Journal articles on the topic 'Rooftop rainwater harvesting system'
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Traboulsi, Hayssam, and Marwa Traboulsi. "Rooftop level rainwater harvesting system." Applied Water Science 7, no. 2 (May 7, 2015): 769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0289-8.
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Radzali, N. A. W. M., H. Z. M. Shafri, M. Norman, and S. Saufi. "ROOFING ASSESSMENT FOR ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING ADOPTION USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS APPROACH." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W9 (October 30, 2018): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w9-129-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Rooftop rainwater harvesting refers to the collection and storage of water from rooftops whereby the quality of harvested rainwater depend on the types of roof and the environmental conditions. This system is capable to support the water supply in almost any place either as a sole source or by reducing stress on other sources through water savings. Remote sensing and GIS have been widely used in urban environmental analysis. Thus, this study aimed to develop the roofing layer in order to assess the potential area for rooftop rainwater harvesting adoption by integrating remote sensing and GIS approach. An urban area containing various urban roofing materials and characteristics was selected. High resolution satellite imagery acquired from WorldView-3 satellite systems with 0.3<span class="thinspace"></span>m of spatial resolution was used in order to obtain spectral and spatial information of buildings and roofs. For quality assessment, the physical and chemical parameters of the rooftop harvested rainwater were performed according to the Standard Tests for Water and Wastewater. The potential area for rooftop rainwater harvesting adoption can be identified with the detail information of the rooftops and quality assessment in geospatial environment.</p>
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Nizam, N. U. M., M. M. Hanafiah, M. B. Mokhtar, and N. A. Jalal. "Water Quality of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting System (MyRAWAS)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 880, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/880/1/012039.
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Abstract Prolonged drought, population growth and water demand for various purposes have increased the water scarcity issue. To overcome this issue, a rainwater harvesting system can be utilized as an alternative for clean water supply. A rainwater harvesting system is a method of collecting rainwater from man-made surfaces such as rooftops and constructed surfaces and can be used for various sectors including household, agricultural and commercial. This study was conducted to determine the quality of rainwater harvested collected directly from rooftop. The quality of the rooftop rainwater was taken in three consecutive months and the water quality for before and after treatment was measured and compared. Commercial activated carbon was used to treat the rainwater obtained from the rooftop. The water quality was compared with the Water Quality Index (WQI) and the National Water Quality Standards (NWQS). The parameters involved are pH, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD),E.coli and total coliform bacteria. The results showed that the total value of WQI before and after treatment was 86.3 ± 8.963 and 87.6±2.081, respectively. Positive correlations were found for parameter NH3-N, COD and pH, while paired T-test showed a significant in the COD and the presence of bacteria. Total Coliform is still at a safe level by NWQS with the average value and the standard deviation for before and after treatment were 38.11 ± 13.960 cfu/ml and 10.33 ± 6.671 cfu/ml, respectively.
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Sangeetha*, S. P., P. S. Aravind Raj, Vaishak S. Nair, Antony Sebastin, and Hani Samad. "Application of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting System in North East India." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 9, no. 3 (January 30, 2020): 3575–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b7673.018520.
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The main source of water, is rain for all life on earth. Rainwater harvesting is the best way to collect rainwater and utilize it effectively. Rainwater harvesting is used as a best method to collect and store water for future needs in water scarcity areas where water is not available throughout the year. This practice is becoming popular over the last few years as many people can no longer rely on the availability of ground water to satisfy their needs. North Eastern States in India experiences heavy rainfall in the country compared to other parts. Hence implementation of Rainwater Harvesting scheme in those regions will be a better choice to store water. A Case study on rainwater harvesting in sloped roof houses available in northeast India is done in this paper. Water scarcity problems can be minimised if rain water harvesting techniques are implemented in all households.
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., Ranjeet Sable. "ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM AND IN-LINE TREATMENT." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 05, no. 10 (October 25, 2016): 101–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2016.0510018.
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Al-Houri, Zain, and Abbas Al-Omari. "Assessment of rooftop rainwater harvesting in Ajloun, Jordan." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 12, no. 1 (November 24, 2021): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2021.064.
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Abstract In response to water scarcity in Ajloun governorate, Jordan, the effectiveness of implementing rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) was investigated. In addition, a structured questionnaire was prepared and distributed to randomly selected residents to assess the status of the current RRWH practices in the governorate and the people's perceptions of this practice. It was found that between 0.39 million cubic meters (MCM) in a dry year (2017) and 0.96 MCM in a wet year (2018) can be harvested, which is equivalent to 7.6% and 16.8% of the domestic water supply for these years, respectively. The analysis of a total of 360 questionnaires revealed that only 14.2% of the households in Ajloun governorate own an RRWH system. However, the majority, 80.6%, of those who do not own an RRWH system showed interest in installing one. An overwhelming majority of the sample, 96.7%, believes that the government should provide incentives to subsidize the construction of RRWH systems, which is attributed to the high initial cost of these systems. The technical and social feasibilities of RRWH, in addition to the high cost of the alternatives, justifies providing incentives, such as cost sharing for the consumers in Ajloun to implement RRWH systems.
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Peters, Everson James. "Drought monitoring for rooftop rainwater-harvesting systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management 165, no. 6 (June 2012): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/wama.10.00059.
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Sazzadul Haque, Md, and Fatema Naznin Rinkey. "Evaluation of Rainwater Quality in Different Areas of Dhaka City." Journal of Innovation and Social Science Research 8, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.53469/jissr.2021.08(09).34.
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Since rainwater harvesting system was assessed to be potential in residential, industrial, educational and other institutions so the study was focused on the rainwater quality of samples collected from rooftop surface runoff of different locations of Dhaka city which is the 2nd most polluted city of the world. Locations were based upon residential, commercial, industrial zone within the area, motorized vehicles use, population, construction works etc. The rooftops were taken mainly of concrete made rooftops and within a single area 03 locations were chosen and a sample of rainwater was collected from a tin made rooftop within that area. The main purpose of this assessment was to compare the rainwater quality of different locations with the drinking water quality standards of Bangladesh and World Health Organization (WHO) in order to observe whether the water needs of further treatment or not for potable use. The samples were checked of physical (Turbidity) and chemical (pH, Electric Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Nitrate, Nitrite, Sulfate, Chloride & Fluoride) characteristics of water quality. In terms of pH, Nitrate and Fluoride values, there were significant imbalance with the standards and thus required treatment for potable use. And other parameters were within the standards.
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Karim, M. R. "Microbial contamination and associated health burden of rainwater harvesting in Bangladesh." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 8 (April 1, 2010): 2129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.031.
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Rooftop rainwater harvesting has received an increased attention as a potential alternative water supply source both in the coastal and arsenic affected rural areas in Bangladesh. Several programs in installing rainwater harvesting systems have been implemented to mitigate the drinking water problem in the coastal and arsenic affected areas in the country. This study was conducted with a view to assess sanitary integrity, microbial contamination and the associated health risk of the currently practiced rooftop rainwater harvesting mainly used for drinking water supply. Sanitary inspection of the rainwater harvesting systems and an extensive sampling of harvested rainwater from the storage reservoirs and laboratory analysis were conducted. The study findings reveal that harvested rainwater was found to microbiologically contaminated to some extend. The disease burden estimated using QHRA model showed a significant microbial health burden associated with drinking untreated rainwater and both viral and bacterial pathogens dominate the microbial disease burden. In context of arsenic mitigation, rainwater harvesting reduces the health risk from arsenic; however it may increase the microbial disease burden much higher than the level of arsenic health risk at 50 μg/L of Bangladesh standard. Microbial risk needs proper attention through the implementation of a water safety plan for safe and sustainable rainwater harvesting in Bangladesh.
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Ahmed, Afzal, Manousos Valyrakis, Abdul Razzaq Ghumman, Muhammad Arshad, Ghufran Ahmed Pasha, Rashid Farooq, and Shahmir Janjua. "Assessing the Rainfall Water Harvesting Potential Using Geographical Information Systems (GIS)." CivilEng 3, no. 4 (October 12, 2022): 895–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng3040051.
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Water scarcity is a major issue for developing countries due to the continuous increase in population every year, the major environmental challenges faced by developing countries such as Pakistan being the scarcity of water. One proposed solution to meet the requirements is to conserve water from rainfall. The process consists of the collection, storage, and use of rainwater. The rooftop rainwater harvesting systems (RWH) and rainfall harvesting system for artificially recharged water by recharge wells have received increased attention in the recent past as an efficient means of water conservation. In this study, both the systems have been analyzed for the University of Engineering and Technology Taxila (UET Taxila), Pakistan. The objective of this study is to propose a system to harvest water from the rooftops of all of the buildings on the campus and also to propose the most optimum locations of recharge wells for the artificial recharge of groundwater development. Numerous field visits were conducted after every rainfall over the past few months to identify lower elevation areas, which were further validated by the results obtained by Arc GIS. The total area of catchments available for rainwater harvesting in UET Taxila and the amount of water that could be harvested or used for replenishing groundwater reserves were also assessed in the current study. The results show that the harvestable rooftop water per month is 59% of the currently available source for watering trees and plants, and the harvestable water by recharge wells is 761,400 ft3 per year.
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Aryal, Mamata, Prayon Joshi, and Sudeep Thakuri. "Performance of rooftop rainwater harvesting system as a source of drinking water." International Journal of Environment 11, no. 1 (June 20, 2022): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v11i1.45841.
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Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHSs) are increasingly being used as an alternative or supplementary source of water to curb the water supply deficit in the Kathmandu valley. The harvested rainwater is primarily used for non-potable purposes like flushing toilets and irrigation, but the knowledge on the use of rainwater for potable purpose is remarkably sparse. This study assesses the suitability of rainwater in terms of quantity and quality in a public school that adopts Rooftop RWHS as the source of drinking water. In this study, we observed that the volume of rainwater being harvested is sufficient to address the current demand of drinking water, with a mean rainfall of 1664 mm on a catchment area of 372 m2. Storage capacity needs to be expanded if the demand increases. Physico-chemical and microbial analyses of water samples (before and after a series of treatments) were carried out for the winter, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. The values of physico-chemical parameters of the water samples, in all the seasons, were well within both the National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS, 2005) and the World Health Organisation (WHO, 2017) guidelines for drinking water, while fecal coliforms were detected in the storage tank, but were absent in tap water after the treatments. Based on the findings, we suggest that the harvested rainwater could be used for drinking purposes if properly treated. RWHS use at the institutional level, like in schools, on the one hand, curbs the increasing demand for water in water-deficit locations like Kathmandu, and on the other, encourages the adoption of such sustainable technologies for the water supply.
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Meera, V., and M. Mansoor Ahammed. "Water quality of rooftop rainwater harvesting systems: a review." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 55, no. 4 (June 2006): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2006.0010.
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Ulker, Erman, and Hadya Tasci. "Determining rainwater harvesting potentials in municipalities by a semi-analytical method." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 71, no. 2 (January 29, 2022): 248–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2022.106.
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Abstract Due to increasing population, uncontrolled water consumption, and abnormal climatic conditions, the potential of usable water is running out. Water has become one of the most valuable resources for the countries; therefore, rainwater harvesting systems for water recovery gain importance to implement in buildings. Thus, authorities have begun to search for fast and accurate decision tools before taking any action. In the present study, a semi-analytical method for determining the rainwater harvesting potential of the given location is implemented in the Java programming language. Three major districts of Izmir, Turkey are chosen for the study site, namely Cigli, Bayrakli, and Karsiyaka. The result shows that implementing rainwater harvesting systems only in public buildings recovers less than 1% of the population's water needs. On the contrary, encouraging the free zones, which has large rooftop area such as airports and malls, for implementing and using rainwater increases the water recovery to 13% of that district's water needs. It is still a small portion of the public's water needs; therefore, spreading rainwater harvesting in the communities is necessary. It is believed that more accurate and user-friendly rainwater harvesting simulators would encourage the communities to harvest rainwater.
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Dwivedi, D. K., and P. K. Shrivastava. "Assessment of roof water harvesting potential of Navsari city of Gujarat State, India by Remote sensing and Geographic information system (GIS)." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 1143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i3.2798.
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Due to the water scarcity scenario in many parts of the Navsari city, Gujarat State in India, it is imperative to adopt cost-effective technologies that could harvest rainwater for satisfying drinking water requirements. The study was conducted with the aim of assessing the rainwater harvesting potential of Navsari city using remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). The built-up areas of Navsari that could harness rainwater were identified by remote sensing and GIS. The effective built-up area contributing to rainwater harvesting was found to be 3.37 km2. The classification was carried out using “Remap” to assess the extent of the built-up area. The city was divided into equal grids and classification of each grid was implemented. The ground truth data was used for the evaluation of the built-up area. The roof water harvesting potential was estimated considering the average annual rainfall of 1621 mm and adopting suitable runoff coefficients. The rainwater harvesting potential of roofs for rainfall of different probabilities was estimated. For return periods of 10 years, 25 years, 50 years and 100 years, the roof water harvesting potentials were estimated to be 0.226, 0.261, 0.287 and 0.312 Million Cubic Metres (MCM), respectively. The estimated average roof water harvesting potential of Navsari city was 164 million litres per year, capable of satisfying the drinking water demand of approximately 1.12 lakh people annually. The rainwater harnessed from the rooftop could augment the current water supply and immensely help in fulfilling the drinking water demand of Navsari.
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Okovido, J. O., U. Owen-Egharevba, and L. O. Akhigbe. "Rainwater Harvesting System for Water Supply in a Rural Community in Edo State, Nigeria." October 2018 2, no. 2 (October 2018): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2018.02.0089.
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Water scarcity is still a major problem in many rural communities in Nigeria. In this study, a rain water harvesting system was designed for Ogbekpen, a rural community in Edo state, Nigeria. A conceptual model for rainwater harvesting was developed using the storm water management model (SWMM), Arcmap 10.1 software and daily rainfall data (2000-2016) obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET). Runoff, rainfall intensity and change in elevation of three designated catchment zones were taken into consideration. The results revealed that the total amount of rainwater that could be harvested annually (water supply) was 14,314,351.70 L (14,314 m3) from an overall effective rooftop area of 6025.9 m2. This was three times the annual water demand (4,317,965.60 L (4318 m3)), thus demonstrating the capability of the system to meet annual water demand. The required tank capacities for zones 1, 2 and 3 were 870,412.76 L (870 m3), 955,319.4 5L (955 m3) and 788,629.88 L (789 m3) respectively. Comparative physicochemical and microbial analysis of water from rooftops in the three zones and an existing storage well showed that the latter did not comply with drinking water quality guidelines, thus highlighting the importance of a proper conveyance and storage system to improve water quality and availability in the area.
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Rahmat, Siti Nazahiyah, Aziman Madun, Azra Munirah Mat Daud, Mohammad Sukri Mustapa, Mohammad Erwan Zaki Mat Radzi, Mohd Zainizan Sahdan, and Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim. "INTEGRATED RAINWATER HARVESTING (RWH) AND GROUNDWATER SYSTEM FOR DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY." INWASCON Technology Magazine 3 (February 4, 2021): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/itechmag.03.2021.27.30.
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The motivation of this study was minimizing usage of billing water via adopting integrated rooftop rainwater harvesting (RWH) and groundwater at Madrasah Tahfiz Darul Hikmah in Parit Kaspan, Parit Raja, Johor. Groundwater exploration using electrical resistivity method was conducted. Based on the 2-dimensional resistivity tomography result, the position of shallow tube well was pointed based on low resistivity and low chargeability. Tube well at 2-inch diameter was constructed at 20-m depth. Preliminary analysis was conducted, and a few contaminants were detected in groundwater and rainwater, making it unsafe for domestic purposes and need to be treated to an acceptable level. Multiple treatments such as sedimentation, sand and membrane filtrations, and dilution were applied to improve the groundwater quality. Few parameters were selected and analysed namely pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS) and heavy metals (i.e., Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu). Overall, the blended groundwater and rainwater water treatments efficiently reduced the concentration of pollutants in the filtered water to a compliance of recommended raw water quality standard.
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Shadeed, Sameer, and Sandy Alawna. "Optimal Sizing of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Tanks for Sustainable Domestic Water Use in the West Bank, Palestine." Water 13, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040573.
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In highly water-poor areas, rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) can be used for a self-sustaining and self-reliant domestic water supply. The designing of an optimal RRWH storage tank is a key parameter to implement a reliable RRWH system. In this study, the optimal size of RRWH storage tanks in the different West Bank governorates was estimated based on monthly (all governorates) and daily (i.e., Nablus) inflow (RRWH) and outflow (domestic water demand, DWD) data. In the estimation of RRWH, five rooftop areas varying between 100 m2 and 300 m2 were selected. Moreover, the reliability of the adopting RRWH system in the different West Bank governorates was tested. Two-time series scenarios were assumed: Scenario 1, S1 (12 months, annual) and scenario 2, S2 (8 months, rainy). As a result, reliable curves for preliminary estimation of optimal RRWH storage tanks for the different West Bank governorates were obtained. Results show that the required storage tank for S1 (annual) is more than that of the S2 (rainy) one. The required storage tank to fulfill DWD is based on the average rooftop area of 150 m2, the average family members of 4.8, and the average DWD of 90 L per capita per day (L/c/d) varies between (75 m3 to 136 m3) and (24 m3 to 84 m3) for S2 for the different West Bank governorates. Further, it is found that the optimal RRWH tank size for the 150 m2 rooftop ranges between 20 m3 (in Jericho) to 75 m3 (in Salfit and Nablus) and between 20 m3 (in Jericho) to 51 m3 (in Jerusalem) for S1 and S2 scenarios, respectively. Finally, results show that the implementation of an RRWH system for a rooftop area of 150 m2 and family members of 4.8 is reliable for all of the West Bank governorates except Jericho. Whereas, the reliability doesn’t exceed 19% for the two scenarios. However, the reduction of DWDv is highly affecting the reliability of adopting RRWH systems in Jericho (the least rainfall governorate). For instance, a family DWDv of 3.2 m3/month (25% of the average family DWDv in the West Bank) will increase the reliability at a rooftop area of 150 m2 to 51% and 76% for S1 and S2, respectively.
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Maqsoom, Ahsen, Bilal Aslam, Sharjeel Ismail, Muhammad Jamaluddin Thaheem, Fahim Ullah, Hafiz Zahoor, Muhammad Ali Musarat, and Nikolai Ivanovich Vatin. "Assessing Rainwater Harvesting Potential in Urban Areas: A Building Information Modelling (BIM) Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 12583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212583.
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Water scarcity has become a major problem for many countries, resulting in declining water supply and creating a need to find alternative solutions. One potential solution is rainwater harvesting (RwH), which allows rainwater to be stored for human needs. This study develops an RwH assessment system through building information modeling (BIM). For this purpose, a hydrological study of Cfa-type climate cities is conducted with the example of Islamabad, Pakistan. The monthly rainfall data of three sites were assessed to determine the volume of the accumulated rainwater and its potential to meet human needs. The average number of people living in a house is taken as the household number. Household number or of the number of employees working at a small enterprise, roofing material, and rooftop area are used as the key parameters for pertinent assessment in the BIM. The data simulated by BIM highlight the RwH potential using five people per house as the occupancy and a 90 m2 rooftop area for residential buildings or small enterprises as parameters. The results show that the selected sites can collect as much as 8,190 L/yr of rainwater (48 L/person/day) to 103,300 L/yr of rainwater (56 L/person/day). This much water is enough to fulfill the daily demands of up to five people. Therefore, it is established that the study area has an RwH potential that is able to meet the expected demands. This study presents a baseline approach for RwH to address water scarcity issues for residential buildings and factories of the future.
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Sahu, Digeshwar Prasad. "Efficient Storm Water Management and Rainwater Harvesting System: a Case Study in Swami Vivekananda Airport Raipur." Journal of Ravishankar University (PART-B) 32, no. 1 (September 23, 2019): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/jrub.2019-32-1-2.
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Water is crucial and it has always been considered throughout history as a natural resource for the survival of humanity and other living beings therefore globally the shortage of quality water and its availability is an important issue. Groundwater is the only source of water of the Swami Vivekananda Airport Raipur, and it faces water crisis when the groundwater level decreases. In this scenario, Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) can contribute considerably to tackle these problems. Rainwater treatment systems can be installed at different potential locations in study area based on their physical site conditions such as slope, elevation etc. The airport has 38955.62 Square meters rooftop area out of 2.108 Square Kilometres total area, water collected from the rooftop will fulfil approximately 30% of the total daily demand of the airport. Apart from this airport is properly designed drainage system storm water is collected and separated into three potential zones. Zone I, II and III having area 0.2393, 0.4307 and 1.4382 sq. Kms respectively, which produce a different runoff amount based on maximum daily rainfall. Storm water is treated by Slow Sand Filter (SSF) of rate of 200 litres per hour per square meter and stored under design capacity, size and number of treatment unit depend on the maximum discharge at their respective zones. Treated rainwater is utilized for recharge purpose through the recharge trench when excess water comes from the rainwater tank. The cost-benefit analysis also done for before and after implementation of the project.
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Rezaul Karim, Md. "Quality and suitability of harvested rainwater for drinking in Bangladesh." Water Supply 10, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.144.
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Several programs have been undertaken during the last few years to install rooftop rainwater harvesting systems as an alternative drinking water supply source both in the coastal and arsenic affected areas in Bangladesh. In this study, quality of the harvested rainwater used for drinking water supply was assessed. A total of 308 harvested rainwater samples were collected from the different storage reservoirs located both in coastal and arsenic affected areas and analysed for various physical, chemical and microbial indicators. Most of the physical and chemical water quality parameters were well below the Bangladesh Drinking Water Standard and WHO guideline values. However, the harvested rainwater was found microbiologically contaminated to some extent and the water is not suitable for consumption without treatment. For safe and sustainable rainwater harvesting, WHO guideline and water safely plan (WSP) can be adopted in Bangladesh.
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Praveena, Sarva Mangala, and Sri Themudu. "WATER CONSERVATION INITIATIVE IN A PUBLIC SCHOOL FROM TROPICAL COUNTRY: PERFORMANCE AND SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENTS." Water Conservation & Management 6, no. 1 (2022): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/wcm.01.2022.55.60.
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Water resources are rapidly declining in Malaysia due to various challenges such as climate change, pollution, urbanisation, and high-water domestic consumption. On the other hand, water conservation initiatives in Malaysia are mainly concentrated in commercial and residential buildings while public buildings such as schools have been underutilized. Water conservation initiatives in Malaysian schools are seen to be able to conserve a significant amount of water and manage water supply responsibly, given the high annual rainfall received throughout the year and the huge rooftop catchment area. Thus, this study aims to assess the performance and sustainability assessment of water conservation initiative in Convent Infant Jesus (1) Primary School in Malacca (Malaysia). Water footprint findings demonstrated lavatory usage accounted for nearly 60% of overall water consumption in the selected primary school. The rainwater harvesting system was selected as this method enables the use of a renewable source (rainwater) and it conveniently fit with the existing building rooftop and plumbing system to engender high sustainability potential. After several months of operation, the rainwater harvesting system at school lavatory has led to significant reductions between 24m3 and 278m3 of water use along with water bill saving of USD285. Sustainable assessment has indicated that all the six dimensions were well balanced with scores greater than 50% and continued improvements will increase the project’s sustainability in the future. This water conservation initiative can be implemented in any school worldwide with a similar water footprint for significant water savings and sustainable water management.
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Abbasi, T., and S. A. Abbasi. "Sources of Pollution in Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Systems and Their Control." Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 41, no. 23 (December 2011): 2097–167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2010.497438.
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Villar-Navascués, Rubén, Alfredo Pérez-Morales, and Salvador Gil-Guirado. "Assessment of Rainwater Harvesting Potential from Roof Catchments through Clustering Analysis." Water 12, no. 9 (September 19, 2020): 2623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092623.
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Rainwater harvesting from rooftop catchments represents a climate change adaptation measure that is especially significant in areas affected by water scarcity. This article develops a Geographic Information Systems-based methodology to evaluate the spatial distribution of rainwater catchment potential to identify the most favorable urban areas for the installation of these infrastructures. Since performance and water saving potential of rainwater harvesting systems greatly depends on population density and roof size, this assessment was performed for each residential plot on a per capita basis, based on cadastral data and a method of demographic disaggregation. Furthermore, to evaluate spatial variation of runoff coefficient per building, a supervised classification was carried out to consider the influence of roof types on the rainwater catchment potential. After calculating rainwater catchment potential per capita for each residential plot, the spatial clustering of high (hot spots) and low values (cold spots) was assessed through the Getis-Ord General G statistic. Results indicate a spatial pattern of high rainwater catchment potential values in low-density urban areas, where rainwater catchment systems are expected to offer a better performance and a shorter amortization period. These results may be useful for the enactment of local legislation that regulates the obligation to install these infrastructures or offers subsidies for their implementation.
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Shiguang, Chen, and Zhang Yu. "Economic Feasibility Analysis of Rainwater Harvesting System at Typical Public Buildings in Guangzhou." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 43, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2021.43.3.135.
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Objectives : Rainwater harvesting (RWH) is one of the most promising alternative water sources, since rainwater can easily be collected and used without significant treatment for non-potable purposes. However, the economical viability of these systems is not always assured. The objective of this study is to assess the potential water saving and financial performance of an RWH systems for a typical multifunctional building (with a rooftop area of 2,725 m<sup>2</sup>) in Guangzhou, China.Methods : The water saving and economic feasibility of the RWH system were examined using a yield after supply model for fourteen rainwater tank schemes (from 1 m<sup>3</sup> to 30 m<sup>3</sup>).Results and Discussion : According to the simulation results, an annual potable water saving of 3,923.56 m<sup>3</sup> can be achieved and a corresponding annual revenue of 11,496.04 CNY can be obtained from the RWH system. The economic viability expressed by benefit cost ratio is 1.50 and by payback periods are within 6.26 year, respectively. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the water price is the most important factor affecting the economic viability of an RWH systems. The widespread implementation of rainwater harvesting systems in the public buildings will not only lead to economic savings, but also go further to relive pressure on urban drainage systems and natural water body. Therefore, the actual benefits achieved by a RWH system will be greater than we predicted in current study.Conclusions : These results demonstrating that the application of RWH system is a very promising adaptation strategy for coping with the water crisis and climate change in urban areas of southern China.
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Bernard, Barasa, and Asaba Joyfred. "Contribution of Rainfall on Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting and Saving on the Slopes of Mt. Elgon, East Africa." Scientific World Journal 2020 (July 18, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7196342.
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Despite the achievements reported from using rainwater harvesting systems, the contribution and drawbacks that affect their usage in mountainous landscapes have received little attention. The uptake and usage of domestic rooftop rainwater harvesting systems (RRWHS) in developing countries is on the increase due to increasing water scarcities. We explored the effect of rainfall variability on water supply and the downsides of using the systems by rural households in Uganda. The objectives were to assess the variability of rainfall (1985–2018), categorise RRWHS used, and examine the influence of slope ranges on the placement of systems and also to quantify the harvested and saved rainwater and establish the factors that affected system usage. Rainfall variability was assessed using a Mann–Kendall test, while system contributions and drawbacks were examined using socioeconomic data. A representative of 444 households were selected using a multicluster sampling procedure and interviewed using semistructured questionnaires. Findings revealed that the months of March, April, September, August, and October experienced an upward trend of rainfall with a monthly coefficient of variation between 41 and 126%. With this, households responded by employing fixed (reinforced concrete tanks, corrugated iron tanks, and plastic tanks) and mobile RRWHS (saucepans, metallic drums/plastic drums, jerrycans, and clay pots). At the high altitude, households deployed mostly plastic jerrycans and industrial plastic/metallic drums to harvest and save water. Overall, the mean annual volume of rainwater harvested on the slopes of Mt. Elgon was 163,063 m3/yr, while the potential to save water ranged from 4% to 7% of the annual household water demand. The factors that hindered the deployment of RRWHS to harvest and save water were high operational costs, price fluctuations, unreliable rainfall pattern, inadequate funds, and limited accessibility. The rainfall received if well-harvested and saved can redeem households of water insecurity, though there is an urgent need of subsidies from the government to increase accessibility of the systems.
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Grant, Aneurin Thomas James, Nathan L. McKinney, and Robert Ries. "An approach to quantifying rainwater harvesting potential using imagery, geographic information systems (GIS) and LiDAR data." Water Supply 18, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.026.
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Abstract Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software is used to analyze rainwater harvesting potential in Escambia County, Florida, USA. The approach presented can be replicated using LiDAR data, and the infrared spectrum of National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery. GIS surface maps are analyzed in combination with local utility consumption data to determine potential reductions in potable water consumption for households. The results indicate an extensive urban catchment of rooftop surfaces, and commensurate potential for rainwater harvesting and stormwater attenuation. Sixty two percent of the households analyzed consumed less water than could be potentially harvested. The remaining 38% consumed more water than could be potentially harvested. There are noted and significant differences between the two sample populations, including differences in water consumed and roof size. A comparison of lot size between the two sample populations did not yield any significant difference. The conclusions indicate that the widespread implementation of rainwater harvesting could substantially reduce potable water use in urban areas, and are of use to policy makers, planners, engineers and property owners everywhere.
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Mun, J. S., and M. Y. Han. "Design and operational parameters of a rooftop rainwater harvesting system: Definition, sensitivity and verification." Journal of Environmental Management 93, no. 1 (January 2012): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.08.024.
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Nanteza, Jamiat, Brian Thomas, Jesse Kisembe, Rhoda Nakabugo, Paul Isolo Mukwaya, and Mathew Rodell. "A Google Earth-GIS based approach to examine the potential of the current rainwater harvesting practices to meet water demands in Mityana district, Uganda." PLOS Water 1, no. 11 (November 23, 2022): e0000045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000045.
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Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has become an integral part of global efforts to improve water access. Despite the increasing adoption of RWH in Uganda, there remains a significant knowledge gap in the assessment of RWH systems to meet water demands. In this study, a simplified methodology to estimate rainwater harvesting potential (RWHP) as a function of mean seasonal rainfall and rooftop area, generated using Google Earth and GIS tools is applied. Desired tank storage (DTS) capacities based on user population, demand and dry period lengths, were compared with RWHP to assess whether rooftop areas and tank storage can sustainably supply water for use during the March—May (MAM) and September-November (SON) 90-day dry periods, for three demand levels (i.e. for drinking and cooking (15 litres per capita per day (l/c/d)); for drinking, cooking and hand washing (20 l/c/d); and for drinking, cooking, hand washing, bathing and laundry (50 l/c/d)). Our findings document minimum catchment areas of 60m2 to have rainwater harvesting potential that can sustain households for 90-day dry periods for all three demand levels. However, considering their storage capacities, 25%, 48% and 97% of the existing RWHTs (with storage capacities below 8,000, 10,000 and 20,000 litres respectively) are unable to meet the demand of 15 l/c/d, 20 l/c/d and 50 l/c/d respectively for a 90-day dry period. The results document that the existing storage systems are under-sized for estimated water use under 50 l/c/d demand scenarios. Costs of between 2,000,000–4,500,000 Ugandan shillings (~ 600–1, 250 USD) would be needed to increase existing tank capacities to meet the 50 l/c/d demands for a 90-day dry period. These findings document onerous financial costs to achieve rainwater harvesting potential, meaning that households in Mityana district may have to resort to other sources of water during times of shortage.
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Wang, Junde, Yanzhao Jin, and Luwen Zhou. "Plastic Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Technology in Arid Greenhouse Vegetable Cropping System in Anding, Gansu, China." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 687, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 012058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/687/1/012058.
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S. Thajeel, Muhsin, Ahmed H. Ali, and Khayyun M. Rahi. "ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY ON COLLECTING OF RAINWATER HARVESTING AND DETENTION POND DESIGNING TO REDUCE THE LOADS ONTO SANITARY NETWORKS." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 25, no. 01 (January 1, 2021): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.25.1.3.
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Rainwaters harvesting has been the vital source of water resource for drinkable and non-drinkable purposes in the ancient eras. As the water transportation systems stayed not used for water supply for these times. At present, the water distribution systems have upgraded, but the request to fresh water is increasing due to the inhabitants growing, and development. The water shortages and presented water supply for drinking are limited, which insisted the specialists working in the water division to search for solutions could be applied to the water deficiency that many countries in the world are facing. Optimization of water habit and the management of water resource will be able to aid to passing water shortage. This work contain the first designing and accumulation of rainwater from the rooftop in Baghdad City. Moreover, designing a detention pond using hydrology studio software programme to store the collected water.
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Lange, J., S. Husary, A. Gunkel, D. Bastian, and T. Grodek. "Potentials and limits of urban rainwater harvesting in the Middle East." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 3 (March 6, 2012): 715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-715-2012.
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Abstract. In the Middle East, water is scarce and population growth causes a rapid rise of urban centers. Since many towns of the Palestinian Authority (PA) suffer from water shortage, the use of rainwater harvesting (RWH) as an alternative to conventional water supply has gained increasing interest among water resources planners. This study quantifies actual volumes of urban RWH to be expected from highly variable Mediterranean rainfall. A one-parameter model uses measured potential evaporation and high resolution rainfall data as input to calculate RWH volumes from rooftops inside Ramallah, a traditional Arab town. While during average seasons a 87% runoff harvest (480 from 550 mm of rainfall) can be expected, this value decreases to about 75% (190 from 250 mm of rainfall) during drought seasons. A survey comprising more than 500 questionnaires suggests that approximately 40% of the houses are equipped with RWH systems from which one third are out of use. Although water quality is perceived to be favourable, only 3% of the active RWH systems are actually used for drinking and only 18% for domestic purposes. All active RWH systems investigated may harvest approximately 16 × 103 m3 of rooftop runoff during an average season and 6 × 103 m3 during droughts. When these numbers are extrapolated to all houses in Ramallah, theoretical maximum potentials increase to approximately 298 × 103 m3 during average seasons and 118 × 103 m3 during droughts. A part of this potential can easily be exhausted by rehabilitation of installed RWH systems. The use of RWH for emergency water supply should be advocated, although care is needed because of hygienic risks. Regional estimates for the entire Lower Jordan River Basin yielded RWH potentials of 20 × 106 m3 during the average season 2002/2003 but only 3 × 106 m3 during the drought season 1998/1999. Thus, urban RWH is a relatively small contribution to overcome water scarcity in the region and decreases significantly during droughts. Yet it is a sustainable water resource, which is available on spot for everybody. Due to population growth and ongoing urbanization it will be more important in future.
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Lange, J., S. Husary, A. Gunkel, D. Bastian, and T. Grodek. "Potentials and limits of urban rainwater harvesting in the Middle East." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 6 (November 25, 2011): 10369–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-10369-2011.
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Abstract. In the Middle East, water is scarce and population growth causes a rapid rise of urban centers. Since many towns of the Palestinian Authority (PA) suffer from water shortage, the use of rainwater harvesting (RWH) as an alternative to conventional water supply has gained increasing interest among water resources planners. This study quantifies actual volumes of urban RWH to be expected from highly variable Mediterranean rainfall. A one-parameter model uses measured potential evaporation and high resolution rainfall data as input to calculate RWH volumes from rooftops inside Ramallah, a traditional Arab town. While during average seasons a 87% runoff harvest (480 from 550 mm of rainfall) can be expected, this value decreases to about 75% (190 from 250 mm of rainfall) during drought seasons. A survey comprising more than 500 questionnaires suggests that approximately 40% of the houses are equipped with RWH systems from which one third are out of use. Although water quality is perceived to be favourable, only 3% of the active RWH systems are actually used for drinking and only 18% for domestic purposes. All active RWH systems investigated may harvest approximately 16 × 103 m3 of rooftop runoff during an average season and 6 × 103 m3 during droughts. When these numbers are extrapolated to all houses in Ramallah, theoretical maximum potentials increase to approximately 298 × 103 m3 during average seasons and 118 × 103 m3 during droughts. A part of this potential can easily be exhausted by rehabilitation of installed RWH systems. Also, the use of collected water for drinking should be advocated. This should go along with regular checks of water quality and regulations concerning adequate water storage and treatment/disinfection procedures where necessary. Regional estimates for the entire Lower Jordan River Basin yielded RWH potentials of 20 × 106 m3 during the average season 2002/2003 but only 3 × 106 m3 during the drought season 1998/1999. Thus, urban RWH is a relatively small contribution to overcome water scarcity in the region and decreases significantly during droughts. Yet it is a sustainable water resource, which is available on spot for everybody. Due to population growth and ongoing urbanization it will be more important in future.
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Charalambous, Katerina, Adriana Bruggeman, Marinos Eliades, Corrado Camera, and Loukia Vassiliou. "Stormwater Retention and Reuse at the Residential Plot Level—Green Roof Experiment and Water Balance Computations for Long-Term Use in Cyprus." Water 11, no. 5 (May 21, 2019): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11051055.
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Green roofs can provide various benefits to urban areas, including stormwater retention. However, semi-arid regions are a challenging environment for green roofs as long dry weather periods are met with short but intense rainfall events. This requires green roofs to retain maximum volumes of stormwater, while being tolerant to minimal irrigation supplies. The objectives of this study are (i) to quantify the stormwater retention of two substrate mixtures with two plant species under natural rainfall; (ii) to assess the performance of two plant species under two levels of deficit irrigation; and (iii) to compute stormwater runoff reduction and reuse by green roofs and rooftop water harvesting systems for three standard residential plot types in urban Nicosia, Cyprus. A rooftop experiment was carried out between February 2016 and April 2017 and results were used to compute long-term performance. Average stormwater retention of the 16 test beds was 77% of the 371-mm rainfall. A survival rate of 88% was recorded for Euphorbia veneris and 20% for Frankenia laevis, for a 30% evapotranspiration irrigation treatment. A combination of a green roof, rainwater harvesting system and 20-m3 tank for irrigation and indoor greywater use reduced stormwater runoff by 47–53%, for the 30-year water balance computations.
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Virgianto, Rista Hernandi, and Qurrata Ayun Kartika. "Simulation of Rainwater Harvesting Potential to Satisfy Domestic Water Demand Based on Observed Precipitation Data in Jakarta." Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences 53, no. 6 (December 17, 2021): 210604. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2021.53.6.4.
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Jakarta as the most populous urban center of Indonesia has a major problem related to clean water availability for the domestic needs of its residents, who mostly depend on the extraction of groundwater. The rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) system is a solution to reduce the use of groundwater to satisfy domestic water needs. This study used demographic data and precipitation observation data from the rain gauge network in Jakarta to simulate the water supply from rainwater harvesting from 2010 to 2019 in each municipality. Three simulations were carried out to calculate the percentage of domestic water demand (DS) satisfied by RRWH based on the proportion of residential areas installed with RRWH (RA). The results showed that an RA value of 0.2 produced the lowest DS (approximately 11% to 18.7%), while an RA value of 0.3 produced a higher DS (approximately 16.3% to 28%). An RA value of 0.4 resulted in a DS of around 21.8% to 37.4%. Overall, the RRWH system could provide up to 30% of domestic water demand on average, with South Jakarta having the highest fulfillment of water needs with an average of 28% based on the three simulations, while Central Jakarta had the lowest with 16.4%.
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Kumar, V., K. C. Mukwana, A. R. Jatoi, M. Hassan, A. Q. Jakhrani, A. A. Siyal, K. U. Zaman, and L. Kumar. "GIS-Based Analysis of a Rainwater Harvesting System in the Multipurpose Hall of Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science, and Technology." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 12, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 8837–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4995.
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Drinking water availability has become a major issue. Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RHSs) amass and store rainwater for future use. In Pakistan, drinking water availability has become a major issue. Rainwater can be used as a constant alternative to clean water resources. Google Earth Pro (GEP) is utilized in this paper to select suitable locations for the installation of RHSs. The decision must not be too excessive, must fit in buildings that have small available space, and must cover the needs of bigger buildings. The required capacity for an RHS to cope with an unusually high water shortage in the study area was calculated using GEP and ArcGIS. The total estimated amount of rainwater harvesting potential during the average annual monsoon period from 2012 to 2021 is 1064.056 m3 from the 13452.05 m2 available area from rooftops and plain surfaces. The capacity of storage containers is primarily based on day-to-day spills and breadth.
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Corvaro, Sara. "Water efficiency and economic assessment of domestic rainwater harvesting systems in buildings with one- to three-floor elevations." Water Supply 19, no. 8 (September 3, 2019): 2422–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.124.
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Abstract The focus of the paper is the evaluation of the performance of domestic rainwater harvesting (DRWH) systems in multi-family buildings with one- to three-floor elevations by means of a cost–benefit analysis. The rainwater is here used for both indoor and outdoor non-potable water consumption. The study was carried out with reference to different residential building typologies (flat and condominium) in a specific local climate condition (Ancona). The buildings are characterized by different rooftop areas (100–400 m2), building floor elevations (one to three floors) and inhabitant numbers (3–54 persons). Moreover, in order to highlight the role of the tank capacity on the performance of DRWH, its capacity was changed in the range 50–200%. The combinations of all these parameters led to 276 test cases. The technical performance is evaluated by means of the water saving and retention efficiencies. The economical assessment is provided by comparing the costs and the savings due to the replacement of the water supplied with the rainwater. It is found that the payback periods changed in the range 10–35 years for the site-specific variables such as local rainfall and water service tariff. Cost–benefit analysis can help the design of DRWH systems, with particular attention to the sizing of the tank.
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Mwamila, Tulinave B., Mooyoung Y. Han, Tschung-il Kim, and Preksedis M. Ndomba. "Tackling rainwater shortages during dry seasons using a socio-technical operational strategy." Water Supply 15, no. 5 (April 22, 2015): 974–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.053.
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The management of water resources during the dry season is a major challenge associated with rainwater harvesting (RWH) technology, but is necessary given the human suffering that follows from resulting conditions of water scarcity. In this study, the parameters for dry season assessment are defined in terms of ‘no water days’ (NWD) and rainwater usage ratio. A simple socio-technical operational strategy making use of a water level monitoring system is proposed for NWD reduction. This involves water level monitoring, whereby daily water demand varies with user cooperation, as based on the available water in a tank. The results of our study show that an NWD as low as 10 can be achieved as compared with the current value of 115 days, before considering investment on additional roof catchments and tank volume. These parameters are useful for analyzing any type of rooftop RWH system. Furthermore, this operational strategy can be made practical and simplified by incorporating an easily visible and understood guideline onto the RWH system. This strategy is replicable anywhere in the world, with consideration of site-specific conditions such as rainfall amounts, roof sizes, and population.
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Fulazzaky, Mohamad Ali, Achmad Syafiuddin, Martin Roestamy, Zulkifli Yusop, Jonbi Jonbi, and Dedy Dwi Prasetyo. "Reliability and Economic Analysis of a Rainwater-Harvesting System for a Commercial Building with a Large Rooftop Area." ACS ES&T Water 2, no. 4 (March 16, 2022): 604–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.1c00455.
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DeBusk, Kathy M., and William F. Hunt. "Impact of rainwater harvesting systems on nutrient and sediment concentrations in roof runoff." Water Supply 14, no. 2 (September 13, 2013): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.191.
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Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems have the unique ability to contribute to stormwater management goals via mitigation of runoff volumes and peak flow rates. Additionally, collecting and storing runoff via RWH systems can potentially provide water quality benefits due to physical and chemical processes that occur within the storage tank. This study quantified the water quality improvement provided by storing rooftop runoff via RWH systems at four sites in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. Roof runoff and extraction spigot samples were analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS), nitrogen species and total phosphorus. Roof concentrations were significantly greater than spigot concentrations for all constituents except TSS, indicating the ability of RWH systems to significantly lower nutrient concentrations of incoming roof runoff. Lack of significant TSS reduction was likely attributable to low, ‘irreducible’ concentrations of TSS in the roof runoff. The use of additional filtration components prior to the extraction spigot could aid in lowering spigot TSS concentrations. The findings presented herein contend that stormwater benefits associated with RWH are not only limited to hydrologic mitigation, but also include reductions in concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus species. Thus, it is recommended that pollutant removal credit be assigned to these systems when used as stormwater control measures.
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Jan, I., S. Khan, and T. Mahmood. "EFFECTS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING ON YIELD OF WHEAT AND MAIZE CROPS IN PAKISTAN." Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences 37, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47432/2021.37.1.4.
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This paper attempts to identify the effect of rainwater harvesting (RWH) and rainfed irrigation on yield of wheat and maize crops in Pakistan. The study was carried out in two villages, namely, Reerh and Ghoutar of district Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 200 farming households were randomly selected from both villages. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect primary data. The descriptive analysis shows that farmers in the research area had adopted small-scale, indigenous RWH schemes such as channels, bunds, tanks, and rooftop collection. A paired-samples t-test was used to compare the yield of wheat and maize crops between irrigated and rainfed farming systems. The results of the paired t-test confirmed a difference in yield of wheat and maize in irrigated and rainfed conditions. The study concludes that the large portion of uncultivated land could be cultivated if water shortage problem is resolved through the promotion of community-led RWH schemes in the area. This will help in sustainable agricultural development in the area.
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Samzadeh, Mozhgan, Nazli Che Din, Zunaibi Abdullah, Norhayati Mahyuddin, and Muhammad Azzam Ismail. "Feasibility of Vertical Rainwater Harvesting via In-situ Measurement of Wind-driven Rain Loads on Building Facades in a Tropical Climate." International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability 8, no. 3 (August 30, 2021): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v8.n3.736.
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Rainwater is an alternative water resource to fulfill sustainable management of freshwater particularly in the regions receive abundant annual amounts of precipitation such as tropical Malaysia. To collect and store rainwater, rainwater harvesting system has been practiced since ancient from horizontal surfaces mostly rooftop of buildings in urban areas. Nowadays, this method in modern urban areas with tall buildings is considered inadequate and uneconomical because the ratio of facade surface areas is much higher than the ratio of roof surface areas. On the other hand, all rain has a horizontal velocity due to wind acting upon rain droplets which is called wind-driven rain (WDR). Growing tall buildings and the presence of WDR phenomenon make building façade surfaces the available promising surfaces to harvest substantial rainwater vertically and more efficiently. This article presents a one-year field measurement results that aims at quantifying the WDR loads impinged on the vertical facade areas of a pilot building located at the main campus of the University Malaya in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Detailed descriptions of the gauge design, building, the measurements of on-site WDR, rainfall duration time, and weather data are presented. Records show that monsoon winds characteristics have significant influence on the WDR loads on the building facades compare to horizontal rainfall intensity. Finally, the collected in-situ data are exploited to validate data and determine WDR coefficient (γ) to estimate the amount of WDR on a building façade via an empirical WDR relationship. Results show the feasibility of each square meter of vertical façade area to supply 12% of non-potable or 4.9% of potable water-usage per capita per day.
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Dismas, Joshua, Deogratias M. M. Mulungu, and Felix W. Mtalo. "Advancing rainwater harvesting as a strategy to improve water access in Kinondoni municipality, Tanzania." Water Supply 18, no. 3 (January 11, 2018): 745–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.007.
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Abstract The Sustainable Development Goals concept advocates affordable, safe and clean water supply. The water shortage in Dar es Salaam city affects communities in different wards of Kinondoni municipality. As a strategy to improve water access, this study assessed opportunities for application of rainwater harvesting (RWH) technologies, communities’ knowledge of this and their willingness to adopt RWH technologies, and challenges for installation and maintenance of RWH technologies in areas of Makongo, Mbezi, Msasani and Kimara wards of Kinondoni municipality. Data collection involved interviews, questionnaires and observation while the SPSS tool was used for data analysis. Also, laboratory tests for water quality parameters were conducted. Results showed that rooftop RWH systems with proper components and proper maintenance were found to provide better quality water for domestic use than other sources. Laboratory tests revealed that rainwater was better than other water sources. Lack of knowledge was the main factor that hindered adoption of RWH technology. Also, initial investment cost was among the reasons deterring its adoption. Therefore, to improve the adoption rate of RWH technologies there should be an integrated participation of different stakeholders to educate and support communities to address RWH technologies’ challenges. This can be supported by a proposed institutional framework.
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Chen, Deh Chien, Cedo Maksimovic, and Nikolaos Voulvoulis. "Institutional capacity and policy options for integrated urban water management: a Singapore case study." Water Policy 13, no. 1 (January 14, 2011): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.073.
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Singapore is an exemplary model of integrated water management, according to the World Health Organization, and its experiences can be shared with others. Water security is not just the government's responsibility but has become everyone's business. Singapore has been selected as a case study for integrated urban water management (IUWM), and the methodologies used in Singapore, a developed city state, may be applicable elsewhere. An integrated regulatory framework, sound policies to control and implement programmes, public-private partnership in water services delivery, and stakeholder participation at all levels are necessary to make integrated water resource management successful. This paper demonstrates how Singapore has successfully turned its vulnerability with regard to water into a strength. Singapore can achieve greater sustainability if it promotes rooftop rainwater harvesting as a decentralized, dual-mode water supply system for non-potable use.
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Singwane, S. S., J. I. Matondo, and Daniel S. Tevera. "Affordability and willingness to install a rooftop rainwater harvesting system: the case of rural households in the Lowveld region of Swaziland." International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology 3, no. 4 (2013): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijhst.2013.060334.
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Rivero, Roberto Mena, Ricardo Enrique Vega Azamar, Flor Virginia Cruz Gutiérrez, David Gustavo Rejón Parra, and Fermín Téllez Gómez. "Inversión máxima para incrementar la disponibilidad de agua en comunidades de la zona limítrofe entre Quintana Roo y Campeche, México." South Florida Journal of Development 2, no. 5 (October 10, 2021): 6475–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv2n5-015.
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La baja disponibilidad de agua potable de buena calidad puede ser complementada con agua proveniente de la lluvia, si esta última es recolectada en cantidad suficiente para cubrir la demanda, aprovechándose esta combinación para resolver el problema de abastecimiento, todo esto sujeto a restricciones de inversión. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo presentar un análisis de los sistemas de captación de agua de lluvia existentes en la zona limítrofe entre los estados mexicanos de Quintana Roo y Campeche para estimar los montos de inversión máxima que justifiquen un proyecto de mejora en la disponibilidad de agua de lluvia. En esta investigación se identificó el nivel de aprovechamiento y los requerimientos de los sistemas de captación de agua pluvial en techos (SCAPT) y se determinó el monto de inversión máxima para solucionar esta situación problemática. Los resultados muestran que los SCAPT no se aprovechan debido a limitaciones o subutilización en la superficie de captación y/o capacidad de almacenamiento, por lo que se recurre al suministro de agua en pipas. Se concluye que se puede sustituir el acarreo en pipas por agua de lluvia con un adecuado dimensionamiento de la superficie y el volumen de captación, asegurando el consumo de agua mínimo recomendado, con una inversión menor de la que se requeriría para la implementación de un sistema de abastecimiento de agua convencional.
Low availability of good quality drinking water can be complemented with rainwater, if the latter is collected in sufficient quantity to cover the demand, taking advantage of this combination to solve the supply problem, all of this subject to investment restrictions. The present work aims to present an analysis of the existing rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in the border area between the Mexican states of Quintana Roo and Campeche to estimate the maximum investment amount that justifies a project to improve rainwater availability. In this research, the use level and the requirements of rooftop rainwater harvesting (RTRWH) systems were identified and the maximum investment amount needed to solve this problematic situation was determined. Results show that RTRWH systems are not used due to insufficient or underutilized catchment area and / or storage capacity, so water is supplied in tankers. It is concluded that transport in tankers can be replaced by RTRWH with an adequate dimensioning of surface and catchment volume, ensuring the minimum recommended water supply, with a lower investment than that required for the implementation of a conventional water supply system.
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Osayemwenre, Gilbert, and Otolorin Adelaja Osibote. "A Review of Health Hazards Associated with Rainwater Harvested from Green, Conventional and Photovoltaic Rooftops." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 12, no. 10 (2021): 289–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2021.12.10.1353.
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The world is experiencing a decrease in the volume of global freshwater. Most countries are faced with both freshwater and energy crises. For these reasons, countries are encouraging the use of renewable energy systems such as photovoltaic (PV) modules/panels. Regarding water, there is a need to enhance domestic rainwater harvesting process in informal (low-income) settlements and rural areas. However, because of the contamination, such harvested rainwater may pose a health hazard to its consumers in instances involving photovoltaic roofs. When photovoltaic modules degrade, cracks and delamination may occur in some of the modules. PV modules have the potential, therefore, of producing and leaching toxicants/metals into the rainwater harvested from such PV panels. At a certain degree of contamination water may become non-potable since it can cause a problem upon consumption. This challenge requires a detailed review investigation to reveal the actual effect of the continuous use of the rainwater as mentioned earlier and its possible solution. To achieve this, a review of what has been done in this area is presented and analysed. This study combines the effect of contamination of rainwater harvested from multiple roof types, such as conventional roof, green roof, integrated roof and PV roof of newly installed panels. This study is vital in the sense that while the health impact of a newly installed PV system can easily be controlled by merely avoiding the use of rainwater harvested during the infant stage of its installation, the same cannot be said of the later stage, as perpetual avoidance may be impossible.
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Adler, I., K. A. Hudson-Edwards, and L. C. Campos. "Converting rain into drinking water: quality issues and technological advances." Water Supply 11, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 659–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.117.
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With growing pressures on water supplies worldwide, rainwater harvesting is increasingly seen as a viable option to provide drinking water to an ever expanding population, particularly in developing countries. However, rooftop runoff is not without quality issues. Microbiological and chemical contamination have been detected in several studies, well above local and international guidelines, posing a health risk for consumers. Our research explores the use of silver ions, combined with conventional filtration and settling mechanisms, as a safe and affordable model for purification that can be applied on a small scale. The complete systems were installed and tested in rural communities in a Mexican semi-arid region. Efficiencies up to 99.9% were achieved in the removal of indicator microorganisms, with a marked exception where cross-contamination from external seepage occurs. Sites without overhanging branches or with relatively clean surfaces show an absence of total coliforms in the untreated runoff, compared with others where values as high as 1,650 CFU/100 ml were recorded. Thus, given adequate maintenance, the system can successfully deliver high quality drinking water, even when storage is required for long periods of time.
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Yu, Jiaxin, and Jun Wang. "Optimization Design of a Rain-Power Utilization System Based on a Siphon and Its Application in a High-Rise Building." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 16, 2020): 4848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184848.
Full textAbstract:
Rain falling from the sky is viewed as a clean energy source with a great potential, owing to the large amount of it and its zero pollution nature, the fact that it has scattered raindrops, and its characteristic rainfall concentration that promotes extensive research on harvesting and utilization. Here, we introduce a new approach to harvest rainwater on rooftops called the Rain-Power Utilization System, which is composed of an initial rainwater disposal system and multistage energy conversion system. Initial rainwater is discharged into a split-flow pipe due to its poor quality and impurities. Additionally, clean rainwater is accumulated in a storage pipe until the water level reaches a specified height, triggering siphonage for energy conversion. The same process is repeated in other storage pipes connected in series. Function relations among physical and dimension parameters have been established for further studies. A kind of simplified optimization algorithm has been proposed considering the maximum instantaneous power under the constraint of a permitted vacuum and maximum energy generation per unit length to find the model with an optimal height combination (hu, hd). The experimental prototype developed in proportion is used to verify theoretical research and conduct error analysis to establish an equation of annual energy generation for a high-rise building. Without building extra tanks, this paper presents an innovative approach to maximizing the use of energy in rain for high-rise buildings based on a siphon.
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Hussain, Abid, Sidra Majeed, Muhammad Z. Khan, and Waqas Farooq. "Productive Use of Natural Resources for Promotion of Horticultural Crop Production through Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting in Rain-Fed Hilly Areas of Punjab." Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life and Environmental Sciences 58, no. 1 (August 26, 2021): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.53560/ppasb(58-1)641.
Full textAbstract:
Rainfall variability often results in low crop and fruit productivity in rain-fed hilly areas. Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting (RTWH) Technology can play a promising role in achieving agricultural production potential in these areas. Its adoption makes the supply of water sustainable for vegetables, fruit, and crop farming as well as domestic use. According to key informants, RTWH is being adopted in the study area on technical lines since the early 1990s. However, the availability of literature about economic aspects of the technology in the context of Pakistan is quite limited. This study is an effort to document the economic aspects of the technology including cost structure, potential benefits, net returns, and returns on investment. Thus, the study is based on a purposively selected sample of thirty farmers from Kotli Sattian and Murree tehsils of Rawalpindi district having operational RTWH systems installed at farms. The data have been analyzed for descriptive statistics and financial evaluation. Moreover, technical discussions with key informants and a detailed review of literature have also been made to substantiate the findings of the study. In the study area, farming families have diversified income sources with a considerably low share of agriculture in family income (19.5%). The mean command area of the RTWH systems at sample farms was 0.33 acres, which is allocated to different vegetables, and mainly to guava & citrus orchards. Benefit-cost ratios of vegetables and fruit farming through RTWH is 1.16, with returns on investment of 15 %, and a rate of return to labour of 0.95 in the first year of installation. Thus, technology is economically viable in the study area. Moreover, the financial gains of RTWH can be improved by enhancing storage capacity and increasing the command area.
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Adhikary, Maniklal, and Samrat Chowdhury. "Willingness to Invest in Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting." International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 6, no. 2 (April 2017): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2017040103.
Full textAbstract:
Water is increasingly becoming scarce across not only in India but also in World. This paper aims at bringing out the factors responsible for a household's decision to invest in rooftop rainwater harvesting. The paper is based on cross sectional sample of 230 houses from Urban Areas of Hooghly District in West Bengal. The study is conducted in an area which has piped municipal water supply. The study finds that a large number of explanatory variables like income of the household, coping cost incurred by the household positively and significantly affect household's decision to invest in rooftop rainwater harvesting. However, the household demand for water is negatively related to willingness of the household to adopt rooftop rainwater harvesting. Household heads that are educated are more likely to invest in rooftop rainwater harvesting. Houses which are comparatively new or constructed in last five years, as well as households who also undertake gardening are also more likely to invest in rooftop rainwater harvesting as compared to households without the features.