Relevant bibliographies by topics / Root

Academic literature on the topic 'Root'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 July 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Root"

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Kim, Hyun-Soo, Dae-Hee Jang, and Soo-Kyung Choi. "Resistance to Root Penetration of Root Barrier for Green Roof System." Journal of the Korean Institute of Building Construction 8, no. 6 (December 20, 2008): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5345/jkic.2008.8.6.123.

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Root, Richard. "A Rational Approach to Monoclonal Antibody Development According to Predefined Assay Criteria." BioProcessing Journal 2, no. 5 (October 30, 2003): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12665/j25.root.

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Hassan, Affendy, Dorte Bodin Dresbøll, and Kristian Thorup-Kristensen. "Naturally coloured roots as a tool for studying root interactions in mixed cropping." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 12 (December 10, 2021): 700–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/154/2021-pse.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the usage of species with coloured roots to study root growth patterns during intercropping. Red beet (Beta vulgaris L. cv. Detroit), having clear red roots, was used in a semi-field and field experiment to allow identification and quantification of roots of the individual species in the mixture. In the field experiment, red beet was strip intercropped with lucerne (Medicago sativa L. cv. Creno) and kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. Sabellica), respectively while the red beet-lucerne intercropping was conducted in large rhizoboxes where root growth distribution and <sup>15</sup>N isotope uptake was determined. The study confirmed that the direct visual measurement of root growth using species with coloured roots and indirect tracer uptake measurements contributed to the success of studying root growth dynamics in intercropping systems. Red beet root intensity was not considerably affected by the strip intercropping when the crops were established at the same time, but when established between existing lucerne strips, a reduction in roots at the border row was shown. Lucerne and kale were both observed to be able to exploit the deep soil layers beneath the red beet border row.
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Klausner, Arthur. "Root, Root, Root for the Home Team." Nature Biotechnology 3, no. 6 (June 1985): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0685-584.

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Q-S, Wu, Srivastava AK, and Cao M-Q. "Systematicness of glomalin in roots and mycorrhizosphere of a split-root trifoliate orange." Plant, Soil and Environment 62, No. 11 (November 9, 2016): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/551/2016-pse.

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Reyes, Fernando, Jaime Cid, Miguel Angel Limon, and Manuel Cervantes. "Square Root - Type Control for Robot Manipulators." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 10, no. 1 (January 2013): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52500.

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Kačergius, A., and D. Radaitienė. "Greenhouse test for the resistance to root and stem rot of Hypericum perforatum L. accessions." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (December 31, 2017): 533–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10547-pps.

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Root and stem rot caused by soil-borne agent Fusarium avenaceum is a major disease of wild Hypericum perforatum accessions in the field collection of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAP) of the Institute of Botany in Lithuania. These wild accessions of H. perforatum are growing as an initial material for breeding. In 1998–2001 the monitoring of epidemiological situation of field collection of H. perforatum showed differences among accessions considering the resistance to root rot. High intensity of root rot was observed in the third–fourth years of cultivation. The most damaged plants (&gt; 50%) were among the accessions 219, 379, 381, and cv. Zolotodolinskaja. Fungi of the Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Penicillium, Rhizoctonia, and Verticillium genera were associated with H. perforatum roots together with the rot agent Fusarium avenaceum. Seven accessions from Lithuania and cv. Zolotodolinskaja of H. perforatum were tested for the resistance to root rot under greenhouse conditions. Two accessions (219, 381) were highly susceptible to the disease, another two (218, 383) were less susceptible, others were free of the symptoms of root rot. Accessions and single plants, survived after artificial infection, have been selected for further investigations.
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Gilman, Edward. "Root Barriers affect Root Distribution." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 22, no. 3 (May 1, 1996): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1996.022.

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No roots of live oak (Quercus virginiana) or sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) went through Biobarrier™ during a 3-year period after planting. Most roots on both species without a barrier were located in the top 30 cm (12 in) of soil, and root number decreased with increasing soil depth. Roots were located at deeper soil depths beyond the Biobarrier. The roots 15 cm (6 in) from the Biobarrier were mostly 30 to 45 cm (12 to 18 in) below the soil surface. Eighty percent of oak roots and 72% of sycamore roots greater than 3 mm in diameter 0.9 m (3 ft) from the trunk without a barrier were in the top 30 cm (12 in) of soil, whereas, only 42% (oak) and 38% (sycamore) of roots were in the top 30 cm (12 in) for trees with the root barrier. Biobarrier forced roots deeper in the soil but in the high water table soil in this study, many roots returned to the soil surface by the time they had grown 1.2 m (4 ft) away from the barrier.
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STONE, J. A., and B. R. BUTTERY. "SOME EFFECTS OF NITRATE ON SOYBEAN ROOT DEVELOPMENT." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 3 (July 1, 1986): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-069.

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The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nitrate on some morphological aspects of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) root growth and to determine the role of drainage in the response. Two indeterminate soybean cultivars were grown on 0, 10 and 40% mixtures of perlite and Brookston clay loam, supplied with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA 110, and watered with nutrient solutions containing 0 or 6 mM nitrate. Plants were grown in acrylic tubes until 21 and 53 d after emergence in corresponding field and growth room experiments, respectively. Response variables measured were the rate of taproot extension, root counts at the acrylic-soil interface, and top, root, and nodule dry weight. Nitrate suppressed nodule development and increased top dry weight but had no effect on the rate of taproot extension. Nitrate increased root counts and root dry weights in the field test, but decreased root counts in the growth room test. Top:root ratio was increased in the growth room but not in the field test. Increasing the proportion of perlite generally increased rates of root extension, root counts, and top dry weights in the field and growth room experiments. However, the soil mixture had no effect on nodule dry weight at either location, or on root dry weight in the growth room.Key words: Root extension, Glycine max, indeterminate, drainage
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Hashem, M., and A. M. Hamada. "Induction of resistance to root rot disease of wheat grown under field condition." Plant, Soil and Environment 48, No. 7 (December 21, 2011): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4372-pse.

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Four compounds namely Fenor (F-760), Strom, salicylic acid (SA) and thiamin (B1) were tested against root rot disease of wheat under field condition. Wheat grains were soaked in these compounds for 6 h before sowing. Mean disease rating, disease appearance, and distribution of disease were estimated as parameters of disease severity. All tested compounds significantly reduced the root rot of wheat severity during seedling, flowering and ripening stages. Fresh and dry weights were also affected by application of these compounds. Water maintenance capacity in all stages was increased as a&nbsp;result of seed treatments by the above-mentioned compounds. Crop yield and parameters of spikes and grains were significantly improved. These results were discussed and analyzed statistically using LSD test.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Root"

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Olsen, Mary. "Cotton (Texas) Root Rot." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/346609.

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Revised 02/2015; Originally published: 2000.
The most important disease of woody dicotyledonous plants in Arizona is Phymatotrichopsis root rot (Cotton or Texas root rot) caused by a unique and widely distributed soil-borne fungus, Phymatotrichopsis omnivora. The fungus is indigenous to the alkaline, low-organic matter soils of the southwestern United States and central and northern Mexico.
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Olsen, Mary W. "Cotton (Texas) Root Rot." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144800.

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Cotton root rot commonly causes a sudden wilt and death of susceptible plants in summer months but may also cause a slow decline, especially at cooler temperatures. So, positive identification of disease by an experienced person is essential. This publication addresses the symptoms, environmental conditions, disease, prevention and control methods, sampling, identifying susceptible plants and the tolerant and immune plants of cotton root rot.
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Chambers, Susan M. "Phytophthora root rot of chestnut /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc4449.pdf.

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West, Jon. "Chemical control of Armillaria root rot." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386565.

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Kilby, Michael W. "Phymatotrichum (Cotton Root Rot) Resistant Grape Rootstocks." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215735.

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Mahato, Tilak, Mary Olsen, and Ursula K. Schuch. "Controlling Rhizoctonia Root Rot in Bedding Plants." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216551.

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Rhizoctonia root rot is caused by a soil borne fungus, Rhizoctonia solani and is a serious problem in bedding plants. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of three chemical and two biological products for controlling Rhizoctonia root rot in cool season and warm season bedding plants. Experiments were conducted with summer and winter bedding plants in a nursery production and landscape situation. The efficacy of conventional fungicides or biological products to control Rhizoctonia root rot in bedding plant production and simulated landscape growth cannot be evaluated from results of this study because of low mortality of plants.
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Tyler, Ray, Edith DeRosa, Lee J. Clark, and Mary Olsen. "Seed Treatment to Prevent Black Root Rot." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219773.

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The 1985 and 1986 Cotton Reports have the same publication and P-Series numbers.
NU-Zone (imazalil) + Nu-Flow ND (TCMTB + Chloroneb), NU-Flow ND, and Vitavax (carboxin) were evaluated as seed treatments with and without in-furrow PCNB. The following was learned: - Vitavax-treated seed got out of the ground faster than the other treatments, which brings out the possibility that NU-Flow or NU-Zone slows germination. - Stands and root development were slightly better when NUZone was present. - NU-Zone + NU-Flow ND seed treatment is not totally effective in controlling black root rot in heavily inoculated soils. - NU-Flow ND alone is the least effective of the treatments. - In-furrow PCNB did not affect yields.
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Erb, Ronald T. "The effect of roots on the shearing strength of soil." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1119364987.

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Persson, Lars. "Soil suppressiveness to Aphanomyces root rot of pea /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1998. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1998/91-576-5472-7.gif.

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Xia-Hong, He. "Bio-control of root rot disease in vanilla." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/15398.

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Fusarium oxysporum Schl. var. vanillae (Tucker) Gondon is known to cause root rot in Vanilla planifolia Andrews in most regions where it is grown, including the major plantations in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province of China. This is of serious economic concern to the Province since the vanilla flavouring extractable from the beans of the plant is a valuable food product and an important export commodity. There are no fungicides registered for the control of Fusarium root rot and the only available chemical control methods are ineffective and cause serious contamination of the soil. Breeding for resistance is difficult when no dominant gene is known or where little information is available on fungal pathogenicity. Biocontrol is the main alternative for disease control in this crop, an attractive approach because of increasing concerns for environmental protection. The investigation considers two biocontrol strategies: first the introduction of virulent, antagonistic, non-pathogenic strains, closely-related to the pathogen, to overcome pathogenic populations in infected soils; second the use of essential oils with antimicrobial properties when applied to infected soils. Pathogenicity tests have been done on 81 out of 87 F. oxysporum isolates collected in Yunnan Province. Among these, 32 isolates were non-pathogenic and 49 were pathogenic. The pathogenicity results showed the complexity of F. oxysporum in Yunnan. Seventeen isolates were recovered from the Daluo plantation, of which 14 were pathogenic isolates and 3 non-pathogenic isolates; 26 from the Menglun plantation, in which 12 were pathogenic and 14 were non-pathogenic; 18 isolates from the Manjingdai plantation, in which 12 isolates were pathogenic, whilst the other 6 were non-pathogenic and 20 were obtained from the plantation in Hekou i County, of which 11 were pathogenic isolates and 9 were non-pathogenic. Genetic diversity within this population of F. oxysporum has been investigated with respect to vegetative compatibility and to determine the relationship between VCGs and virulence. The VCG results showed that the 87 strains of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp vanillae isolated from Yunnan Province were complex. They could be distributed into 12 different VCGs and that a direct relationship between VCGs group and virulence could not be drawn. Two non-pathogenic strains, ML-5-2 and HK-5b-4-1, have been screened from 87 strains as candidate biocontrol agents by pathogenicity and VCG, which are self-incompatible and closely related to the pathogens. These two strains were effective in vanilla root rot control in controlled environments, but their effects in field experiments were less conclusive. Seven essential oils, which have long been regarded as having inhibitory effects on pathogens in nature, have also been investigated as biocontrol agents. Three oils, cinnamon oil, thyme oil and clove oil, were effective in inhibiting the growth of pathogen in vitro. These oils may develop into useful components of different management strategies with non-pathogenic strains. For the future, consideration will need to be given to the mechanism(s) of the interaction of the antagonistic components with the soil microbe population and host plant and also to appropriate formulation, to take account of soil type, crop status, cultural practices, environmental and economic factors. Biocontrol methods have considerable potential but must be acceptable to farmers as part of an overall crop management programme.
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Books on the topic "Root"

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Bright root, dark root. Seattle: Broken Moon Press, 1991.

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Root hairs. Berlin: Springer, 2009.

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Morgan, Conway Lloyd. Root. Ludwigsburg: avedition, 2002.

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Evans, Sarah. Root. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada: Sarah Evans, 2002.

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Evans, Sarah. Root. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada: Sarah Evans, 2003.

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Black, Linda. Root. Exeter: Shearsman Books, 2011.

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Evans, Sarah. Root. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada: Sarah Evans, 2010.

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V, Fox R. T., ed. Armillaria root rot: Biology and control of honey fungus. Andover: Intercept, 2000.

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Shaw, Charles G. Armillaria root disease. Washington, D.C: Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1991.

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Shaw, Charles G. Armillaria root disease. Washington, D.C: Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Root"

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DeJong, T. M. "Understanding the root sink." In Concepts for understanding fruit trees, 59–66. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620865.0008.

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Abstract Root development and growth is similar to shoot growth in that extension growth is initiated by an apical meristem and girth growth of mature roots is carried out by the vascular cambium. However, the initiation of lateral roots is entirely different than the initiation of lateral leaves or shoot meristems. This chapter deals with understanding the root sink in fruit trees by studying root growth, including the initiation of lateral roots, root classification according to size and function, factors affecting their growth, and rootstocks.
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Weik, Martin H. "root." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1500. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_16462.

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Springer, T. A. "Weyl Group, Roots, Root Datum." In Linear Algebraic Groups, 114–31. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-8176-4840-4_7.

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Pagès, Loïc. "Root System Architecture: Analysis from Root Systems to Individual Roots." In Encyclopedia of Agrophysics, 712–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3585-1_209.

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Athow, Kirk L. "Phytophthora Root Rot of Soybean." In World Soybean Research Conference III: Proceedings, 575–81. New York: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429267932-98.

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Galway, Moira E. "Root Hair Ultrastructure and Tip Growth." In Root Hairs, 1–15. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68370-4_1.

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Felle, Hubert H., and Almut Herrmann. "pH Regulation in and by Root Hairs." In Root Hairs, 165–78. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68370-4_10.

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Peterson, R. Larry, and Kevin J. Stevens. "Evidence for the Uptake of Non-Essential Ions and Essential Nutrient Ions by Root Hairs and Their Effect on Root Hair Development." In Root Hairs, 179–95. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68370-4_11.

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Schiefelbein, John. "Specification of Root Hair Cells." In Root Hairs, 197–209. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68370-4_12.

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Cavell, Alison, and Claire S. Grierson. "Genetics of Root Hair Development." In Root Hairs, 211–21. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68370-4_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Root"

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Ogiyama, Shinichi, Nobuyoshi Ishii, and Shigeo Uchida. "Uptake of 14C-Acetic Acid by Rice Plant as Related to Root Function and Microbial Activity on the Root Surface." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16111.

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Experiments using rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) were conducted to examine uptake of 14C-acetic acid via the root and 14C behavior on the root surface. For hydroponics, three types of rice plants were cultured with 14C-acetic acid solution: complete plant, half-rooted plant, and non-rooted plant. Also, for the root incubation experiment, sterilized root and non-sterilized root were incubated with 14C-acetic acid solution. The 14C radioactivities in the plant parts and solution were measured. Non- and half-rooted plant had 14C radioactivity in their aerial part, but the complete plant did not. The trends of radioactivity levels in the solution were directly opposite to those of plant root biomass. A high level of 14C radioactivity was observed on the entire root surface of non-sterilized root in the incubation experiment, and 14C radioactivity in the solution also remarkably decreased from 7 h to 96 h after the 14C addition. These results suggest that the amount of 14C-acetic acid absorbed by the plant through the roots is very small. However, the plant absorbs 14C-acetic acid through breaks in the roots. Once 14C-acetic acid is inside the plant, it immediately transfers to the shoots. Degradation of 14C radioactivity in the solution and 14C fixation on the root surface arise from the context of microbial activities.
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Choi, Ricky Y. S., and Arthur K. O. So. "On the Application of Mechanical Reinforcement of Tree Roots to Slope Stabilization." In The HKIE Geotechnical Division 41st Annual Seminar. AIJR Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.126.24.

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The root strengthening effects on soil behind retaining walls may be quantified by a simplified equation ΔS = 1.2TR(AR/A) where ΔS, TR and AR/A are the shear strength increase, tensile strength of root and root area ratio respectively. However, this effect is ignored during stability analysis due to the possible significant variability of the potential beneficial effect and extreme difficulty in fully characterizing the tree roots and quantifying their effects. In this paper, advancements in the last few decades in biotechnical slope stability are reviewed. Representative models to quantify the mechanical effects of tree roots are studied. If other potential beneficial effects due to existence of roots and suction effect due to transpiration of tree are ignored, the term 1.2, root tensile strength and root area ratio may still be the three key parameters to the root strengthening effect in slope stability.
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"Root." In 2010 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscc.2010.5546566.

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Damen, Ida, Rens Brankaert, Mengru Xue, Xiaoyue Chen, Anne Grave, and Steven Vos. "ROOT." In CHI '19: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3290607.3299051.

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Weiss, Zev, Tyler Harter, Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau, and Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau. "ROOT." In SOSP '13: ACM SIGOPS 24th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2517349.2522734.

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Kreis, Kevin F., and Sangjin Ryu. "Automated Mini-Channel Platform for Studying Plant Root Environments." In ASME 2021 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2021-65493.

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Abstract Plants are crucial to our lives because they provide us with building materials, oxygen, and food. A season’s crop yield can be significantly affected by local environmental factors. In particular, improving fundamental understanding of plant root interactions with their local soil environment, or rhizosphere, will help improve crop yield. Studying such interactions is challenging because roots are underground, making it difficult to observe interactions and to manipulate the local soil environment. The goal of this study was to develop an automated mini-channel platform to investigate how plant roots respond to changes in their environment using corn as a model plant. Considering the size of corn seedling roots, mini-channel devices were fabricated in soft lithography using master molds produced with a 3D printer and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Our use of a 3D printer instead of photolithography allowed for a broader range of PDMS mold designs, such as including embedded rubber gaskets built into the mold. Then, corn seedlings were grown inside the transparent mini-channel devices, and they were found to consume an observable amount of nitrate over time. Image processing was employed to measure the contour length of the roots for quantitative characterization of root growth. Then, an automated platform was developed to measure the growth rate of the corn seedling roots and the consumed nitrate over time. The automated platform maintained the level of growth medium in the channel device, and was equipped with a digital camera to image the root growing in the channel, electrochemical sensors to measure changes in nitrate concentration in the channel, and sensors to measure temperature and humidity. Therefore, the platform could automatically measure root growth while simultaneously measuring root environment. The platform’s adaptable design, simple fabrication, and low cost make it simple to replicate and use to study different plants and environmental stimuli.
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Sawa, Shunichiro, Mitsutoshi Ishimura, Yuya Omiya, and Toshiyuki Sawa. "3-D FEM Stress Analysis of Screw Threads in Bolted Joints Under Static Tensile Loadings." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38089.

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The stress concentration factor (SCF) for the roots of screw threads in bolted joints under static loadings is analyzed using 3-D elastic FEM taking account the spiral of screw threads. At first, the stress states at the roots of screw threads in initial clamping state in a bolted joint where two hollow cylinders were clamped with a bolt and a nut were analyzed in initial clamping. The elastic FEM result of SCF for the first root was obtained as SCF=3.2. When the bolt was clamped in initial clamping (preload) at the 60 % of bolt yield stress, the plastic deformations were found at the first and the second roots, and non-engaged screw threads. It was found that as the external tensile loads increased, the development in plastic deformation region increased from the first root to the other roots as well as the non-engaged screw threads. It was found that the rupture occurred from the non-engaged screw threaded part while the plastic deformation increased at each root of screw threads. The numerical result was coincided with the experimental result. In the experiments, it was observed that the rupture occurred from the non-engaged screw thread and not from the first root of screw thread. Also, the bolt fatigue was predicted from FEM and it was shown that a fatigue fracture occurred from the first root.
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S, Vinay M., and Jayant R. Haritsa. "Root Rank." In CoDS-COMAD '19: 6th ACM IKDD CoDS and 24th COMAD. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3297001.3297014.

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Dong, Janet, and Shane Y. Hong. "Design of Z Axis Actuator and Quick Tool Change Assembly for an Endodontic Micro Robot." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40816.

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Although the technology of endodontic therapy (root canal treatment) had developed for many years, it is still operated by hands. A typical treatment procedure includes access preparation (opening crown with drills), root canal shaping and cleaning, and then root canal filling. This treatment is expensive, time-consuming, and prone to human error. The outcome relies on the clinician’s skill, which is gained through years of training and practice. The success quotient of this treatment is 60–65% for general dentists and 90% for specialists (endodontists). Therefore, an Advanced Endodontic Technology Development project was initiated. The goal of this project is to develop an intelligent micro robot and a computer aided treatment system to execute the endodontic treatment automatically. It is expected that this intelligent micro robot system will overcome the problems encountered in current treatment practice and increase the treatment accuracy and efficiency. This paper briefly describes the Advanced Endodontic Technology Development project followed by the design of the micro robot for the root canal treatment. The paper focuses on the design of the Z axis actuator to control the treatment tool’s motion and quick tool change assembly in the micro robot.
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Frey, Geoffrey, Ming Qu, Margaret K. Banks, Arthur Schwab, and Keith A. Cherkauer. "Thermal Properties of Green Roof Media During Plant Establishment and Growth." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54937.

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In order to ascertain the efficiency benefits of green roofs for buildings, a thermodynamic model must be created for the green roof. This work focuses on the thermal properties (conductivity and specific heat capacity) of several media and how they are affected by root growth within them. The results of this research will be used in creating more accurate thermodynamic green roof models. For this experiment, three repetitions of 16 different planting/media combinations were used to monitor the changing thermal properties of the media with environment changes; a focus being on root growth. This experiment shows that the conductance is probably affected by root propagation.
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Reports on the topic "Root"

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Wise, Kiersten, Damon Smith, and Deborah Samac. An Overview of Aphanomyces Root Rot. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University. Library, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cpn-20220526-0.

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Waisel, Yoav, Bobbie McMichael, and Amram Eshel. Decision Making within Plant Root Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613030.bard.

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Architecture of a root system is the expression of the potential of various root types to branch, to grow and to coordinate with other plant organs, under the specific limitations of the environmental conditions. The present investigation has proven the following points. 1) Genotypes with different types of root systems were identified. The growth patterns of their roots and the distribution of laterals along their main axes were recorded. 2) The patterns of development of the root systems of four cotton genotypes, throughout the entire life cycle of the plants, were described, even at such a late stage of development when the total length of the roots exceeded two kilometers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that an analysis of this type is accomplished. 3) The development of root systems under restrictive soil conditions were compared with those that have developed under the non-restrictive conditions of aeroponics. Results indicate that in the absence of the mechanical impedance of the soil, cotton plants develop single roots that reach the length of 6 m, and have a total root length of 2000 m. Thus, root growth is strongly inhibited by the soil, with some root types being inhibited more than others. 4) One of the important decisions, in constructing an operational root system architecture of mature plants, is the shift of the balance between various root fractions in favor of the very fine roots. 5) Root system architecture is determined, in part, by the sites of initiation of the lateral roots. This is determined genetically by the number of xylem archs and by the totuosity of the stele. Selection for such traits should be sought.
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LaBonte, Don, Etan Pressman, Nurit Firon, and Arthur Villordon. Molecular and Anatomical Characterization of Sweetpotato Storage Root Formation. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592648.bard.

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Original objectives: Anatomical study of storage root initiation and formation. Induction of storage root formation. Isolation and characterization of genes involved in storage root formation. During the normal course of storage root development. Following stress-induced storage root formation. Background:Sweetpotato is a high value vegetable crop in Israel and the U.S. and acreage is expanding in both countries and the research herein represents an important backstop to improving quality, consistency, and yield. This research has two broad objectives, both relating to sweetpotato storage root formation. The first objective is to understand storage root inductive conditions and describe the anatomical and physiological stages of storage root development. Sweetpotato is propagated through vine cuttings. These vine cuttings form adventitious roots, from pre-formed primordiae, at each node underground and it is these small adventitious roots which serve as initials for storage and fibrous (non-storage) “feeder” roots. What perplexes producers is the tremendous variability in storage roots produced from plant to plant. The marketable root number may vary from none to five per plant. What has intrigued us is the dearth of research on sweetpotato during the early growth period which we hypothesize has a tremendous impact on ultimate consistency and yield. The second objective is to identify genes that change the root physiology towards either a fleshy storage root or a fibrous “feeder” root. Understanding which genes affect the ultimate outcome is central to our research. Major conclusions: For objective one, we have determined that the majority of adventitious roots that are initiated within 5-7 days after transplanting possess the anatomical features associated with storage root initiation and account for 86 % of storage root count at 65 days after transplanting. These data underscore the importance of optimizing the growing environment during the critical storage root initiation period. Water deprivation during this phenological stage led to substantial reduction in storage root number and yield as determined through growth chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments. Morphological characterization of adventitious roots showed adjustments in root system architecture, expressed as lateral root count and density, in response to water deprivation. For objective two, we generated a transcriptome of storage and lignified (non-storage) adventitious roots. This transcriptome database consists of 55,296 contigs and contains data as regards to differential expression between initiating and lignified adventitious roots. The molecular data provide evidence that a key regulatory mechanism in storage root initiation involves the switch between lignin biosynthesis and cell division and starch accumulation. We extended this research to identify genes upregulated in adventitious roots under drought stress. A subset of these genes was expressed in salt stressed plants.
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Thies, Walter G., and Rona N. Sturrock. Laminated root rot in western North America. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-349.

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5

Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Root crops. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896298460_10.

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Williams, G. K. The Root Basin. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/130775.

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Cook, Steve. Unit root analysis. Bristol, UK: The Economics Network, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53593/n3341a.

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Eshel, Amram, Jonathan P. Lynch, and Kathleen M. Brown. Physiological Regulation of Root System Architecture: The Role of Ethylene and Phosphorus. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585195.bard.

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Specific Objectives and Related Results: 1) Determine the effect of phosphorus availability on ethylene production by roots. Test the hypothesis that phosphorus availability regulates ethylene production Clear differences were found between the two plants that were studied. In beans ethylene production is affected by P nutrition, tissue type, and stage of development. There are genotypic differences in the rate of ethylene production by various root types and in the differential in ethylene production when P treatments are compared. The acceleration in ethylene production with P deficiency increases with time. These findings support the hypothesis that ethylene production may be enhanced by phosphorus deficiency, and that the degree of enhancement varies with genotype. In tomatoes the low-P level did not enhance significantly ethylene production by the roots. Wildtype cultivars and ethylene insensitive mutants behaved similarly in that respect. 2) Characterize the effects of phosphorus availability and ethylene on the architecture of whole root systems. Test the hypothesis that both ethylene and low phosphorus availability modify root architecture. In common bean, the basal roots give rise to a major fraction of the whole root system. Unlike other laterals these roots respond to gravitropic stimulation. Their growth angle determines the proportion of the root length in the shallow layers of the soil. A correlation between ethylene production and basal root angle was found in shallow rooted but not deep-rooted genotypes, indicating that acceleration of ethylene synthesis may account for the change in basal root angle in genotypes demonstrating a plastic response to P availability. Short-time gravitropic response of the tap roots of young bean seedlings was not affected by P level in the nutrient solution. Low phosphorus specifically increases root hair length and root hair density in Arabidopsis. We tested 7 different mutants in ethylene perception and response and in each case, the response to low P was lower than that of the wild-type. The extent of reduction in P response varied among the mutants, but every mutant retained some responsiveness to changes in P concentration. The increase in root hair density was due to the increase in the number of trichoblast cell files under low P and was not mediated by ethylene. Low P did not increase the number of root hairs forming from atrichoblasts. This is in contrast to ethylene treatment, which increased the number of root hairs partly by causing root hairs to form on atrichoblasts. 3) Assess the adaptive value of root architectural plasticity in response to phosphorus availability. A simulation study indicated that genetic variation for root architecture in common bean may be related to adaptation to diverse competitive environments. The fractal dimension of tomato root system was directly correlated with P level.
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Armstrong, M. E., W. L. Cecil, and K. Taylor. Root cause analysis handbook. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6069992.

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Miller, Miles C. Root Cause Analysis Methodology. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada256855.

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