little or no crown or foliar symptoms in sugar beet with Rhizoctonia crown and root rot. In addition, Rhizoctonia-resistant beets have been reported with higher levels of disease than expected. In examining beets with Rhizoctonia root rot in Michigan, over 50% of sampled roots had a second potential root rot pathogen, Rhizopus stolonifer. Growing conditions generally were not conducive to disease production by this pathogen alone, so we investigated the potential for interaction between these two pathogens. In greenhouse tests, four of five sugar beet varieties had more severe root rot symptoms when inoculated with both pathogens than when inoculated with either pathogen alone. This synergism occurred under conditions that were not conducive to disease production by R. stolonifer. Host resistance to Rhizoctonia crown and root rot reduced diseases severity, but was insufficient to control the disease when both pathogens were present. This raises concerns about correct disease diagnosis and management practices and indicates that a root rot complex may be important on sugar beet in Michigan.
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Al-Ani, R. A., M. A. Adhab, M. H. Mahdi, and H. M. Abood. "Rhizobium japonicum as a biocontrol agent of soybean root rot disease caused by Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina." Plant Protection Science 48, No. 4 (November 6, 2012): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/16/2012-pps.

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The activity of Rhizobium japonicum against the soil-borne pathogens Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina as causative agents of soybean root rot disease in both culture medium and soil was evaluated. Rhizobial culture filtrate caused an inhibition of the fungal radial growth of Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina on potato dextrose agar medium amended with the filtrate compared with control. The addition of rhizobial culture suspension to the soil contaminated by the two pathogens, Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina and their interaction, in pots, improved seed germination percentages and reduced the root rot disease index significantly. The sowing of rhizobial coated seeds in soil contaminated by Fusarium solani and Macrophomina phaseolina separately and in combination, in the field, increased seed germination significantly and induced a high reduction in disease severity for the same previous combination under field conditions. These results indicate that rhizobia could be an important element in root rot disease management.
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Kim, Dohyun, Taiying Li, Jungkwan Lee, and Seung-Ho Lee. "Biological Efficacy of Endophytic Bacillus velezensis CH-15 from Ginseng against Ginseng Root Rot Pathogens." Research in Plant Disease 28, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2022.28.1.19.

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Ginseng is an important medicinal plant cultivated in East Asia for thousands of years. It is typically cultivated in the same field for 4 to 6 years and is exposed to a variety of pathogens. Among them, ginseng root rot is the main reason that leads to the most severe losses. In this study, endophytic bacteria were isolated from healthy ginseng, and endophytes with antagonistic effect against ginseng root rot pathogens were screened out. Among the 17 strains, three carried antagonistic effect, and were resistant to radicicol that is a mycotoxin produced by ginseng root rot pathogens. Finally, Bacillus velezensis CH-15 was selected due to excellent antagonistic effect and radicicol resistance. When CH-15 was inoculated on ginseng root, it not only inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen, but also inhibited the progression of disease. CH-15 also carried biosynthetic genes for bacillomycin D, iturin A, bacilysin, and surfactin. In addition, CH-15 culture filtrate significantly inhibited the growth and conidial germination of pathogens. This study shows that endophytic bacterium CH-15 had antagonistic effect on ginseng root rot pathogens and inhibited the progression of ginseng root rot. We expected that this strain can be a microbial agent to suppress ginseng root rot.
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Golosna, L., O. Afanasieva, G. Lisova, and L. Kucherova. "Isolation of sources of resistance of winter wheat samples to the group of pathogens as a component of immunological protection of plants." Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, no. 63 (November 20, 2017): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2017.63.42-50.

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In 2014—2016 on the artificial infectious background of the pathogens of Septoria leaf blotch, leaf rust and bunt, and on the natural background of powdery mildew and root rot, the stability of the collection of cultivars of winter wheat of different ecological and geographical origin was assessed. Perspective sources of group resistance to pathogens are identified to powdery mildew and root rot — Midas (Austria); to pathogens of powdery mildew and bunt — Radiance (Ukraine), Miranda (Romania), F94578G3-1/Bucur // Delabrad (Romania); to leaf rust and root rot — Mukhran (Germany) and Mv17/Zrn (Iran). To the pathogen Septoria leaf bloth of winter wheat resistant varieties is not detected.
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Šišić, Adnan, Jelena Baćanović-Šišić, Fernanda M. Gamba, and Maria R. Finckh. "Didymella pinodella: An Important Pea Root Rot Pathogen in France to Watch Out For?" Journal of Fungi 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2024): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof10010044.

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Root rot pathogens restrict pea and wheat production globally. In the EU, pea and pea-based cereal mixtures are being promoted; however, root rot pathogen dynamics in such mixtures are poorly understood. Winter pea and wheat were grown either in pure stands or in mixtures in the field in western France, and the severity of root rot in pea, wheat, and their mixtures, as well as the key pathogens associated with these crops, were assessed. Disease severity was moderate in pea and low in wheat, with no effect of sowing pattern. Didymella pinodella, a previously unreported pathogen in the pea–root rot complex in France, emerged as the most dominant pathogen in pea. It also occurred in low frequencies in wheat. Subsequent greenhouse aggressiveness tests showed that ten of the commonly grown pea cultivars in France lack resistance to D. pinodella. Among the Fusarium spp. isolated, F. avenaceum was the most frequent, occurring at similar frequencies in pea and wheat. In conclusion, D. pinodella may be an important pea root rot pathogen in France and there is a lack of resistance in the tested pea cultivars. In addition, F. avenaceum is a shared pathogen of wheat and pea.
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Weiland, Jerry E., Carolyn F. Scagel, Niklaus J. Grünwald, E. Anne Davis, Bryan R. Beck, and Val J. Fieland. "Variation in Disease Severity Caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, P. plurivora, and Pythium cryptoirregulare on Two Rhododendron Cultivars." Plant Disease 102, no. 12 (December 2018): 2560–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-18-0666-re.

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Rhododendrons are an important crop in the ornamental nursery industry, but are prone to Phytophthora root rot. Phytophthora root rot is a continuing issue on rhododendrons despite decades of research. Several Phytophthora species are known to cause root rot, but most research has focused on P. cinnamomi, and comparative information on pathogenicity is limited for other commonly encountered oomycetes, including Phytophthora plurivora and Pythium cryptoirregulare. In this study, three isolates each of P. cinnamomi, P. plurivora, and Py. cryptoirregulare were used to inoculate rhododendron cultivars Cunningham’s White and Yaku Princess at two different inoculum levels. All three species caused disease, especially at the higher inoculum level. P. cinnamomi and P. plurivora were the most aggressive pathogens, causing severe root rot, whereas Py. cryptoirregulare was a weak pathogen that only caused mild disease. Within each pathogen species, isolate had no influence on disease. Both P. cinnamomi and P. plurivora caused more severe disease on Cunningham’s White than on Yaku Princess, suggesting that the relative resistance and susceptibility among rhododendron cultivars might be similar for both pathogens. Reisolation of P. cinnamomi and P. plurivora was also greater from plants exhibiting aboveground symptoms of wilting and plant death and belowground symptoms of root rot than from those without symptoms. Results show that both P. cinnamomi and P. plurivora, but not Py. cryptoirregulare, are important pathogens causing severe root rot in rhododendron. This study establishes the risks for disease resulting from low and high levels of inoculum for each pathogen. Further research is needed to evaluate longer term risks associated with low inoculum levels on rhododendron health and to explore whether differences among pathogen species affect disease control.
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Msikita, W., B. Bissang, B. D. James, H. Baimey, H. T. Wilkinson, M. Ahounou, and R. Fagbemissi. "Prevalence and Severity of Nattrassia mangiferae Root and Stem Rot Pathogen of Cassava in Bénin." Plant Disease 89, no. 1 (January 2005): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0012.

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Root rot pathogens were found through diagnostic surveys in all departments (regions) of Bénin, West Africa, to affect 86 to 100% and 96 to 100% of cassava fields during the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Disease incidence in individual fields ranged between 0 and 53%, and averaged 16 to 27% per department. Nattrassia mangiferae was consistently the most frequently isolated root rot pathogen (56% in the dry season and 22 to 52% in the rainy season). Pathogenicity of N. mangiferae was confirmed on four cultivars of cassava using stem cuttings and storage roots. For all four cultivars, N. mangiferae significantly reduced the number of roots. Lesions (3 to 15 cm long) formed on the lower stem portion of all inoculated plants, whereas control plants remained symptom free. On storage roots, the disease profile was similar to that formed on stem cuttings. Other root rot pathogens detected during the dry season were Macrophomina phaseolina (14.2%), Fusarium spp. (11.8%), Botryodiplodia theobromae (7.7%), and Pythium spp. (2.9%). During the rainy season, Fusarium spp. were the second most commonly isolated root rot pathogens in three departments (Atlantique, Borgou, and Mono). In Oueme and Zou, B. theobromae was the second most isolated root rot pathogen (ranging between 24 and 28%) during the rainy season. During the same season, Pythium spp. were pronounced in Borgou (18%), followed by Mono (11%), Atlantique (9%), Atacora (8%), Oueme (5%), and Zou (6%). Results of the study are discussed with a view to creating awareness of the destructive power of N. mangiferae, a hitherto poorly recognized root rot pathogen of cassava in Bénin and West Africa in general.
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Gossen, Bruce D., Robert L. Conner, Kan-Fa Chang, Julie S. Pasche, Debra L. McLaren, Maria A. Henriquez, Syama Chatterton, and Sheau-Fang Hwang. "Identifying and Managing Root Rot of Pulses on the Northern Great Plains." Plant Disease 100, no. 10 (October 2016): 1965–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-16-0184-fe.

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Pulse crops (annual grain legumes such as field pea, lentil, dry bean, and chickpea) have become an important component of the cropping system in the northern Great Plains of North America over the last three decades. In many areas, the intensity of damping-off, seedling blight, root rot, and premature ripening of pulse crops is increasing, resulting in reduction in stand establishment and yield. This review provides a brief description of the important pathogens that make up the root rot complex and summarizes root rot management on pulses in the region. Initially, several specific Fusarium spp., a range of Pythium spp., and Rhizoctonia solani were identified as important components of the root rot disease complex. Molecular approaches have recently been used to identify the importance of Aphanomyces euteiches on pulses, and to demonstrate that year-to-year changes in precipitation and temperature have an important effect on pathogen prevalence. Progress has been made on management of root rot, but more IPM tools are required to provide effective disease management. Seed-treatment fungicides can reduce damping-off and seedling blight for many of the pathogens in this disease complex, but complex cocktails of active ingredients are required to protect seedlings from the pathogen complex present in most commercial fields. Partial resistance against many of the pathogens in the complex has been identified, but is not yet available in commercial cultivars. Cultural practices, especially diversified cropping rotations and early, shallow seeding, have been shown to have an important role in root rot management. Biocontrol agents may also have potential over the long term. Improved methods being developed to identify and quantify the pathogen inoculum in individual fields may help producers avoid high-risk fields and select IPM packages that enhance yield stability.
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Percival, G. C. "Influence of Pure Mulches on Suppressing Phytophthora Root Rot Pathogens." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 31, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898.31.4.221.

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Mulching as a means of controlling Phytophthora root rot pathogens has become recognised as a potential cultural management system within the arboricultural, nursery and landscape industry. The influence of a pure mulch, i.e., mulch derived solely from one tree species, on reducing Phytophthora root rot severity has received little study. The purpose of the conducted research was to determine if a range of pure mulches derived from European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna JACQ), silver birch (Betula pendula ROTH.), common cherry (Prunus avium L.), evergreen oak (Quercus ilex L.) and English oak (Q. robur L.) could reduce the development and impact of pathogen severity caused by Phytophthora cactorum and P. criticola on containerised horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum). Irrespective of Phytophthora pathogen, leaf area, leaf, shoot, root and total plant dry weight following application of a pure mulch was higher than non-mulched controls. Likewise, leaf chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm ratios, photosynthetic rates and root carbohydrate concentration as measures of tree vitality were higher in pure mulched compared to non-mulched control trees. Application of a pure mulch had a significant influence on Phytophthora root rot lesion severity. In the case of P. cactorum root rot lesion severity was reduced by 39–63%. In the case of P. criticola root rot lesion severity was reduced by 33–61%. In conclusion, pure mulches offer positive benefits for those involved in the care and maintenance of urban trees as well as nursery, forestry, orchard and horticultural crop production where Phytophthora pathogens are problematic.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Root rot pathogens"

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Omar, Ibrahim. "Biological control of crown and root rot of tomato." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310952.

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Chowdhury, Prabir Roy. "Exploitation of Rhizosphere microorganisms of tea for protection against root rot pathogens." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1063.

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Odom, Jennifer Lorraine. "Evaluation of Field Pea Varieties for Resistance to Fusarium Root Rot Pathogens." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28500.

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Fusarium root rot is one of the most important diseases of pulse crops, with numerous Fusarium spp. comprising the disease complex. Fusarium solani and F. avenaceum have been reported to be major pathogens in the pea root rot complex, and all commonly grown varieties are susceptible. Greenhouse methods to evaluate peas for resistance to Fusarium root rot resulted in inconsistent disease severity across varieties. In 2015, F. avenaceum infested field plots were more heavily damaged based on emergence and yield than F. solani infested plots, and opposite trends were observed in 2016. Differences in root rot severity between years could be due to F. solani infestation causing more damage under warmer temperatures, while plots infested with F. avenaceum caused more damage under cooler temperatures. These results highlight the difficulties observed when screening for soil-borne pathogens, and the increased difficulties when a pathogen complex and changing environmental conditions are involved.
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Kalonji, Kabengele Muzela J. B. "Evaluation of three fungicides for control of soilborne diseases of lettuce seedlings." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29549.

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Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings diseases caused by soilborne pathogens are characterised by root rot, stem rot and damping-off of the seedlings that can occur at any time during growth. Fusarium solani, Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani are known to be the important destructive pathogens of lettuce, causing severe yield losses in South Africa. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of three selected fungicides to control these pathogens on lettuce seedlings. In this study the fungicides metalaxyl (Apron®), fludioxonil (Celest®) and mefenoxam (Subdue®) were applied at two concentrations as single and double doses on lettuce seedlings to determine their efficacy to control the pathogens Fusarium solani, Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani after significant reduction of mycelia growth was observed in vitro. Cultures of P. ultimum (UPGH024), R. solani (UPGH122) and F. solani (UPGH122) were obtained from the culture collection of the Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria and cultivated on PDA for 2 days at 25ºC. Pasteurised soil was artificially inoculated with these pathogens. For the first experiment lettuce seeds were planted in polystyrene seedling trays at a depth of 1.0 cm. There were four replications of 50 seeds per treatment. In Experiment 2 pots (12 cm x 7 cm) were filled with pasteurised growing medium and 3-week old seedlings were transplanted. There were three replications of six pots containing three plants each. Seedling trays and pots were drenched with fungicides and placed in a randomised block design in a controlled environment room at 20- 26°C with a 12h-light/dark regime. The seedling trays and pots were rotated daily in the room. Seedling trays and pots were watered daily to maintain field capacity. The seedlings were able to grow larger in the pots than in seedling trays. It was confirmed that the treatment with fludioxonil (Celest®) at double and single dose inhibited the growth of the three fungi F. solani, P. ultimum and R. solani on lettuce seedlings without causing phytotoxicity. All three fungicides significantly reduced the diseases caused by the three pathogens. These findings are consistent with previous reports that fludioxonil, metalaxyl and mefenoxam can control oomycete fungi. There are few registered fungicides for the control of Fusarium solani, Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani on lettuce, therefore further work will aim to confirm these results in the field.
Dissertation (MInstAgrar)--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Microbiology and Plant Pathology
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Matheron, Michael E., Kevin M. Crosby, and Martin Porchas. "Interaction of Pepper Experimental Lines with Phytophthora Crown and Root Rot in 2000." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214919.

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This study was conducted in the greenhouse at the Yuma Agricultural Center. Thirty-nine experimental lines of pepper from the Texas A&M pepper breeding collection were seeded and grown in the greenhouse in 8 fl. oz. plastic pots. When plants were 2 months old (Aug 8), the potting mix in each pot was infested with Phytophthora capsici. Plants were placed in 2-in. deep containers filled with water for 48 hr every 2 weeks, which maintained the potting mix in a saturated condition and encouraged disease development. The mean temperature of the potting mix from the time it was infested with Phytophthora capsici to the termination date of the study was 81 °F. Disease progress and the relative susceptibility of each test plant to Phytophthora crown and root rot was assessed by recording the date when each plant displayed necrosis around the lower stem and was permanently wilted. The environmental conditions during this study were very favorable for disease development. The mean duration of plant survival for pepper selections ranged from 9 to 51 days. If no plants had died due to Phytophthora crown and root rot, the duration of plant survival would have been 74 days. Most plant selections were readily attacked and killed by Phytophthora capsici. The experimental lines with the highest survival rating may be somewhat tolerant to disease; however, additional testing in further greenhouse and field trials is required to substantiate these preliminary results.
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Samils, Nicklas. "Monitoring the control methods of Heterobasidion annosum s.l. root rot /." Uppsala : Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200847.pdf.

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Matheron, Michael E., and Martin Porchas. "Activity of Actigard® on Development of Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot on Pepper Plants." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214945.

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Phytophthora blight of peppers (Capsicum annuum), caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici, occurs in most regions where this crop is grown. The root and crown rot phase of the disease develops on plants in areas of the field where soil remains saturated with water after an irrigation or rainfall. Subsequent periods of soil saturation encourage further disease development. Actigard (acibenzolar-S-methyl), is a chemical activator of plant disease resistance, has no known direct antifungal effects and is thought to mimic salicylic acid in the signal transduction pathway that leads to systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Foliar applications of Actigard were evaluated for suppression of root and crown rot on pepper plants growing in the greenhouse in pots and inoculated with Phytophthora capsici or grown in soil naturally infested with the pathogen. Inhibition of stem cankers on pepper cultivars Bell Tower and AZ9 after two to four treatments with Actigard was significantly greater than on plants receiving a single treatment of the chemical. Inhibition of stem canker elongation on Bell Tower or AZ9 peppers ranged from 93.2 to 97.2% and 87.4 to 92.4% when plants were inoculated with P. capsici at 1 or 5 weeks, respectively, after the fourth application of Actigard. Survival of chile pepper plants in field soil naturally infested with P. capsici was significantly increased by three foliar applications of Actigard compared to nontreated plants in all three trials when pots were watered daily and in two of three trials when pots were flooded for 48 hr every 2 weeks. When soil was flooded every 2 weeks, establishing conditions highly favorable for disease development, plants treated once with Ridomil Gold survived significantly longer than those treated with Actigard. On the other hand, when water was provided daily without periodic flooding, establishing conditions less favorable for disease development, there was no significant difference in plant survival between the two chemicals in two of three trials. Growth of shoots on chile pepper plants treated with Actigard, watered daily and grown in soil containing P. capsici generally was greater than nontreated plants. Pepper plants subjected to periodic saturated soil conditions and receiving three foliar applications of Actigard plus a soil treatment of Ridomil Gold survived significantly longer and produced a greater amount of shoot growth than plants treated with either chemical alone. This work suggests that Actigard could be an important management tool for Phytophthora root and crown rot on pepper plants.
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Nischwitz, C., Mary Olsen, and S. Rasmussen. "Influence of Salinity and Root-knot Nematode as Stress Factors in Charcoal Rot of Melon." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214946.

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Incidence of Charcoal rot, caused by the soil borne fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, may be increased in some crops by the addition of stress on the host caused by high salinity of soil or irrigation water and infection by plant pathogenic nematodes. Since both of these factors may be problematic in melon production in Arizona, studies were initiated to determine if higher salt concentrations of irrigation water and infection by Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) may be involved in recent increased incidences of Charcoal rot of melon. In greenhouse trials, higher concentrations of salts in irrigation water significantly increased the percentage of plants that died due to Charcoal rot. However, no significant difference was found in the percentage of dead plants inoculated with both root-knot nematode and M. phaseolina compared to plants inoculated with M. phaseolina alone. Results of these trials indicate that salinity may be a factor in the increased incidence of Charcoal rot of melon, but that root-knot nematode infection may not play a role.
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Moya, Ernesto Antonio. "Distribution and interaction of Fusarium crown rot and common root rot pathogens of wheat in Montana and development of an integrated management program for Fusarium crown rot." Thesis, Montana State University, 2010. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2010/moya/MoyaE0810.pdf.

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This thesis had three objectives: i) Determining distribution of FCR and common root rot (CRR) of wheat in Montana; ii) Determining population dynamics between F. pseudograminearum and Bipolaris sorokiniana at different wheat development stages, and iii) Development of an integrated disease management program for Fusarium crown rot (FCR) using biological and fungicide seed treatments, cultivar resistance, and induced systemic resistance (SAR). Surveys of 91 fields over two years using qPCR identified FCR in 57% and CRR in 93% of the fields surveyed. Bipolaris sorokiniana, F. culmorum and F. pseudograminearum were isolated from 15, 13 and 8% of tillers respectively. FCR distribution was highly clustered while CRR was uniformly distributed with soil type, elevation and growing degree days influencing distribution. Data from intensively sampled fields estimated yield losses caused by FCR and CRR at 3.2 to 34.9% with losses influenced by pathogen population. This study is the first time qPCR was used to survey the distribution of FCR and CRR and to study the interaction of the respective pathogens. The effect of F. pseudograminearum and B. sorokiniana inoculum applied singly or in combination at three rates showed high and low rates of F. pseudograminearum inoculum reduced Bipolaris populations, while B. sorokiniana inoculations did not affect Fusarium populations in stems. Populations of both pathogens increased from heading until harvest with Fusarium colonizing stems earlier than Bipolaris. Mixed inoculations increased incidence of infection and co-infection relative to that observed in production fields. Both fungi alone or combined reduced the seedling counts. Grain yield was inversely correlated with Fusarium populations. Difenoconazole-mefenoxam seed treatment reduced FCR severity between 29.3-50% and fungal and bacterial seed treatments were ineffective. The cv. Volt was identified as partially resistant and had the highest levels of chitinase and beta-1, 3-glucanase activity of cultivars evaluated. Induction of SAR by Bacillus mycoides isolate BmJ or acibenzolar Smethyl significantly reduced the severity of FCR compared to water controls. Integration of cultivar resistance plus fungicide seed treatment or SAR induction provided equal control in greenhouse and irrigated trials. In a dryland field trial, integration of all management tools reduced FCR more than individual tools.
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Matheron, Michael E., and Martin Porchas. "Comparative Effect of Five Fungicides on the Development of Root and Stem Rot and Survival of Chile Pepper Plants Grown in Field Soil Naturally Infested with Phytophthora capsici." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/220000.

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Five different fungicides, including azoxystrobin, dimethomorph, fluazinam, fosetyl-Al, and mefenozem (metalaxyl), were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the development of root and crown rot and increase the survival of chile pepper plants grown in soil naturally infested with Phytophthora capsici. For chile pepper plants grown in field soil naturally infested with P. capsici and subjected to a 48 h flood period every 2 weeks, growth and survival of plants receiving one treatment of dimethomorph at 100 μg/ml or fluazinam at 1,000 μg/ml were significantly greater than that for plants treated once with azoxystrobin at 1,000 μg/ml or fosetyl-Al at 3,000 μg/ml. For each tested fungicide, values for duration of plant survival and shoot and root fresh weight usually were numerically larger but not significantly different for chile peppers receiving water as needed compared to those flooded for 48 h every 2 weeks. The potential and relative value of azoxystrobin, dimethomorph, fosetyl-Al, and fluazinam as chemical management tools for Phytophthora root and stem rot on chile pepper, in addition to mefenozem (metalaxyl), has been demonstrated.
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Books on the topic "Root rot pathogens"

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Capretti, Paolo, Cecilia Comparini, Matteo Garbelotto, and Nicola La Porta, eds. XIII Conference "Root and Butt Rot of Forest Trees" IUFRO Working Party 7.02.01. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-353-3.

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The present Proceedings comprise the contributions that were presented at the 13th International Conference of the IUFRO W. Party 7.02.01 “Root and Butt Rot of Forest Trees” that was held in Italy from the 4th to the 10th of September 2011. The Conference started in Firenze than moved to FEM Research Centre, S. Michele all’Adige, Trento and continued in San Martino di Castrozza, Dolomite region. Root and Butt Rot of Forest Trees have a high biological and economic impact in forestry. The Proceedings were organized under seven headings: Genomics and Plant-Pathogen Interactions; Systematics, Taxonomy and Phylogeography; Ecology; Population Genetics; Etiology and Epidemiology; Disease Management and Control; New Reports, Diagnostics and Research on the Application of new Diagnostic Methods.
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Thies, Walter Gene. Laminated root rot in Western North America. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1995.

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Peterson, Michael James. Sanitation of styroblocks to control algae and seedling root rot fungi. Victoria, B.C: Forestry Canada, 1990.

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L, Campbell C., and Benson D. M. 1945-, eds. Epidemiology and management of root diseases. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1994.

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Geiger, Jean-Paul. Maladies racinaires de l'hévéa: Biochimie et physiologie des relations hôte-parasite. Paris: Editions de l'ORSTOM, 1987.

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Jacobs, Karin. Leptographium species: Tree pathogens, insect associates, and agents of blue-stain. St. Paul, Minn: APS Press, American Phytopathological Society, 2001.

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James, Robert L. Effects of pre-sowing soil treatments on root colonization of 1-0 ponderosa and lodgepole pine seedlings by potentially-pathogenic fungi, USDA Forest Service Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, Idaho. Missoula, MT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, 2001.

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James, Robert L. Effects of pre-sowing soil treatments on root colonization of 1-0 ponderosa and lodgepole pine seedlings by potentially-pathogenic fungi, USDA Forest Service Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, Idaho. Missoula, MT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, 2001.

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Mallett, K. I. The Trap-log method of detecting armillaria root rot pathogens in forest soils (Forest management note). Forestry Canada, Northwest Region, Northern Forest Centre, 1991.

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Krupa, S. V. Ecology of Root Pathogens. Elsevier, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Root rot pathogens"

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Claudius-Cole, Abiodun. "Importance and integrated nematode management of the yam nematode (Scutellonema bradys) in yam cropping systems of West Africa." In Integrated nematode management: state-of-the-art and visions for the future, 374–80. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247541.0052.

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Abstract Yam, Dioscorea spp., one of the oldest food crops known to humans, is the fourth most important root and tuber crop globally. It is a tropical plant that provides food and income for the people in the regions where it is grown. Major nematode pests reported on yams include Scutellonema bradys, Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp. and Rotylenchulus reniformis. This chapter addresses S. bradys, causing dry rot disease of yams in field and storage. When S. bradys infected seed tubers are planted, plant survival is reduced, and the speed of the disease cycle is amplified leading to reduced yield. The economic importance, host range, distribution, damage symptoms, biology and life cycle, interactions with other nematodes and pathogens, recommended integrated nematode management, and management optimization of S. bradys are discussed. Future research requirements and developments are also mentioned.
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Bruhn, Johann N., and Jeanne D. Mihail. "Opportunistically Pathogenic Root Rot Fungi: Armillaria Species." In Ecological Studies, 337–46. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0021-2_19.

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Termorshuizen, Aad J. "Root Pathogens." In Interactions in Soil: Promoting Plant Growth, 119–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8890-8_6.

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Lukezic, F. L., and R. C. Levine. "Pectolytic Fluorescent Pseudomonads Associated with Alfalfa Root and Crown Rot." In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, 298. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3555-6_62.

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Quentin, Michaël, Tarek Hewezi, Isabelle Damiani, Pierre Abad, Thomas Baum, and Bruno Favery. "How Pathogens Affect Root Structure." In Root Genomics and Soil Interactions, 189–210. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118447093.ch10.

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Nicol, J. M., N. Bolat, A. Bagci, R. T. Trethowan, M. William, H. Hekimhan, A. F. Yildirim, et al. "The International Breeding Strategy for the Incorporation of Resistance in Bread Wheat Against the Soil Borne Pathogens (Dryland Root Rot and Cyst and Lesion Cereal Nematodes) Using Conventional and Molecular Tools." In Developments in Plant Breeding, 125–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5497-1_17.

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Ulrich, Danielle E. M., Steve Voelker, J. Renée Brooks, and Frederick C. Meinzer. "Insect and Pathogen Influences on Tree-Ring Stable Isotopes." In Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings, 711–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_25.

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AbstractUnderstanding long-term insect and pathogen effects on host tree physiology can help forest managers respond to insect and pathogen outbreaks, and understand when insect and pathogen effects on tree physiology will be exacerbated by climate change. Leaf-level physiological processes modify the carbon (C) and oxygen (O) stable isotopic composition of elements taken up from the environment, and these modifications are recorded in tree-rings (see Chaps. 10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_9, 10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_10, 10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_16 and 10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_17). Therefore, tree-ring stable isotopes are affected by both the tree’s environment and the tree’s physiological responses to the environment, including insects and pathogens. Tree-ring stable isotopes provide unique insights into the long-term effects of insects and pathogens on host tree physiology. However, insect and pathogen impacts on tree-ring stable isotopes are often overlooked, yet can substantially alter interpretations of tree-ring stable isotopes for reconstructions of climate and physiology. In this chapter, we discuss (1) the effects of insects(defoliators, wood-boring, leaf-feeding), pests (parasitic plants), and pathogens(root and foliar fungi) on hostphysiology (growth, hormonal regulation, gas exchange, water relations, and carbon and nutrient use) as they relate to signals possibly recorded by C and O stable isotopes in tree-rings, (2) how tree-ring stable isotopes reveal insect and pathogen impacts and the interacting effects of pathogens and climate on hostphysiology, and (3) the importance of considering insect and pathogen impacts for interpreting tree-ring stable isotopes to reconstruct past climate or physiology.
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Das, Siddhartha, and Sudeepta Pattanayak. "Soil-Borne Pathogen-Mediated Root Rot Diseases of Sugar Beet and Their Management." In Sugar Beet Cultivation, Management and Processing, 591–605. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2730-0_28.

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Gafur, Abdul. "Red Root Rot Disease of Tropical Estate Forests: Pathogen Identification, Dispersal and Management." In Detection, Diagnosis and Management of Soil-borne Phytopathogens, 159–78. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8307-8_7.

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Hafez, Saad L., and Sundararaj Palanisamy. "Integrated nematode management of root-knot and root lesion nematodes in Idaho potatoes: major economic limiting factors." In Integrated nematode management: state-of-the-art and visions for the future, 340–46. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247541.0047.

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Abstract More than 68 species of plant parasitic nematodes belonging to 24 genera are associated with potato fields from different parts of the world. Among all, two groups of nematodes are important in potato production in Idaho, USA. These include root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.). This chapter discusses the symptoms and damage, distribution, host range, recommended integrated management (including chemical, cultural and host resistance methods) and interactions with other pathogens of root-knot and root lesion nematodes.
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Conference papers on the topic "Root rot pathogens"

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Polunina, T. S., V. A. Lavrinova, and M. P. Leontyeva. "INFLUENCE OF DUMPING TREATMENT AND CHEMISTRY MEANS ON SOIL MYCOBIOTA IN CROPS OF WINTER WHEAT OF THE NORTH-EAST PART OF THE CEC." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.86-89.

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The article presents the results of studies of the influence of dump tillage, fertilizers, on the development of soil pathogens that cause root rot of winter wheat, their parasitic activity is shown harmful mycobiota. The optimal dose of mineral fertilizer was revealed against the background of dump soil cultivation, which made it possible to successfully restrain and increase the number of micromycetes causing root rot
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Maryina-Chermnykh, O. G. "Influence of tillage techniques on the structure of the micromycete complex of the grain rhizosphere." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-69.

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long-term research on the influence of tillage techniques on the formation of the structure of the micromycete complex of sod-podzolic soil in grain crops of the Republic of Mari El has shown that in recent years there has been a progressive deterioration of its phytosanitary condition. Against the background of depletion of the biodiversity of grain agrobiocenoses, cases of epiphytotic propagation of root rot pathogens in the soil were revealed. Disking soil treatment changes the structural composition of soil microorganisms and improves the phytosanitary condition of the soil.
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Lavrinova, V. A., T. S. Polunina, and M. P. Leontyeva. "INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZERS AND SURFACE TREATMENT ON THE DENSITY OF THE POPULATION OF PATHOGENS AND SAPROTROPHES IN TYPICAL BLACK SOIL OF THE TAMBOV REGION." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS. DSTU-PRINT, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.1.651-654.

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A complex of soil phytopathogenic and saprotrophic winter wheat mycobiota was revealed. The research results proved the feature of the allocation of structures by an improved method. Surface treatment, to one degree or another, contributed to the stabilization of the state of antagonistic soil mycobiota of the soil. The optimal dose of mineral fertilizer was determined against the background of surface soil cultivation, which successfully restrained the number of micromycetes causing root rot. It was noted that mythomycetes of the genus Pythium were most often found in soils in all cultures, less than Fusarium.
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Yang, Jianfeng, Yuanyuan Zhang, Na Wang, Huan Liu, Haoyu Li, Jian Zhang, Aiping Liu, and Jun Zhao. "ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE PATHOGENS CAUSING ROOT ROT DISEASE IN ALFALFA AND THE EVALUATION OF ALFALFA RESISTANT VARIETIES TO Fusarium equiseti AND F. tricinctum." In XIth International Congress of Geneticists and Breeders from the Republic of Moldova. Scientific Association of Geneticists and Breeders of the Republic of Moldova, Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Moldova State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/cga11.2021.140.

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Mikhalev, E. V., and D. D. Khilov. "INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS TYPES OF ORGANIC WASTE OF AGROINDUSTRIAL COMPLEX ON PRODUCTIVITY OF ROW CROPS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE NIZHNY NOVGOROD REGION." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.494-497.

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The introduction of unprocessed organic waste into the soil leads to the accumulation of nutrition elements for their subsequent assimilation by plants in the land-use system from the organomineral complexes of the soil, which will significantly increase the yield of agricultural crops. However, for 2- 3 years with constant introduction of "raw" manure, soil degradation occurs. So, with the constant introduction of "fresh" litter will be the oppression of cultivated plants by "osmosis" and the subsequent destruction of their root rot due to its high content of raw litter of pathogenic organisms and high level of Pro-infectious potential, which reduces fungistasis soil, leading to lower yields. The cardinal way out of this situation is to add composted manure to the soil. In addition to increasing the content of organic matter in the soil, including humus. Due to this, there is a decrease in osmosis and phytopathogenic load. The biological activity of the soil when composting will be slightly lower than when applying " raw " manure. However, due to this fact, in the following years, when using complex compost, the soil will contain more organic matter compared to the control. In addition," full "composting reduces "osmosis", kills weed seeds and destroys potentially dangerous pathogens of agricultural crops. Based on the above, it can be assumed that the introduction of new organic fertilizers should have a multi-sided effect on the agronomic properties of the soil, which in the end, with the correct use of complex compost, dramatically increases the yield of crops, including cereals.
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Yin, Chuntao. "Disease-induced changes in the rhizosphere microbiome reduced root disease." In IS-MPMI Congress. IS-MPMI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/ismpmi-2023-5r.

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Rhizosphere microbiota, referred to as the second genome of plants, are crucial to plant health. Increasing evidence reveals that plants can change their rhizosphere microbiome and promote microbial activity to reduce plant disease. However, how plant and phytopathogens factor in combination to structure the rhizosphere microbiome and govern microbial selection for adaptation to disease stress remains incompletely understood. In this study, rhizosphere microbiota from successive wheat plantings under the pressure of the soilborne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG8 were characterized. Amplicon sequence analyses revealed that bacterial and fungal communities clustered by planting cycles. The addition of AG8 enhanced the separation of the rhizosphere microbiota. The alpha diversity of bacteria and fungi significantly decreased over planting cycles. Compared with rhizosphere bacterial communities, AG8 was a major driver structuring fungal communities. Pathogen-infected monocultures enriched a group of bacterial genera with potential antagonistic activities or abilities for plant growth promotion or nitrogen fixation. Further, eleven bacterial species exhibited antagonistic activities toward Rhizoctonia spp., and four of them displayed broad antagonism against multiple soilborne fungal pathogens. These findings support the potential to improve plant health through manipulating rhizosphere microbiota.
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Jing, Wang, Li Shi-bo, Zhang Cheng-sheng, Feng Chao, and Kong Fan-yu. "Occurrence and pathogen isolation of tobacco fusarium root rot in main tobacco production regions of Shandong province." In 2011 6th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea.2011.5976040.

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Sasanelli, Nicola, Ion Toderas, Franco Ciccarese, Elena Iurcu-Straistaru, Stefan Rusu, Lidia Toderas, Marek Renčo, et al. "A sustainable management of corky root and root-knot nematodes by the biocontrol agent aphanocladium album isolate MX-95." In International Symposium "Actual problems of zoology and parasitology: achievements and prospects". Institute of Zoology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975665902.08.

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A trial was carried out in a plastic house on tomato to assess the efficacy of the chitinolytic fungus Aphanocladium album isolate MX-95 (AA MX-95) against the soil borne pathogen Pyrenochaeta lycopersici and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Treatments were: a) AA MX-95 applied in sub irrigation at 2.5 L/plot (1.2 x 107 CFU/mL, conidial suspension) in pre transplant (20 days), transplant and in post transplant (2 times every 20 days) + root dipping (5 min – conc. 1.2 x 107 CFU/mL) at transplant); b) as before indicated without treatment in pre transplant; c) root dipping and d) dazomet (chemical control) applied 30 days before transplant at 600 Kg/ha. Untreated plots served as control. A significant yield increase and a reduction of severity of corky root and nematode attacks were observed in AA MX-95 and dazomet treated plots in comparison to control. High positive correlations were found between the symptoms caused on tomato roots by M. incognita and P. lycopersici.
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Datsenko, L. A. "SUNFLOWER DRY ROT (REVIEW)." In 11-я Всероссийская конференция молодых учёных и специалистов «Актуальные вопросы биологии, селекции, технологии возделывания и переработки сельскохозяйственных культур». V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25230/conf11-2021-156-162.

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We carried out analysis of the literature data on the knowledge level of sunflower dry rot in the laboratory of biomethod of the crop management department of V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (VNIIMK). As a result of the analysis, we studied the following issues: the disease pathogen; symptoms of manifestation; the disease prevalence in the world and in Russia; its harmfulness; biology; species composition and taxonomic position of fungi of the genus Rhizopus on sunflower; methods of artificial infection of sunflower with dry rot.
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Prudnikova, Svetlana. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF SLOW-RELEASED FUNGICIDE PREPARATIONS BASED ON BIODEGRADABLE POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE) TO SUPPRESS ROOT-ROT PATHOGENIC FUNGI." In 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019v/6.3/s08.028.

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Reports on the topic "Root rot pathogens"

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Katan, Jaacov, and Michael E. Stanghellini. Clinical (Major) and Subclinical (Minor) Root-Infecting Pathogens in Plant Growth Substrates, and Integrated Strategies for their Control. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568089.bard.

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In intensive agriculture, harmful soilborne biotic agents, cause severe damage. These include both typical soilborne (clinical) major pathogens which destroy plants (e.g. Fusarium and Phytophthora pathogens), and subclinical ("minor") pathogens (e.g. Olpidium and Pythium). The latter cause growth retardation and yield decline. The objectives of this study were: (1) To study the behavior of clinical (major) and subclinical (minor) pathogens in plant growth substrate, with emphasis on zoosporic fungi, such as Pythium, Olipidium and Polymyxa. (2) To study the interaction between subclinical pathogens and plants, and those aspects of Pythium biology which are relevant to these systems. (3) To adopt a holistic-integrated approach for control that includes both eradicative and protective measures, based on a knowledge of the pathogens' biology. Zoospores were demonstrated as the primary, if not the sole propagule, responsible for pathogen spread in a recirculating hydroponic cultural system, as verified with P. aphanidermatum and Phytophthora capsici. P. aphanidermatum, in contrast to Phytophthora capsici, can also spread by hyphae from plant-to-plant. Synthetic surfactants, when added to the recirculating nutrient solutions provided 100% control of root rot of peppers by these fungi without any detrimental effects on plant growth or yield. A bacterium which produced a biosurfactant was proved as efficacious as synthetic surfactants in the control of zoosporic plant pathogens in the recirculating hydroponic cultural system. The biosurfactant was identified as a rhamnolipid. Olpidium and Polymyxa are widespread and were determined as subclinical pathogens since they cause growth retardation but no plant mortality. Pythium can induce both phenomena and is an occasional subclinical pathogen. Physiological and ultrastructural studies of the interaction between Olpidium and melon plants showed that this pathogen is not destructive but affects root hairs, respiration and plant nutrition. The infected roots constitute an amplified sink competing with the shoots and eventually leading to growth retardation. Space solarization, by solar heating of the greenhouse, is effective in the sanitation of the greenhouse from residual inoculum and should be used as a component in disease management, along with other strategies.
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Hoitink, Harry A. J., Yitzhak Hadar, Laurence V. Madden, and Yona Chen. Sustained Suppression of Pythium Diseases: Interactions between Compost Maturity and Nutritional Requirements of Biocontrol Agents. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568755.bard.

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Several procedures were developed that predict maturity (stability) of composts prepared from municipal solid wastes (MSW). A respirometry procedure, based O2 uptake by compost, predicted (R2=0.90) the growth response of ryegrass in composts and an acceptable level of maturity. Spectroscopic methods (CPMAS13-NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy) showed that the stabilizing compost contained increasing levels of aromatic structures. All procedures predicted acceptable plant growth after approximately 110 days of composting. MSW compost suppressed diseases caused by a broad spectrum of plant pathogens including Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum. A strain of Pantoea agglomerans was identified that caused lysis of hyphae of R. solani. Evidence was obtained, suggesting that thermophilic biocontrol agents also might play a role in suppression. 13C-NMR spectra revealed that the longevity of the suppressive effect against Pythium root rot was determined by the concentration of readily biodegradable carbohydrate in the substrate, mostly present as cellulose. Bacterial species capable of inducing biocontrol were replaced by those not effective as suppression was lost. The rate of uptake of 14C-acetate into microbial biomass in the conducive substrate was not significantly different from that in the suppressive substrate although specific activity was higher. The suppressive composts induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumjber roots to Pythium root rot and to anthracnose in the foliage. Composts also increased peroxidase activity in plants by the conducive substrate did not have these effects. In summary, the composition of the organic fraction determined bacterial species composition and activity in the substrate, which in turn regulated plant gene expression relative to biological control.
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Hoitink, Harry A. J., Yitzhak Hadar, Laurence V. Madden, and Yona Chen. Sustained Suppression of Pythium Diseases: Interactions between Compost Maturity and Nutritional Requirements of Biocontrol Agents. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568746.bard.

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Several procedures were developed that predict maturity (stability) of composts prepared from municipal solid wastes (MSW). A respirometry procedure, based O2 uptake by compost, predicted (R2=0.90) the growth response of ryegrass in composts and an acceptable level of maturity. Spectroscopic methods (CPMAS13-NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy) showed that the stabilizing compost contained increasing levels of aromatic structures. All procedures predicted acceptable plant growth after approximately 110 days of composting. MSW compost suppressed diseases caused by a broad spectrum of plant pathogens including Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium aphanidermatum and Fusarium oxysporum. A strain of Pantoea agglomerans was identified that caused lysis of hyphae of R. solani. Evidence was obtained, suggesting that thermophilic biocontrol agents also might play a role in suppression. 13C-NMR spectra revealed that the longevity of the suppressive effect against Pythium root rot was determined by the concentration of readily biodegradable carbohydrate in the substrate, mostly present as cellulose. Bacterial species capable of inducing biocontrol were replaced by those not effective as suppression was lost. The rate of uptake of 14C-acetate into microbial biomass in the conducive substrate was not significantly different from that in the suppressive substrate although specific activity was higher. The suppressive composts induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumjber roots to Pythium root rot and to anthracnose in the foliage. Composts also increased peroxidase activity in plants by the conducive substrate did not have these effects. In summary, the composition of the organic fraction determined bacterial species composition and activity in the substrate, which in turn regulated plant gene expression relative to biological control.
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Cytryn, E., Sean F. Brady, and O. Frenkel. Cutting edge culture independent pipeline for detection of novel anti-fungal plant protection compounds in suppressive soils. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2022.8134142.bard.

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Fusarium oxysporum spp. causes Panama disease in bananas and crown and root rot in an array of vegetables and field crops, but increased regulations have restricted the use of many conventional chemical pesticides, and there are a limited number of commercially available products effective against them. The soil microbiome represents a largely untapped reservoir of secondary metabolites that can potentially antagonize fungal pathogens. However, most soil bacteria cannot be cultivated using conventional techniques and therefore most of these compounds remain unexplored. The overall goal of this two-year project was to extract and characterize novel secondary metabolites from "unculturable" soil microbiomes that antagonize Fusarium and other fungal plant pathogens. Initially, the Cytryn lab at the Volcani Institute (ARO) identified candidate biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) encoding for potentially novel antifungal compounds (specifically non-ribosomal peptides and polyketides) in soil and plant root microbiomes using cutting-edge metagenomic platforms. Next, the Brady lab at Rockefeller University (RU) screened archived soil metagenomic cosmid libraries for these BGCs, and heterologously expressed them in suitable hosts. Finally, the Frenkel and Cytryn labs at ARO assessed the capacity of these heterologous expressed strains to antagonize Fusarium and other fungal plant pathogens. Initially tomato and lettuce were analyzed, and subsequently roots of cucumbers grown in suppressive (biochar amended) soils were targeted. We found that the composition of tomato and lettuce root BGCs are similar to each other, but significantly different from adjacent bulk soil, indicating that root bacteria possess specific secondary metabolites that are potentially associated with rhizosphere competence. BGC linked to known metabolites included various antimicrobial, (e.g., streptazone E, sessilin), antifungal (heat-stable antifungal factor- HSAF, II and ECO-02301), and insecticidal (melingmycin, orfamide A) compounds. However, over 90% of the identified BGCs were moderately to significantly different from those encoding for characterized secondary metabolites, highlighting the profusion of potentially novel secondary metabolites in both root and soil environments. Novel BGCs that were abundant in roots and remotely resembled those of antifungal compounds were transferred to RU for subsequent screening and five were identified in RU soil metagenomic cosmid libraries. Two of these clusters (BARD-1711 BARD-B481) were heterologously-expressed in a Streptomyces albus J1074 strain, and transferred to ARO. The strain harboring BARAD-B481 was found to antagonize Fusarium significantly more than the host strain, indicating that this BGCs product has antifungal activity. Future studies will need to work on chemically characterizing the BARAD-B481 BGC and progress with the above described pipeline for other interesting BGCs.
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Cohen, Roni, Kevin Crosby, Menahem Edelstein, John Jifon, Beny Aloni, Nurit Katzir, Haim Nerson, and Daniel Leskovar. Grafting as a strategy for disease and stress management in muskmelon production. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7613874.bard.

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The overall objective of this research was to elucidate the horticultural, pathological, physiological and molecular factors impacting melon varieties (scion) grafted onto M. cannonballus resistant melon and squash rootstocks. Specific objectives were- to compare the performance of resistant melon germplasm (grafted and non-grafted) when exposed to M. cannoballus in the Lower Rio Grande valley and the Wintergarden, Texas, and in the Arava valley, Israel; to address inter-species relationships between a Monosporascus resistant melon rootstock and susceptible melon scions in terms of fruit-set, fruit quality and yield; to study the factors which determine the compatibility between the rootstock and the scion in melon; to compare the responses of graft unions of differing compatibilities under disease stress, high temperatures, deficit irrigation, and salinity stress; and to investigate the effect of rootstock on stress related gene expression in the scion. Some revisions were- to include watermelon in the Texas investigations since it is much more economically important to the state, and also to evaluate additional vine decline pathogens Didymella bryoniae and Macrophomina phaseolina. Current strategies for managing vine decline rely heavily on soil fumigation with methyl bromide, but restrictions on its use have increased the need for alternative management strategies. Grafting of commercial melon varieties onto resistant rootstocks with vigorous root systems is an alternative to methyl bromide for Monosporascus root rot/vine decline (MRR/VD) management in melon production. Extensive selection and breeding has already produced potential melon rootstock lines with vigorous root systems and disease resistance. Melons can also be grafted onto Cucurbita spp., providing nonspecific but efficient protection from a wide range of soil-borne diseases and against some abiotic stresses, but compatibility between the scion and the rootstock can be problematic. During the first year experiments to evaluate resistance to the vine decline pathogens Monosporascus cannonballus, Didymella bryoniae, and Macrophomina phaseolina in melon and squash rootstocks proved the efficacy of these grafted plants in improving yield and quality. Sugars and fruit size were better in grafted versus non-grafted plants in both Texas and Israel. Two melons (1207 and 124104) and one pumpkin, Tetsukabuto, were identified as the best candidate rootstocks in Texas field trials, while in Israel, the pumpkin rootstock RS59 performed best. Additionally, three hybrid melon rootstocks demonstrated excellent resistance to both M. cannonballus and D. bryoniae in inoculated tests, suggesting that further screening for fruit quality and yield should be conducted. Experiments with ABA in Uvalde demonstrated a significant increase in drought stress tolerance and concurrent reduction in transplant shock due to reduced transpiration for ‘Caravelle’ plants. In Israel, auxin was implicated in reducing root development and contributing to increased hydrogen peroxide, which may explain incompatibility reactions with some squash rootstocks. However, trellised plants responded favorably to auxin (NAA) application at the time of fruit development. Gene expression analyses in Israel identified several cDNAs which may code for phloem related proteins, cyclins or other factors which impact the graft compatibility. Manipulation of these genes by transformation or traditional breeding may lead to improved rootstock cultivars. Commercial applications of the new melon rootstocks as well as the ABA and TIBA growth regulators have potential to improve the success of grafted melons in both Israel and Texas. The disease resistance, fruit quality and yield data generated by the field trials will help producers in both locations to decide what rootstock/scion combinations will be best.
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6

Kistler, Harold Corby, and Talma Katan. Identification of DNA Unique to the Tomato Fusarium Wilt and Crown Rot Pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571359.bard.

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Wilt and crown rot are two important diseases of tomato caused by different strains ("formae speciales") of the fungus, Fusarium oxysporum. While both pathogens are members of the same fungal species, each differs genetically and resistance to the diseases is controlled by different genes in the plant. Additionally, the formae speciales differ in their ecology (e.g. optimal temperature of disease development) and epidemiology. Nevertheless, the distinction between these diseases based on symptoms alone may be unclear due to overlapping symptomatology. We have found in our research that the ambiguity of the pathogens is further confounded because strains causing tomato wilt or crown rot each may belong to several genetically and phylogenetically distinct lineages of F. oxysporum. Furthermore, individual lineages of the pathogen causing wilt or crown rot may themselves be very closely related. The diseases share the characteristic that the pathogen's inoculum may be aerially dispersed. This work has revealed a complex evolutionary relationship among lineages of the pathogens that makes development of molecular diagnostic methods more difficult than originally anticipated. However, the degree of diversity found in these soil-borne pathogens has allowed study of their population genetics and patterns of dispersal in agricultural settings.
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7

Cytryn, Eddie, Mark R. Liles, and Omer Frenkel. Mining multidrug-resistant desert soil bacteria for biocontrol activity and biologically-active compounds. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598174.bard.

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Control of agro-associated pathogens is becoming increasingly difficult due to increased resistance and mounting restrictions on chemical pesticides and antibiotics. Likewise, in veterinary and human environments, there is increasing resistance of pathogens to currently available antibiotics requiring discovery of novel antibiotic compounds. These drawbacks necessitate discovery and application of microorganisms that can be used as biocontrol agents (BCAs) and the isolation of novel biologically-active compounds. This highly-synergistic one year project implemented an innovative pipeline aimed at detecting BCAs and associated biologically-active compounds, which included: (A) isolation of multidrug-resistant desert soil bacteria and root-associated bacteria from medicinal plants; (B) invitro screening of bacterial isolates against known plant, animal and human pathogens; (C) nextgeneration sequencing of isolates that displayed antagonistic activity against at least one of the model pathogens and (D) in-planta screening of promising BCAs in a model bean-Sclerotiumrolfsii system. The BCA genome data were examined for presence of: i) secondary metabolite encoding genes potentially linked to the anti-pathogenic activity of the isolates; and ii) rhizosphere competence-associated genes, associated with the capacity of microorganisms to successfully inhabit plant roots, and a prerequisite for the success of a soil amended BCA. Altogether, 56 phylogenetically-diverse isolates with bioactivity against bacterial, oomycete and fungal plant pathogens were identified. These strains were sent to Auburn University where bioassays against a panel of animal and human pathogens (including multi-drug resistant pathogenic strains such as A. baumannii 3806) were conducted. Nineteen isolates that showed substantial antagonistic activity against at least one of the screened pathogens were sequenced, assembled and subjected to bioinformatics analyses aimed at identifying secondary metabolite-encoding and rhizosphere competence-associated genes. The genome size of the bacteria ranged from 3.77 to 9.85 Mbp. All of the genomes were characterized by a plethora of secondary metabolite encoding genes including non-ribosomal peptide synthase, polyketidesynthases, lantipeptides, bacteriocins, terpenes and siderophores. While some of these genes were highly similar to documented genes, many were unique and therefore may encode for novel antagonistic compounds. Comparative genomic analysis of root-associated isolates with similar strains not isolated from root environments revealed genes encoding for several rhizospherecompetence- associated traits including urea utilization, chitin degradation, plant cell polymerdegradation, biofilm formation, mechanisms for iron, phosphorus and sulfur acquisition and antibiotic resistance. Our labs are currently writing a continuation of this feasibility study that proposes a unique pipeline for the detection of BCAs and biopesticides that can be used against phytopathogens. It will combine i) metabolomic screening of strains from our collection that contain unique secondary metabolite-encoding genes, in order to isolate novel antimicrobial compounds; ii) model plant-based experiments to assess the antagonistic capacities of selected BCAs toward selected phytopathogens; and iii) an innovative next-generation-sequencing based method to monitor the relative abundance and distribution of selected BCAs in field experiments in order to assess their persistence in natural agro-environments. We believe that this integrated approach will enable development of novel strains and compounds that can be used in large-scale operations.
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8

Bostock, Richard M., Dov Prusky, and Martin Dickman. Redox Climate in Quiescence and Pathogenicity of Postharvest Fungal Pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586466.bard.

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Monilinia fructicola causes brown rot blossom blight and fruit rot in stone fruits. Immature fruit are highly resistant to brown rot but can become infected. These infections typically remain superficial and quiescent until they become active upon maturation of the fruit. High levels of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and related compounds occur in the peel of immature fruit but these levels decline during ripening. CGA inhibits cutinase expression, a putative virulence factor, with little or no effect on spore germination or hyphal growth. To better understand the regulation of cutinase expression by fruit phenolics, we examined the effect of CGA, caffeic acid (CA) and related compounds on the redox potential of the growth medium and intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels. The presence of CA in the medium initially lowered the electrochemical redox potential of the medium, increased GSH levels and inhibited cutinase expression. Conidia germinated in the presence of CA, CGA, or GSH produced fewer appressoria and had elongated germ tubes compared to the controls. These results suggest that host redox compounds can regulate fungal infectivity. In order to genetically manipulate this fungus, a transformation system using Agrobacterium was developed. The binary transformation vector, pPTGFPH, was constructed from the plasmid pCT74, carrying green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by the ToxA promoter of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hph) under control of the trpC promoter of from Aspergillus nidulans, and the binary vector pCB403.2, carrying neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) between the T-DNA borders. Macroconidia of M. fructicola were coincubated with A. tumefaciens strain LBA 4404(pPTGFPH) on media containing acetosyringone for two days. Hygromycin- and G418-resistant M. fructicola transformants were selected while inhibiting A. tumefaciens with cefotaxime. Transformants expressing GFP fluoresced brightly, and were formed with high efficiency and frequency of T-DNA integration frequency. The use of these transformants for in situ studies on stone fruit tissues is discussed.
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9

Kapulnik, Yoram, and Donald A. Phillips. Isoflavonoid Regulation of Root Bacteria. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7570561.bard.

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The overall objective of this project was to develop a conceptual framework for enhancing root colonization by beneficial bacteria. To accomplish this aim we tested the hypothesis that production and excretion of the plant phytoalexin medicarpin can be used for creation of a special niche along the legume roots, where beneficial microorganism, such as rhizobium, will have a selective advantage. On the Israeli side it was shown that higher medicarpin levels are exuded following the application of Rhizobium meliloti to the rhizosphere but the specific biochemical pathway governing medicarpin production was not induced significantly enough to support a constant production and excretion of this molecule to the rhizosphere. Furthermore, pathogenic bacteria and chemical elicitors were found to induce higher levels of this phytoalexin and it became important to test its natural abundance in field grown plants. On the US side, the occurrence of flavonoids and nucleosides in agricultural soils has been evaluated and biologically significant quantities of these molecules were identified. A more virulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain was isolated from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) which forms tumors on a wide range of plant species. This isolate contains genes that increase competitive colonization abilities on roots by reducing the accumulation of alfalfa isoflavonoids in the bacterial cells. Following gene tagging efforts the US lab found that mutation in the bacterial efflux pump operons of this isolate reduced its competitive abilities. This results support our original hypothesis that detoxification activity of isoflavenoids molecules, based on bacterial gene(s), is an important selection mechanism in the rhizosphere. In addition, we focused on biotin as a regulatory element in the rhizosphere to support growth of some rhizosphere microorganisms and designed a bacterial gene construct carrying the biotin-binding protein, streptavidin. Expressing this gene in tobacco roots did not affect the biotin level but its expression in alfalfa was lethal. In conclusion, the collaborative combination of basic and applied approaches toward the understanding of rhizosphere activity yielded new knowledge related to the colonization of roots by beneficial microorganisms in the presence of biological active molecules exuded from the plant roots.
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10

Harman, Gary E., and Ilan Chet. Enhancement of plant disease resistance and productivity through use of root symbiotic fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695588.bard.

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The objectives of the project were to (a) compare effects ofT22 and T-203 on growth promotion and induced resistance of maize inbred line Mol7; (b) follow induced resistance of pathogenesis-related proteins through changes in gene expression with a root and foliar pathogen in the presence or absence of T22 or T-203 and (c) to follow changes in the proteome of Mol? over time in roots and leaves in the presence or absence of T22 or T-203. The research built changes in our concepts regarding the effects of Trichoderma on plants; we hypothesized that there would be major changes in the physiology of plants and these would be reflected in changes in the plant proteome as a consequence of root infection by Trichoderma spp. Further, Trichoderma spp. differ in their effects on plants and these changes are largely a consequence of the production of different elicitors of elicitor mixtures that are produced in the zone of communication that is established by root infection by Trichoderma spp. In this work, we demonstrated that both T22 and T-203 increase growth and induce resistance to pathogens in maize. In Israel, it was shown that a hydrophobin is critical for root colonization by Trichoderma strains, and that peptaibols and an expansin-like protein from Ttrichoderma probably act as elicitors of induced resistance in plants. Further, this fungus induces the jasmonate/ethylene pathway of disease resistance and a specific cucumber MAPK is required for transduction of the resistance signal. This is the first such gene known to be induced by fungal systems. In the USA, extensive proteomic analyses of maize demonstrated a number of proteins are differentially regulated by T. harzianum strain T22. The pattern of up-regulation strongly supports the contention that this fungus induces increases in plant disease resistance, respiratory rates and photosynthesis. These are all very consistent with the observations of effects of the fungus on plants in the greenhouse and field. In addition, the chitinolytic complex of maize was examined. The numbers of maize genes encoding these enzymes was increased about 3-fold and their locations on maize chromosomes determined by sequence identification in specific BAC libraries on the web. One of the chitinolytic enzymes was determined to be a heterodimer between a specific exochitinase and different endochitinases dependent upon tissue differences (shoot or root) and the presence or absence of T. harzianum. These heterodimers, which were discovered in this work, are very strongly antifungal, especially the one from shoots in the presence of the biocontrol fungus. Finally, RNA was isolated from plants at Cornell and sent to Israel for transcriptome assessment using Affymetrix chips (the chips became available for maize at the end of the project). The data was sent back to Cornell for bioinformatic analyses and found, in large sense, to be consistent with the proteomic data. The final assessment of this data is just now possible since the full annotation of the sequences in the maize Affy chips is just now available. This work is already being used to discover more effective strains of Trichoderma. It also is expected to elucidate how we may be able to manipulate and breed plants for greater disease resistance, enhanced growth and yield and similar goals. This will be possible since the changes in gene and protein expression that lead to better plant performance can be elucidated by following changes induced by Trichoderma strains. The work was in, some parts, collaborative but in others, most specifically transcriptome analyses, fully synergistic.
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