Journal articles on the topic 'Rooftop catchment area'
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Mohapatra, Sourav Ranjan, Truptimayee Dash, Priyanka Choudhury, Prof Gayatri Mohanty, and Dr Satyananda Swain. "Review on Design of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting in Gandhi Institute for Technology (GIFT), BBSR." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 672–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42286.
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Abstract: Water is the main asset on the earth. Which requires water for different exercises in our everyday life at the rate at which India's general population is growing, it is said that India will undoubtedly replace China from its fundamental place as the most thickly populated country in the world. This will provoke a high pace of use of most huge trademark resource "Water" achieving development of loads on the permitted freshwater resources and supply of it is diminishing at a quickly protected on this planet. Remembering the ultimate objective to proportion and deal with our step by step interest in water essential, we need to think of elective adroit and respectably easier mechanical methodologies of preserving water. The specialized part of this venture is water harvesting gathered from GIFT main building rooftop. Above all else, a little piece of the rooftop is taken where a steep slant is available where water overflows streams and the point of this venture is to gather and store that water and use the water by giving a legitimate method for filtration. The task begins by gathering some significant investigations on water Harvesting and concentrating on them. A legitimate arranging work led to GIFT for an appropriate picture of what is going on at GIFT College and to quantify the elements of the rooftop catchment area. Then other required information is gathered for example hydrological precipitation information and temperature. The volume of water will ascertain thereafter. Water collecting potential for the school will ascertain, and an appropriate plan will be considered. The vital variable of this undertaking is the channel unit which will be planned productive and prudent and possible to carry out in the school. In conclusion, this venture is taken on for preserving the main normal source on the earth. It is a drive to safeguard the water source. "Save Water, automatically Water will save us". Keywords: Rooftop harvesting, channel configuration, rooftop catchment area.
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Nzelibe, Ifechukwu U., Temitope E. Akinboyewa, Tobenna N. Nzelibe, and Goziechukwu G. Inekwe. "Geospatial Assessment of The Potentials of Rooftop Rainwater Harvest at The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria." FUOYE Journal of Engineering and Technology 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46792/fuoyejet.v7i2.839.
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Recent reports reveal water shortage at the Federal University of Technology, Akure, (FUTA), Nigeria, with possibilities to worsen if adequate measures are not taken. This research focuses on the assessment of the potential of an alternative source of water supply the Roof Top Rainwater Harvest (RTRWH) at FUTA. This study goes beyond the determination of the potential volume of RTRWH by proposing a storage plan for the RTRWH based on geospatial analysis. Data collected for the study are rainfall data covering 19 years (2000-2018), High-Resolution Satellite Image (HRSI), Ground Control Point (GCP), attribute data, Landsat 8 and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The rooftop areas were extracted by processing HRSI using ArcGIS software. The volumes of the RTRWH for each building were computed with the rooftop area, precipitation amount and roof's runoff coefficient of the rooftop material as variables. Suitable locations for siting the storage tanks were proposed based on Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) and geospatial analysis. Result obtained from the study reveals that the total area of rooftop catchment for all buildings considered is 164,246 m2. The study suggests 9 locations suitable for collecting and storing the harvested RTRW. The potential average daily, average monthly and total annual volumes of RTRWH are approximately 607 m3, 18,473 m3 and 221,681 m3 respectively, and thereby could potentially provide ~ 41% of water demand in addition to the existing water supply sources in FUTA. The RTRWH is therefore recommended as an alternative water source at FUTA.
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Okovido, J. O., U. Owen-Egharevba, and L. O. Akhigbe. "Rainwater Harvesting System for Water Supply in a Rural Community in Edo State, Nigeria." October 2018 2, no. 2 (October 2018): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2018.02.0089.
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Water scarcity is still a major problem in many rural communities in Nigeria. In this study, a rain water harvesting system was designed for Ogbekpen, a rural community in Edo state, Nigeria. A conceptual model for rainwater harvesting was developed using the storm water management model (SWMM), Arcmap 10.1 software and daily rainfall data (2000-2016) obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET). Runoff, rainfall intensity and change in elevation of three designated catchment zones were taken into consideration. The results revealed that the total amount of rainwater that could be harvested annually (water supply) was 14,314,351.70 L (14,314 m3) from an overall effective rooftop area of 6025.9 m2. This was three times the annual water demand (4,317,965.60 L (4318 m3)), thus demonstrating the capability of the system to meet annual water demand. The required tank capacities for zones 1, 2 and 3 were 870,412.76 L (870 m3), 955,319.4 5L (955 m3) and 788,629.88 L (789 m3) respectively. Comparative physicochemical and microbial analysis of water from rooftops in the three zones and an existing storage well showed that the latter did not comply with drinking water quality guidelines, thus highlighting the importance of a proper conveyance and storage system to improve water quality and availability in the area.
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Praveena, Sarva Mangala, and Sri Themudu. "WATER CONSERVATION INITIATIVE IN A PUBLIC SCHOOL FROM TROPICAL COUNTRY: PERFORMANCE AND SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENTS." Water Conservation & Management 6, no. 1 (2022): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/wcm.01.2022.55.60.
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Water resources are rapidly declining in Malaysia due to various challenges such as climate change, pollution, urbanisation, and high-water domestic consumption. On the other hand, water conservation initiatives in Malaysia are mainly concentrated in commercial and residential buildings while public buildings such as schools have been underutilized. Water conservation initiatives in Malaysian schools are seen to be able to conserve a significant amount of water and manage water supply responsibly, given the high annual rainfall received throughout the year and the huge rooftop catchment area. Thus, this study aims to assess the performance and sustainability assessment of water conservation initiative in Convent Infant Jesus (1) Primary School in Malacca (Malaysia). Water footprint findings demonstrated lavatory usage accounted for nearly 60% of overall water consumption in the selected primary school. The rainwater harvesting system was selected as this method enables the use of a renewable source (rainwater) and it conveniently fit with the existing building rooftop and plumbing system to engender high sustainability potential. After several months of operation, the rainwater harvesting system at school lavatory has led to significant reductions between 24m3 and 278m3 of water use along with water bill saving of USD285. Sustainable assessment has indicated that all the six dimensions were well balanced with scores greater than 50% and continued improvements will increase the project’s sustainability in the future. This water conservation initiative can be implemented in any school worldwide with a similar water footprint for significant water savings and sustainable water management.
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Aryal, Mamata, Prayon Joshi, and Sudeep Thakuri. "Performance of rooftop rainwater harvesting system as a source of drinking water." International Journal of Environment 11, no. 1 (June 20, 2022): 62–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v11i1.45841.
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Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHSs) are increasingly being used as an alternative or supplementary source of water to curb the water supply deficit in the Kathmandu valley. The harvested rainwater is primarily used for non-potable purposes like flushing toilets and irrigation, but the knowledge on the use of rainwater for potable purpose is remarkably sparse. This study assesses the suitability of rainwater in terms of quantity and quality in a public school that adopts Rooftop RWHS as the source of drinking water. In this study, we observed that the volume of rainwater being harvested is sufficient to address the current demand of drinking water, with a mean rainfall of 1664 mm on a catchment area of 372 m2. Storage capacity needs to be expanded if the demand increases. Physico-chemical and microbial analyses of water samples (before and after a series of treatments) were carried out for the winter, monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons. The values of physico-chemical parameters of the water samples, in all the seasons, were well within both the National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS, 2005) and the World Health Organisation (WHO, 2017) guidelines for drinking water, while fecal coliforms were detected in the storage tank, but were absent in tap water after the treatments. Based on the findings, we suggest that the harvested rainwater could be used for drinking purposes if properly treated. RWHS use at the institutional level, like in schools, on the one hand, curbs the increasing demand for water in water-deficit locations like Kathmandu, and on the other, encourages the adoption of such sustainable technologies for the water supply.
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Tshering Pem, Dhan Bdr Gurung, Kelzang Dawa, and Rupesh Subedi. "Ecological Conditions of Luetshokha Lake and its Recharge Potential using Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting, Samtengang, Wangdue Bhutan." Bhutan Journal of Natural Resources and Development 9, no. 1 (June 27, 2022): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17102/cnr.2022.72.
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Luetshokha lake is noted to harbour invasive aquatic plants and experience reduction in water level. This research assessed the floristic and macroinvertebrate composition of Luetshokha lake in Samtengang, Wangdue and its potential to increase water level using rooftop rainwater harvesting (RWH). Presence of aquatic plants such as Brasenia schreberi, Schnoeplectus pungens and Potamogeton distinctus indicate organic pollution of water in the lake. Coenagrionidae and Baetidae families were the most dominant macroinvertebrate communities present in the lake. There was a positive relationship between aquatic plants and macroinvertebrate diversity indices (rs = 0.20, p = 0.25), richness (rs = 0.24, p = 0.16) and evenness (rs = 0.29, p = 0.04). The relationships between aquatic plants and physico-chemical variables were negative; pH (rs = -0.02, p = 0.90), conductivity (rs = -0.45, p = 0.00), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) (rs = -0.43, p = 0.01) and salinity (rs = -0.34, p = 0.56). However, temperature was positively correlated (rs = 0.25, p = 0.14) with aquatic plants. Similarly, macroinvertebrate diversity was negatively correlated with pH (rs = -0.31, p = 0.07), temperature (rs = -0.11, p = 0.54), conductivity (rs = -0.24, p = 0.17), TDS (rs = -0.24, p = 0.16) and salinity (rs = -0.27, p = 0.12). Family Biotic Index (FBI) indicated good physical condition of lake water with some organic pollution. The lake water level was estimated to rise by 0.05 m through a potential RWH of 1,784.37 m3 from the roof catchment area of 2,221.01 m2.
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Nanteza, Jamiat, Brian Thomas, Jesse Kisembe, Rhoda Nakabugo, Paul Isolo Mukwaya, and Mathew Rodell. "A Google Earth-GIS based approach to examine the potential of the current rainwater harvesting practices to meet water demands in Mityana district, Uganda." PLOS Water 1, no. 11 (November 23, 2022): e0000045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000045.
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Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has become an integral part of global efforts to improve water access. Despite the increasing adoption of RWH in Uganda, there remains a significant knowledge gap in the assessment of RWH systems to meet water demands. In this study, a simplified methodology to estimate rainwater harvesting potential (RWHP) as a function of mean seasonal rainfall and rooftop area, generated using Google Earth and GIS tools is applied. Desired tank storage (DTS) capacities based on user population, demand and dry period lengths, were compared with RWHP to assess whether rooftop areas and tank storage can sustainably supply water for use during the March—May (MAM) and September-November (SON) 90-day dry periods, for three demand levels (i.e. for drinking and cooking (15 litres per capita per day (l/c/d)); for drinking, cooking and hand washing (20 l/c/d); and for drinking, cooking, hand washing, bathing and laundry (50 l/c/d)). Our findings document minimum catchment areas of 60m2 to have rainwater harvesting potential that can sustain households for 90-day dry periods for all three demand levels. However, considering their storage capacities, 25%, 48% and 97% of the existing RWHTs (with storage capacities below 8,000, 10,000 and 20,000 litres respectively) are unable to meet the demand of 15 l/c/d, 20 l/c/d and 50 l/c/d respectively for a 90-day dry period. The results document that the existing storage systems are under-sized for estimated water use under 50 l/c/d demand scenarios. Costs of between 2,000,000–4,500,000 Ugandan shillings (~ 600–1, 250 USD) would be needed to increase existing tank capacities to meet the 50 l/c/d demands for a 90-day dry period. These findings document onerous financial costs to achieve rainwater harvesting potential, meaning that households in Mityana district may have to resort to other sources of water during times of shortage.
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Rivero, Roberto Mena, Ricardo Enrique Vega Azamar, Flor Virginia Cruz Gutiérrez, David Gustavo Rejón Parra, and Fermín Téllez Gómez. "Inversión máxima para incrementar la disponibilidad de agua en comunidades de la zona limítrofe entre Quintana Roo y Campeche, México." South Florida Journal of Development 2, no. 5 (October 10, 2021): 6475–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46932/sfjdv2n5-015.
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La baja disponibilidad de agua potable de buena calidad puede ser complementada con agua proveniente de la lluvia, si esta última es recolectada en cantidad suficiente para cubrir la demanda, aprovechándose esta combinación para resolver el problema de abastecimiento, todo esto sujeto a restricciones de inversión. El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo presentar un análisis de los sistemas de captación de agua de lluvia existentes en la zona limítrofe entre los estados mexicanos de Quintana Roo y Campeche para estimar los montos de inversión máxima que justifiquen un proyecto de mejora en la disponibilidad de agua de lluvia. En esta investigación se identificó el nivel de aprovechamiento y los requerimientos de los sistemas de captación de agua pluvial en techos (SCAPT) y se determinó el monto de inversión máxima para solucionar esta situación problemática. Los resultados muestran que los SCAPT no se aprovechan debido a limitaciones o subutilización en la superficie de captación y/o capacidad de almacenamiento, por lo que se recurre al suministro de agua en pipas. Se concluye que se puede sustituir el acarreo en pipas por agua de lluvia con un adecuado dimensionamiento de la superficie y el volumen de captación, asegurando el consumo de agua mínimo recomendado, con una inversión menor de la que se requeriría para la implementación de un sistema de abastecimiento de agua convencional.
Low availability of good quality drinking water can be complemented with rainwater, if the latter is collected in sufficient quantity to cover the demand, taking advantage of this combination to solve the supply problem, all of this subject to investment restrictions. The present work aims to present an analysis of the existing rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in the border area between the Mexican states of Quintana Roo and Campeche to estimate the maximum investment amount that justifies a project to improve rainwater availability. In this research, the use level and the requirements of rooftop rainwater harvesting (RTRWH) systems were identified and the maximum investment amount needed to solve this problematic situation was determined. Results show that RTRWH systems are not used due to insufficient or underutilized catchment area and / or storage capacity, so water is supplied in tankers. It is concluded that transport in tankers can be replaced by RTRWH with an adequate dimensioning of surface and catchment volume, ensuring the minimum recommended water supply, with a lower investment than that required for the implementation of a conventional water supply system.
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Deshmukh, Tanmay, Himanshu Chandragupta Raipure, Shubham Borkar, Ujwal Shingne, kshay Keshav Mankar, Chirag Shinde, Ayush Prafull Sahare, and Amol Dongre. "A Review on Recent Trends in Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Technologies." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 1180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42428.
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Abstract: Water is one of the world's most valuable resources. Water is required for a variety of tasks in our daily lives. The traditional method of damming rivers and transferring water to urban areas has its own set of social and political difficulties. In order to preserve water and satisfy our daily demands, we must consider alternative cost-effective and relatively simple technical techniques of water conservation. Rooftop rainwater collecting is one of the most effective ways to meet these needs. To begin, the necessary data, such as catchment regions and hydrological rainfall data, are gathered. The collected water must be analysed physically, chemically, and biologically in a laboratory setting. The rooftop's water collecting potential must be calculated. In this review paper methods of analyzing rooftop materials, basic rooftop designing for rainwater harvesting and new technological updates in identification and evaluation of a potential rooftop for rainwater harvesting are reviewed. Keywords: Rwh , Gis , Materials , Remote Sensing
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Villar-Navascués, Rubén, Alfredo Pérez-Morales, and Salvador Gil-Guirado. "Assessment of Rainwater Harvesting Potential from Roof Catchments through Clustering Analysis." Water 12, no. 9 (September 19, 2020): 2623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092623.
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Rainwater harvesting from rooftop catchments represents a climate change adaptation measure that is especially significant in areas affected by water scarcity. This article develops a Geographic Information Systems-based methodology to evaluate the spatial distribution of rainwater catchment potential to identify the most favorable urban areas for the installation of these infrastructures. Since performance and water saving potential of rainwater harvesting systems greatly depends on population density and roof size, this assessment was performed for each residential plot on a per capita basis, based on cadastral data and a method of demographic disaggregation. Furthermore, to evaluate spatial variation of runoff coefficient per building, a supervised classification was carried out to consider the influence of roof types on the rainwater catchment potential. After calculating rainwater catchment potential per capita for each residential plot, the spatial clustering of high (hot spots) and low values (cold spots) was assessed through the Getis-Ord General G statistic. Results indicate a spatial pattern of high rainwater catchment potential values in low-density urban areas, where rainwater catchment systems are expected to offer a better performance and a shorter amortization period. These results may be useful for the enactment of local legislation that regulates the obligation to install these infrastructures or offers subsidies for their implementation.
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Ahmed, Afzal, Manousos Valyrakis, Abdul Razzaq Ghumman, Muhammad Arshad, Ghufran Ahmed Pasha, Rashid Farooq, and Shahmir Janjua. "Assessing the Rainfall Water Harvesting Potential Using Geographical Information Systems (GIS)." CivilEng 3, no. 4 (October 12, 2022): 895–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng3040051.
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Water scarcity is a major issue for developing countries due to the continuous increase in population every year, the major environmental challenges faced by developing countries such as Pakistan being the scarcity of water. One proposed solution to meet the requirements is to conserve water from rainfall. The process consists of the collection, storage, and use of rainwater. The rooftop rainwater harvesting systems (RWH) and rainfall harvesting system for artificially recharged water by recharge wells have received increased attention in the recent past as an efficient means of water conservation. In this study, both the systems have been analyzed for the University of Engineering and Technology Taxila (UET Taxila), Pakistan. The objective of this study is to propose a system to harvest water from the rooftops of all of the buildings on the campus and also to propose the most optimum locations of recharge wells for the artificial recharge of groundwater development. Numerous field visits were conducted after every rainfall over the past few months to identify lower elevation areas, which were further validated by the results obtained by Arc GIS. The total area of catchments available for rainwater harvesting in UET Taxila and the amount of water that could be harvested or used for replenishing groundwater reserves were also assessed in the current study. The results show that the harvestable rooftop water per month is 59% of the currently available source for watering trees and plants, and the harvestable water by recharge wells is 761,400 ft3 per year.
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Grant, Aneurin Thomas James, Nathan L. McKinney, and Robert Ries. "An approach to quantifying rainwater harvesting potential using imagery, geographic information systems (GIS) and LiDAR data." Water Supply 18, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.026.
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Abstract Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software is used to analyze rainwater harvesting potential in Escambia County, Florida, USA. The approach presented can be replicated using LiDAR data, and the infrared spectrum of National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery. GIS surface maps are analyzed in combination with local utility consumption data to determine potential reductions in potable water consumption for households. The results indicate an extensive urban catchment of rooftop surfaces, and commensurate potential for rainwater harvesting and stormwater attenuation. Sixty two percent of the households analyzed consumed less water than could be potentially harvested. The remaining 38% consumed more water than could be potentially harvested. There are noted and significant differences between the two sample populations, including differences in water consumed and roof size. A comparison of lot size between the two sample populations did not yield any significant difference. The conclusions indicate that the widespread implementation of rainwater harvesting could substantially reduce potable water use in urban areas, and are of use to policy makers, planners, engineers and property owners everywhere.
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DOMULLODZHANOV, D. H., and R. RAHMATILLOEV. "REZULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS ON COLLECTION AND USAGE OF PRECIPITATION FOR DIFFERENT NEEDS OF THE POPULATION IN AGRO L ANDSCAPED OF THE RIVER KYZYLSU-SOUTHERN." Prirodoobustrojstvo, no. 4 (2020): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/1997-6011-2020-4-111-116.
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The technologies of precipitation collection and usage are widely developed and used in the countries of South Asia, Eastern Africa, the Caribbean basin and in other countries. The collected water resources are used to meet the household needs of the population, cattle watering and the surplus for irrigation of agricultural crops on farm lands. In Tajikistan there are also used simple rainwater collecting systems, however, their parameters are not linked to the precipitation regularities and water use norms for various purposes, the systems are not scientifically substantiated, they do not have water balance calculations and their cost is high. Therefore, it is very relevant to develop and install low-cost systems for collecting, storing and using precipitation for household needs and irrigation of agricultural crops in household plots with applying water-saving technologies. According to results of investigations carried out in the hilly, foothill and low-mountain agro-landscapes of the Kyzylsu-southern river basin of Tajikistan there was found an average water catchment area in households based on field experiments and proposed a low-cost system for collecting and storing precipitation from rooftops of buildings and outbuildings of households with a volume up to 10 m3, cost about 332 US dollars and coefficient of efficiency of rainfall collection 90.5…93.3%.
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Wadhwa, Abhinav, and K. Pavan Kumar. "Selection of best stormwater management alternative based on storm control measures (SCM) efficiency indices." Water Policy 22, no. 4 (June 24, 2020): 702–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.168.
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Abstract Overcoming conventional stormwater management problems and finding appropriate control methods for safely discharging excess runoff from impervious areas is an essential part of any sustainable urban planning. This study aims to analyze the performance of different storm control measures (SCMs) applied to Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) campus situated in Vellore, Tamil Nadu, which is a highly urbanized catchment. Different SCMs were designed for the VIT campus based on low impact development (LID) options available in stormwater management model (SWMM) software. The most suitable SCM was selected based on its ability to match pre-urbanized hydrographs as close as possible. The SCM location was identified by a localized survey, in such a way that there is least disturbance to the existing storm sewer network. The percentage reduction of peak flow under each proposed SCM were obtained as follows: bio-retention (19.8%), rain garden (18.69%), green roof (49.17%), infiltration trench (20.02%), permeable pavement (22.6%), rain barrel (12.95%), rooftop-disconnection (10.79%) and vegetative swales (17.23%). The results indicated that Option 9 (combination of permeable pavement and bioretention) and Option 10 (permeable pavement and infiltration trench) were better at reducing peak runoff and increasing infiltration. The peak runoff reduction for Options 9 and 10 were observed to be 32.05 and 39.81%, whereas the percentage increase in infiltration was observed to be 25.7 and 29.45% respectively.
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"Design of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Structure in a University Campus." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 5 (January 30, 2020): 3591–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.e6519.018520.
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Rain water harvesting (RWH) is an excellent technique of water conservation for future needs and also to recharge groundwater. Due to the alarming population burden, climate change, uneven distribution of rainfall and abrupt variation of meteorological parameters, the surface and ground water resources are continuously depleting in India. Hence adoption of different water conservation techniques at individual, institute and community level has become imperative to cater to the needs. This study was aimed at designing a rooftop rainwater harvesting structure for the Amity University Mumbai, located in Maharashtra state of India. Out of the possible catchment areas, the main building was selected as the required catchment area for rainwater harvesting considering the water demand in university campus and the supply. Further, different parts of the RWH system were designed based on standard guidelines It was observed from the analysis that implementation of RWH system in Amity University Mumbai campus can resolve the water scarcity problems during non-monsoon season by storing a huge quantity of 6109.42 m3 in a year in the university campus. This initiative can increase the water supply for construction work, gardening and also will help in artificial recharge of ground water thus enriching both the surface and the ground water resources.
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"Investigation on Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Potential and Roof Catchment Area Measurement Techniques in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Civil and Environmental Research, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7176/cer/12-8-03.
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Dr. Indrani Chakraborty and Dr. Subhrajit Banerjee. "FACILITATE DECISION MAKING OF OPTIMUM UTILIZATION URBAN ROOFTOP RWH, CASE STUDY KOLKATA METROPOLITAN AREA." EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), August 24, 2020, 253–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36713/epra4981.
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The study is done for assessment of Rooftop Rain Water Harvesting (RRWH) for non potable uses in a humid urban catchment. In this study, an user response survey was conducted, with 390 sample size, in five types of building uses; Residential, Educational, Medical, Institutional and mixed use Commercial, with variable roof sizes and situated in four different zones of KMA, having wide variation in piped water supply. A database of 32 years of daily rainfall data has been analyzed , in order to find out demand for different end uses for various building, supply from roof runoff, demand supply ratio, priority of different socio-economic factors for each type of building using AHP analysis, user’s opinion on choice of end-use using regression analysis and finally developed a DSS model. Analysis also revealed that the highest acceptance of RRWH are in favor of the Medical uses building, the lowest being mix-Commercial building. Further factors like toilet flushing is found to be most potential end use options, followed by landscaping and cleaning. The regression model clearly show that the variables like ground condition, scale of development, degree of contact, storey’s of building and water scarcity are key to decision making. KEYWORDS : Roof top Rain Water Harvesting (RRWH), non potable use, Decision support system (DSS), Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), End-use potential, Urban Local Bodies (ULB).
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Yeboah, Joy Okai, and Kingsley Kodom. "STUDY OF PROGRESSIVE CHANGES IN BACTERIOLOGICAL CONSTITUENT OF HARVESTED RAINWATER FROM OYOKO COMMUNITY IN KUMASI, GHANA." Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering, June 27, 2018, 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4090/juee.2017.v11n2.150156.
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The bacteriological characteristics of rainwater harvested from a typical rooftop were progressively studied for a period of nine (9) months. The study area, Oyoko, is a rural community considered as a typical farming area and located about 30 km from Kumasi, the capital city of Ashanti Region of Ghana. The collected rainwater samples were analyzed for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and salmonella. The entire E. coli counts varied from 0-60 CFU/100 ml and were absent on 39 observations out of total of 84 observations (replicate samples), representing 46.4%. Whiles the entire salmonella counts ranged from 0-78 CFU/100ml and only 10 observations out of the 84 were absent, which represents 11.9%. Both E. coli and salmonella showed higher concentration during early stages of continuous rainfall but, progressively reduced during later part of rainfall. The main cause of this phenomenon can be attributed to the deposition and accumulation of pollutant materials on the rooftop and catchment areas typically during the dry seasons as a result of wind-blown dirt particles and other environmental pollutants. The high bacteriological constituents in the early-stage harvested rainwater consequently have some proven significant health implications from their direct consumption. It is therefore imperative for the community to know the best time interval to harvest their rainwater as rainfall progresses, and also know any health implications associated with the harvested rainwater that goes into their storage tanks for consumption through progressive monitoring of the quality.
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NVN Ravali, Suresh Kandru, Musini Venkateswarlu,. "Geomatic Assessment Of Rainwater Harvesting Potential System At Cmr College Of Engineering & Technology." Design Engineering, September 29, 2021, 15380–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/de.vi.4828.
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CMRCET campus comprises about 10 of acres land, where water is the natural resource which is being always in high demands. If the demand is not met, then it will lead to water scarcity. Therefore, RWHS can be considered as a best solution for fighting against scarcity of water. Our present study deals with the identification of the study area boundary and marking it as a Polygon in GIS, Rooftops of various block entities, paths and pavements were digitized using the Polygon vector in GIS. GIS technique is employed for locating boundaries of the study area and for calculating the areas of various types of rooftops and paths. With the application of GIS, it is possible to assess the total potential of water that can be harvested. Potential of rainwater harvesting refers to the capacity of an individual catchment that harnesses the water falling on the catchment during a particular year considering all rainy days. This present study will enable us to identify the suitable type of water harvesting structure along with the number of structures required. Our aim is to maximize water storage and minimize the runoff through drains without making use of it. Thus, Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation aim at the optimum utilization of the rain water.
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Wekesa, Peter, John M. Muthama, and Jane M. Mutune. "Barriers and Enablers of adoption of Rain Water Harvesting Technologies at County Levels: A Case of Matungulu Sub-County, Machakos County Kenya." East African Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation 3, no. 2 (March 31, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.37425/eajsti.v3i2.411.
Full textAbstract:
Rainwater harvesting technology is among the oldest methods of fetching water among households. The demand for water use has grown globally outpacing population growth, and increasingly, many regions are currently reaching levels which water services are unsustainable, especially in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASAL) regions. Inadequate water for domestic and agricultural use has had negative impacts on households in ASAL areas. There has been however introduction of rainwater harvesting technologies that seeks to solve the effects of water scarcity in these areas. Adoption of these technologies depend on factors that hinder/encourage households to adopt them. Matungulu Sub-County is such area that requires adoption of these technologies. Focus group discussions, interviews with key informants, and structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis. This involved calculation of arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentages, frequencies and Analysis of Variance. The study identified 5 rainwater harvesting methods; Surface rainwater harvesting, Rooftop rainwater harvesting, Catchments, First flush and Filter. Findings indicated that overall, a composite mean of 4.04 and a standard deviation of 0.699 of the respondents agreed that incentives from the county government significantly promoted water-harvesting technologies. This was confirmed by a positively strong and significant correlation between integration of Rainwater Harvesting Technologies in the county development agenda. Results of this survey indicate that mostly household heads finance rainwater technologies and County Government initiatives have not been adequately felt. The study findings indicate that the major barriers to adopting rainwater technologies are costs and a lack of expertise on the adoption of these technologies. To ensure the sustainability of rainwater harvesting technologies, the study recommends the development of clear monitoring systems on water collection in the County. Additionally, there is a need to strengthen funding and sensitization on the best technologies to enhance water harvesting.
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Yadapadithaya, P. Subrahmanya, Prashantha Naik, and Kishori Nayak K. "Implementation of Environment-Friendly Strategies for Energy Conservation and Mitigation of Climate Change – A Holistic Approach in Mangalagangotri Campus." Journal of Sustainability Perspectives 2 (August 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jsp.2022.15513.
Full textAbstract:
The harnessing of renewable energies and mitigation of climate change are like two faces of a coin. Decentralized implementation and individual-level practices of eco-friendly strategies contribute a lot on a global scale. In this context, Mangalore University on its headquarters Mangalagangotri campus, adopted and implemented many eco-friendly activities, technologies, and policies for sustainable development. Installation of solar power panels for electricity generation, of the current estimated value of 23,13,311 kWh/month; replacement of incandescent bulbs with LED bulbs with an energy saving of around 62% and procurement of most energy-efficient electronic & electrical appliances (47%) are some of the technologies that have been implemented for energy conservation. Implementation of e-Governance and e-Office program of Govt of Karnataka, and campus management system, social media, and email-based official communications have significantly reduced the usage of papers (>70% ); a complete ban on single-use plastics; recycling of organic wastes through vermicomposting, pot-composting, biogas production; encouraging electric vehicles are some of the adopted strategies. Altogether these strategies have significantly reduced the release of greenhouse gases in and around the campus in our efforts to join with global efforts to drop carbon footprint below 2 tons by 2050. The rainwater harvesting through the rooftop catchments and check-dams contributed to ≈ 50% water conservation. The campus comprises 32.4% of its total area with natural vegetation (463192 m2) and currently with 30.8% planted vegetation (439670 m2) of the total area (1428540 m2). The campus biodiversity was further enriched by periodical tree plantation drives with special reference to the planting of fruit-yielding saplings. As an Institutional Social Responsibility (ISR), the university has been making efforts to disseminate the knowledge of eco-friendly practices, by conducting public awareness programs and publishing popular articles in regional language. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic and government-imposed lockdown to curb the spread of the novel coronavirus, the University has continued eco-friendly activities and setting up of infrastructures, by strictly following safety guidelines. Overall, our continued holistic approaches of various eco-friendly strategies, in terms of the utility of advanced technologies, eGovernance, solar energy, and rainwater harvesting, organic wastes management, recycling of solid wastes, and many others, have been implemented since its inception have significantly helped in saving energy and reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases.Keyword: Climate change; Eco-friendly strategies; Carbon footprint; Greenhouse gases