Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rooftop rainwater harvesting system'

In many developing countries, the stress of rapidly growing populations, mismanagement of resources and changing climate has created a burden on already compromised water resources. In Africa, where a significant proportion of the population is without access to improved water source, the urgency for clean available water sources to sustain healthy and productive human and natural populations has become a priority. As a water scarce country, Kenya has seen an increased investment in rainwater harvesting (RWH) projects to harness the vastly untapped rainwater resource, particularly in rural areas. Most of RWH literature is centered on the potential and implementation of rainwater harvesting systems, however not much focus has been placed on examining the demand satisfaction of these systems. This study investigates the reliability of rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) as a key priority source of water supply for domestic use in three towns in Western Kenya: Kisumu, Nakuru and Lodwar. This was done using two approaches (1) the fraction of time water was available and (2) the fraction of time that a minimum demand was met, with acceptable reliability of 0.95 or higher. Actual rainfall data and RRWH parameters were used to produce supply/demand simulations of the system under Constant-Demand and Responsive-Demand scenarios over ten years. It was observed that all towns achieved acceptable reliability values for RRWH in terms of water availability however Lodwar only achieved demand satisfaction below 0.95. This study concluded that though RRWH cannot satisfy the minimum demand requirement through all days of the year, it is more than able to provide an alternative water supply for the domestic household in periods of long dry spells or when primary water source are inadequate.

Due to the combined effect of intense rainfall events together with the expected impact of climate change, this will put pressure on the existing and future infrastructure for storm water management. One of the challenges related to this is the combined sewer system which is still operating in large areas of many cities worldwide. In Stockholm, combined sewer represents around 50% of the total sewer pipe length. In a Combined sewer system, once the conveyed discharge exceeds the system capacity, the system overflows, which can result in a diverse range of health and environmental problems. The cause of overflow has been strongly linked to runoff from intense rainfall events. Therefore, a key proposal to overcome this problem is to disconnect runoff from hard surfaces. This research aims to investigate the impact of applying a rainwater harvesting (RWH) and reuse system to collect runoff water from roof surfaces in areas with combined sewer system. A simulation water balance model for a rooftop RWH system was developed and two reuse purposes were considered, which entails toilet flushing and garden irrigation within the property. The study area consists of one building block within Kungsholmen area in Stockholm. The obtained results indicate that applying such systems can reduce runoff to the sewer system. Toilet flushing reuse shows a higher reduction impact on sewer flow than the use for irrigation. Toilet flushing reuse reduces annual runoff volumes to sewer in a range of 49.5% - 93.4% while irrigation provided reduction in a range of 11.6% - 26.3%. Regarding number of times that overflow from the combined sewer system occurs, toilet flushing reuse demonstrated reduction of 40% - 100% while 20% to 60% was reduced by irrigation reuse. For overflow volume, a reduction rate of 11% to 100% was reached through toilet flushing in contrast to 9% to 43% reduction from irrigation reuse. 19% to 37% of toilet flushing water demand was covered by the tank, while arange of 48% to 100% was covered for irrigation demand. All these parameters were found to be sensitive to change in tank size where increasing the size result in higher flow reduction rates. When considering implementing a reuse system, it is important to consider the applicability of RWH and reuse within the specific property. In areas that are under development, either of the two reuses can be considered depending on local conditions. However, in already built up area it is difficult to introduce a system that requires significant adjustment to existing pipe networks, such as reuse systems for toilet flushing. Systems for outdoor irrigation are possible to implement in most situations. When it comes to tank size, the optimal size will depend on the intended reuse, the catchment area and the objective of the system. For example, if the main objective is to reduce potable water consumption, a smaller tank can be used compared to where the main objective is to reduce sewer overflow. Hence, when considering implementing a rainwater reuse systems, each project will need to consider the local conditions as well as the individual objectives when determining the optimal reuse purpose and tank size. A cost-benefit analysis should also be considered when determining the optimal tank size for the intended use.

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The focus of the study is to theoretically assess tank-water demand and employ methods to establish the actual tank-water demand at selected houses in a case study area. This study also examines the influence of domestic rainwater harvesting systems when used in combination with a municipal water distribution system. The case study comprises of 410 low cost housing units in the Western Cape. The system demand patterns of low cost housing units are uncharacteristic, when compared with suburban system demand patterns, and cannot be defined by traditional models. Similarly, the use of rainwater harvesting systems in these areas follows an unconventional routine that is yet to be defined. A stochastic end-use model for water demand is developed which produces temporal profiles for water supplied from both sources, namely the water distribution system and the rainwater harvesting system. The model approximates a daily system and tank-water demand pattern for a single domestic household, using @RISK software. The demand estimation methodology is clarified through application on a particular case study site where harvested rainwater is frequently utilized. Estimates of the parameter values are based on consumer surveys and previous studies on the case study area, where the household size was defined in the form of a probability distribution. The results confirm the atypical system demand patterns in low cost housing units units. Although two clear peaks exist in the morning and in the evening, a relatively constant average flow is present throughout the day. A sensitivity analysis of all the model parameters verified that the household size has the most substantial influence on the tank-water demand pattern. The system and tank-water demand patterns were compared to published average daily water demand guidelines, which confirmed that increased water savings could be achieved when the rainwater source is accessible inside the household with minimal effort. The stochastic demand profiles derived as part of this research agree with the metered system demand in the same area. The results of this study could be incorporated into the future development of national standards.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fokus van die studie is om die tenkwater-aanvraag teoreties te ontleed en metodes in werking te stel om die werklike tenkwater-aanvraag vas te stel by geselekteerde huise in ‘n gevallestudie area. Hierdie studie ondersoek ook die invloed van plaaslike reënwater-herwinningstelsels wanneer dit gebruik word in kombinasie met ‘n munisipale waterverspreidingstelsel. Die gevallestudie bestaan uit 410 laekoste behuisingseenhede in die Wes-Kaap. Die stelsel-aanvraagpatrone van laekoste behuisingseenhede is verskillend wanneer dit met voorstedelike stelsel-aanvraagpatrone vergelyk word en kan nie gedefinieer word deur tradisionele modelle nie. Soortgelyk volg die gebruik van reënwater-herwinningstelsels in hierdie areas ‘n onkonvensionele roetine. ‘n Stogastiese eindgebruikmodel vir water-aanvraag is ontwikkel, wat tydelike profiele genereer vir water wat van beide bronne verskaf word, naamlik die waterverspreidingstelsel en die reënwater-herwinningstelsel. Die model bepaal by benadering ‘n daaglikse stelsel- en tenkwater-aanvraagpatroon vir ‘n enkele plaaslike huishouding, deur @RISK sagteware. Die aanvraag-beramingstegnieke word verduidelik deur toepassing op ‘n spesifieke gevallestudie, waar herwinde reënwater gereeld gebruik word. Die parameter waardeberamings is gebaseer op verbruikers-opnames en vorige studies oor die gevallestudie-gebied, waar die grootte van die huishoudings bepaal was in die vorm van 'n waarskynlikheidsverspreiding. Die resultate bevestig die atipiese stesel aanvraagpatrone in laekoste behuisingseenhede eenhede. Alhoewel twee duidelike pieke in die oggend en die aand voorkom, is ‘n relatiewe konstante vloei dwarsdeur die dag teenwoordig. ‘n Sensitiwiteitsanalise van al die modelparameters bevestig dat die grootte van die huishouding die grootste beduidende invloed op tenkwater- aanvraagpatrone het. Die stelsel- en tenkwater-aanvraagpatrone was vergelyk met gepubliseerde gemiddelde daaglikse water-aanvraag riglyne wat bevestig dat meer waterbesparings bereik kan word waar die reënwaterbron binne die huishouding beskikbaar is met minimale moeite. Die stogastiese aanvraagprofiele, wat as deel van hierdie navorsing afgelei was, stem saam met die gemeterde stelsel-aanvraagpatroon van dieselfde area. Die resultate van hierdie studie kan in die toekomstige ontwikkeling van nasionale standaarde opgeneem word.

En esta dissertación se desarrolló un modelo para evaluar técnica, económica y ambientalmente sistemas de recogida de agua de lluvia para aprovechamiento doméstico urbano. Se analizaron diferentes tipologías de vivienda (vivienda tipo casa y vivienda tipo apartamento) y diferentes sistemas (vivienda unifamiliar, edificio de apartamentos y barrio). Se encontraron los escenarios de viabilidad económica y ambiental y se desarrollaron submodelos específicos para la evaluación directa en un amplio rango de condiciones climáticas, precios y calidad del agua para sistemas de diferentes escalas urbanas. La disertación esta preparada en cinco partes y ocho capítulos. Parte I. INTRODUCCION y MARCO METODOLOGICO APLICADO La Parte I se divide en dos capítulos. El Capítulo 1 introduce el trabajo en general y presenta un marco integral de los recursos hídricos y su importancia en las ciudades. En este capítulo se incluye la oferta y la renovabilidad de los recursos hídricos en algunos países del mundo, y las demandas de agua urbanas y las tendencias de crecimiento urbano futuro. También se muestra una relación entre consumo doméstico de agua de red y la relación entre agua y energía. Por último se exponen, la justificación y los objetivos que llevaron al desarrollo de esta tesis. El Capítulo 2 presenta la metodología general que se desarrolló, dando un especial énfasis en la modelización de sistemas, análisis económico y de evaluación ambiental. Además, en este capítulo se incluyen los sistemas analizados y estudios de casos incluidos en la investigación, así como la validación realizada en el principal modelo desarrollado. Parte II. MODELADO DE LOS SISTEMAS DE RECOGIDA DE AGUA DE LLUVIA La Parte II incluye el Capítulo 3. Este capítulo presenta en detalle el desarrollo de un modelo de simulación de los sistemas de recogida de agua de lluvia y su evaluación comparativa con otros softwares existentes. Este software se llama Plugrisost como un acrónimo de pluviales, grises y la sostenibilidad. Además, en el capítulo se describen los factores determinantes que condujeron a su creación y las nuevas características incluidas para facilitar la evaluación integral de recogida de aguas pluviales. Parte III. ASPECTOS SOCIALES, OFERTA POTENCIAL Y LOS BENEFICIOS AMBIENTALES DE AGUA DEL LLUVIA EN ZONAS URBANAS La Parte III se compone de dos capítulos. El Capítulo 4 presenta un estudio sobre el potencial de captación de aguas pluviales en los países en vías de desarrollo, teniendo como estudio de caso a Colombia. Además, este estudio muestra que algunos aspectos socio-económicos pueden influir en el potencial para captar agua de lluvia. El Capítulo 5 analiza los impactos ambientales potenciales en el contexto de los nuevos barrios en los países en desarrollo, tomando como estudio de caso a Colombia. Este capítulo presenta los modelos que se pueden aplicar en las evaluaciones ambientales rápidas en estos escenarios. Parte IV. PRINCIPALES FACTORES EN EL ANÁLISIS ECONÓMICO Y MEDIOAMBIENTAL La Parte IV se compone de dos capítulos. El Capítulo 6 analiza la viabilidad económica y financiera y el impacto ambiental de los sistemas de RWH tomando como estudio de caso a España. Se desarrollan los modelos para evaluar económica y ambientalmente estos sistemas. Además, se exponen los factores determinantes que afectan a estas evaluaciones. El Capítulo 7 se centra en analizar el efecto potencial de la calidad del agua de red en el análisis económico y ambiental de los sistemas de recogida de agua de lluvia. La dureza del agua es el parámetro analizado en un amplio intervalo de condiciones urbanas y sistemas diferentes. Parte V. CONCLUSIONES Y PRÓXIMOS PASOS La Parte IV se compone de un capítulo. El Capítulo 8 presenta las conclusiones generales de la tesis de conformidad con los objetivos fijados. También se incluye un marco de ideas para futuras investigaciones que puedan seguir desarrollándose en los sistemas de recogida de agua de lluvia.
This dissertation developed a model to evaluate technical, economic and environmental aspects of rainwater harvesting systems for domestic urban use. Different types of housing (semi-detached house and apartment house) and different systems (one single-house, apartment building and neighborhood) were analyzed. Then, scenarios of economic and environmental viability were found and specific sub-models were developed for use in the direct evaluation of a wide range of climatic conditions, prices and quality of mains water in different urban scales. The dissertation is prepared into five main parts and eight chapters. Part I. INTRODUCTION and METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK APPLIED Part I is divided into two chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the general work presenting a comprehensive framework of water resources and their importance in the cities. This chapter includes the supply and renewability of water resources in some countries of the world, and the urban water demands and trends of future urban growth. Also it is shown a relationship of domestic consumption of mains water and the relationship between water and energy. Finally, the motivations and the objectives that led to this dissertation are presented. Chapter 2 presents the general methodology that was developed, giving a special emphasis on system modelling, economic analysis and environmental assessment. In addition, this chapter includes the systems and case studies included in the research and validation carried on the main model developed. Part II. MODELLING RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS Part II includes the Chapter 3. This chapter presents in detail the development of a simulation model of RWH systems, and its benchmarking against other existing softwares. This software is called Plugrisost as an acronym for pluvials, grey and sustainability. In addition, the chapter describes the determinants factors that led to its creation and the new features included to facilitate the comprehensive assessment of rainwater harvesting. Part III. SOCIAL ASPECTS, POTENTIAL SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF RAINWATER IN URBAN AREAS Part III is composed of two chapters. Chapter 4 presents a study of the potential of rainwater harvesting in countries in process of development taking as a case study in Colombia. Additionally, this study shows that some socioeconomic aspects may influence the potential to capture rainwater. Chapter 5 discusses the potential environmental impacts in the context of new neighborhoods in developing countries, taking as a case study in Colombia. This chapter presents models that can be applied in rapid environmental assessments in these scenarios. Part IV. MAIN FACTORS IN THE ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Part IV is composed of two chapters. Chapter 6 analyzes the economic and financial viability and environmental impact of RWH systems taking as a case study in Spain. Models to asses economically and environmentally these systems are developed. Also, the determinants that affect these assessments are exposed. Chapter 7 is focused on analyzing the potential effect of water network quality in the economic and environmental analysis of RWH systems. Hardness of the water is the parameter analyzed over a broad range of urban conditions and different systems. Part V. CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS Part IV is composed of one chapter. Chapter 8 presents the overall findings of the dissertation in accordance with the stated objectives. It is also included future researches that may continue to be developed in RWH systems.

 

This study is a bachelor degree project which focuses on the lack of safe drinking water in a small village known as Macedonia in the Amazon basin in Colombia. The inhabitants of the village are 850 to the number and have never had access to safe drinking water. To solve this problem a system has been built where the rainwater is harvested in a pond and also from a church roof

During the dry season the rainwater in the pond is harvested and pumped into sedimentation tanks. Thereafter, the water is led into the sand filtration tanks. While during the rain season, the rainwater is harvested from a church roof which is situated at highest level in Macedonia. The water is stored in a cistern and then it is led into sand filtration tanks via pipes. This means that the pond water and rainwater are never mixed before entering the filtration tanks.

The sand filtration tanks contain about 1000 mm thick layer of sand and under it, a layer of gravel which is placed in the bottom of the tank. It takes a while for the water to be filtered through the sand filtration tank. Afterwards, it is led into the final tank, where the drinking water is stored ready to be used.

The method of using slow sand filtration (SSF) is suitable for small scale-projects and therefore for this project a good idea for making drinking water. SSF requires no mechanical power or replaceable parts, this is why the technique is good for purifying water in developing and isolated areas.

The result of the system is water with satisfied quality running through pipes and taps, ready to be consumed.

 

 

 

 

Att samla in regnvatten för att använda till olika syften har under de senaste åren blivit allt vanligare i flera länder. Denna metod är fördelaktig ur flera miljömässiga och samhällsekonomiska aspekter då den bidrar till minskad dricksvattenförbrukning och förbättrad dagvattenhantering. I Sverige är tekniken relativt obeprövad men flera stora byggnader där det ska implementeras är nu under byggnation. En av dessa är Celsiushuset i Uppsala där regnvatten ska samlas in på taket för att användas till toalettspolning. I dagsläget finns bristfällig kunskap om sådana system inom sektorn för samhällsbyggnad. Syftet med examensarbetet var dels att undersöka effektiviteten (andelen av toalettspolningen som sker med regnvatten) hos Celsiushusets system och utifrån det föreslå en lämplig magasinstorlek, och dels att rekommendera vattenreningsmetoder för att inte mikrobiell tillväxt eller algtillväxt ska uppstå eller att regnvattnet ska bli missfärgat eller orsaka luktproblematik.  Effektiviteten undersöktes, tillsammans med relaterade parametrar såsom nederbörd, avrinning och insamlad nederbördsmängd, genom att utföra dagliga simuleringar för tre olika femårsperioder. Tidsperioderna motsvarade en nederbördsfattig period, en genomsnittsperiod och en nederbördsrik period mellan åren 1961-2017 och simuleringarna utgick från dygnsvärden för nederbörd och temperatur. Även förenklade kostnadsberäkningar utfördes för att undersöka kostnadens variation med varierande magasinstorlek. Reningsmetoderna rekommenderades utifrån en litteraturstudie samt beräkningar av takavrinningens föroreningsbelastning som utfördes med StormTac. För den planerade magasinstorleken på 50 m3 är systemets effektivitet störst under sommaren och hösten (60-100 % ett genomsnittsår) och lägst under årets första månader (30-40 % ett genomsnittsår). Den sammantagna effektiviteten för den planerade storleken är för den nederbördsfattiga perioden 40 %, för genomsnittsperioden 51 % och för den nederbördsrika perioden 56 %. En magasinstorlek på mellan 50 m3 och 75 m3 är lämplig för att uppnå relativt hög genomsnittlig effektivitet och årlig insamlad nederbördsmängd, utan att medföra alltför höga kostnader. Magasinet bör inte vara mindre än 50 m3 och en volym närmare 75 m3 vore fördelaktigt för den insamlade nederbördsmängden. Reningsmetoderna som rekommenderas för systemet är takbrunnar med kupolsil, avskiljning av det första flödet, sedimentering i sandfångsbrunnar och i magasinet samt ett snabbt sandfilter och UV-behandling.
In recent years, there has been an increased usage of rainwater harvesting globally. The technology reduces drinking water consumption and improves stormwater management. In Sweden, the implementation of rainwater harvesting is still at an early stage but several systems are now under construction. One of them is in Celsiushuset in Uppsala where rainwater will be used for toilet flushing. One aim of the project was to calculate the efficiency (the ratio between the volume of used rainwater and the water demand for toilet flushing) of the system. Based on the efficiency and economic calculations, an appropiate storage tank size was to be identified. An additional aim was to recommend water treatment methods that would prevent color or odour in water in the toilets and also prevent microbe and algae growth. The efficiency, along with other parameters, was examined with simulations for three periods between 1961-2017 with different precipitation amounts. Also, a simplified calculation of the systems' costs depending on tank size was carried out. The recommendation of treatment methods was made based on a literature review combined with a calculation of the roof runoff quality, which was performed in StormTac. For a tank size of 50 m3, the highest efficiency of the system is obtained during summer and autumn and varies between 60 % and 100 %. The mean efficiency for the different periods has a higher value with increased precipitation amount and the efficiency is 40 %, 51 % and 56 %, respectively. An appropiate size of the rainwater storage tank would be between 50 m3 and 75 m3. The recommended treatment methods include strainers on the roof, a first flush diverter, sedimentation, a rapid sand filter and UV treatment.

Este trabalho foi realizado no âmbito do conceito de aproveitamento de água pluvial para rega em estruturas desportivas, tendo como caso de estudo o Estádio da Luz – Sport Lisboa e Benfica. Consiste, na avaliação da possibilidade de utilização/benefício associado à utilização da água pluvial para a rega do relvado do caso de estudo, em função das características da estrutura, dos registos pluviométricos e da qualidade da água pluvial.
This work was performed under the concept of harnessing rainwater for watering sports structures, taking as case study the Benfica Stadium - Sport Lisboa e Benfica. It consists in the evaluation of possibility of use / benefits associated to the use of rainwater for irrigation the lawn in the case study, according to the characteristics of the structure, of rainfall records and quality of rainwater.

Vattenbesparing och alternativa lösningar för att tillgodose vattenbehovet har blivit mer aktuellt de senaste åren med torka. Regnvatteninsamling för hushållsanvändning används redan på många platser runtom i världen men är begränsad i Sverige idag. Syftet är att dels undersöka en lämplig dimensionering av ett system för regnvatteninsamling för hushåll i Jälåsa och att identifiera olika drivkrafter och hinder. Metoden i denna studie har varit dels massbalans- och effektivitetsberäkningar för att se hur mycket regnvatten som kan samlas in och dels intervjuer med två teknikleverantörer och fem kommuner för att utvärdera den juridiska, sociala och ekonomiska potentialen. Resultatet visade att tankstorlek på mellan 1000 och 4000 liter är rimligt för hushållsanvändning till toalett eller toalett och tvättmaskin och ger en effektivitet (procent av vattenbehovet som täcks av regnvatten) på mellan 83,6 % och 96,0 %. Vilken storlek som är mest lämplig beror på faktorer såsom vad regnvattnet används till, takyta, antal personer i hushållet och om first-flushbortledning används. Beräkningar visar att ungefär 19-29 % av den totala dricksvattenförbrukningen skulle kunna sparas i Järlåsa, vilket motsvarar ungefär 4 400 till 6 700 kubikmeter dricksvatten per år. Resultatet visar även att torrperioder då tanken är tom blir kortare med en större tankstorlek och det finns tydliga skillnader i volym vatten i tanken mellan olika nederbördsrika år. Enligt kommuner ansågs potentialen för regnvatteninsamling vara störst för bevattning i dagsläget men att de även var positivt inställda till annan användning såsom toalettspolning och tvättmaskin. Identifierade hinder var oro kring kontamination av dricksvatten, brist på ekonomisk lönsamhet till följd av låga dricksvattenpriser i Sverige och behov av förtydligande av krav och vilka risker som finns med regnvatteninsamling. Idag är potentialen och motivationen som störst för de som har dålig tillgång på vatten och en ökad miljömässig medvetenhet skulle kunna öka implementeringen av regnvatteninsamling i Sverige. Slutsatsen är att det finns potential för regnvatteninsamling men att det fortfarande krävs viss utveckling och mer kunskap om regnvatteninsamling under svenska förhållanden.
Water saving and alternative solutions to supply drinking water have become more important due to several consecutive droughts in recent years in Sweden. Rainwater harvesting for households is already being used in many places around the world but still has limited application in Sweden. The purpose with this study is to investigate a suitable sizing of a rainwater harvesting system in Järlåsa and to identify drivers and obstacles for implementation. The methods used in this study were firstly calculations based on mass balance and efficiency estimates and secondly interviews with two technology providers and five municipalities. The results showed that a tank size between 1000 and 4000 liters would be suitable for the purpose of supplying water for flushing toilets and for washing machines and the efficiency (percentage of water demand being met by rainwater) would be between 83,6% and 96,0%. What size tank is recommended depends on factors such as what rainwater is used for, roof area, number of people in household and whether first-flush is diverted. Results show that around 19-29%, around 4 400 to 6 700 cubic meters per year, of the total potable water consumption could be saved in Järlåsa every year using rainwater harvesting. The results also show that the dry periods, when the tank was empty, become shorter with a larger tank size and that there are distinct differences in the volume rainwater in the tank between years with varying precipitation. According to municipalities the potential was highest for irrigation purposes today but there was also potential for use in household for flushing toilets and supplying washing machines. The identified obstacles were concern regarding contamination of the drinking water supply, lack of economic profitability as a consequence of low water prices and the need for clarification of requirements and risks with rainwater harvesting. Today the potential and motivation is highest for those with an insufficient water supply and an increase in the environmental awareness could possibly enhance implementation further. The conclusion is that there is potential for rainwater harvesting but that there still is a need for some development and more knowledge regarding rainwater harvesting under Swedish conditions.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-20T13:41:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Cristina da Costa.pdf: 2443313 bytes, checksum: df3d1e0d636be7307896158776a53208 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-25
The objective of this study was to size the reservoir for rainwater harvesting system in the Campos Gerais of Paraná according to the methodologies proposed by the ABNT (2007), considering the impacts of climate change projected until the end of the 21st century on the fifth report of the IPCC. On this paper, the methodologies for calculation of final volume of rainwater reservoir proposed by ABNT (2007) were used, as well the historical series of rainfall data and those projected for two possible climatic scenarios were used. Through the PGECLIMA_R tool, it was possible to project the precipitation levels predicted in the best and the worst climatic scenario by the end of the century, in order to size the reservoir and analyze the impacts caused by climate change under the final volume of the rainwater reservoir. It was concluded that the designer should take into account the expected climate changes for the design of storage reservoirs and the use of rainwater, since these presented large volume variations according to each applied methodology and for each simulated scenario. When designing future precipitation data, the PGECLIMA_R software presented itself as an important tool to be used in the area of civil construction, urban and development planning.
O objetivo deste estudo foi dimensionar o reservatório para águas pluviais para a Região dos Campos Gerais do Paraná de acordo com as metodologias propostas pela ABNT (2007), considerando para tanto os impactos das alterações climáticas projetadas até o final do século XXI do quinto relatório do IPCC. Para realização deste trabalho foram utilizadas as metodologias de cálculo de volume final de reservatório de água pluvial propostas pela ABNT (2007), série histórica de dados pluviométricos assim como os projetados para dois possíveis cenários climáticos. Através da ferramenta PGECLIMA_R foi possível projetar os níveis de precipitação previstos no melhor e no pior cenário climático para o final do século, e desta forma dimensionar o reservatório e analisar os impactos causados pelas alterações climáticas sob o volume final do reservatório para águas pluviais. Concluiu-se que os métodos de dimensionamento estudados possuem grande sensibilidade quanto às alterações climáticas, sendo assim o projetista deve levar em consideração as alterações climáticas previstas para proceder com o dimensionamento de reservatórios de armazenamento e utilização das águas pluviais, uma vez que estes apresentaram grandes variações de volume de acordo com cada metodologia aplicada e para cada cenário simulado. Ao projetar dados de precipitação futuros, o software PGECLIMA_R apresentou-se como uma importante ferramenta a ser utilizada na área da construção civil, de planejamento e desenvolvimento urbano.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-09-26T19:00:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Luciana Cristina da Costa.pdf: 9370898 bytes, checksum: 7b508cff344555ff949952d7da020a01 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T19:00:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Luciana Cristina da Costa.pdf: 9370898 bytes, checksum: 7b508cff344555ff949952d7da020a01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-25
O objetivo deste estudo foi dimensionar o reservatório para águas pluviais para a Região dos Campos Gerais do Paraná de acordo com as metodologias propostas pela Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), considerando para tanto os impactos das alterações climáticas projetadas até o final do século XXI do quinto relatório do Painel Intergovernamental de Mudanças Climáticas. Para realização deste trabalho foram utilizadas as metodologias de cálculo de volume final de reservatório de água pluvial propostas pela ABNT, série histórica de dados pluviométricos assim como os projetados para dois possíveis cenários climáticos. Através da ferramenta PGECLIMA_R foi possível projetar os níveis de precipitação previstos no melhor e no pior cenário climático para o final do século, e desta forma dimensionar o reservatório e analisar os impactos causados pelas alterações climáticas sob o volume final do reservatório para águas pluviais. Concluiu-se que os métodos de dimensionamento estudados possuem grande sensibilidade quanto às alterações climáticas, sendo assim o projetista deve levar em consideração as alterações climáticas previstas para proceder com o dimensionamento de reservatórios de armazenamento e utilização das águas pluviais, uma vez que estes apresentaram grandes variações de volume de acordo com cada metodologia aplicada e para cada cenário simulado. Ao projetar dados de precipitação futuros, o software PGECLIMA_R apresentou-se como uma importante ferramenta a ser utilizada na área da construção civil, de planejamento e desenvolvimento urbano.
The objective of this study was to size the reservoir for rainwater harvesting system in the Campos Gerais of Paraná according to the methodologies proposed by the ABNT (2007), considering the impacts of climate change projected until the end of the 21st century on the fifth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. On this paper, the methodologies for calculation of final volume of rainwater reservoir proposed by ABNT (2007) were used, as well the historical series of rainfall data and those projected for two possible climatic scenarios were used. Through the PGECLIMA_R tool, it was possible to project the precipitation levels predicted in the best and the worst climatic scenario by the end of the century, in order to size the reservoir and analyze the impacts caused by climate change under the final volume of the rainwater reservoir. It was concluded that the designer should take into account the expected climate changes for the design of storage reservoirs and the use of rainwater, since these presented large volume variations according to each applied methodology and for each simulated scenario. When designing future precipitation data, the PGECLIMA_R software presented itself as an important tool to be used in the area of civil construction, urban and development planning.

This diploma thesis is focused on a large-scale irrigation embedded in the urban landscape. The main goal is to find a new concept of the large-scale irrigation system using a minimum of added electrical energy. The system is aimed at rainwater harvesting and distribution in populated areas. Part of the work is the analysis of the zoning plan of the selected locality, the design of the entire system from the accumulation of collected water to the distribution of watering to the root zone of plants. In the practical part, the proposed distribution network is calculated according to the current known equations, and the calculation is finished with the choice of a suitable diameter of the pipeline network. In addition, the work suggests possible sites for new planting of plants.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:09:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMASC.pdf: 3170204 bytes, checksum: 83bd0768232793a648b29a0d4da7f753 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-05-06
Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
The potable water scarcity afflicts the begging of the 21st Century, being today, one of the main worries of the manhood. This way, it becomes necessary to reduce the per capita consumption. From the actions that promote the racional use of water, the technological ones seems to be , in the most of the cases, the most recomended to reduce the consumption without being necessary radical changes of the users. One of these technologies is the rainwater harvesting. This one erges as an action of good perspectives since it subistitutes the use of potable water in activities where it is not necessary a good quality water, younder, it will reduce the amount of stormwater in the public drainage net, working as a non-structural action of urban drainage. The lack of kwondlege as well a the real advantages that a rainwater system can bring to a builind, is the points to find out about this issue.. At this paper, it seeked to clear this techonolgy up with the study of national and international examples . It also seeked the cistern sizing, getting the best results to technical and economical issues, as well, as procedures to design and to mantain the devices that make part of the system used in this study. Besides that, it studied the changes that would be necessary to build the system, and the possibles changes at the work routine of the construction company. It also studied the financial feasibility of the investiment of this interprisement, checking the real economical advantages that can be get. It is waited that this research contributes to the development of this techonology, contributing to Racional use of water in residential tall buildings.
A escassez de água potável atormenta o início do Século XXI, sendo hoje uma das principais preocupações da humanidade neste século que começa. Dessa forma, surge a necessidade de redução do consumo per capita. Dentre as ações que promovem o uso racional da água, as tecnológicas parecem ser , na maioria dos casos, as mais recomendadas para reduzir o consumo sem que seja necessário mudanças radicais nos hábitos dos usuários. Entre estas, o aproveitamento de água pluvial surge como uma ação de boas perspectivas, pois substitui o uso de água potável onde a qualidade desta não é necessária e, a retirada desta diminuirá a quantidade de volume de água pluvial lançada na rede pública de drenagem, funcionando como uma medida não-estrutural de drenagem urbana. A falta de conhecimento técnico bem como das reais vantagens que um sistema de aproveitamento de água pluvial poderá trazer para uma edificação são as principais incógnitas desse assunto. Neste trabalho buscou-se clarear a tecnologia, com o estudo de diversos casos nacionais e internacionais. Também se buscou realizar o dimensionamento de forma mais correta e econômica, bem como listar procedimentos para elaboração e manutenção de todos os elementos constituintes do sistema utilizado no edifício objeto de estudo. Além disto, verificou-se as possíveis interferências nos processos construtivos, além de alterações das rotinas de trabalho da construtora, além do estudo da viabilidade financeira do empreendimento, verificando as reais vantagens da implantação do sistema neste caso. Espera-se que esse trabalho contribua para o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia específica para o uso racional de água.

Som följd av den pågående urbaniseringen har de naturliga förutsättningarna för regn och smältvattnet att infiltrera i marken och återgå till sitt kretslopp på naturlig väg försvunnit i städerna. I Stockholm leds ungefär hälften av dagvattnet via VA-nätet direkt och orenat till reningsverken. Dagvattenflödet varierar kraftigt vilket orsakar toppar som överbelastar VAnätet  och är svåra för reningsverken att hantera. Istället för att ledas ut i VA-nätet ska dagvatten strävas efter att hanteras lokalt. Arbetet lägger fokus på dagvattenhanteringen för takparken på ett nybyggnadsprojekt i Stockholm, projektet PARK 1. Projektet ritas av White arkitekter och ska certifieras enligt BREEAM och där nå den högsta klassningen Outstanding. Hållbar användning av mark och vatten är därför en av de viktiga frågorna i detta projekt. Syftet med arbetet är att omarbeta ett gestaltningsförslag av PARK1´s takpark samt att presentera lösningar för dess dagvattenhantering. Detta utförs med hänsyn till framtida klimatförändringar och byggnadens vattenkretslopp samt samordning och tillgänglighet. Arbetet utförs främst genom litteraturstudier, men har också kompletterats genom samtal, diskussioner och studiebesök. AutoCAD, SketchUp och Photoshop används för att illustera den planerade parken samt dess växter, funktioner och konstruktionslösningar. Dimensioneringen av brunnar och stammar görs med hänsyn till 100-årsregn för att klara framtida klimatförändringar. Med hjälp av nederbördsstatistik beräknas sannolik nederbörd för parken, denna mängd motsvara det dagvatten som ska hanteras lokalt. Avrinningsytan går från att vara en parkeringsplats där allt dagvatten belastar VA-nätet till att bli en takpark där dagvattnet utnyttjas till bevattning och 25 procent av byggnadens WCspolning. Dagvattnet blir direkt på platsen omvandlat till spillvatten och som följd blir tillförseln till vatten- och avloppsnätet från byggnaden jämn och stabil och färskvattenförbrukningen sänks.
As a result of ongoing urbanization, natural conditions for rain and meltwater to infiltrate in the ground and regress to the natural water cycle have disappeared in cities. About half of the stormwater in Stockholm is transported through the municipal water sewerage system directly to sewage treatment works. The flow of stormwater varies vigorously, causing flow peaks that overburden the system and treatment works. The aim should be to handle and use the stormwater locally instead of releasing it to the system. The focus of this bachelor thesis is how stormwater from a soon to be built construction project in Stockholm can be handled. The project, PARK 1, is designed by the architectural  firm White Arkitekter and is set to be BREEAM certified and to reach the classification outstanding. Therefore, sustainable use of land and water resources is one of the key matters in the project. The purpose of the study is to rework a existing design proposal for the rooftop garden planed on PARK1 and present solutions for stormwater usage. Consideration must be taken to future climate changes, coordination among disciplines and accessibility. The work was conducted mainly through literature studies and complemented by discussions and site visits to reference projects. AutoCAD, SketchUp and Photoshop were used to illustrate plans and details of the park proposal with its plantations, activities and technical solutions. Estimations of the quantity of roof outlets and dimensions of vertical downpipes were made for 100-year rain conditions. Through quantitative analysis of precipitation statistics the expected precipitation were calculated. Which after runoff covers the irrigation needs of the  park and 25 percent of the water needed for flushing of the buildings WC:s. The runoff surface is altered from being a parking lot where all stormwater ends up in the municipal water sewerage, to a rooftop garden where all of the stormwater is handled locally. This allows stormwater to be transformed into wastewater on sight, thereby contributing to a steady flow in sewer pipes in addition to help lower the buildings fresh water consumption.

Regnvatteninsamling för olika syften är väl utbrett världen över och har blivit allt mer populärt i takt med ett förändrat klimat. Idag används regnvatten på många håll till hushållsanvändning men intresset har även ökat inom industrisektorn. Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka möjligheterna för att samla in och lagra regnvatten samt ersätta dricksvatten i Sandvik AB:s kylsystem. Detta genomfördes dels genom att undersöka vilka tillstånd som krävs för att samla in regnvatten, dels genom att föreslå en magasinutformning, storlek samt lokalisering av denna utifrån flödesberäkningar och dels genom att undersöka hur temperaturen förändras hos regnvatten i ett magasin för att bedöma dess funktion som kylvatten. I studien har först flödesberäkningar med avseende på effektivitet (hur mycket regnvatten som kan ersätta dricksvatten) simulerats för en nederbördsfattig, nederbördsrik respektive genomsnittlig tidsperiod. Därefter konstruerades två modeller i HYDRUS-1D, vilka representerade regnvattenmagasin med omgivande jord vid en lodrätt och en horisontell värmetransport. Enligt studien bedöms verksamheten idag ha alla tillstånd som krävs och behöver inte några ytterligare tillstånd. Valet av magasin blev ett avsättningsmagasin under mark med hänsyn till lokala förutsättningar. Hela anläggningen kan maximalt nå en effektivitet på 44 % under ett nederbördsrikt år med dagens totala förbrukningsdata för dricksvatten i kylsystemet samt totala takytan. Jämförelsen mellan olika lokaliseringar inom anläggningen ledde till att Stålverk 64 föreslogs samt presenterades närmare och utifrån dess effektivitet valdes magasinstorleken 1500 m3 för de 30 000 m2 som Stålverk 64 har i takyta. Effektiviteten för Stålverk 64 blev under ett nederbördsrikt år 77 %, ett genomsnittligt år 64 % och under ett nederbördsfattigt år 54 %. Värmesimuleringarna visade på att det är ytterst få dygn om året som regnvatten som lagras i ett avsättningsmagasin riskerar att vara för varmt för att användas som kylvatten. Slutsatsen är att Sandvik AB har goda möjligheter att samla in regnvatten för att ersätta dricksvatten i kylsystemet men behöver utveckla större lagringsmöjligheter för att uppnå en ännu högre effektivitet.
Rainwater harvesting is used for different purposes all over the world and has increased in popularity in line with climate change. Rainwater is today widely used for households, but interest has also increased within the industrial sector. The aim with this thesis was to investigate rainwater harvesting as a substitute for the use of drinking water in Sandvik´s cooling system. This was examined by investigating legislation concerning rainwater harvesting, different designs and sizes of storage systems and locations that would be suitable for storing rainwater. Also, temperature changes in a rainwater storage system were examined to estimate rainwater´s use for cooling. Firstly, calculations of water flow were simulated with respect to efficiency (how much rainwater that can substitute for drinking water) for three periods with different amounts of precipitation. Secondly, two models were implemented in HYDRUS-1D to represent a storage system for rainwater with surrounding soil with a vertical and horizontal heat transport. The results indicate that the industry has required permits for rainwater harvesting. Taking local conditions into account, an underground storage was chosen to store the rainwater. The entire facility can have a maximum efficiency of 44 % during a year with a high amount of precipitation with the total roof area and today’s consumption of drinking water in the cooling system. A comparison between different locations within the facility resulted in a more specific presentation of Stålverk 64 with respect to its efficiency; 1500 m3 was proposed as the storage size for the roof area of 30 000 m2. The efficiency for Stålverk 64 varied between 54-77 % for years with different amounts of precipitation. Simulated heat transport demonstrated that the risk for excessive water temperatures in an underground storage was low and with elevated temperatures occurring only a couple of days per year. The conclusion is that Sandvik AB has good opportunities for rainwater harvesting to substitute drinking water in the cooling system but need to develop higher capabilities for storage systems to achieve higher efficiency.

Ce travail de recherche vise à appréhender les effets engendrés à terme sur la gestion urbaine de l'eau par le développement progressif de la pratique de récupération et d'utilisation de l'eau de pluie (RUEP), et plus particulièrement sur l'alimentation en eau potable. Il est réalisé de manière prospective à l'échelle de l'agglomération parisienne. Plus largement, cette recherche constitue une contribution au débat ouvert depuis quelques années relatif à la remise en question progressive du modèle centralisé de gestion de l'eau en milieu urbain. Après une description de la pratique urbaine de REUP, ce travail établit un état de l'art des outils et des méthodes scientifiques s'y rapportant, et suggère de se focaliser sur le développement d'une approche de changement d'échelles. L'objectif est de produire, à une échelle urbaine, une estimation significative des économies d'eau potable réalisables en substituant à celle-ci de l'eau de pluie récupérée pour des usages ne requérant pas une qualité d'eau alimentaire. Pour ce faire, nous proposons une approche basée sur l'évaluation séquentielle à l'aide d'une échelle intermédiaire (la commune), d'une logique de regroupement de bâtiments aux caractéristiques comparables au regard de la RUEP et de quatre principes (distinction, agrégation, majoration, hiérarchisation).Sur l'agglomération de Paris, la méthodologie mise en œuvre montre que l'eau de pluie récupérée est susceptible de représenter un potentiel équivalent à 65% des besoins en eau non potable et à 11% du volume d'eau potable distribué. Le travail met également en évidence que le secteur résidentiel constitue le gisement principal de ce potentiel, car il détient 2/3 du potentiel global de l'agglomération. Une première analyse du système d'acteurs impliqués dans la RUEP en milieu urbain complète ce travail. Cette analyse permet de dégager un sous ensemble particulier d'acteurs qui ont la capacité d'effectuer une action « levier » sur la diffusion de cette pratique sur une échelle urbaine, soit directement en raison de leur capacité d'action collective (un ensemble de bâtiments par exemple), soit indirectement au travers de leur capacité d'influencer sur les propriétaires des bâtiments (mécanismes d'incitation notamment).Au final, ce travail permet de situer la RUEP en milieu urbain au sein du débat général portant sur les mutations que connaît la ville d'aujourd'hui
This research aims at assessing the effects generated, on management of urban water in the long term, by progressive development of rainwater harvesting (RWH), and more particularly on the drinking water supply. It is carried out in a prospective way on the scale of Paris and its suburbs. On the whole, this research contributes to a controversy about the validity of a centralized model of management of water in an urban environment. After a description of the RWH in urban areas, this report presents state of the art tools and scientific methods, and focuses on the development of a scaling approach. The objective is to produce, a significant assessment of potential potable water savings (PPWS), on an urban scale by substituting part of it by rainwater recovered for uses which do not require such quality. With this aim, we propose an approach based on sequential evaluation using an intermediate scale (the municipality), on merging of buildings with similar characteristics related to RWH and four methodological principles (modeling, aggregation, increase, Ranking strategy)Applied to the Paris agglomeration, the implemented methodology shows that the recovered rainwater volume is likely to represent a potential equivalent of 65% of the demands for non-drinking water and of 11% of the drinking water distributed. This research also highlights that the residential sector constitutes the major contribution of this potential, because it holds 2/3 of the total potential to the Paris agglomeration. The first analysis of the system of actors implied in the RWH in urban environment has also been developed. This analysis makes it possible to identify a specific subset of actors who have the capacity to carry out an “lever” action in generalizing this practice on an urban scale, either directly because of their capacity of leading a collective action (for a set of buildings for example), or indirectly through their capacity to act on the owners of the buildings (by incentive mechanisms in particular).Finally, this work positions RWH in on urban environment within the general debate related to the evolution of present cities

博士
國立成功大學
水利及海洋工程學系碩博士班
98
The water shortage of today’s world is one of the most challenging problems which is caused by human or natural calamities. In Taiwan, especially during typhoon, the turbidity of raw water increases beyond the treatment level and the plant cannot supply required amount of water for a couple of days. The purpose of this study is to introduce rainwater as an alternative and reliable water source during short term emergency period, and assess the efficacy and mains water saving of the dual-mode Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS) for supplying emergency and ordinary water demands in case of primary school and household having different numbers of family members for both northern and southern Taiwan as case study. A dual-mode RWHS was designed for this study as supplement of the existing supply system to support the selected non-potable toilet and urinal flushing (WC) component. An optimal design algorithm was developed using a newly developed modified YAS (yield after spillage) model for this study which originated from YAS release rule. Two new important parameters were also introduced for the system which would help to use the dual-mode system without any shortage. One of the two is minimum safe storage volume (mssv), which is equivalent to three days demand. Another parameter is adapted storage volume (asv). This asv volume level will be guided according to the users requirements. If there is no rainfall and the water level reaches mssv level, the system will collect and store mains supply up to asv level. Another model was developed to simulate the water release system and to find the minimum number of days the system can support using rainwater with different tank volumes when the rainfall is more than 250 mm/day. The case study results of primary school for Taipei revealed that the mains supply savings and benefit would be significant to reduce the water shortage. The case study results for Tainan explored that the mains supply savings and benefit would be less significant than that of Taipei to reduce emergency water shortage. The case study of the families having two, four and six members’ for both Taipei and Tainan was performed. The study results found that for all kinds of family members’, the system would satisfy the emergency water shortage effectively for both places. The study result proved that an optimum volume of tank can solve the emergency water shortage properly. The system was found to be more reliable in Taipei area than that of Tainan area. The study also discovered that government may provide subsidy to promote the RWHS in Taiwan.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
河海工程學系
98
97% of energy in Taiwan are imported. Water shortage becomes serious because of economic development. Therefore, developing renewable energy sources and alternative water sources become important issue in the future. Renewable energy includes solar, wind, hydro, biomass energy, etc. Rainwater harvesting can replace parts of domestic water supply such as toilet flushing, irrigation, car washing, etc. Research is combing renewable energy and rainwater harvesting is rare. This study tried to combine solar power system and rooftop rainwater harvesting system. According to practical conditions, four different types of combination can be found. They are categorized: independent system (TypeⅠ); connect with public electric system (Type Ⅱ); connect water public water supply system (Type Ⅲ); standard system (Type Ⅳ). The simulation process of each type of the system has been written by Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 selected for sample study Keelung and Penghu are with data for 1999 to 2009. Results obtained from the simulation will provide on reference for people who are interested to installing the system required. Results show that total average annual rainwater used for toilet flushing occupies 40% of water supply in Penghu area, and 30% of power generation in used. On the contrary, in Keelung area, total average annual rainwater used reaches 40% and 58% of power generation is used. For the assumed care study, the suitable storage tank volume on the ground and temporary storage volume on the roof are 5 tons and 1 ton respectively in Penghu area. For Keelung area, they are 1.5 tons and 1 ton, respectively. Both of there deployments, rainwater used for toilet flushing can reach 50% of water supply. Results obtained from this research will provide a reference for system selection but other factor may influence the system deployment.

Although many developing countries use harvested rainwater (HRW) for drinking and other household purposes, its quality is seldom monitored. Continuous assessment of the microbial quality of HRW would ensure the safety of users of such water. The current study investigated the prevalence of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in HRW tanks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Rainwater samples were collected weekly between June and September 2016 from 11 tanks in various areas of the province. Enumeration of E. coli was performed using the Colilert®18/Quanti-Tray® 2000 method. E. coli isolates were obtained and screened for their virulence potentials using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and subsequently tested for antibiotic resistance using the disc-diffusion method against 11 antibiotics. The pathotype most detected was the neonatal meningitis E. coli (NMEC) (ibeA 28%) while pathotype enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) was not detected. The highest resistance of the E. coli isolates was observed against Cephalothin (76%). All tested pathotypes were susceptible to Gentamicin, and 52% demonstrated multiple-antibiotic resistance (MAR). The results of the current study are of public health concern since the use of untreated harvested rainwater for potable purposes may pose a risk of transmission of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant E. coli.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
河海工程學系
101
Water resources become the major issue in recent years. Non-uniformly distribu-tion of rainfall both in space and time is the major reason. In the early time, rainwater collected from buildings is mainly provided as an alternative water resource for resi-dential, educational and commercial water uses. This will alleviate the pressure of water shortage. In recent years, other benefits of rainwater harvesting have been noti-fied. Among these benefits, urban storm water mitigation that reduces the peak and volume of storm water is the major benefit which will reduce the problem of urban flood. But there is little research focusing on the dual purposes design of rainwater harvesting system. This research will try to use the existing examples to investigate the operation strategies to meet the dual purposes of rainwater harvesting system. Currently, three methods for estimating the storage volume of rainwater harvest-ing system have been used. They are National Taiwan Ocean University, National Lan-Yang University of Technology and method from green building evaluation manual. In the research, calculation procedures for these three methods were devel-oped and written by the language of Microsoft Office Excel. Three existing cases, Keelung Harbor Bureau (1), Nan-tou Human Administration Local Administration Center (2), and Chi-I University of Technology (3), are chosen. The designed data of these three cases and daily rainfall data for three rainfall stations during years between 2000 and 2009 and rainwater use data for these three examples in year of 2010 are used to evaluate and select the reasonable design method for storage volume design and this method will be used in the following analysis. For existing three examples, 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of storage volume are used for detention space during wet season. The detention volume will be dis-charged in six hours. Therefore, existing systems have both functions of water supply and flood mitigation during wet season. The reasonable space for detention is decided by optimal benefits of water supply and flood peak reduction. In the analysis, hourly rainfall data in wet season in year 2010 from three rainfall stations near these examples are used. The results show that larger detention space results in less water supply and higher flood peak reduction. For example 1, detention space 50% will achieve the optimal benefits for dual purposes; 75% for example 2; between 50% and 75 % for example 3. For flood peak reduction compared with no rainwater harvesting installation, the average flood peak reduction for these three examples are 80%, 70% and 50%, respectively. In high rainfall area for example in Keelung, percentage of flood peak reduction is high. Contrarily, percentage of flood peak reduction is low for low rainfall area such as in Taichung.

To reconcile its scarce water resources with the ever increasing demand for fresh water, the South African government continues to explore and investigate various demand management and water supply options such as: effluent reuse, interbasin water transfers, rainwater harvesting (RWH), water conservation as well as sea water desalinisation. RWH is an old but underutilised technology that can play a key role in the improvement of rural livelihoods, thus the need to investigate the potential it holds for South Africa. This thesis presents the Rainwater HArvesting Decision Support System (RHADESS) that was developed to facilitate the integration of three streamlined categories of RWH in the management and development of the country’s water resources at the quaternary catchment scale (± 500 km2). Using biophysical and socioeconomic datasets, RHADESS assesses the RWH footprint of any given area of South Africa. Although physical factors are important parameters in the assessment of the RWH suitability of a given area the non‐consideration of ecological and socioeconomic parameters lead to inappropriate targeting of RWH. Once the footprint is determined, the ecohydrological impact of RWH as reduction in river flow can be established. Despite the increasing adoption of RWH, very little is known about its potential ecohydrological impact. This thesis contributes to understanding these impacts for different levels of adoption of RWH at the quaternary catchment scale. Finally, RHADESS sizes the RWH tank per quaternary catchment, assesses its water security and calculates the area of land needed for a household to achieve food security when RWH is implemented. The decision support system was tested in two quaternary catchments which have contrasting rainfall regimes, the semi‐arid C52A and the humid V13D.

碩士
國立聯合大學
建築學系碩士班
99
As long as EEWH has been executed, most of the cases choose the Roof Rainwater Harvesting Systems as the Garden Irrigation to retrieve the huge water consumption item. In order to understanding the operating effectiveness of the rainwater harvesting system of these cases, this research chooses 155 case which had passed the green building marker, water resource guideline between 2007 and 2010 to process the computer simulation. In addition, it discusses the rationality and water saving benefit of the case planning and design. Moreover, it also focuses on 40 cases on the midland of Taiwan to do the questionnaire survey and locality interview and pick up three places to do the long term monitor experiment. The result of the questionnaire survey, in forty cases, there are only four cases do not feel the benefit of water saving, major cases has regular preserve the rainwater harvesting systems and do not have any confusion of exercise. There are five cases did not know the rainwater harvesting systems, and four cases use the equipment less than three years after setting. After the long term monitor, the great rainwater harvesting systems effect is came from the well uphold and organization system. Moreover, the setting of the monitor system is important for the rainwater harvesting systems to operate well. Unfortunately, the results of the questionnaire survey shows that there are only six cases have the monitor system and of the computer simulation presents that there are only fifty-two cases attain to more than 20% water displace rate and only sixty-four cases, the setting of the monitor system is on the reasonable range. In addition, most of the system do not consider about the support relationship between the rainwater collection area and the volume of the store tank. Finally, this research provides an easily evaluation model and takes the water saving rate as the scoring reference. Furthermore, it looks forward to advance the roof rainwater harvesting systems to a reasonable planning and design and raise the water saving benefit of the roof rainwater harvesting systems through the evaluation model.

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Agronómicas e Florestais
Pressure on water resources have been increasing over time, due to external forces such as population growth, irregular distribution, water waste, aquifer contamination and also climate change. Global climate change is expected to intensify current and future tensions over water resources and will increase the frequency and intensity of droughts and floods. Thus, in addition to extreme events such as floods and droughts, water quality and forest fire problems are also a concern. Therefore, some methodologies have been tested to improve, mitigate or help better management and planning of water and thus combat these water-related problems. In Chapter 1, a brief introduction is made about pressures on the water resources and their consequences for the environment and society, while some solutions are suggested. An improved framework model to allocate optimal rainwater harvesting sites in small watersheds for agro-forestry uses is presented in Chapter 2. The developed model aims to select optimal RWH sites based on a multi-criteria analysis involving physical, socioeconomic and ecologic parameters. The choice of specific socio-economic parameters allowed the selection of optimal places away from urban centres or large farming areas, which prevent the use of stream water with excessive anthropogenic nutrients in irrigation that may cause accumulation of nitrosamines in the food chain with severe consequences to human health. Chapter 3 discusses rainwater harvesting in catchments for agro-forestry uses: A study focused on the balance between sustainability values and storage capacity. This model follows the line of the previous chapter, but was significantly improved. In this case, attention was paid to the balance between sustainability values and storage capacity of RWH systems. The study aimed at ranking 384 rainfall collection sub-catchments as regards installation of RWH sites for crop irrigation and forest fire combat. The practice of RWH at the catchment scale is frequently concerned with ecological sustainability values, namely through the aesthetic landscape enhancement. To naturally cope with these values, RWH infrastructure (dam wall) heights must not exceed ≈3 m. The results showed that more engineered dams may not always ensure all sustainability values but warrant much better storage. The limiting parameter was the dam wall height, because 217 sub-catchments were found to drain enough water for irrigation and capable to store it if proper dam wall heights were used. Chapter 4 argue about flood risk attenuation in critical zones of continental Portugal using sustainable detention basins. Within the framework of Directive 60/2007/EC (Floods Directive), Flood Risk Management Plans were developed for 23 critical flood risk zones identified in Portugal, capable to eliminate the high and very high flood risk areas instead of attempting to ensure full control of the flood in all potentially threatened areas. The results showed that the number of sustainable detention basins is reduced by about 30% when the full flood control model is used. Although the results indicate the possibility of installing more unsustainable than sustainable detention basins, in all critical areas, only three do not provide sustainable solutions. Therefore, in these critical areasthe construction of highly designed structures would be mandatory. “Can Land Cover Changes Mitigate Large Floods? A Reflection Based on Partial Least Squares-Path Modeling” was a question we tried to answer in Chapter 5. The aim was to verify, using a Partial least Squares-Path Model (PLS-PM), if changes in specific catchment variables, such as forest occupation or imperviousness of urban areas, would result in lower dam heights. In some realistic scenarios, the forecasted changes comprised 30% increase in forest areas or 30% decrease in impervious urban areas. Other purely academic scenarios were also tested, comprehending, for example, the duplication of forest areas or the reduction of catchment slope. In all cases, however, the dam wall heights did not fall significantly and remained very high. Therefore, the answer to the initial question is that non-structural measures may not always be an efficient way to reduce stream flows in a manner that flood detention can be achieved through construction of sustainable dam structures. Finally, in Chapter 6, the general conclusions and future perspectives were presented.
As pressões sobre os recursos hídricos têm aumentado ao longo do tempo, devido a forças externas como crescimento populacional, distribuição irregular, desperdício de água, contaminação de aquíferos e também devido às alterações climáticas. Estas alterações, a nível mundial tendem a intensificar as tensões atuais e futuras sobre os recursos hídricos e aumentar a frequência e a intensidade de secas e inundações. Assim, além destes eventos extremos, a qualidade da água e os problemas com incêndios florestais também são uma preocupação. Portanto, algumas metodologias foram testadas para mitigar ou melhorar a gestão e planeamento hídrico e, assim, combater esses problemas relacionados à água. No capítulo 1, é feita uma breve introdução relacionada com as pressões exercidas sobre os recursos hídricos e suas consequências para o meio ambiente e a sociedade, enquanto algumas soluções são sugeridas. Um modelo que permite encontrar locais ótimos para aproveitamento de água da chuva em pequenas bacias hidrográficas para usos agroflorestais é apresentado no Capítulo 2. O modelo desenvolvido visa selecionar locais ótimos de Aproveitamento de Águas Pluviais (AAP) com base numa análise multicritério através de parâmetros físicos, socioeconómicos e ecológicos. A escolha de parâmetros socioeconómicos específicos permitiu a seleção de locais ótimos fora dos centros urbanos ou grandes áreas agrícolas, que impedem o uso de água com excesso de nutrientes de origem antropogénica na irrigação, que podem causar acumulação de nitrosaminas na cadeia alimentar, com graves consequências para a saúde humana. O capítulo 3 discute a captação de água da chuva em bacias hidrográficas para uso agroflorestal: um estudo focado no equilíbrio entre valores de sustentabilidade e capacidade de armazenamento. Este modelo segue a linha do capítulo anterior, mas foi significativamente aprimorado. Nesse caso, foi dada atenção ao equilíbrio entre os valores de sustentabilidade e a capacidade de armazenamento dos sistemas de AAP. O estudo teve como objetivo classificar 384 sub-bacias de captação de precipitação no que diz respeito à instalação de locais de AAP para irrigação de culturas e combate a incêndios florestais. A prática de AAP à escala da bacia hidrográfica preocupa-se frequentemente com os valores da sustentabilidade ecológica, nomeadamente através da melhoria da paisagem envolvente. Para lidar naturalmente com esses valores, as alturas das infraestruturas de AAP (altura do paramento da represa) não devem exceder ≈3 m. Os resultados mostraram que barragens maiores nem sempre garantem todos os valores de sustentabilidade, mas garantem um armazenamento muito melhor. O parâmetro limitante foi a altura da represa, porque 217 sub-bacias captavam água suficiente para irrigação e eram capazes de armazená-la desde que fossem selecionadas as alturas adequadas da infraestrutura. O capítulo 4 discute a atenuação do risco de inundação em zonas críticas de Portugal continental, usando bacias de retenção sustentáveis. No âmbito da Diretiva 60/2007 / CE (Diretiva de Inundações), foram desenvolvidos Planos de Gestão de Risco de Inundação para 23 zonas críticas de risco de inundação identificadas em Portugal, capazes de eliminar as áreas de alto e muito alto risco de inundação, em vez de tentar garantir o controle total de inundação em todas as áreas potencialmente ameaçadas. Os resultados mostraram que o número de bacias de retenção sustentável é reduzido em cerca de 30% quando o modelo completo de controle de inundação é usado. Embora os resultados indiquem a possibilidade de instalar mais bacias de retenção não-sustentáveis do que sustentáveis, em todas as zonas críticas, apenas três não fornecem soluções sustentáveis. Portanto, nessas zonas críticas, a construção de infraestrutura altamente projetadas seria a única solução. “As alterações do uso do solo podem atenuar grandes inundações? Uma reflexão baseada na modelação de PLS-PM” foi uma pergunta que tentamos responder no capítulo 5. O objetivo era verificar, se alterações em variáveis específicas da bacia hidrográfica, como ocupação florestal ou impermeabilização de áreas urbanas, resultaria em menores alturas de barragens, utilizando um modelo de PLS-PM (Partial Least Square - Path Modeling). Em alguns cenários realistas, as alterações previstas incluíram aumento de 30% nas áreas florestais ou redução de 30% nas áreas urbanas impermeáveis. Também foram testados outros cenários puramente académicos, compreendendo, por exemplo, a duplicação de áreas florestais ou a redução do declive da bacia hidrográfica. Em todos os casos, no entanto, a altura da represa não desceu significativamente, permanecendo muito alta. Portanto, a resposta para a pergunta inicial é que as medidas não estruturais nem sempre podem ser uma resposta eficiente na redução dos escoamentos, assim sendo, a retenção da água que provoca inundações pode ser feita através da construção de barragens sustentáveis. Finalmente, no capítulo 6, foram apresentadas as conclusões gerais e as perspetivas futuras.

The limitation of urban water supplies is becoming worse each year. Several studies estimate that 2 billion of the world’s population will suffer from water scarcity by 2050; and urbanization rates is placing an even greater challenge in providing the infrastructure needed to serve growing populations. At this point, rainwater may be considered as the most critical, untapped water resource in a global aspect. Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHS) have tremendous potential, not only to provide sufficient water supply, but also to serve as a valuable stormwater management tool. Despite these benefits, RWHS is still not popular among ordinary people in urban situations, due mostly to high installation costs. This study aims to explore the equitable cost reallocation of residential rainwater harvesting systems between the urban utility, land developer and homebuilder, and individual homeowner sectors. It may be possible to redistribute the cost equitably among the parties based on potential benefits received,thereby making RWHS more affordable and more viable as a new water supply for urban areas.
text

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
105
The research of evaluation indicator and zoning potential of rainwater harvesting system in Java, Indonesia Thesis adviser: Cheng-Li Cheng Graduate student: Diana Wijaya Abstract Rainwater harvesting system has been widely used as an alternative solution to solve the insufficient access of clean water. The optimized utilization of this system creates maximum effectiveness. However, this system is still minimally practiced in Indonesia. In this research, the rainfall data are evaluated to create a rainwater harvesting system guideline for architectural planning in Java Island, Indonesia. This proposed system is a practical sytem to identify the decision-making process and assess the solution. Rainfall data are arranged and analyzed using statistical programs. The procedure of this methodology is based on the practical application of rainwater harvesting system in Taiwan. The evaluation indicator can be used to review the proposed design and achieve optimization of rainwater harvesting system utilization in Java. These results carry implication for the use of evaluation indicator to evaluate the system design based on each district's rainfall characteristic. Keywords: rainwater harvesting system; evaluation indicator

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
河海工程學系
96
ABSTRACT Because of climate change, both floods and droughts hit Taiwan occasionally. Unfortunately, 97% of energy must be imported in Taiwan. Therefore, we need to explode any renewable energy and any water resource. Renewable energy includes: solar energy, wind energy, small hydraulic power etc. Among them, wind energy generation is the most feasible alternative in seashore area. And rainwater harvesting from rooftop is one of the most economic selection in Taiwan. Research for combining renewable energy and rainwater harvesting is rare till now. The purpose of this research is to assess the feasibility of combining the wind energy and rainwater harvesting system. Firstly, the 3000 W and vertical axis wind energy generation machine is installed at front yard of the 2th building of Department of Harbor and River Engineering in February 2007. In the following, efficiency coefficient of wind energy generation was examined by measured hourly wind speed and electric generated during the period of February and May 2007. From the measured data, the average efficiency coefficient of wind energy generation was found at about 0.3 which is in the range of world values. In the following, the assumed case study is studied. The assumed case with 100 m2 of roof area and two floors having 4 persons and rainwater harvesting system with 1 ton of storage tank on the floor. And rainwater is solely for toilet flush. Based on these conditions, the simulation model is constructed using Visual Basic 6.0. The hourly wind speed at wind energy generator for 2007 is correlated from Keelung meteorological station. From the simulation results, 50% of wind energy generation will be used in pumping water and 50% of rainwater is used for toilet flush.

Cape Town, South Africa, falls within a winter rainfall region, making it difficult to assess the feasibility of rain- and stormwater harvesting. The reason for this is because the region’s high water demand period coincides with the low rainfall summer season, thereby limiting the availability of this alternative water resource when most needed. During this study, rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing purposes, collected from roof surfaces, was practically assessed by means of inserted flow meters at a pilot study site in Kommetjie, Cape Town. The combined and single system roof- and land surface runoff yields and savings of commercial buildings within the Kommetjie business area, were also theoretically assessed by making use of a mathematical roof- and land surface runoff model specifically developed during this study. The statistical testing of the hypotheses statements relating to the pre- and post-harvesting savings at the pilot study building, compared against the average actual municipal water usage, were performed. Hypotheses testing were also performed in order to compare the theoretical rain- and stormwater runoff yields for the commercial business area against the average actual municipal water consumption. The conclusions drawn from this study indicated that valuable potable water, as well as related financial savings, can be achieved within a winter rainfall region, thereby making rain- and stormwater harvesting a feasible option for commercial businesses in Cape Town.
Environmental Sciences
M.Sc. (Environmental Management)

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil
Face à crise ambiental, social e económica sentida globalmente, provocada pelo aumento populacional das últimas décadas, é necessário contrariar esta crise mudando alguns aspectos no dia-a-dia do Homem. Nesta dissertação abordar-se um aspecto muito importante no combate a essa crise sentida globalmente que é a utilização e aproveitamento da água pluvial. O aumento da população mundial tem como consequência uma maior necessidade de água, tanto para consumo doméstico, agrícola ou industrial. Por isso, é necessário tomar medidas para o uso eficiente deste bem essencial, que é esgotável. Esta dissertação aborda um tema que foca na poupança de água nos usos domésticos, sendo a água potável substituída por água pluvial em fins menos nobres, tais como as descargas sanitárias, rega, lavagem de veículos e de roupa. Esta poupança é conseguida através de um Sistema de Aproveitamento de Águas Pluviais. A viabilidade do uso da água da chuva é demonstrada pela significativa redução do volume da água fornecida pelo sistema de abastecimento, tendo como consequência a diminuição dos custos em relação à água potável bem como a redução do risco de cheias em casos de episódios de pluviosidade intensos. A metodologia de ensaio adoptada nesta dissertação consiste na recolha de amostras de água armazenada nos depósitos do dispositivo de first flush com filtro incorporado desenvolvido para se proceder a análise da sua turvação através do turbidímetro Hach 2100 Q is. É também analisada a turvação da água de entrada, que é uma mistura de resíduos, folhas e água. Nesta dissertação realizam-se experiências com diferentes volumes de água, de resíduos e número de folhas. Foram utilizadas diferentes combinações destes três factores para estudar a variação da turvação da água nas diferentes etapas do dispositivo de first flush com filtro incorporado desenvolvido. Com a realização deste trabalho conclui-se que utilizando o dispositivo de first flush com filtro incorporado desenvolvido os valores de turvação de água nos diferentes depósitos do dispositivo desenvolvido vão diminuindo ao longo do seu percurso, que todas as folhas e resíduos de maiores dimensões introduzidos nos ensaios ficam retidos no Primeiro Depósito de Águas de Lavagem e que a turvação da água armazenada no Segundo Depósito de Águas de Lavagem não sofre alterações significativas consoante do volume de água introduzido.
With this environmental, social and economic crisis felt globally, caused by the increase of the population in recent decades, it is necessary to counter this crisis by changing some aspects in the human being daily activities. In this dissertation it is discussed a very important aspect for the combat of this crisis felt worldwide which is the use of rainwater. The increase of the world population results in a bigger need for water, for domestic, agricultural and industrial consumption. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to use the water more efficiently because it is an exhaustible natural resource. This dissertation addresses a theme that focuses on saving water in domestic use, replacing the drinking water by rainwater in less noble purposes such as toilet flushing, irrigation, washing vehicles and clothing. This savings are achieved through a Rainwater Harvesting System. The feasibility of using rainwater its demonstrated by the significant reduction of the volume of water supplied by the purveyance system, resulting in the reduction of costs in relation to drinking water as well as reducing the risk of flooding in the event of intense rainfall. The test methodology adopted in this thesis is to collect samples of water stored in the deposits of the first flush device with a filter incorporated developed to analyze the water turbidity with the turbidimeter Hach 2100 Q is. It is also analyzed the turbidity of the entry water, which is a mixture of waste, leaves and water. In this thesis, experiments are carried out with different volumes of water, waste and number of leaves. Different combinations of these three factors were used to study the variation of the turbidity of the water in various stages of the first flush device with incorporated filter developed. With this work it is possible to conclude that using the first flush device with incorporated filter developed the values of turbidity of the water stored in the different deposits suffer a decrease along the course, that all the leaves and bigger size residues introduced into the rehearsals are held on the first deposit of washing waters and the turbidity of the water stored in the second deposit of washing waters does not change with the volume of water introduced.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil
A procura de estratégias de racionalização no consumo de água ou de fontes alternativas de água têm levado ao surgimento de várias soluções, sendo algumas já utilizadas no passado mas caídas em desuso com o desenvolvimento das sociedades. Uma das soluções já adotada de forma significativa em vários países é o aproveitamento da chuva em todo o tipo de utilizações. Neste trabalho explora-se a viabilidade da implantação de um sistema de aproveitamento de água pluvial (SAAP) para fins domésticos em Portugal continental. Esta dissertação pretende ajudar a resolver a problemática do aproveitamento de água pluvial em contexto doméstico, determinando onde um SAAP pode constituir um sistema economicamente atraente e uma fonte alternativa credível de água não potável. O investimento inicial na implantação de um SAAP constitui o maior entrave na expansão deste tipo de sistema, sendo o reservatório de armazenamento de água pluvial o elemento mais dispendioso. Desenvolveu-se um programa denominado PSAAP, para fazer a simulação do aproveitamento de água pluvial. O PSAAP foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de dimensionar a capacidade ideal do reservatório e estudar a viabilidade económica do SAAP. Para um determinado SAAP, este simulador calcula iterativamente até encontrar a capacidade ideal. A capacidade ideal do reservatório de um SAAP será a capacidade que levar a que o SAAP tenha o menor período de recuperação do investimento (PRI) possível. Através do PSAAP, o utilizador pode obter a capacidade do reservatório recomendável para a sua localização, consumo e capacidade de captação da chuva, conseguindo também perceber qual o investimento inicial e o PRI associados ao respetivo SAAP. Na aplicação da ferramenta, estuda-se a implantação de um SAAP em cidades de diferentes regiões de Portugal continental, de forma a perceber a sua viabilidade em condições distintas. Estudou-se numa primeira análise a utilização de um SAAP que abastece-se apenas uma moradia unifamiliar e numa segunda análise estudou-se a utilização de um SAAP que abastece-se um conjunto de quatro moradias unifamiliares, de forma a verificar se o projeto beneficia economicamente por ser um sistema de maior dimensão. Através das simulações efetuadas no PSAAP, conclui-se que quanto mais elevado for o nível de consumo, o custo da água consumida, área de captação e a precipitação disponível, menor é o PRI do SAAP.
The demand for rationalizing strategies or alternative sources of water have led to the appearance of several solutions, some already used in the past, but have fell into disuse with the development of societies. One of the significantly solutions, already adopted in several countries, is the use of rainwater. This work explores the economic viability of implementing a rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) for domestic purposes in Portugal mainland. This dissertation aims to help solve the problem of use rainwater in the domestic context, determining where a RWHS can be an economically attractive system and a credible alternative source of non-potable water. The initial investment in the implementation of a RWHS is the major obstacle in the expansion of this type of system where the rainwater storage tank is the most expensive element. In order to study the economic viability of a RWHS and calculate the ideal capacity to the storage tank under different conditions, was developed a program for simulation of rainwater harvesting called PSAAP. For a RWHS with different storage capacities, this simulator calculates iteratively to find the ideal capacity. The ideal capacity of a RWHS’s storage tank is the capacity that leads to the RWHS has the lowest possible payback period. Through PSAAP, the user can get the recommended capacity of the reservoir to its location, consumption and ability to capture the rain. This program can also help the user realize the initial investment and the payback period associated with the respective RWHS. In the application of this tool, was study the implementation of a RWHS in cities of different regions of Portugal mainland in order to understand its viability in different conditions. It was studied the use of a RWHS that supplies just one dwelling unfamiliar house and has also been studied the use of a RWHS which supplies a set of four dwelling unfamiliar houses in order to benefit from a larger dimension. Through simulations performed on PSAAP, it is concluded that the higher the level of consumption, the cost of water consumed and precipitation available, the lower is the payback period.

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Urbana
No actual contexto em que as relações entre os seres humanos e os recursos naturais são cada vez mais relevantes em razão do aumento populacional no mundo e da mudança dos hábitos de consumo dos seres humanos - com aumento da exploração destes recursos, em especial a água - é essecial que sejam estudadas formas alternativas de obtenção e consumo destes recursos sob a ótica sustentável. Dentre as possibilidades de mundanças em relação ao uso de água no dia-a-dia das populações está o aproveitamento de águas pluviais, que é um método muito antigo, com registos de utilização a mais de 5000 anos. A adoção de métodos alternativos de abastecimento de água, entretanto, pode acarretar em impactes nos sistemas de distribuição de água já existentes, que por isso devem ser estudados para que se possa tomar atitudes em relação a possíveis constrangimentos causados por esta mudança de comportamento. O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a influência que a adoção de métodos alternativos de abastecimento de água, como os Sistemas de Aproveitamento de Águas Pluviais - SAAP, podem causar numa rede pública de distribuição de água potável; mais especificamente avaliar quais as influências da redução do consumo de água da rede pública – causada pelo aumento do uso de SAAP – nas velocidades médias nas condutas de água, nas pressões dinâmicas nos nós da rede, e também na concentração de cloro residual nos nós desta rede. Utilizou-se como caso de estudo a rede que abastece o Lago Norte, Brasília-DF Brasil. Os resultados das simulações demostram que quanto maior o uso de SAAP (e menor consumo de água da rede pública) menores as velocidades mínimas e máximas nas condutas, maiores as pressões dinâmicas mínimas e máximas nos nós e menor a quantidade de CRL nos nós da rede. Portanto, o uso de sistemas alternativos de abastecimento pode causar alterações no funcionamento da rede pública de abastecimento de água, que por este motivo devem ser monitoradas. Sugere-se a realização de alterações à rede, já que as mudanças dos valores destes parâmetros provocadas pela adopção de SAAP podem afetar os aparelhos hidráulicos da rede, assim como a qualidade da água fornecida pelo sistema público tradicional. É apresentada uma nova configuração da rede simplificada, com o uso de válvulas redutoras de pressão e de pontos de cloragem ao longo da rede.
The relations between humankind and natural resources are, in actual context, getting more relevant because of the increasing number of populations in the world and changes about people consumption habits – with the increase of the exploration of these resources, especially water – is essential that alternative ways of obtaining and consuming these resources have to be studied looking for sustainable practices. Rainwater harvesting is one of the alternatives about changing the way people deal with water daily, and it is an old method with registers of more than 5000 years old. Adopting alternatives methods of water supply, however, can cause impacts at the public water supply network, and it must be studied to try to solve possible problems these changes of behavior can cause, if necessary. The objective of this master thesis is to analyze the influence of the adoption of alternative methods of water supply, such as rainwater harvesting systems - RWS, can cause at the public water supply network; more specifically, the influence of the reduction of water from the public system – caused by the increase of rainwater harvesting – can occur relatively at the average velocity in the pipes, at the dynamic pressures at the nodes as well as the variations of the free residual chlorine at the nodes of the network. It was used as a case of study the water network that supplies the Lago Norte, Brasília-DF Brazil. The simulation’s results demonstrate that as much as the use of RWS increase (and the water from public supply network decrease) lower the minimum and maximum velocities in the pipes are, higher the dynamic minimum and maximum pressure at the nodes are, and lower the FRC quantities are at the network nodes. Therefore, the use of alternative systems of water supply can cause disturbs at the public water supply network, so it has to be monitored, and modification plans for this network must be done, whereas the changes of the parameters values provoked by the use of alternative systems can affect the hydraulic equipment of the network, as well as the quality of the water offered by traditional public system. A new network is presented after adding pressure reduction valves, as well as new chlorination points throughout the network.