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Journal articles on the topic 'Root modelling'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 22 February 2025

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1

Phan, Trung Nghia, Anthony Kwan Leung, Thanh Son Nguyen, Viroon Kamchoom, and Suched Likitlersuang. "Modelling root decomposition effects on root reinforcement and slope stability." Computers and Geotechnics 179 (March 2025): 107024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2024.107024.

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2

Chopart, Jean-Louis, Silvia Rosa Rodrigues, Mateus Carvalho de Azevedo, and Cristiane de Conti Medina. "Estimating sugarcane root length density through root mapping and orientation modelling." Plant and Soil 313, no. 1-2 (June 28, 2008): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9683-4.

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3

Fata, Yulia Amirul, Hendrayanto Hendrayanto, Erizal Erizal, Suria Darma Tarigan, and Takeshi Katsumi. "Modelling of mechanical roots on slope stability." Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 10, no. 4 (July 1, 2023): 4779. http://dx.doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2023.104.4779.

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Root system mechanical reinforcement through root-soil cohesion on slope stability is important. However, the root cohesion of <em>Tectona grandis</em>, <em>Maesopsis eminii</em>, and shrubs (<em>Chromolaena odorata</em>) on slope stability is rarely studied and modelled. This study aimed to model the mechanical effect of vegetation through root cohesion, namely teak (<em>Tectona grandis</em>), <em>Maesopsis eminii</em>, and shrubs (<em>Chromolaena odorata</em>). The study was conducted in a simultaneous landslide on January 1, 2020, that dominantly occurred on vegetated slopes of Sukajaya District, Bogor Regency, West Java. The Wu model's root cohesion (<em>C<sub>R</sub></em>) was modelled on slope stability using a modified Bishop model. The modelling used the data from field and laboratory-measured. The study found that the presence of a root system increases slope stability's factor of safety (FOS). The root system of young <em>Maesopsiss eminii</em> produces the largest effect of FOS compared to the root system of shrubs, teak, and old <em>Maesopsis eminii</em>. The slope stability of vegetated slopes is a function of the <em>C<sub>R</sub></em> and the effective root zone depth. The highest total <em>C<sub>R</sub></em> of vegetation was teak with 0.398 kPa, followed by shrubs, young <em>Maesopsis eminii, </em>and<em> </em>old <em>Maesopsis eminii</em> with 0.202 kPa, 0.191 kPa, and 0.087 kPa, respectively. The effective root zone of teak, young <em>Maesopsis eminii</em>, and shrub were 500, 230, 140, and 66 cm, respectively.

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4

Sposaro, M. M., P. M. Berry, M. Sterling, A. J. Hall, and C. A. Chimenti. "Modelling root and stem lodging in sunflower." Field Crops Research 119, no. 1 (October 2010): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2010.06.021.

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5

Tobin, B., J. Čermák, D. Chiatante, F. Danjon, A. Di Iorio, L. Dupuy, A. Eshel, et al. "Towards developmental modelling of tree root systems." Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology 141, no. 3 (November 2007): 481–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263500701626283.

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6

Sonnenberg, R., M. F. Bransby, P. D. Hallett, A. G. Bengough, S. B. Mickovski, and M. C. R. Davies. "Centrifuge modelling of soil slopes reinforced with vegetation." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 47, no. 12 (December 2010): 1415–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t10-037.

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This paper reports a series of geotechnical centrifuge model tests conducted to investigate the mechanical reinforcement of slopes by vegetation. Some of the model slopes contained young willow trees, which were grown in controlled conditions to provide different root distributions and mechanical properties. Slopes were brought to failure in the centrifuge by increasing water pressures. The failure mechanisms were investigated photographically and using post-test excavation. By measuring the soil properties and pore pressures in each test when failure occurred, slope stability calculations could be performed for each slope failure. These back-calculations of stability suggest that only a small amount of reinforcement was provided by the root system even when it was grown for 290 days before testing. In contrast, the use of the measured root properties and a commonly used root reinforcement model suggests that significant reinforcement should have been provided by the roots. This disparity is probably due to either inappropriate assumptions made in the root reinforcement model or soil alteration produced by root growth. Such disparities may exist in the application of root reinforcement models to full-scale slopes and therefore require additional study. The modelling technique outlined in this paper is suitable for further investigation of root mechanical interactions with slopes.

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7

Sonnenberg, R., M. F. Bransby, A. G. Bengough, P. D. Hallett, and M. C. R. Davies. "Centrifuge modelling of soil slopes containing model plant roots." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 49, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t11-081.

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A series of centrifuge model tests were conducted to investigate the contribution of root reinforcement to slope stability. A compacted sandy clay slope, inclined at 45°, was reinforced with model roots. The model roots were varied in material, architecture, and numbers. They had stiffness values corresponding to upper and lower values found for plant roots. The architecture included taproots and branched roots. Slope collapse was triggered by raising the water table while soil displacements, pore-water pressures, and root strains were measured. The mode of failure was changed by the presence of roots from a progressive block failure to translational failure. The tests revealed how axial strains and bending strains were mobilized in the roots and how the roots influenced the slope failure mechanism. Different limit equilibrium slope stability calculations were performed at slope failure conditions to quantify the amount of reinforcement provided by different root types. These measured root reinforcement contributions were compared with those predicted according to common root reinforcement models. A reinforcement calculation method allowing for root pull-out was found to give the best agreement.

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8

Soethe, N., J. Lehmann, and C. Engels. "Root tapering between branching points should be included in fractal root system analysis." Ecological Modelling 207, no. 2-4 (October 2007): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.05.007.

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9

Dyson, Ashley P., Ali Tolooiyan, and D. V. Griffiths. "Numerical Modelling Techniques for Stability Analysis of Slopes Reinforced with Shallow Roots." Geotechnics 3, no. 2 (April 30, 2023): 278–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics3020016.

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It is well recognised that plant vegetation and roots are capable of improving the shear strength of hillslopes by reinforcing soil shear resistance. Several key factors influencing the level of slope reinforcement include root geometry, orientation and strength. To assess the mechanical performance of vegetated slopes using numerical methods, root structures can be represented by beam and pile elements to mirror root behaviour. In contrast, root reinforcement can be modelled indirectly through a root cohesion factor, supplying additional strength to the soil surrounding the root zone. In this paper, correlations between these two numerical methods are presented, highlighting the applicability of each technique based on various root characteristics. Three types of root geometries are presented, consisting of a primary tap root, a secondary cohesion zone surrounding the main root and a root branching process. The results of the finite element analysis demonstrate the variation in the slope factor of safety for both methods, with a set of correlations between the two modelling approaches. A series of stability charts are presented for each method, quantifying the effects of root characteristics on slope reinforcement.

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10

Astore, Miro A., Po-Chia Chen, Shafagh Waters, and Serdar Kuyucak. "Computer modelling the root cause of cystic fibrosis." Biophysical Journal 121, no. 3 (February 2022): 506a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2021.11.268.

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11

Perona, Paolo, Reto Flury, D. Andrew Barry, and Massimiliano Schwarz. "Tree root distribution modelling in different environmental conditions." Ecological Engineering 185 (December 2022): 106811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2022.106811.

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12

Bastian, Peter, Andrés Chavarría-Krauser, Christian Engwer, Willi Jäger, Sven Marnach, and Mariya Ptashnyk. "Modelling in vitro growth of dense root networks." Journal of Theoretical Biology 254, no. 1 (September 2008): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.04.014.

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13

Górnicki, K., and A. Kaleta. "Modelling convection drying of blanched parsley root slices." Biosystems Engineering 97, no. 1 (May 2007): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2007.02.006.

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14

Toda, S., and K. Itoh. "Modelling of electron root plasmas in helical devices." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 44, no. 5A (April 30, 2002): A501—A505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/44/5a/356.

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15

Hales, Tristram C. "Modelling biome-scale root reinforcement and slope stability." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 43, no. 10 (April 20, 2018): 2157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.4381.

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16

Arowosegbe, Oluwakemi Betty, Tersoo Hulugh, and Pedepo Emmanuel. "Enhancing Supply Chain Resilience Through Predictive Modelling and Root Cause Analysis in Project Management." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 5, no. 11 (November 2024): 3551–67. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.5.1124.3302.

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17

Dunbabin, Vanessa M., Johannes A. Postma, Andrea Schnepf, Loïc Pagès, Mathieu Javaux, Lianhai Wu, Daniel Leitner, Ying L. Chen, Zed Rengel, and Art J. Diggle. "Modelling root–soil interactions using three–dimensional models of root growth, architecture and function." Plant and Soil 372, no. 1-2 (June 4, 2013): 93–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1769-y.

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18

Guerrero Iñiguez, J. I. "GEOMETRIC MODELLING OF TREE ROOTS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DETAIL." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W3 (September 25, 2017): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w3-29-2017.

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This paper presents a geometric approach for modelling tree roots with different Levels of Detail, suitable for analysis of the tree anchoring, potentially occupied underground space, interaction with urban elements and damage produced and taken in the built-in environment. Three types of tree roots are considered to cover several species: tap root, heart shaped root and lateral roots. Shrubs and smaller plants are not considered, however, a similar approach can be considered if the information is available for individual species. The geometrical approach considers the difficulties of modelling the actual roots, which are dynamic and almost opaque to direct observation, proposing generalized versions. For each type of root, different geometric models are considered to capture the overall shape of the root, a simplified block model, and a planar or surface projected version. Lower detail versions are considered as compatibility version for 2D systems while higher detail models are suitable for 3D analysis and visualization. The proposed levels of detail are matched with CityGML Levels of Detail, enabling both analysis and aesthetic views for urban modelling.

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19

Zhang, X., J. A. Knappett, A. K. Leung, M. O. Ciantia, T. Liang, and F. Danjon. "Small-scale modelling of root-soil interaction of trees under lateral loads." Plant and Soil 456, no. 1-2 (September 18, 2020): 289–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04636-8.

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Abstract Aim (1) To understand the tree root-soil interaction under lateral and moment loading using a physical modelling technique; (2) To detect the possible factors (e.g. root architecture, water condition, and stress level) influencing a tree’s push-over behaviour; (3) To identify suitable scaling laws to use in physical modelling. Methods Two 1:20 scaled root models with different architectures (namely, deep and narrow, and shallow and wide) were reconstructed and 3D printed based on the field-surveyed root architecture data. Push-over tests were performed both in elevated-gravity (centrifuge 20-g) and normal-gravity (1-g) conditions. Results The shallow and wide model showed higher anchorage strength than the deep and narrow model. Regardless of the root architecture, the root anchorage strength measured from dry soil was higher than that from saturated soil. However, once the effective stress was the same, regardless of water conditions, the root anchorage strength would be the same. Conclusions The presence of water decreasing the soil effective stress and key lateral roots extending along the wind direction play a significant role on a tree’s push-over resistance. Centrifuge tests showed comparable results to the field pull-over measurements while 1-g model tests overestimated the root-soil interaction, which could be corrected for soil strength by using modified scaling laws.

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20

Ni, J. J., A. K. Leung, and C. W. W. Ng. "Modelling effects of root growth and decay on soil water retention and permeability." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 56, no. 7 (July 2019): 1049–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0402.

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Plant roots can change the soil water retention curve (SWRC) and saturated permeability (ksat) of vegetated soils. However, there is no model that could capture both the effects of root growth and root decay on these soil hydraulic properties simultaneously. This note proposes a new void ratio function that can model the decrease and increase in soil void ratio due to root occupancy (upon growth) and root shrinkage (upon decay), respectively, in an unsaturated vegetated coarse-grained soil. The function requires two root parameters; namely, root volume ratio and root decay ratio, both of which can be readily measured through root excavation and image-based analysis. The new function is incorporated into a void ratio–dependent SWRC model for predicting the SWRC of vegetated soils. Similarly, the same function can be combined with the Kozeny–Carman equation for predicting ksat. The model prediction is then compared with a set of new field test data and an existing laboratory dataset for a silty sand vegetated with plant species under the family Schefflera. Good agreements are obtained between the measurements and predictions.

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21

Green, S. R., I. Vogeler, B. E. Clothier, T. M. Mills, and C. van den Dijssel. "Modelling water uptake by a mature apple tree." Soil Research 41, no. 3 (2003): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02129.

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We report the results from a field experiment in which we examined the spatial and temporal patterns of water uptake by a mature apple tree (Malus domestica Borkh., 'Splendour') in an orchard. Time domain reflectometry was used to measure changes in the soil's volumetric water content, and heat-pulse was used to monitor locally the rates of sap flow in the trunk and roots of the tree. The tree's distribution of root-length density and supporting data to characterise the soil's hydraulic properties were determined for the purpose of modelling soil water movement in the root-zone under an apple tree. Experimental data are compared against the output from a numerical model of the soil water balance that uses Richards' equation for water flow, and uses a distributed macroscopic sink term for root uptake. In general, there was a very good agreement between the measured and modelled results. The apple trees consumed some 70 L of water per day during the middle of summer. The daily water use declined to about 20 L per day with the onset of autumn, coinciding with a reduced evaporative demand and an increasing number of rain days. Water movement in the root-zone soil was dominated by the water uptake via surface roots. Large changes in soil water content were also associated with each irrigation event. Our experimental data support the contention that more frequent irrigation in smaller doses will result in less water percolating through the root-zone. Such an irrigation strategy should make more efficient use of water by minimising the leaching losses. It will also be helpful for environmental protection by reducing the percolation losses of water and solute beyond the grasp of the roots.

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22

Świtała, Barbara, and E. Fern. "Constitutive modelling of root-reinforced granular soils – preliminary studies." Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 27, no. 2 (July 22, 2018): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2018.27.2.10.

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A novel solution for the problem of modelling of soil reinforced with vegetation roots. An extension of the Nor–Sand model and its application to granular saturated or dry, soil–root composites. Model implementation in MATLAB: numerical simulations of drained triaxial compression tests, investigation of the sensitivity of the solution to different values of model parameters. Capturing the most important features of soil–root composites. Accounting for the progressive activation of the root’s strength. Indication of the ability of further model application to large-scale problems, such as slope or dune stability.

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23

Schnepf, Andrea, Daniel Leitner, Magdalena Landl, Guillaume Lobet, Trung Hieu Mai, Shehan Morandage, Cheng Sheng, Mirjam Zörner, Jan Vanderborght, and Harry Vereecken. "CRootBox: a structural–functional modelling framework for root systems." Annals of Botany 121, no. 5 (February 8, 2018): 1033–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcx221.

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24

Aurisicchio, Marco, Rob Bracewell, and Becky L. Hooey. "Rationale mapping and functional modelling enhanced root cause analysis." Safety Science 85 (June 2016): 241–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.12.022.

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25

Mao, Zhun, Ming Yang, Franck Bourrier, and Thierry Fourcaud. "Evaluation of root reinforcement models using numerical modelling approaches." Plant and Soil 381, no. 1-2 (May 2, 2014): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-014-2116-7.

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26

Chen, Rui, Jun-Wen Huang, Anthony Kwan Leung, Zhong-Kui Chen, Yang Ping, and Ying Xu. "Modelling air conductivity function of unsaturated root-permeated soil." Soil and Tillage Research 227 (March 2023): 105583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2022.105583.

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27

Zieschang, H. E., P. Brain, and P. W. Barlow. "Modelling of Root Growth and Bending in Two Dimensions." Journal of Theoretical Biology 184, no. 3 (February 1997): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.1996.0259.

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28

Gul, Nadia, Anwar Zeb, Salih Djilali, Mazz Ullah, Zohreh Eskandari, and Thitiporn Linitda. "COVID-19 modelling with square root susceptible-infected interaction." Thermal Science 27, Spec. issue 1 (2023): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci23s1323g.

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We propose a COVID-19 mathematical model related to functional shape with square root susceptible-infected interaction. Using the Hurwitz criterion and then a graph theoretical-method for the construction of a Lyapunov function, we discuss both local and global stability. The analytical solution of the system is obtained in a special case. A non-standard finite difference scheme is then developed with the aim to obtain a proper discrete-time version of the model. Simulations show a good agreement between the proposed discretization and the results given by standard numerical methods.

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29

Gérard, Frédéric, Céline Blitz-Frayret, Philippe Hinsinger, and Loïc Pagès. "Modelling the interactions between root system architecture, root functions and reactive transport processes in soil." Plant and Soil 413, no. 1-2 (October 26, 2016): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-3092-x.

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30

Mendham, D. S., P. J. Smethurst, P. W. Moody, and R. L. Aitken. "Modelling nutrient uptake: a possible indicator of phosphorus deficiency." Soil Research 35, no. 2 (1997): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s96046.

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An understanding of the processes controlling soil nutrient supply and plant uptake has led to process-based models that can predict nutrient uptake and the concentration gradient that develops at the root surface. By using this information, it may be possible to develop an indicator of soil phosphorus status based on the predicted uptake and/or concentration of phosphorus (P) at the root surface. To identify the potential for such a test, the relationships between model output and observed plant growth were examined using data from a published experiment. The experiment was initially designed to investigate the relationship between common indices of soil-available P and the growth of maize (Zea mays) in 26 surface soils from Queensland. There was a high correlation between observed and predicted P uptake, and between relative dry matter yield and predicted P uptake. The predicted concentration of P at the root surface was also highly correlated with P uptake and dry weight increase. It is hypothesised that the short growth period (25 days) was responsible for the high correlation between P uptake and measured soil solution P. The hypothesis that a predicted concentration of P at the root surface or predicted P uptake may be valuable indicators of P deficiency in the longer term still remains to be tested.

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31

Fozard, John A., Malcolm J. Bennett, John R. King, and Oliver E. Jensen. "Hybrid vertex-midline modelling of elongated plant organs." Interface Focus 6, no. 5 (October 6, 2016): 20160043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0043.

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We describe a method for the simulation of the growth of elongated plant organs, such as seedling roots. By combining a midline representation of the organ on a tissue scale and a vertex-based representation on the cell scale, we obtain a multiscale method, which is able to both simulate organ growth and incorporate cell-scale processes. Equations for the evolution of the midline are obtained, which depend on the cell-wall properties of individual cells through appropriate averages over the vertex-based representation. The evolution of the organ midline is used to deform the cellular-scale representation. This permits the investigation of the regulation of organ growth through the cell-scale transport of the plant hormone auxin. The utility of this method is demonstrated in simulating the early stages of the response of a root to gravity, using a vertex-based template acquired from confocal imaging. Asymmetries in the concentrations of auxin between the upper and lower sides of the root lead to bending of the root midline, reflecting a gravitropic response.

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32

Sharma, Susan Sunila. "UNDERSTANDING INDONESIA’S MACROECONOMIC DATA: WHAT DO WE KNOW AND WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS?" Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan 21, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 229–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v21i2.967.

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Unit root properties of macroeconomic data are important for both econometric modelling specifications and policy making. The form of variables (whether they are a unit root process) helps determine the correct econometric modelling. Equally, the form of variables helps explain how they react to shocks (both internal and external). Macroeconomic time-series data are often at the forefront of shock analysis and econometric modelling. There is a growing emphasis on research on Indonesia using time-series data; yet, there is limited understanding of data characteristics and shock response of these data. Using an extensive dataset comprising 33 macroeconomic time-series variables, we provide an informative empirical analysis of unit root properties of data. We find that regardless of data frequencies the empirical evidence of unit roots is mixed, some series respond quickly to shocks others do take time, and almost every macroeconomic data suffers from structural breaks. We draw implications of these findings.

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33

Wang, Enli, and Chris J. Smith. "Modelling the growth and water uptake function of plant root systems: a review." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, no. 5 (2004): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar03201.

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Crop models have been intensively used as a tool to analyse the performance of cropping systems under variable climate in terms of productivity, profitability, and off-site impact. The importance of modelling the function of plant roots in water and nutrient uptake from the soil is becoming increasing clear with the expanding application areas of crop models. This paper reviews the approaches and assumptions used in growth and uptake modelling of plant roots, and how the responses of plant root system to internal and external factors are captured in the widely used crop models. Most modelling approaches are based on one of the following assumptions: (i) that plant roots are uniformly distributed in homogenous soil layers and all roots have the same ability for uptake, or (ii) that plant root length is always sufficient for resource uptake in rooted soil layers. In structured soils, an overestimation of water uptake is likely to be expected. Further studies on root growth, distribution, and function in structured soils will require quantification of soil structures and root distribution patterns; and for non-uniformly distributed plant populations, spatial distribution of plant roots and non-uniform uptake need to be modelled. Root architecture modelling may help to address such issues. However, in order for the model to be useful at the field production level, simplified approaches that require easily measurable inputs need to be developed. Some examples are given. The oversimplification of root response to soil drying and hardness is likely to lead to overestimation of root growth and water uptake in dense soils. A soil strength factor needs to be incorporated so that the improved model can help evaluate the effect of subsoil compaction on production and resource use. Responses of root growth and uptake to soil salinity, boron toxicity, and extreme pH need to be further investigated if models are to be used for evaluation of crop performance in such environments. Effect of waterlogging also needs to be added for use of the model on heavy clay soils under irrigation or concentrated rainfall. There is an urgent need for joint efforts of crop physiologists, agronomists, breeders, and soil scientists to integrate interdisciplinary knowledge and to collect data that better describe the crop root system and its growth and uptake ability, to quantify plant process level responses, and for better soil quantification. Such knowledge and data are essential for improvement of model performance and successful applications.

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34

Bengough, A. G., C. J. Mackenzie, and A. J. Diggle. "Relations between root length densities and root intersections with horizontal and vertical planes using root growth modelling in 3-dimensions." Plant and Soil 145, no. 2 (September 1992): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00010353.

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35

Noordwijk, M. van, and P. de Willigen. "Quantitative root ecology as element of soil fertility theory." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 34, no. 3 (August 1, 1986): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v34i3.16781.

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Nutrient use efficiency with special reference to the soil/plant system, soil fertility theory relating to fertilizers, plant nutrition, soil properties and root ecology and aspects of quantitative root ecology are considered and an approach to modelling the relation of root ecology to soil fertility theory is outlined. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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36

Liang, Hao, Guoqiu Fan, Yinghang Li, and Yandong Zhao. "Theoretical Development of Plant Root Diameter Estimation Based on GprMax Data and Neural Network Modelling." Forests 12, no. 5 (May 13, 2021): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050615.

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The in situ non-destructive quantitative observation of plant roots is difficult. Traditional detection methods are not only time-consuming and labor-intensive, but also destroy the root environment. Ground penetrating radar (GPR), as a non-destructive detection method, has great potential in the estimation of root parameters. In this paper, we use GprMax software to perform forward modeling of plant roots under different soil dielectric constants, and analyze the situation of plant roots with different dielectric constants and different root diameters under 1.5 GHz frequency antenna detection. Firstly, root systems with increasing diameter under different values of root and soil dielectric constant were scanned. Secondly, from the scanning results, two time points T1 and T2 of radar wave entering and penetrating the root system were defined, and the correlation between root diameter D and time interval ΔT between T1 and T2 was analyzed. Finally, the least square regression model and back propagation (BP) neural network model for root diameter parameter estimation were established, and the estimation effects of the two models were compared and evaluated. The research results show that the root diameter (12–48 mm) is highly correlated with the time interval. Given the dielectric constants of the root and soil, the prediction results of the two models are accurate, but the prediction result of the neural network model is more stable, and the residual between the predicted value and the actual value is mainly concentrated in the [−1.5 mm, 1.5 mm] range, as well as the average of prediction error percentage being 3.62%. When the dielectric constants of the root and soil are unknown, the accuracy of the prediction results of the two models is decreased, but the stability of the neural network model is still superior to the least squares model, and the residual error is mainly concentrated in the range of [−5.3 mm, 5.0 mm], the average of prediction error percentage is 10.19%. This study uses GprMax to simulate root system detection and reveals the theoretical potential of GPR technology for non-destructive estimation of root diameter parameters. It is also pointed out that in the field exploration process, if the dielectric constants of the root and soil in the experimental site are sampled and measured first, the prediction accuracy of the model for root diameter would be effectively improved. This research is based on simulation experiments, so further simulation followed by laboratory and field testing is warranted using non-uniform roots and soil.

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Chen, Ying Long, Vanessa M. Dunbabin, Art J. Diggle, Kadambot H. M. Siddique, and Zed Rengel. "Assessing variability in root traits of wild Lupinus angustifolius germplasm: basis for modelling root system structure." Plant and Soil 354, no. 1-2 (November 18, 2011): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-1050-1.

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Podrug, Srđan, Srečko Glodež, and Damir Jelaska. "Numerical Modelling of Crack Growth in a Gear Tooth Root." Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 7-8, no. 57 (August 15, 2011): 579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2009.127.

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White, T. A., and P. J. Gerard. "Modelling the farm scale impacts of clover root weevil herbivory." New Zealand Plant Protection 59 (August 1, 2006): 312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2006.59.4485.

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Clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus CRW) is a major New Zealand pasture pest This study used computer simulation and decision support modelling to simulate CRW herbivory estimate the longterm consequences on clover abundance pasture production and quality and financial implications to a typical sheep and beef farmer Three farm scenarios were explored the absence of CRW and the presence of CRW with and without additional nitrogen (N) For a hypothetical 325 ha Waikato sheep and beef farm CRW decreased mean clover abundance from 21 to 13 pasture production from 9200 to 7900 kg DM/ha/year pasture quality from 105 to 102 MJME/kg DM and N fixation from 60 to 42 kg N/ha/year This resulted in a 16 reduction in the annual gross margin However assuming current prices and costs and that an N response could be consistently achieved urea could be used to replace the reduction in N fixation without affecting profits

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Li, Ke, Wei Cheng, Xiao Jian Liu, Shu Bin Li, En Guang Hou, Yan Gao, Liang Wang, Qing Liu, Bo Nian Zhao, and Zong Yuan Yu. "Mathematical Modelling for the Quality Evaluation of Baikal Skullcap Root." Applied Mechanics and Materials 40-41 (November 2010): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.40-41.167.

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In this paper, a model for evaluating the quality of Baikal skullcap root based on the chromatographic fingerprint and pharmacological effect correlation mode was established by using multivariate polynomial fitting technique. This result is new and the accuracy of the model is tested by comparing the modeled results with the experimental data. In addition, a related piece of software was developed. This paper also provides us with a new modelling method for the quality evaluation of traditional Chinese herbal medicine.

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Taylor, H. M., D. R. Upchurch, and B. L. McMichael. "Root hydraulic resistance: Implications in modelling nutrient and water uptake." Journal of Plant Nutrition 15, no. 6-7 (June 1992): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904169209364358.

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Ni, Junjun, Charles Wang Wai Ng, and Yufeng Gao. "Modelling root growth and soil suction due to plant competition." Journal of Theoretical Biology 484 (January 2020): 110019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.110019.

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Custos, Jean-Marc, Christian Moyne, and Thibault Sterckeman. "How root nutrient uptake affects rhizosphere pH: A modelling study." Geoderma 369 (June 2020): 114314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114314.

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Giuliani, Felice, Federico Autelitano, Elisa Degiovanni, and Antonio Montepara. "DEM modelling analysis of tree root growth in street pavements." International Journal of Pavement Engineering 18, no. 1 (March 11, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2015.1019495.

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Robertson, M. J., S. Fukai, G. L. Hammer, and M. M. Ludlow. "Modelling root growth of grain sorghum using the CERES approach." Field Crops Research 33, no. 1-2 (April 1993): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(93)90097-7.

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JAMES LI, C., HYUNGDAE LEE, and SUK HWAN CHOI. "ESTIMATING SIZE OF GEAR TOOTH ROOT CRACK USING EMBEDDED MODELLING." Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 16, no. 5 (September 2002): 841–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mssp.2001.1452.

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Gillespie, Andrew R. "Modelling nutrient flux and interspecies root competition in agroforestry interplantings." Agroforestry Systems 8, no. 3 (June 1989): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00129653.

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Pagès, Loïc, Marie Bernert, and Guillaume Pagès. "Modelling time variations of root diameter and elongation rate as related to assimilate supply and demand." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 12 (June 9, 2020): 3524–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa122.

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Abstract In a given root system, individual roots usually exhibit a rather homogeneous tip structure although highly different diameters and growth patterns, and this diversity is of prime importance in the definition of the whole root system architecture and foraging characteristics. In order to represent and predict this diversity, we built a simple and generic model at root tip level combining structural and functional knowledge on root elongation. The tip diameter, reflecting meristem size, is used as a driving variable of elongation. It varies, in response to the fluctuations of photo-assimilate availability, between two limits (minimal and maximal diameter). The elongation rate is assumed to be dependent on the transient value of the diameter. Elongation stops when the tip reaches the minimal diameter. The model could satisfactorily reproduce patterns of root elongation and tip diameter changes observed in various species at different scales. Although continuous, the model could generate divergent root classes as classically observed within populations of lateral roots. This model should help interpret the large plasticity of root elongation patterns which can be obtained in response to different combinations of endogenous and exogenous factors. The parameters could be used in phenotyping the root system.

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White, T. A., and V. O. Snow. "A modelling analysis to identify plant traits for enhanced water-use efficiency of pasture." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 1 (2012): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp11250.

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As pressure on water resources increases, pasture species that express traits for improved water-use efficiency (WUE) while maintaining desirable agronomic and production characteristics are needed. The objective of this study was to use a biophysical modelling analysis to test the sensitivity of key pasture plant functional traits on WUE. Biomass production and water use of monocultures of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) with varying plant traits were determined under a range of soil, climate, and irrigation conditions. Five plant traits (temperature sensitivity, light extinction, root depth, root partitioning, and sensitivity to water stress) were investigated. Parameters related to root systems had the greatest impact across all environments on harvestable dry matter and WUE. In particular, root depth and root partitioning showed potential for improving both harvestable yield and WUE. These traits merit further attention under more realistic soil conditions, simultaneously taking into consideration other desirable traits such as nutrient capture and agronomic suitability for grazed systems.

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Sweta Shukla, Prachi Jain, and Soniya Juneja. "Synthesis, Kinetics and Mathematical Modelling of Environment Friendly Acrylate-Based Binder." Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology 13, no. 2 (July 4, 2024): 377–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.13074/jent.2024.06.242605.

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The copolymers consisting of acrylic and methacrylic esters have achieved prime importance due to their versatile applications. Copolymerization of Methyl meth acrylate (MMA) with butyl acrylate has been carried out for modifying the properties of the polymer. Dynamic swelling kinetics were conducted at room temperatures to investigate the synthesized binder's swelling properties for paint industries. The experimental swelling curves were analyzed using three different models: Peleg's model, the first-order absorption kinetic model, and the exponential association equation model. All of these models demonstrated excellent agreement with the experimental data, as indicated by high R-Square values and low values for Chi Square, Sum of Squared Errors (SSE), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Comparing the determination coefficients for these models, it was concluded that the Peleg model provides a better representation of the swelling characteristics across various concentrations of the crosslinker in the polymer. Specifically, the Peleg model exhibited high R-Square values of 0.98121, 0.9869, and 0.97605 for 0%, 5%, and 10% PPGDA concentrations, respectively. Furthermore, it yielded reduced chi-square values of 1.44546, 0.74895, and 0.86587 and root mean square error values of 1.202, 0.8654, and 0.9305 for the same respective concentrations. These results establish the Peleg model as the most favorable choice for characterizing the swelling behavior with different cross linker concentrations in the polymer. The prepared latexes are used as binder for environment friendly coatings.

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