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Journal articles on the topic 'Romans'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2024

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1

Marinčič, Katarina. "Vzhodnjaška domišljija in človeška šibkost: Huet in Sade o izvoru romana." Keria: Studia Latina et Graeca 14, no. 2 (December 24, 2012): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/keria.14.2.51-58.

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Članek primerjalno obravnava dve zgodnji teoretični besedili o romanu: Razpravo o izvoru romanov (Traité sur l´Origine des romans) P.D. Hueta (1670) ter Razmislek o romanih (Idée sur les romans) Markiza de Sada (1800). Huet svoje prepričanje, da roman izvira na Orientu, med drugim utemeljuje z ugotovitvami o temperamentu orientalskih ljudstev, ki po njegovem mnenju v največji možni meri ustreza zahtevam romanesknega žanra. Za Markiza de Sada, ki se sicer opredeli za grški izvor romana, je temperament širši pojem. Roman je po njegovem nasledek dveh temeljnih človekovih potreb, potrebe po molitvi in potrebe po ljubezni. Predvidevamo sicer lahko, meni, da se je kot tak (najprej) pojavil v Egiptu, ki je zibelka vseh kultov, vendar pa romani nastajajo od nekdaj in povsod.

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2

Liebs, Detlef. "Vier Arten von Römern unter den Franken im 6. bis 8. Jh." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Romanistische Abteilung 133, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26498/zrgra-2016-0116.

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Abstract Four kinds of Romans in the Frankish kingdoms in the 6th to 8th centuries. Roman law texts from Merowingian Gaul make a difference between cives Romani, Latini and dediticii, all considered as Romans. This difference mattered only to slaves who had been freed. The status of Latin and dediticius was hereditary, whereas the descendants of one who had been freed as civis Romanus were free born Romans, who should be classified as a proper, a fourth kind of beeing Roman; it was the standard kind. The difference was important in civil law, procedural law and criminal law, especially in wergeld, the sum to be payed for expiation when somebody had been killed: Who had killed a Roman, had to pay different sums according to the status of the killed.

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3

Passuello, Victor. "Centro e periferia no discurso do rei Agrippa II: uma interpretação Josefiana sobre a dominação Romana na Era Flaviana (Século I E.C.)." Revista de História da UEG 12, no. 01 (February 17, 2023): e212307. http://dx.doi.org/10.31668/revistaueg.v12i01.13412.

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A partir da Era Flaviana é possível observar uma transição do poder político romanos, antes centrado no imperador e na cidade de Roma. Essa transição, leva-nos a identificar uma nova ordem do poder político, que passa a ser proveniente das legiões romanas e seus generais. Assim depõe Josefo, em sua obra A Guerra dos Judeus, ao publicar o discurso do rei Agrippa II. A hegemonia romana será aqui analisada à luz do conceito geográfico e político de centro/periferia. O exército romano, espalhado nas províncias, passa a definir os aspectos geográficos e até religiosos, do império, diferentemente do que ocorria na Era Júlio-Claudiana. O artigo também discutirá a ausência de um poder fixo, personificado nas legiões romanas que estavam em movimento, refletindo uma concepção religiosa pagã e também judaica, definida como quietista. Uma concepção teológica que pode ser relacionada à tradição grega da deusa Fortuna, como descrita pelo historiador grego Políbio. Josefo, também um quietista, era contrário à guerra contra os romanos, porém igualmente demonstrava uma crítica à dominação romana da Era Flaviana. Palavras-chaves: Império Romano. Agrippa II. Centro-periferia. Quietismo.

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4

Du Toit, A. B. "Forensic Metaphors in Romans and their soteriological significance." Verbum et Ecclesia 24, no. 1 (October 15, 2003): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v24i1.311.

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Previous studies on legal references in Paul concentrated almost exclusively on matters of civil law. A study of five important passages in Romans and an overview of the rest of Romans indicate that this letter contains an unusual number of forensic metaphors and that Paul, in Romans, packaged his soteriology within a forensic setting. This suggests that he deliberately created an implicature, inviting his readers to compare the iustitia Dei with the iustitia romana. Contrary to the latter, which was expected to function on the basis of equity and with which Paul’s addressees were all too well acquainted, the iustitia Dei proves to be astonishingly unconventional. This judge operates with grace. Ironical as it may seem, exactly by using forensic imagery, Paul completely delegalized the Christian message.

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5

Romano, John F. "Baptizing the Romans." Acta ad archaeologiam et artium historiam pertinentia 31 (December 31, 2019): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/acta.7799.

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This article focuses on Ordo Romanus XI, a liturgical script that describes the process for performing baptism. Including its preparatory meetings. First, the essay discusses the context in which the source was created, and second draws on its evidence to understand elements of the society of its origin. It is argued that the source was composed in the city of Rome in the second half of the seventh century, and it was intended to introduce innovations into the celebration and conception of baptism there. While previous research has characterized the source as one milestone in the history of baptism, a close reading of it provides valuable hints as to the behavior, attitudes, and identity of seventh-century Romans, both on individual and collective levels. Baptism inducted people into Christian society, cleansed them from sin, and made salvation possible. It mediated both human and supernatural relationships. Further, it strengthened Christian belief, gender roles, and the conception that Romans were the new Israelites. Keywords: baptism, liturgy, Ordo/Ordines, Ordo Romanus XI, city of Rome, history, religious mentalities. On cover:Monks singing the Office and decorated initial A[sperges me.]. Gradual Olivetan Master (Use of the Olivetan Benedictines), illuminated manuscript on parchment ca. 1430-1439. Italy, Monastero di Santa Maria di Baggio near Milan, Ca 1400-1775.Beinecke Ms1184: The olivetan Gradual. Gradual. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

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6

Nikishin, Vladimir Olegovich. "Ethnolookism as a factor in the attitude of the Romans towards the Germans." RUDN Journal of World History 14, no. 3 (December 15, 2022): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2022-14-3-328-337.

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The author of the article turned to the theme of ethnolookism - daily discriminatory practices, which are due to compliance or, on the contrary, inconsistensy between the real appearance of representatives of a particular ethnic group and established ethnic stereotypes and prejudices. The article is devoted to a particular case of ethnolookism in antiquity. We are talking about ethnolookism as a factor in the attitude of the Romans towards the Germans. According to the author, in the ordinary perception of the Greeks and Romans, all barbarians of the same ethnic origin - Scythians or Thracians, Getae or Germans - were, as the saying is, “on the same face”. Experts call this effect cross-racial. From the end of the 2nd century BC the Romans actively interacted with the Germans. Latin authors call blue eyes and blond hair, tall stature and a strong physique as characteristic external signs of the Germans. For the Romans these sings were, most likely, the very triggers, which automatically resurrected in the collective consciousness of the contemporaries of Horace, Caesar and Tacitus longstanding fears associated with metus Gallicus and furor Teutonicus. It is characteristic that the Germans, who served under the Roman banners, became “Romans” in the eyes of their fellow tribesmen. The Germans themselves thought so, and the Roman authorities clearly separated “their” barbarians from those who attacked the borders of the Roman Empire. Thus, within the framework of the political unity of pax Romana, the ethnocultural rapprochement of the Romans and Germans gradually took place.

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7

Ragaišienė, Irena. "Chick lit as the new woman’s fiction: inscriptions in Marian Keyes’s novel Watermelon." Literatūra 50, no. 5 (January 1, 2008): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/litera.2008.5.7802.

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Straipsnyje aptariama nauja tendencija moterų literatūroje. Ši tendencija apibūdinama kaip komerciniu požiūriu sėkmingų romanų protrūkis. Šiuo romanus vienijanti tema – jaunų moterų pastangos suderinti sėkmingą karjerą ir emancipuotos moters asmeninius poreikius. Kritinėje šios literatūros recepcijoje vyrauja dvi nuomonės. Vieni kritikai naująjį žanrą tapatina su meilės romanu, skirtu vartojiškumo dvasios apimtai skaitytojų auditorijai, kiti teigia, kad šis žanras įkūnija realistinio romano sugrįžimą ir nurodo akivaizdžias sąsajas su jo žanrinėmis variacijomis. Šiuo požiūriu ši literatūra atspindi svarbiausius laikmečio faktorius, lemiančius tapatybės raidą. Marian Keyes romane Arbūzas pastebimi charakteringiausi aptariamojo naujojo literatūros žanro bruožai, straipsnyje analizuojami pasitelkiant šio žanro tyrinėtojų vertinimus.

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8

Whalin, Douglas C. "A note reconsidering the message of Heraclius’ silver hexagram, circa AD 615." Byzantinische Zeitschrift 112, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bz-2019-0011.

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Abstract The hexagram was first minted during the darkest days of the final Roman-Persian War (602-628) when Roman fortunes were at their lowest. As a result, commentators have read the coin’s novel inscription, Deus Adiuta Romanis (God, help the Romans) as evidence for the ’stressful and desperate’ state of the empire. This paper presents the case that reading the coin alongside evidence for popular military practices instead paints a picture of the Roman state apparatus deftly manipulating mass propaganda. For the Romans in the 610s, these new coins signalled not defeatism but defiance and the promise of victory.

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9

Keck, Leander E., and Brendan Byrne. "Romans." Journal of Biblical Literature 118, no. 1 (1999): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3268246.

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10

Piper, John, and Paul J. Achtemeier. "Romans." Journal of Biblical Literature 106, no. 4 (December 1987): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3260848.

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11

Lössl, Josef. "Romans." Biblische Zeitschrift 58, no. 1 (November 29, 2014): 136–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25890468-058-01-90000021.

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12

Hebert, Pierre. "Romans." University of Toronto Quarterly 56, no. 1 (September 1986): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utq.56.1.16.

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13

Hebert, Pierre. "Romans." University of Toronto Quarterly 57, no. 1 (September 1987): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utq.57.1.22.

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Hebert, Pierre. "Romans." University of Toronto Quarterly 58, no. 1 (September 1988): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utq.58.1.21.

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15

Paterson, Janet. "Romans." University of Toronto Quarterly 59, no. 1 (September 1989): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utq.59.1.21.

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Paterson, Janet, and Pierre Hebert. "Romans." University of Toronto Quarterly 60, no. 1 (September 1990): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utq.60.1.11.

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17

Paterson, Janet M., and Pierre Hebert. "Romans." University of Toronto Quarterly 62, no. 1 (September 1992): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utq.62.1.53.

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18

Saint-Martin, Lori. "Romans." University of Toronto Quarterly 63, no. 1 (September 1993): 48–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utq.63.1.48.

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19

Saint-Martin, Lori. "Romans." University of Toronto Quarterly 64, no. 1 (January 1994): 46–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utq.64.1.46.

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20

Johnston, Susan Groff. "Romans." Christianity & Literature 58, no. 3 (June 2009): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014833310905800329.

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21

Oga, Jānis. "Magical Realism under the Soviet Occupation: The Case of Zigmunds Skujiņš." Colloquia 51 (July 24, 2023): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/coll.23.51.05.

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Magiškojo realizmo apraiškoms Latvijoje sovietų okupacijos metais įtakos turėjo literatūra ir teoriniai tekstai, prieinami tik Sovietų Sąjungos elitui, ir išeivijoje leisti leidiniai. Šiame straipsnyje autorius daugiausia dėmesio skiria literatūros kūrinių, susijusių su magiškuoju realizmu ir prieinamų Latvijoje stagnacijos laikotarpiu, vertimams, jų įtakai latvių rašytojų kūrybai. Nagrinėjamas latvių rašytojo Zigmundo Skujinio atvejis, ypač jo romanas Gulta ar zelta kāju (Lova su auksine koja, 1984), vienas esminių ir populiariausių latvių romanų, parašytų XX a. 9-ame dešimtmetyje. Kai kurie kritikai pabrėžė romano kompozicijos ir magiškosios poetikos giminystę su Gabrielio Garcíos Márquezo romanu Cien años de soledad (Šimtas metų vienatvės, 1967). Romane, sukurtame prieš Latvijos nepriklausomybės lūžį, Skujinis formaliai pripažino sovietinį modernizmą, nors sekė ir tyrinėjo kelius, kurie vedė į išsilaisvinimą, modernizmo šaknų ieškodamas latvių tautos istorijoje, o ne sovietinių kolonizatorių atneštoje naujoje santvarkoje. Skaitomiausiu kūriniu tapęs romanas leido Skujiniui išsakyti esmines nesmurtinio pasipriešinimo kolonijiniame būvyje idėjas.

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Eidukevičienė, Rūta. "PRAEITIES (RE)KONSTRAVIMAS NAUJAJAME VOKIEČIŲ ŠEIMOS ROMANE (REMIANTIS JULIJOS FRANCK ROMANU DIE MITTAGSFRAU)." Literatūra 50, no. 5 (December 28, 2016): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/litera.2008.5.10229.

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Pastaraisiais metais šeimos romano žanras Vokietijoje išgyveną savotišką renesansą. Prie šio populiarumo itin prisidėjo trečiosios pokario kartos pastangos rekonstruoti šeimos istoriją, ypač senelių kartos išgyvenimus XX a. istorinių kataklizmų metu. Remiantis Julijos Franck romanu Die Mittagsfrau, kuris 2007 m. buvo pripažintas geriausiu Vokietijos romanu, straipsnyje aptariami naujojo šeimos romano turinio ir formos bruožai (autobiografinio vaizdavimo ir fikcijos sintezė, istorinio konteksto susiaurinimas iki vienos šeimos likimo, jaunosios kartos pastangos suprasti, o kartais netgi pateisinti senelių ir tėvų veiksmus tarpukario ir karo metais, keleto pasakojimo perspektyvų derinimas ir kt.). Autorė romane bando ne tiek atkurti, kiek sukurti niekada nematytos močiutės (iš dalies ir tėvo) gyvenimo istoriją, tačiau skirtingai nei daugelis kitų vokiečių autorių ji neaprašinėja paties praeities rekonstravimo, t. y. šeimos relikvijų ar istorinių šaltinių paieškos, proceso. Pagrindinis dėmesys sutelkiamas į šeimos tarpusavio santykių bei intymių vidinių moters išgyvenimų vaizdavimą, tačiau kartu paliečiamas ir bendras XX a. politinis bei socialinis kontekstas, pvz., 3-ojo dešimt. ekonominė krizė, Berlyno bohemos gyvenimas, nacionalsocializmo iškilimas, žydų persekiojimas, pokario suirutė. Toks istorinio pobūdžio šeimos romanas atskleidžia prieštaravimus tarp individualios ir oficialiosios atminties, atliepia aktualias istorines diskusijas bei prisideda prie kultūrinės vokiečių tautos atminties formavimo.

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23

Lejavitzer, Amalia. "Comunicar la ciencia en la antigua Roma: nuevas formas de decir lo dicho." Dixit, no. 16 (September 9, 2012): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22235/d.v0i16.344.

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A partir del análisis de los conceptos de “originalidad” e “imitación” en el mundo romano, este artículo estudia los alcances de la literatura científica romana: si puede considerarse como tal su originalidad y su autonomía respecto de los modelos griegos, y sus aportes para la historia y la comunicación de la ciencia en la antigüedad. El artículo se centra en dos obras de carácter técnico-científico escritas en latín: la monumental Historia natural de Plinio y el recetario De re coquinaria . En conclusión, busca establecer similitudes y diferencias entre la literatura técnica y la literatura científica en Roma, y sobre todo discute la originalidad del mensaje científico comunicado por los romanos y el carácter divulgativo de los autores latinos. Palabras clave: Antigua Roma, ciencia, divulgación, literatura técnica, literatura científica, Historia natural, De re coquinaria. Based on the analysis of the concepts of “originality” and “imitation” from the roman world, this article studies the reach of roman scientific literature: if its contribution to the history and communication of science in the ancient times can be considered as such. This article focuses on two works of technical and scientific character, both written in Latin: the monumental Natural History by Plinio and the recipe book De re coquinaria . In sum, it seeks to establish similarities and differences between technical literature and scientific literature in Rome and, above all, it discusses the originality of the scientific message communicated by the Romans and the informative character of the Latin authors. Key words: Ancient Rome, science, divulgation, technical literature, scientific literature, Natural History, De re coquinaria.

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Danytė, Milda. "Graphic Novels: a new literary genre in the English-speaking world." Literatūra 51, no. 4 (January 1, 2009): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/litera.2009.4.7750.

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Šio straipsnio tikslas yra pristatyti naują naratyvinį žanrą – grafinį romaną (angl. graphic novel), kilusį iš komiksų tradicijų. Komiksų vieta Šiaurės Amerikos kultūroje paradoksali; nors jie nuo XX a. pradžios spausdinami beveik visuose JAV ir Kanados laikraščiuose, nevertinami nei kaip menas, nei kaip literatūra. Tik paskutiniame XX a. dešimtmetyje literatūrologai atkreipė dėmesį į komiksus, kaip savitą naratyvinį žanrą: aiškinama, kad būtina analizuoti žodžių ir vaizdų sąryšį, kuris sukuria išskirtinę naratyvinę kalbą. Šią kalbą meistriškai naudoja grafinių romanų kūrėjai – pritaiko ją visai naujoms temoms. Pavyzdžiui, amerikiečio Arto Spiegelmano romanas Maus („Pelė“, išvertus iš vokiečių kalbos) pasakoja apie žydų holokausto siaubą. Iš pirmo žvilgsnio atrodo beveik šventvagiška, kad autorius apie žydų kančias Aušvico lageryje pasakoja naudodamasis žinoma komiksų „kalbančių gyvulių“ tradicija. Tačiau A. Spiegelmanas sugeba tragiškus įvykius perteikti ironišku komiksų stiliumi. Jo romane išryškinama antrosios kartos paveldėta kančia, kuri komplikuoja tėvo ir sūnaus santykius. 1992 m. romanas Mauspelnė autoriui prestižinę Amerikos „Pulitzer“ literatūros premiją. Kitas amerikiečių grafinio romano kūrėjas Joe Sacco taip pat domisi istorinių katastrofų poveikiu paprastų žmonių gyvenimui. RomanasPalestinas vaizduoja autoriaus klaidžiojimą per palestiniečių pabėgėlių gyvenvietes. Romano įtampa kyla iš autoriaus bendravimo su palestiniečiais – ironijos objektu dažniausiai tampa jis pats, naivus svečias iš turtingų Vakarų. Žinomiausi Kanados grafinio romano kūrėjai Chesteris Brownas ir Seth (rašytojo Gregory Gallanto slapyvardis) taip pat linkę naudoti autobiografinę medžiagą. C. Brownas romane Tu man niekad nepatikai (išleistas 2002 m.) galima įžvelgti bildungsromano bruožų. Pagrindinis herojus, kaip ir autorius, vardu Chesteris, augantis Monrealio priemiestyje, turi tipiškų paauglystės rūpesčių. Tik vaikino motinai staiga susirgus nervų liga, susidrumsčia ramus priemiesčio gyvenimas. Chesteris priverstas subręsti. Seth’o romane Geras gyvenimas, jei tik nepalūžti (išleistas 2003 m.) irgi autobiografinis; pagrindinis herojus, kaip ir autorius, vardu Seth’as. Romano veiksmas – Seth’o pastangos surasti žinių apie vieną jau seniai užmirštą Kanados karikatūrininką, su kuriuo Seth’as tapatinasi. Autorius nenori prisitaikyti prie Šiaurės Amerikos polinkio greitai užmiršti praeitį, nevertinti jos kultūros. Grafinis romanas apskritai yra iššūkis literatūrologams, verčiantis juos ieškoti naujų teorijų ir metodologijų, pagal kurias būtų galima nagrinėti naują žanrą.

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25

Soares López, Camila. "“LES ROMANS”." Miscelânea: Revista de Literatura e Vida Social 24 (December 20, 2018): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5016/msc.v24i0.1221.

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O fin-de-siècle francês caracterizou-se pelo surgimento de diferentes propostas na literatura e nas artes. Em meio a diferentes ismos e às diversas modificações sociais e estruturais, periódicos franceses serviram não apenas como ferramenta de divulgação de informação, mas, também, de matéria literária e artística. Assim, nasceram as petites revues, publicações que rivalizavam com a grande presse e que contaram com colaboradores tais como Remy de Gourmont e Henri de Régnier, entre tantos outros. No Mercure de France, também uma petite revue, Rachilde, uma femme de lettres, destacou-se e alcançou sucesso. Pseudônimo de Marguerite Eymery, Rachilde foi a responsável pela rubrica “Les Romans”, que trazia ao público as resenhas dos romances publicados nos últimos anos da década de 1890. Neste artigo, propomos a apresentação e análise da trajetória de Rachilde como romancista e participante do grupo do Mercure, sua inserção no campo literário, a relação com outras escritoras de sua época e com Émile Zola, além de sua reflexão sobre o processo de escrita da literatura.

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Mercier, Christophe. "Romans gothiques." Commentaire Numéro 149, no. 1 (March 16, 2015): 205a—208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/comm.149.0205.

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ЕРМОЛОВА, И. Е. "ROMANS' PROVOCATIONS." Цивилизация и варварство, no. 10(10) (November 10, 2021): 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2021.10.10.008.

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Целью статьи является рассмотрение одного из аспектов отношений римлян с другими народами в IV в. В этот период Римская империя испытывает массированный напор варварских племен. Взаимодействие противоборствующих сторон имеет различные аспекты, включающие как прямые столкновения, так и установление договорных отношений на основе достигнутых результатов. Для того, чтобы противостоять варварам, римляне используют все средства. Довольно часто их действия, отчасти из-за высокомерного и пренебрежительного отношения к варварам, отчасти из-за непродуманности возможных последствий, носили провокационный характер. Неприглядные методы борьбы римлян вызывали закономерную ответную реакцию и взрыв возмущения обиженных, еще более накаляя напряженную ситуацию на границах. Среди этих методов можно выделить беспринципное отношение к уже установленным договоренностям; коварное невыполнение данных обещаний; интриги недобросовестных должностных лиц, из-за которых вожди и цари отдельных племен не могли добиться справедливости по отношению к себе; несправедливые наказания; подлые убийства вождей; недальновидную политику высших военачальников по отношению к целым народам, переселявшимся на территорию империи; натравливание одних племен на другие; использование варваров во внутренней борьбе за власть; уменьшение установленных выплат и сокращение принятых традиционных даров. В таком ракурсе события IV в. в научной литературе практически не рассматривались. The aim of the article is an examination of the one aspect of the roman-barbarian relations in the IV century. In this period the Roman empire is tested by mass barbarian's rush. The interactions of the opposite sides have different aspects, which include both direct collisions, and establishment of the contracted relations on the base of the achieved results. The Romans use all means in order to resist barbarians. Sufficiently often their actions had provocative character, partly owing to supercilious and neglect relation to the barbarians, partly because of inconsideration of the possible consequences. The Roman unacceptable methods of the struggle called regular answerable reaction and indignation's explosion of that, who were offended. It made the strained situation on the frontiers some more worse. Among these methods there are relations of no principles to the already established agreements; insidious inexecution of already given promises; intrigues of the unconscientious officials; unjust punishments; base assassinations of the cheftains; the high military leaders' infar-seeing politics; the use of barbarians in the home struggle for the rule; decrease the established payments. In this aspect the events of the IV century haven't examined practically in the scientific literature.

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28

Biron, Michel. "Premiers romans." Voix et Images 29, no. 3 (2004): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/009228ar.

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29

Burstein, Stanley M., and Karl Christ. "The Romans." History Teacher 19, no. 4 (August 1986): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/493913.

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30

Patterson, Janet. "Romans 1." University of Toronto Quarterly 61, no. 1 (May 1991): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utq.61.1.41.

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31

Hébert, Pierre. "Romans 2." University of Toronto Quarterly 61, no. 1 (May 1991): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utq.61.1.45.

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32

Frederico, D. L. B. "Invisible Romans." Caminhando 21, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15603/2176-3828/caminhando.v21n2p323-329.

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33

O’Gorman, Ellen. "THE ROMANS." Classical Review 50, no. 2 (October 2000): 527–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cr/50.2.527.

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34

Byrne, Brendan. "Interpreting Romans." Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology 58, no. 3 (July 2004): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002096430405800303.

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35

Miller, Glenn T. "Romans 4." Interpretation: A Journal of Bible and Theology 69, no. 2 (March 23, 2015): 215–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020964314564832.

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36

Delgado Delgado, José Antonio. "Caput in iecore non fuit. La ‘cabeza’ de los cónsules por la salvación de la República." ARYS: Antigüedad, Religiones y Sociedades, no. 14 (May 16, 2018): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/arys.2017.3987.

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Resumen: Los dioses de Roma eran tenidos por los romanos como sus conciudadanos y sus intereses se identificaban plena y totalmente con los de la ciudad. A ellos les correspondía el papel de guías y consejeros de las acciones de los hombres, particularmente de los hombres de estado. Cuando la guerra alteraba el curso natural de la vida cívica y amenazaba la paz social, las divinidades tomaban las riendas de la situación previniendo a los romanos de las grandes y graves calamidades que se avecinaban y advirtiendo de los esfuerzos extraordinarios que habrían de hacer para acometerlas y minimizar sus efectos. En el curso de determinadas campañas militares contra pueblos extranjeros o en periodos de disputa por el liderazgo político, los dioses consideraron que la preservación de Roma pasaba por el sacrificio de sus cónsules. Su anuncio venía ‘impreso’ en el hígado de una víctima animal y su sentido fatídico afectaba al destino personal de los principales magistrados del estado. Este signum se reconocía en la ausencia de la cabeza del hígado (caput iecoris) del animal sacrificado. La investigación de los once casos conocidos bajo la República –entre ellos los del propio Julio César– y el estudio de la naturaleza del signum mortis son los objetivos principales de este trabajo.Abstract: The Gods of Rome were regarded by the Romans as their fellow citizens and their interests were fully and completely identified with those of the city. Their role was to serve as guides and counsellors on the actions of the men, particularly the statesmen. When war altered the natural course of civic life and threatened the social peace, the gods took over control of the situation, preventing the Romans from the major and serious calamities that were looming and warning of the extraordinary efforts that they would have to make in order to tackle them and minimize their effects. In the course of certain military campaigns against foreign peoples or during periods of struggle for political leadership, the gods considered that the key to preserving Rome was through sacrificing their consuls. Such announcement came ‘imprinted’ on the liver of an animal to be sacrificed and its fatal end affected the personal fate of the chief magistrates of the state. This signum was recognized in the absence of the ‘head’ of the liver (caput iecoris) of the animal sacrificed. Research on the eleven known cases in the Republic— including that of Julius Caesar himself—and the study of the nature of the signum mortis are the main objectives of this paper.Palabras clave: Historia de Roma, Roma republicana, magistrados romanos, cónsules de Roma, Religión romana, adivinación pública romana, extispicina, miedo.Key words: Roman History, Roman Republic, Roman magistrates, Roman consuls, Roman Religion, Roman public divination, Extispicy, fear.

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37

Dockery, David. "Book Review: Romans 1–8 and Romans 9–16." Review & Expositor 87, no. 4 (December 1990): 644–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003463739008700419.

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38

Mailhot, Laurent. "Romans d’auteur, romans de la mère et du fils." Dossier 31, no. 2 (May 15, 2006): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/012876ar.

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Résumé Les « romans d’auteur », plutôt qu’autofictions ou récits autobiographiques, de Gilles Archambault sont inséparables de ses recueils de billets, chroniques et proses diverses. Tous ces genres, ou séries, sont hybrides à la façon de bien des textes contemporains, partagés entre la mémoire personnelle et l’histoire littéraire, l’autocritique et un nouveau regard (oblique) sur les institutions, la société, le monde. Deux livres d’Archambault — un roman, Les choses d’un jour (1991), un récit, Un après-midi de septembre (1993) — mettent en scène un triangle familial problématique. Les personnages de la mère, du fils et, fortement en creux, du père jouent un rôle fondamental, structurel, dans les rapports de l’auteur (qui devient l’Auteur) avec l’écriture, les identités successives ou simultanées, la nouvelle construction du sujet. Romans dans le roman ? Fragments du Roman à venir (comme l’autobiographie ou l’essai) et déjà là.

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39

Álvarez Soria, Ignacio Jesús. "barbarización del ejército romano." Studium, no. 24 (September 22, 2019): 13–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_studium/stud.2018242603.

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Resumen En el presente artículo repasaremos someramente algunos de los hitos más reseñables de la historia militar del Imperio Romano Tardío, haciendo hincapié en el papel de los bárbaros que luchaban junto a los romanos, puesto que la barbarización del ejercito romano ha sido uno de los puntos de referencia en las investigaciones acerca de la decadencia y caída del Imperio Romano. En este sentido, haremos referencia al papel integrador que tuvo el ejército romano durante buena parte de la historia del Imperio Romano, y señalaremos los principales hechos que condujeron al final de dicho papel; esbozando también las desastrosas consecuencias que tuvo este hecho para el futuro del Imperio, especialmente del Occidental. Palabras clave: Bárbaros, ejército, integración, migración, godos, reclutamiento. Abstract In this article we will briefly review some of the most important milestones in the military history of the Late Roman Empire. In it we will emphasize the role of the barbarians who fought with the Romans, since the barbarización of the Roman army is one of the points of reference in the investigations about the decay and fall of the Roman Empire. In this sense, we will refer to the role played by the Roman army in the integration of foreigners during a large part of the history of the Roman Empire. In addition, we will point out the main events that led to the end of this integrating role; we will also indicate the disastrous consequences this fact had for the future of the Empire, especially for the Western part. Key words: Barbarians, army, integration, migration, goths, recruitment.

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40

Hicks, John Mark, Philip Melanchthon, and Fred Kramer. "Commentary on Romans." Sixteenth Century Journal 26, no. 4 (1995): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2543851.

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Hyldahl, Niels. "Romans. A Commentary." Dansk Teologisk Tidsskrift 71, no. 1 (March 3, 2008): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/dtt.v71i1.112099.

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42

Rambausek, Gerlinde, and L. A. Thompson. "Romans and Blacks." British Journal of Sociology 41, no. 4 (December 1990): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/590669.

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Birley, A. R., and Lloyd A. Thompson. "Romans and Blacks." American Historical Review 96, no. 5 (December 1991): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2165311.

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44

Fabre, Daniel, and Philippe Dagen. "Savoirs et romans." Gradhiva, no. 20 (October 1, 2014): 192–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/gradhiva.2882.

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45

Warmington, B. H., and Lloyd A. Thompson. "Romans and Blacks." International Journal of African Historical Studies 24, no. 1 (1991): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220131.

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46

Keck, Leander E. ""Jesus" in Romans." Journal of Biblical Literature 108, no. 3 (1989): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3267113.

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47

Marshall, Michael. "After the Romans." New Scientist 254, no. 3388 (May 2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(22)00932-0.

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48

Schreiner, Thomas R. "Romans: A Commentary." Bulletin for Biblical Research 19, no. 3 (January 1, 2009): 446–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26424235.

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49

Zieliński, Jan. "Romans z zegarmistrzem." Załącznik Kulturoznawczy, no. 4 (2017): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zk.2017.4.14.

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50

Fouquet, Claude. "L'Histoire en romans." Commentaire Numéro 81, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/comm.081.0293.

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