Academic literature on the topic 'Romans – Great Britain'
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Journal articles on the topic "Romans – Great Britain"
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Jancar, J. "The History of Mental Handicap in Bristol and Bath." Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists 11, no. 8 (August 1987): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0140078900017533.
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The cities of Bristol and Bath have played an eminent role in the history of mental handicap.Unfortunately, documentation is rather scanty, particularly on the pre and post Reformation era but much more is known about the Holy Cross Hospital in Bath, perhaps the oldest mental handicap hospital in Great Britain. The Romans contributed to its foundations when they built Fossway Road on the outskirts of Bath which the pilgrims later used to visit Glastonbury.
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Owens, E. J. "The Kremna Aqueduct and Water Supply in Roman Cities." Greece and Rome 38, no. 1 (April 1991): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001738350002297x.
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A good supply of water was rightly regarded as one of the essential commodities for the maintenance of urban life in the ancient world. One of the major problems with which city authorities had to deal was the maintenance of adequate supplies of water to satisfy the domestic, public, recreational, and industrial demands of the inhabitants. The Romans were particularly renowned for their hydraulic technology in general and the construction of aqueducts in particular, often bringing water from great distances. The geographer Strabo praised the engineering skills of the Romans, maintaining that veritable rivers of water flowed by means of aqueducts through the city of Rome. Close on a century later the first curator of Rome's water supply and one-time military governor of Britain, Sextus Julius Frontinus stated the same, if a little more pointedly, when he compared the achievements of the Romans in the field of water supply with the ‘idle pyramids of the Egyptians or the glorious but useless monuments of the Greeks’.
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Zubko, Andrii. "YSTEM OF WEIGHT MEASURES IN GREAT BRITAIN, THE COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA AND OCEANIA." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 72 (2024): 30–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2024.72.04.
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The territory of the islands of Britain and Ireland was inhabited by people in prehistoric times. Numerous megalithic monuments remain from this culture. In the first millennium BC, Celtic tribes moved there from continental Europe, who later mixed with the local population. The maritime trade of the ancient civilisations of the Mediterranean with the population of the British Isles is reported by some historical sources of the antiquity. This trade was conducted by exchanging goods for goods. There is no information in historical sources about the measures, in particular weights, used by the ancient population of the British Isles in production and trade. In the first century BC, the Romans conquered the territory of Britain. They established their own system of measures, including weights, and their own monetary system. After the fall of the Roman Empire in the V century, Germanic tribes such as the Angles, Saxons, and Utes invaded Britain. At first, they created several kingdoms here, and in the IX century, they united into a single Anglo-Saxon state. It was during the Anglo-Saxon period from the V to the XI centuries that the foundations of the modern British System of Measures and Monetary System were laid. In the formation of the British weight system, units of weight measures of the Celts, Romans and Germans were used. Norms of weight measures were approved in the laws of the Anglo-Saxon kings of the X–XI centuries, which have survived to this day. The conquest of Britain in 1066 by the Norman Duke William did not make changes to the system of weight measures used here. Over the centuries, from time to time, for the purpose of improvement, royal decrees and laws amended these measures. The transformation of the weight measurement system for a thousand years can be studied precisely by analysing the materials of English legislation. In the XVI–XX centuries, Great Britain became a colonial power, whose possessions covered vast territories in the North America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. Here, the colonial administration introduced the British system of weight measures, but the local population used their own measures along with the British ones. After the gradual disintegration of the British colonial empire, some new states that were formed on the site of its former possessions – the USA, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand – continued to use British standards of weight measures. The British system of weight measurements is made public in the USA. Nowadays, the British system of weight measures, along with the metric, is officially considered the state in the United Kingdom.
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Mahmoud, Shadia Mohamed Salem. "Nationalization and Personalization of the Egyptian Antiquities: Henry Salt a British General Consul in Egypt 1816 to 1827." International Journal of Culture and History 3, no. 2 (December 24, 2016): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijch.v3i2.7357.
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<p>In 1998, an anthropologist, Philip L. Kohl stated that archaeological findings are manipulated for nationalist purposes and that archaeology’s development during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries is associated with nationalism, colonization, imperialism, sometimes personal in Europe.<a title="" href="file:///F:/Nationalization%20and%20Personalization%20of%20the%20Egyptian%20antiquities.1%20-%20Copy.doc#_ftn1">[1]</a> Kohl’s statement is significant because it conveys how archaeology emerged as a national mission. During the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries, Egyptian antiquities were at the center attention. Mythical and historical evidence for Greeks and Romans inEgypt were cited in order to justify the extensive excavations which were linked to a rising European national self consciousness. Consequently, the great imperialist powers, France and the Great Britain (who saw themselves as heirs of the Greeks and Romans) were determined to fulfill their national museum with the Egyptian antiquities.</p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div><p><a title="" href="file:///F:/Nationalization%20and%20Personalization%20of%20the%20Egyptian%20antiquities.1%20-%20Copy.doc#_ftnref1">[1]</a> Philip L. Kohl, “Nationalism and Archaeology: On the Constructions of Nations and the Reconstructions of the Remote Past,” in <em>Annual Review of Anthropology</em>, Vol. 27 (1998), p. 223. Pp. 223-246</p></div></div>
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Thompson, J. A. "The Historians and the Decline of the Liberal Party." Albion 22, no. 1 (1990): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4050257.
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The dramatic collapse of the Liberal party during the second decade of the twentieth century has long fascinated academic historians, but only in the past twenty years has it become one of their major preoccupations. Every history of modern Britain now has a discussion of the causes and course of the Liberal collapse, and the specialized literature on the subject is voluminous, much of it highly technical and sophisticated.It is easy to see why the Liberal decline appeals to historians. It has personal drama: the contest between Herbert Asquith, “the last of the Romans,” and David Lloyd George, “the Welsh Wizard.” There is the larger drama associated with the collapse of a great party and the rise of another. There are the large silent “revolutions” historians have found behind the political changes: the rise to maturity of the working classes, the evolution of British capitalism, and a vast cultural shift ushered in with the First World War.
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Rizzetto, Mauro, Pam J. Crabtree, and Umberto Albarella. "Livestock Changes at the Beginning and End of the Roman Period in Britain: Issues of Acculturation, Adaptation, and ‘Improvement’." European Journal of Archaeology 20, no. 3 (March 27, 2017): 535–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2017.13.
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This article reviews aspects of the development of animal husbandry in Roman Britain, focusing in particular on the Iron Age/Roman and Roman/early medieval transitions. By analysing the two chronological extremes of the period of Roman influence in Britain we try to identify the core characteristics of Romano-British husbandry by using case studies, in particular from south-eastern Britain, investigated from the perspective of the butchery and morphometric evidence they provide. Our aim is to demonstrate the great dynamism of Romano-British animal husbandry, with substantial changes in livestock management occurring at the beginning, the end, and during the period under study. It is suggested that such changes are the product of interactions between different cultural and social traditions, which can be associated with indigenous and external influences, but also numerous other causes, ranging from ethnic origins to environmental, geographic, political, and economic factors.
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Henig, Martin. "Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani. Great Britain, vol. i fasc. 5, wales. By RichardJ. Brewer." Archaeological Journal 145, no. 1 (January 1988): 420–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00665983.1988.11077883.
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Walker, Susan, and R. J. Brewer. "Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani: Corpus of Sculpture of the Roman World. Great Britain. Vol. 1, fasc. 5. Wales." Britannia 19 (1988): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/526218.
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Hadžija, Sunaj, Jahja Fehratović, and Kimeta Hamidović. "The projection of colonialization and interculturalism throughout symbols in Forster's novel 'A passage to India'." Univerzitetska misao - casopis za nauku, kulturu i umjetnost, Novi Pazar, no. 19 (2020): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/univmis2019100h.
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Imperialism emerged in the late 19th century. Europe's supremacy in various areas of life which led to the view that Europe is above other parts of the world that are uncivilized and culturally fell behind, and that needed to be civilized. This attitude lead to negative phenomena such as racism - contesting the rights of other races and colonialism - conquering territories inhabitated by people of other cultures. The world seen from an imperialist perspective was most often the one colonized by Europe, postcolonial research has critized the way in which European colonial powers (especially England and France) created values of subordinate cultures and established relations between center and margins. However, the notion of discursive domination is spread quickly to all relations between colonizers and colonized, which is why this second group includes all gender and ethic groups that did not have cultural independece, but were marginalized and subjected to institutional repression. As different cultural minorities began to form resistance to agressive political, gender, and racial domination, postcolonialism also represents a disagreement with the passivity towards cultural supremacy which is symbolized in empires that no longer even existed. The novel A Passage to India represents Forster's interests in Indian culture, which was colonized by Great Britain. A Passage to India is an exploration of the spiritual and cultural contrast of the two cultures of East and West.
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Davies, Glenys, Martin Henig, and Janet Huskinson. "Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani. Great Britain. Vol. 1, Fasc. 7. Roman Sculpture from the Cotswold Region with Devon and Cornwall." Britannia 26 (1995): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/526899.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Romans – Great Britain"
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Wright, Nigel Richard Reginald. "Separating Romans and barbarians : rural settlement and Romano-British material culture in North Britain." University of Western Australia. School of Humanities, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0124.
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This thesis investigates the role which Roman artefacts played within rural settlements in North Britain during the Romano-British period. The possibility that Roman artefacts were used by native Britons as markers of prestige is explored through the presence or absence of Roman artefact types. The more prestigious the occupants of the rural settlements were, the more likely they were to have access to a variety of exotic trade items. The methodology employed in this study has been adapted from previous studies on pottery types and settlement remains from Scotland. This thesis examines an area that centres on Hadrian's Wall, which at various times in its history acted as the frontier for the Roman Empire, as well as being a staging post for troops and a means of controlling the local population's movement. The study region includes land up to 50 kilometres either side of Hadrian's Wall, and examines rural settlements located within one or two days travel from the Wall. The excavation reports of rural settlements were examined, and include settlement types such as homesteads, hillforts and villas. From these sites, Roman artefact types were quantified and used to generate data for analysis. The results agree with the hypothesis that social hierarchy can be detected through the comparative presence or absence of Roman artefact types. It is also apparent that the settlements on either side of Hadrian's Wall, and either side of the Pennines mountain chain, were not part of a simple, homogenous culture. This thesis begins with an outline of the geographic and environmental nature of the region (Chapter 2), and an examination of settlement and society in North Britain during the preceding Bronze and Iron Ages (Chapter 3). An essay on Romano-British society and settlement is included (Chapter 4), and is followed by a brief discussion of post- Roman Britain (Chapter 5). Following an outline of the methodology used (Chapter 6), the results of analysis are presented in detail (Chapter 7). The Discussion chapter explores how the results of analysis meet existing theories of rural settlement and society, and compares North Britain with continental data from Germany and North Gaul (Chapter 8).
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Lynch, Pamela. "The people of Roman Britain : a study of Romano-British burials." University of Western Australia. School of Humanities, 2010. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0101.
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This thesis utilises the evidence from mortuary archaeology to explore the identity of the inhabitants of Britain during the period of Roman rule. It assimilates burial evidence from diverse sources both published and unpublished and integrates it with other material and literary evidence to investigate the people of the province and examine aspects of their lives. By assessing the extent and reliability of the mortuary evidence and by combining this evidence from major cemeteries, smaller burial sites and individual or isolated burials it has been possible to determine aspects of their lives from a different perspective than that previously employed. The thesis has been divided into five parts. Part 1 (chapters 1 to 3) serves as an introduction. Part 2 (chapters 4 and 5) considers the evidence available while Part 3 (chapters 6 to 8) focuses on specific groups within the population. Part 4 (chapter 9) looks at instances of death and burial that differ from the norm and Part 5 (chapters 10-12) presents a picture of the daily life of these people. The study concludes with a summing up of the evidence and a look at the future of mortuary studies of Roman Britain. The introductory chapters set out the objectives of the dissertation, look at the work that has already been done in this area and evaluates the need for a synthesis of the available evidence. The scope of the project, both temporally and geographically is outlined in chapter 2. The third chapter takes a look at the contemporary written evidence available, in the form of literary and epigraphic contributions, and assesses its reliability as an indicator of the appearance and lives of the Romano-Britons. This survey looks not only at the Roman view of the natives of the province but extends beyond the Roman period to examine the literary evidence that is available from the subsequent centuries. Chapters 4 and 5 take an in-depth look at the evidence available on the people of Roman Britain. The extent of the burial evidence is reviewed in chapter 4 while chapter 5 deals specifically and in depth with how this evidence can be utilised. The skeletal evidence is assessed for its extent and reliability. Factors affecting the survival of the remains is appraised and the effects of the biases created by such differential survival considered. Grave-goods and the organisation of the cemeteries are brought into the evaluation and the strengths and weaknesses of all of the evidence evaluated. The following chapters (6 to 11) focus on discrete aspects of the population. Chapters 6 to 8 look at the representation of specific groups within the community - the young, the elderly and those who arrived from other parts of the empire. With the aim of providing an indication of the diversity of both the composition of the population, the communities they represent and the associated burial rites, chapter 9 examines some of the more distinctive burials from Britain during this period. An area of intense interest, decapitation burials provides the focal point of this chapter. What may appear to be more mundane aspects of the lives of these people occupy chapters 10 to 12. What kept them busy, their occupations and their pastimes is viewed from the perspective of the burial evidence in chapters 10 and 11, while chapter 12 examines the mortuary evidence, in the form of funerary art and the remains of clothing, hair and accessories for their appearance.
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Braman, Nathan, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Caesar's invasion of Britain / Nathan Braman." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of History, c2011, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/2595.
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This paper examines the Roman invasions of and interactions with Britain in the
mid first century BCE and early first century CE and evaluates the results. Specifically,
this paper analyzes motives and the actual military events of the invasions of Julius
Caesar in 55 and 54 BCE and evaluates their aftermath, leading up to the invasion of
Claudius in 43 CE. Caesar’s stated motive for launching the invasion was to prevent the
islanders from interfering in the new Roman order being constructed in Gaul. However,
as will be shown, Caesar’s more personal motives, in the form of a desire for wealth and
glory, played as much if not more of a role in the launching of these expeditions. In light
of these motives, the invasions can be defined, at best, as partial successes. The Romans
militarily defeated the enemy but failed to materially benefit from that victory. Caesar’s
account also leaves numerous points of scholarly debate unresolved on the surface, but a
careful examination of the evidence allows us to answer them in part. This paper provides
a thorough discussion of this interesting period as well as a look at the motives, actions,
and fortunes of the participants.
iiivi, 148 leaves ; 29 cm
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Lloyd-Jones, Glyn Francis Michael. "Britain after the Romans : an interdisciplinary approach to the possibilities of an Adventus Saxonum." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019806.
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In the fifth century, after the departure of the Romans, according to tradition, which is based on the ancient written sources, Britain was invaded by the Angles and Saxons. This view has been questioned in the last century. The size of the ‘invasion’, and indeed its very existence, have come into doubt. However, this doubting school of thought does not seem to take into account all of the evidence. An interdisciplinary, nuanced approach has been taken in this thesis. Firstly, the question of Germanic raiding has been examined, with reference to the Saxon Shore defences. It is argued that these defences, in their geographical context, point to the likelihood of raiding. Then the written sources have been re-examined, as well as physical artefacts. In addition to geography, literature and archaeology (the disciplines which are most commonly used when the coming of the Angles and Saxons is investigated), linguistic and genetic data have been examined. The fields of linguistics and genetics, which have not often both been taken into consideration with previous approaches, add a number of valuable insights. This nuanced approach yields a picture of events that rules out the ‘traditional view’ in some ways, such as the idea that the Saxons exterminated the Britons altogether, but corroborates it in other ways. There was an invasion of a kind (of Angles – not Saxons), who came in comparatively small numbers, but found in Britain a society already mixed and comprising Celtic and Germanic-speaking peoples: a society implied by Caesar and Tacitus and corroborated by linguistic and genetic data.
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Manley, John Francis. "The material culture of Roman colonization : anthropological approaches to archaeological interpretations." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6952/.
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This thesis will explore the agentive roles of material culture in ancient colonial encounters. It takes as a case study the Roman colonization of southern Britain, from the first century BC onwards. Using ethnographic and theoretical perspectives largely drawn from social anthropology, it seeks to demonstrate that the consumption of certain types of continental material culture by some members of communities in southern Britain, pre-disposed the local population to Roman political annexation in the later part of the first century AD. Once the Roman colonial project proper commenced, different material cultures were introduced by colonial agents to maintain domination over a subaltern population. Throughout, the entanglement of people and things represented a reciprocal continuum, in which things moved people's minds, as much as people got to grips with particular things. In addition it will be suggested that the confrontations of material culture brought about by the colonial encounters affected the colonizer as much as the colonized. The thesis will demonstrate the impact of a variety of novel material cultures by focusing in detail on a key area of southern Britain – Chichester and its immediate environs. Material culture will be examined in four major categories: Landscapes and Buildings; Exchange, Food and Drink; Coinages; Death and Burial. Chapters dealing with these categories will be preceded by an opening chapter on the nature of Roman colonialism, followed by an introductory one on the history and archaeology of southern Britain and the study area. The Conclusion will include some thoughts on the integration of anthropological approaches to archaeological interpretation. I intend that the thesis provides a contribution to the wider debate on the role of material culture in ancient colonial projects, and an example of the increasingly productive bidirectional entanglement of archaeology and anthropology.
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White, Natalie Catherine Christina. "Catering for the cultural identities of the deceased in late pre-Roman Iron Age and Roman Britain." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609832.
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Niestrath, Sean E. "The Roman mission to Anglo-Saxon England Augustine to Whitby (597-663) /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1994. http://www.tren.com.
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Allen, Martyn George. "Animalscapes and empire : new perspectives on the Iron Age/Romano British transition." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13204/.
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Human-animal relationships have long existed, across cultures, in many varied forms. The associations between the two are integral to the creation, form, use and perception of landscapes and environments. Despite this, animals are all too often absent from our views of ancient landscapes. Humans experience their diverse environments through a variety of media, and animals regularly play an important role in this type of exchange. Landscape archaeology commonly emphasises the influences of humanity upon the physical world. However, such engagement is rarely unilateral. Whether herding domesticated mammals, hunting quarry, or merely experiencing the range of fauna which populate the world, many of these interactions leave physical traces in the landscape: the form and location of settlements, enclosures, pathways, woodland, pasture, and meadows. Also, in more subtle ways, human and animal actors work together in performances through which people subconsciously generate their perceptions of landscape and environment. These physical and psychological animal landscapes have the potential to inform on human society and ideology. This thesis seeks to utilise zoo archaeological evidence to examine this concept. Animalscape research could be applied to any place or period but as a case study this project will explore, through animal bone analysis, how landscape and environment were used to negotiate cultural identity during the Iron Age/Romano-British transition, a pivotal but poorly understood period in British history. Research focuses on a c.200 km2 area of land bordering the West Sussex coast. This is a complex and singular locale, encompassing a number of Iron Age and Romano-British sites - most notably the elite settlement at Fishbourne which originated in the late Iron Age and developed, towards the end of the 1st century AD, into the largest 'Roman-style' domestic building north of the Alps. The site has been excavated a number of times in different areas since its discovery in 1960 until 2002; the various investigations producing a large quantity of animal bone. Yet this has, until now however, only been subjected to piecemeal analysis. The full re-analysis of the Fishbourne faunal assemblage is central to this project. To place these new data in their wider context, existing animal bone information from all pertinent published and 'grey' zoo archaeological literature is synthesised. The resulting datasets allow for a detailed examination of animal landscapes across the Iron Age/Romano-British transition at three nested scales: site and context; hinterland/region; and, Empire. Integrating the zooarchaeological data with evidence from landscape and environment studies, Iron Age/Roman archaeology, ancient history and, most importantly, social anthropology is key to this project. A new theoretical framework is adopted here, whereby animals are seen not simply as passive indicators of economy and environment but as active beings, providing visual, audio and physical experience, and it is through these novel approaches by considering the human-animal-landscape relationship, that a new insight into the cultural changes of the Iron Age to Romano-British transition will be obtained.
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Crerar, Belinda Joan. "Contextualising deviancy : a regional approach to decapitated inhumation in late Roman Britain." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/253608.
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The focus of the thesis is the poorly-understood rite of decapitated inhumation which was practiced predominantly in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD in Britain. Previous studies have often involved the accumulation of data on decapitated inhumations themselves and cross analysis of examples. Conclusions drawn on the meaning of the rite almost invariably place it in opposition to 'normal' Late Romano-British funerary behaviour and consequently interpret decapitation as reflecting negatively on the social identity of the deceased. Because of this, decapitated inhumations are commonly referred to as 'deviant burials' in academic literature. This thesis argues that the interpretation of decapitated burial as 'deviant' is an artificial product of the methodologies employed in its analysis. The lack of contextualisation within the mortuary structures of late Roman Britain has entrenched the view that decapitated burial stood in contrast to 'normal', 'acceptable' funerary behaviour. By using quantitative and qualitative analysis of funerary behaviour within three regional case studies, this thesis adopts a contextualising approach to decapitated burials in order to place these individuals in relation to the social parameters governing burial within the communities in which they are found. This analysis takes into account the settlement profiles and regional variations in mortuary practices particular to each area, to investigate how these impacted on the adoption and performance of decapitated burial. Other evidence for the fragmentation of human remains during the Roman period is also investigated and assessed in relation to the decapitation rite. It is concluded that, in all three case studies, the funerary treatment of decapitated persons may be aligned with the prevailing structures governing burial of non-decapitated individuals, despite the differences in funerary behaviour between each region. This implies that decapitated individuals were not treated in opposition to standard burial practices and that interpretations of them as 'deviant' are unsound. In addition, the need to consider wider contemporary burial habits in relation to decapitated inhumation, particularly those involving other forms of corpse fragmentation, is highlighted. Assessment of disarticulated and semi-articulated deposits of human remains demonstrates that parallels may be drawn between the processes that led to the deposition of this material and the processes surrounding decapitated inhumation. It is argued that decapitated inhumation should be understood as a facet of broader mortuary practices involving the fragmentation of human remains practiced in certain areas of Roman Britain, rather than being treated as an anomalous variation of supine extended inhumation.
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Peacock, Jennifer. "Beyond native and invader : a re-evaluation of the Romano-British period in Cumbria." Thesis, University of Worcester, 2016. http://eprints.worc.ac.uk/5105/.
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The ‘native’ population in Roman Cumbria, the majority of whom are thought to have lived in farmsteads in the countryside beyond the civitas at Carlisle, forts, and vici, continues to be defined by its difference to the ‘invader’. This is not only a result of the nature of the artefactual record but of the history of research in the region which continues to influence the creation of archaeological narratives, with perhaps the most pervasive problem being a continuing reliance on analogies. Instead, by studying artefact assemblages from ‘native’ farmsteads on their own merits and taking a critical, self-reflective approach to their interpretation, it is possible to create a more dynamic model which posits that people and ‘things’ have the ability to move within and between two separate, yet co-dependent, ‘spheres’ of exchange. As expected, the process of analysis demonstrated that the material ‘fingerprints’ of pottery and glass assemblages are very different at farmsteads, forts, and vici in Cumbria. Existing narratives have tended to interpret this as either a result of the poverty or disinterest of the ‘native’, or that they were actively resisting the influence of the ‘invader’. However, by taking into account the form and function(s) of ‘things’, it can be argued that their selection was an active choice, and that this was influenced by a range of different social, cultural, and individual factors. Taking the same approach to the study of a number of sites in the Pennines/Northumberland, North East Wales/Cheshire, and Droitwich demonstrated that, although the size of artefact assemblages might indicate a strict North:South divide, the forms of pottery and glass implies an intermediate zone around North East Wales/Cheshire. All of these results appear to indicate that the economy of Roman Britain was composed of multiple, overlapping systems, and that individuals and groups had the power to choose if and when they engaged with them. However, at the moment, the ability to discuss this idea in depth is restricted by the number of sites available for examination. The problem in Cumbria is that the same farmsteads have been repeatedly re-interpreted and although a handful have been excavated over the last decade, a recent trend towards large-scale community projects focused on vici means that there is a danger this practice will continue. To break out of this cycle of re-interpretation requires the creation of a research project dedicated to establishing a detailed chronology of pre- and post-Conquest rural settlements in Cumbria. Doing so will enable us to truly move beyond ‘native’ and ‘invader’.
Books on the topic "Romans – Great Britain"
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Deary, Terry. Rotten Romans. Toronto: Scholastic Canada, 2008.
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Museum, British, ed. Roman Britain. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1997.
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Catherine, Johns, ed. Roman Britain. London: British Museum Press, 2002.
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Catherine, Johns, ed. Roman Britain. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
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Deary, Terry. The rotten Romans. London: Scholastic Ltd., 2006.
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1952-, Johnson Peter, Haynes Ian, and Council for British Archaeology, eds. Architecture in Roman Britain. York: Council for British Archaeology, 1996.
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FSA, Todd Malcolm, ed. A companion to Roman Britain. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2007.
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Butterfield, Moira. The Romans. London: Franklin Watts, 2015.
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Potter, T. W. Roman Britain. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2002.
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Bédoyère, Guy De la. The finds of Roman Britain. London: Batsford, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Romans – Great Britain"
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Franzero, C. M. "Richborough, Claudius' Great Port." In Roman Britain, 22–32. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003473121-2.
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Hingley, Richard. "‘A colony so fertile’." In The Recovery of Roman Britain 1586-1906. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199237029.003.0008.
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In A Specimen of a History of Oxfordshire, the Reverend Thomas Warton reflected on the significance of the Roman pavement at Stonesfield (Oxfordshire) and explored the two main themes which structure chapters three and four: he writes of Roman settlers who migrated with their families to Britain but suggests that wealthy and well-connected Britons might have built villas like the example uncovered at Stonesfield. From the late seventeenth century to the beginning of the twentieth, the debate about the nature of society in Roman Britain drew upon these contrasting images to explain the character of the Roman occupation of southern Britain. Certain writings of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries had developed the idea of the passing on of civility from the Romans to the British, which could be used as a source of patriotic reflection. There was less confidence in this idea during the eighteenth century, when influential works on the Walls and the northern stations promoted a primarily military interpretation of Roman sites in the south. In the introduction to his volume of 1793, Roy presented a thoughtful assessment of contemporary understanding of Roman Britain and emphasized its military nature. Following earlier examples, he divided the monuments of the Roman empire into two types: the public buildings—the temples, amphitheatres, and baths well known to British gentlemen from their visits to Italy—and the military sites. Roy emphasized that, with regard to military remains of Britain ‘perhaps no quarter of their vast empire, not even Italy itself, furnishes so great a variety; and many of them exceedingly perfect’. By contrast, in reflecting on public buildings, he states that ‘Britain affords very few vestiges of any consequence’. Indeed, it is true that, by the late eighteenth century, there was very little published evidence for public buildings to compare with the extensive evidence for the military sites of southern Scotland and northern England. Roy argued, ‘neither is it probable that the Romans ever executed many of those costly edifices in this island’. At the time Roy was writing (c.1773), little excavated evidence had been found for public buildings or ornate architecture anywhere in Britain.
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Schulz, Raimund J. "The Romans Explore the North." In To the Ends of the Earth, 255–94. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197668023.003.0007.
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Abstract Towards the end of the second century bce, the Greek mariner Eudoxus, sailing at the behest of the Ptolemies, discovered the monsoon system governing the Indian Ocean. Now voyages could be made from the end of the Red Sea and southern Arabia over the open seas to the west coast of India. In the west, the defeat of Carthage and Roman military expansion into Spain and Gaul prepared the way for the exploration of territories that had been only selectively explored by the Greeks. Caesar and other commanders of the late Republican and Augustan eras presented themselves as both conquerors and explorers. They led armies and fleets into Britain and the Baltic Sea and by land towards the Elbe River. In doing so, they opened new avenues for merchants and scholars whose experiences had a great impact on the Latin and Greek literature of the time.
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Van De Kieft, C., G. Van Herwijnen, Susan Reynolds, Wietse De Boer, and GEaróid Mac Niocaill. "Ad 685.—The Anonymous Life of St. Cuthbert (written between 698 and 705) tells how the praepositus of Carlisle showed the bishop the wall and waterworks built there by the Romans." In Elenchus Fontium Historiae Urbanae, Volume 2 Great Britain and Ireland, 17. BRILL, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004624603_005.
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Salway, Peter. "Constantine the Great." In A History of Roman Britain, 233–55. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192801388.003.0013.
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Abstract Some of the parallels between Constantius I and Septimius Severus in Britain were certainly not literary inventions. The last campaign of each was his war in northern Britain. And the coincidences went further: both had their sons with them; both returned to York after a victorious campaign, and there died. In the Severan case, however, the succession was clear, but the subsequent struggle between Caracalla and Geta inevitable. In 306 Diocletian’s newly established constitutional system ought to have made the succession indisputable. Constantius’ Caesar, Flavius Valerius Severus, should have become the western Augustus without question, and a new Caesar should have been appointed to replace him. Unfortunately, old traditions reasserted themselves. It is not clear that Galerius originally planned to have any western colleague at all in the same rank as himself, but the army at York forestalled whatever was intended. They proclaimed Constantine as Augustus, encouraged by a Germanic king, Crocus, who had been put in command of a cohort of Alamanni, a fact that may have influenced Constantine in his subsequent liking for German troops and officers. He certainly made much in later years of the origin of his rule in distant Britain, across the Ocean, and liked to dwell on the notion of a divine mission that had swept his power from the far west of the empire to its extreme east.
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Diaz-Andreu, Margarita. "The Early Search for a National Past in Europe (1789–1820)." In A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199217175.003.0020.
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In the nineteenth century, the allure of the past of the Great Civilizations was soon to be contested by an alternative—that of the national past. This interest had already grown in the pre-Romantic era connected to an emerging ethnic or cultural nationalism (Chapter 2). However, its charm would not be as enticing to the lay European man and woman of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, who were much more under the influence of neoclassicism (Chapter 3). The Western European nations had no monuments comparable to the remains of Greece, Rome or Egypt. Before the Roman expansion into most of Western Europe in antiquity, there had been few significant buildings, apart from unspectacular prehistoric tombs and megalithic monuments whose significance was unrecognized by the modern scholar. Roman remains beyond Italy were not as impressive as those found to the south of the Alps. Because of this it seemed much more interesting to study the rich descriptions the ancient authors had left about the local peoples and institutions the Romans had created during their conquest. Throughout the eighteenth century the historical study of medieval buildings and antiquities had also increasingly been gaining appeal. In Britain their study instigated the early creation of associations such as the Society of Antiquaries of 1707, but even this early interest did not lead to medieval antiquities receiving attention in institutions such as the British Museum, where they would only receive a proper departmental status well into the nineteenth century (Smiles 2004: 176). In comparative terms, the national past and its relics were perceived by many to be of secondary rate when judged against the history and arts of the classical civilizations. During the French Revolution and its immediate aftermath, for example, the national past would not be as appreciated by as many people and antiquarians as that of the Great Civilizations (Jourdan 1996). This situation, however, started to change in the early nineteenth century. There were three key developments in this period, all inherited from Enlightenment beliefs, which were the foundation for archaeology as a source of national pride. The effects of these would be seen especially from the central decades of the century.
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Salway, Peter. "Hadrianic Britain." In A History of Roman Britain, 127–46. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192801388.003.0007.
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Abstract The death of Trajan in n7 marks a turning-point m Roman, indeed European, history. In Britain Trajan’s reign had been a period of military withdrawal and consolidation, in sharp contrast to his expansion of the empire elsewhere. In Dacia and Mesopotamia his campaigns won whole new regions, and that alone is enough to explain why no forward policy was adopted in Britain. In many ways, Trajanic Britain foreshadows the general imperial strategy of Hadrian, who gave up the expansionist policy and abandoned Trajan’s new territories in the east. In the military sphere, Hadrian concentrated on restoring order in the various parts of the empire where there was disaffection, and in consolidating the frontiers. A great part of his reign was spent in personal tours of inspection in the provinces. The renewed respect for the Principate that had been won by Nerva and Trajan permitted the new emperor to direct his energies away from Roman politics and towards the largest schemes of civil and military reconstruction. His constant presence among the frontier armies encouraged their loyalty. His keen interest in the provinces underlined the fact that he was the second provincial to come to the throne (from the same city as Trajan), and emphasized the oneness of the empire-or at least of its communities of Roman citizens, wherever they might be located within its territories. Italy was no longer to be regarded as mistress of the Roman world, with the provinces as her inferiors, and, though she always retained a special social status, she gradually lost her political privileges.
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Ng, Su Fang. "Islamic Alexanders in Southeast Asia." In Alexander the Great from Britain to Southeast Asia, 75–112. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777687.003.0003.
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This chapter explores the ways in which Malay Alexander romances redeploy a medieval discourse of holy war to frame contemporary conflicts. The discussion focuses on the Malay Alexander Romance, Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain (Romance of Alexander the Two-Horned), which features a universal sovereign who united East and West. The chapter reads Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain in the context of the Portuguese conquest of Melaka and considers how it represents global Islam—and its dominant theme of strangers converted to kin. It also examines how a religious empire is gained by technology in the novel, along with the text’s moral critiques of empire. Finally, it analyses the chronicle of Melaka, Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals), its emphasis on the assimilability of outsiders in translatio imperii, its appropriation of Alexander the Great, and how it defines empire as translated from elsewhere by Alexandrian figures embodying “stranger sovereignty.”
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"The Great Disentanglement." In The Material Fall of Roman Britain, 300-525 CE, 176–92. University of Pennsylvania Press, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv18dvv4x.12.
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Abulafia, David. "The Last Mediterranean, 1950–2010." In The Great Sea. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195323344.003.0049.
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The late twentieth century was one of the great periods of Mediterranean migration. Migrations out of North Africa and into and out of Israel have been discussed in the previous chapter. The history of migration out of Sicily and southern Italy began as far back as the late nineteenth century, and it was largely directed towards North and South America. In the 1950s and 60s it was redirected towards the towns of northern Italy. Southern Italian agriculture, already suffering from neglect and lack of investment, declined still further as villages were abandoned. Elsewhere, colonial connections were important; for example, British rule over Cyprus brought substantial Greek and Turkish communities to north London. Along with these migrants, their cuisines arrived: pizza became familiar in London in the 1970s, while Greek restaurants in Britain had a Cypriot flavour. Not surprisingly, the food of the south of Italy took a strong lead among Italian émigrés: the sublime creation of Genoese cooks, trenette al pesto, was little known outside Italy, or indeed Liguria, before the 1970s. But the first stirrings of north European fascination with Mediterranean food could be felt in 1950, when Elizabeth David’s Book of Mediterranean Food appeared. It drew on her often hair-raising travels around the Mediterranean, keeping just ahead of the enemy during the Second World War. Initially, the book evoked aspirations rather than achievements: Great Britain was still subject to post-war food rationing, and even olive oil was hard to find. With increasing prosperity in northern Europe, the market for unfamiliar, Mediterranean produce expanded and finally, in 1965, Mrs David found the confidence to open her own food shop. By 1970 it was not too difficult to find aubergines and avocados in the groceries of Britain, Germany or Holland; and by 2000 the idea that a Mediterranean diet rich in fish, olive oil and vegetables is far healthier than traditional north European diets often based on pork and lard took hold. Interest in regional Mediterranean cuisines expanded all over Europe and North America – not just Italian food but Roman food, not just Roman food but the food of the Roman Jews, and so on.
Conference papers on the topic "Romans – Great Britain"
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Apkin, Renat N. "Cartographic Analysis of the Radon Situation in the Environment." In World Lumen Congress 2021, May 26-30, 2021, Iasi, Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/wlc2021/03.
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According to UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiations), no less than 10% of lung cancer diseases registered annually are caused by radon radiation. Born in the belly of the earth, the same gas, a class I cancirogen, increases the risk of non-cancerous diseases of the upper respiratory tract and cardiovascular diseases. The radon problem occupies an important place in the radioecological programs of the USA, Japan, Western Europe and Russia. However, the natural radiation varies in the background from location to location. In many countries, survey work is being carried out, including an assessment of the intensity of the radon hazards of sites allocated for construction. In Russia, the Radiation Safety Standards are stipulating that the concentration of radon in the air of residential premises should not exceed 200 Bq/m3; in Sweden, the maximum radon concentration is taken as 100 Bq/m3, in Finland and Canada - 400 Bq/m3, and in Germany and Great Britain - 200 Bq/m3. It is necessary to carefully choose the constructive site, with the minimum concentration of radon in the soil. Our purpose is to carry out a cartographic analysis of radon intake from soil in the territory of Kazan. An important component is the creation of unique maps based on the measurement of radon escalation. The practical significance of the work lies in the application of the results for making management decisions, in engineering and environmental surveys, for conducting hygienic assessments, or simply being used by citizens for informational purposes.
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Иванов, Н. С. "THE GENESIS OF THE BRITISH IMPERIAL IDEOLOGY AND THE NEW WORLD." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/mcu.2021.40.37.006.
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Автор рассматривает становление британской имперской идеологии под влиянием Великих географических открытий, прежде всего путешествий Х. Колумба, А. Веспуччи в Новый Свет. Имперские идеи в Британии, как и других европейских странах, зародились под влиянием насле-дия Римской империи. Первые практические уроки колонизации были получены британскими правителями в ходе создания так называемой «первой империи», при объединении Англии, Ир-ландии, Уэльса и Шотландии. Своеобразие британской имперской идеологии было связано с тру-дами известных деятелей Т. Мора, Ф. Бэкона, Дж. Ди, Р. Хаклейта, которые служили наглядной иллюстраций сложного сочетания гуманистического идеализма эпохи Просвещения и стремления к колониальным захватам и власти. The author examines the formation of the British imperial ideology under the influence of Great Geographical Discoveries, primarily the travels of H. Columbus, A. Vespucci to the New World. Imperial ideas in Britain, as in other European countries, were born under the influence of the heritage of the Roman Empire. The first practical lessons of colonization were learned by the British rulers during the creation of the so-called “first empire”, when England, Ireland, Wales and Scotland were united. The peculiarity of the British imperial ideology was associated with the works of famous figures T. More, F. Bacon, J. Dee, R. Hakluyt, which served as a clear illustration of the complex nature of the merger (convergence) between the humanistic idealism of the Enlightenment and the desire for colonial conquest and power.
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Cuciureanu, Ana-Maria. "Traditional nutrition. Case study — Th e Romanian community in Greece." In Simpozion internațional de etnologie: Tradiții și procese etnice, Ediția III. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Republic of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/9789975841733.08.
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The act of “eating” is part of the ritual and ceremonial acts that have a great capacity for social transformation with a well-marked symbolic eff ectiveness. Th e history of nutrition cannot be seen as detached from the history of humanity, as they are identifi ed in the stages of their evolution. Factors that play an important role in this regard, infl uencing and sizing specifi c meanings and connotations, are the natural environment, climatic conditions, the socio-economic structure of communities, spiritual beliefs. Migration has been an acute phenomenon of the Romanian society in the last 30 years. If in the second half of the last century, during the communist period, the phenomenon of migration focused on moving the population from rural to urban areas, the liberalization of borders, entering EU structures, NATO, etc., facilitated and even encouraged, in a way or another, the migration of Romanians. Th e Romanian communities have grown signifi cantly, reaching a signifi cant place in the population of migrating countries, and even a representative minority in certain European states (Italy, Spain, Great Britain, etc.). Statistically speaking, Greece does not have a concrete record of the Romanian community, the last census dating from 2007 and the one from the end of 2021 not being centralized yet. In Greece, based on the information provided by the Romanian associations, there are a number of approximately 80,000 — 100,000 Romanians from several areas of Romania, mainly from Moldova, Bucovina and Maramureș, most of them living in Athens and a smaller part on the islands. Th is paper presents a case study, conducted within the Romanian community in Greece, having as main element traditional food. Starting from the idea that this community is part of the mobility diaspora, not being clearly defi ned for a period of time, we will notice, however, that the traditional food is an extremely important element in preserving the national identity. Th e Romanian communities, be they historical or mobility, follow an authentic Romanian social pattern, with few foreign influences, determined by several factors.
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Simigiu, Aurora. "ONLINE PSYCHOLOGICAL COUNSELING OF THE PREGNANT TEENAGER." In eLSE 2012. Editura Universitara, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-12-051.
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Over 27000 teenage births are registered in Romania annually, ranking our country on the second place in Europe after Great Britain, and the number of births in the case of teeangers under 15 years has increased up to 50% after the year 1990. This phenomenon is caused by the decrease of pubertal age on national level together with the failure of sexual education in school and family.From this point of view statistics shows that the situation becomes critical and urgent measures of rising of educational influences are required. In Romanian school sexual education is not a compulsory subject as it is in other countries. Sexuality is still a taboo topic what requires an alternative approach. The article aims to provide a model of good practices describing a site that offers online counseling to the teenagers, concerning educational topics such as sexual health. The site we are about to present offers teenagers accurate information concerning human sexuality and a forum location.We suggest a way of online counseling just to encourage teenagers to express their fears by protecting their identity. Online environment is considered to be much more accessible to young generation and the presentation of a psychological counseling model is useful. This way we hope that we will reduce school abandonment, we will prevent teenagers’ premature births and we will lower extremely high social costs taking into consideration that teenagers’ babies will be probably socially assisted by the Romanian governement. E-learning solution for teenagers’ sexual education that we suggest comes to parents and teachers’ assistance not only by the information offered but also by testing the problems they rise.
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Nicoleta, Danescu. "VOCATIONAL DISTANCE LEARNING OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES IN THE EU AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES WITH THE UK, GERMANY, AUSTRALIA AND THE U.S.A." In eLSE 2012. Editura Universitara, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-12-170.
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Lately we have been witnessing a very intense form of promoting education, learning and training called distance learning. This phenomenon requires clarifications at both conceptual and practical levels, especially since the methods seem to be approved by a large number of participants in the educational process, therefore we’ll try to approach things from a global perspective. This paper reviews the evolution and impact of all types of distance learning. Distance learning is not a new phenomenon, there was at least 100 years ago, representing a form of teaching and learning through printed educational material was distributed by mail. Due to increased interest in training electronic or "e-learning", in recent years, rapid progress of electronic learning programs, developing Internet and e-mail. This report analyzes the media of information. Except for a few leading companies, the adoption of e-learning in Europe occurred in a much slower rate than in the U.S., one of the main reasons being the different types of training systems in Europe. Also, each European country has a different educational system on access to education, the financing of it, and participating students (as individuals, supported by employers or public systems). Such systems have been developed following discussions between employers, government agencies, educational institutions, accreditation authorities and trade unions. For example, in Germany, these systems are very well organized. Students can participate in distance learning, developing his skills, but not required to work in a field requiring professional mobility. Distance learning courses are also designed a number of contextual issues. Many employees are satisfied with their professional performance and we need much persuasion for them to understand that such courses can improve the existing system. This summary’s meaning is to be a review of the professional development of distance education, particularly in the agricultural and biological sciences in Great Britain and Germany, seeking as well the recommendations for future actions in Romania, Slovenia and Bulgaria.
Reports on the topic "Romans – Great Britain"
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Seamans, Thomas, and Allen Gosser. Bird dispersal techniques. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7207730.ws.
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Conflicts between humans and birds likely have existed since agricultural practices began. Paintings from ancient Greek, Egyptian, and Roman civilizations depict birds attacking crops. In Great Britain, recording of efforts at reducing bird damage began in the 1400s, with books on bird control written in the 1600s. Even so, the problem persists. Avian damage to crops remains an issue today, but we also are concerned with damage to homes, businesses, and aircraft, and the possibility of disease transmission from birds to humans or livestock. Bird dispersal techniques are a vital part of safely and efficiently reducing bird conflicts with humans. The bird must perceive a technique as a threat if it is to be effective. No single technique can solve all bird conflicts, but an integrated use of multiple techniques, each enhancing the other, generally provides relief.