Journal articles on the topic 'Romania History 20th century'
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1
Sandu-Dediu, Valentina. "Towards Modern Music in Romania." East Central Europe 30, no. 2 (2003): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633003x00117.
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AbstractToo little known in the West, modern Romanian scores are being gradually discovered nowadays, beginning with those of George Enescu. For decades underestimated as a creator, Enescu has been re-evaluated and recently recognized as an original and authentic representative of an Eastern European music school, comparable with JanáČek or Szymanowski. The Romanian music of the past fifty years, due to the political and ideological situation of Romania, similar to other countries of the ex-communist Eastern European bloc, has been isolated geographically but not aesthetically. The great diversity of modern or avant-garde trends in Western European and North American music is also present in the output of Romanian composers of the same period, combined in various degrees with autochthonous nuances. Originating primarily in the two major oral traditions, namely peasant folk music and religious Byzantine music, these have compelled Romanian composers to find their own musical language. However, Romanian composers coming of age in the second half of the 20th century took their first steps on a well-established territory, from the standpoint of composition, style, and aesthetics. A solid school of music - built on structural foundations that gave it a distinct language - had already been established in Romania in the first half of the 20th century. Therefore, the following essay is a chronological outline of the historical development of Romanian composition, a process governed primarily by the tension between national elements and global trends.
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Oancea, Claudiu. "Mirroring Post-1989 Historiography in Romania: Revista de Istorie Socială (The Review of Social History)." East Central Europe 34-35, no. 1-2 (2008): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-0340350102022.
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Social history is a relatively new field in Romanian historiography. In this context, Revista de Istorie Socială has attempted, since 1996, to contribute to the development of this field of studies and to bridge the gap between various historical schools and generations, opening new fields of research and reinterpreting old ones. This review essay provides an overview of the Review’s editorial policy, its publications, structure and content, in order to evaluate its impact on the development of social history in post-communist Romania. It is argued that the Review exhibits various historiographical influences, ranging from 19th century historicism to 20th century national schools of social history, most importantly the French Annales.
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Tsybanyuk, O., S. Dariichuk, and A. Petrov. "Development of the public movement of physical culture and sports orientation in the Romanian lands: "Tourist Society of Romania" (beginning of the 20th century)"." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 11(157) (December 1, 2022): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2022.11(157).35.
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In the article by "Development of the public movement of physical culture and sports orientation in the Romanian lands: "Tourist Society of Romania" (beginning of the 20th century)" the peculiarities of the formation of the public movement of physical culture and sports orientation in the Romanian lands of the beginning of 20th century The role of the "Tourist Society of Romania" in popularizing and spreading hiking tourism among all segments of the population is highlighted. The society's achievements in attracting school youth to systematic physical education, tourism, local history, etc. have been identified. The authors of the article proved that the slogan of the club "Through tourism to knowledge and love for Romania" synthesized the ideas of the predecessors regarding the educational and educational potential of tourism. The article analyzes the features of the tourist work of that time, one of the most striking ones is the formation of the theory and methodology of tourist activity: the appearance of recommendations for the organization of trips of various levels, for example, the identification of the principles "from a simple to a complex route", "from a short to a long-term movement", as well as an understanding of importance careful preparation - planning, using the results of "working on mistakes" made after the previous event. The activities of the thematic magazines published in the Romanian lands during the research period are analyzed, the main topics and issues relevant for that time are highlighted. According to the authors, the "Tourist Society of Romania" published 13 issues of its yearbook - "Anuarul S.T.R.", which, according to modern researchers, was a valuable guide for those who wanted to participate in mountain trips, as well as a source for researching the activities of this society now. After all, the final part of each edition presented a list of members of the headquarters and sections, quantitative changes in members, as well as the names and titles of organizations or enterprises that provided assistance to the society. It was concluded that historically formed traditions and favorable geographical conditions on the one hand, and traditional to begin with 20th century a developed social movement and a clear understanding of the educational and educational potential of tourism, in particular for school youth, on the other hand, caused the development of its methodological basis and practical implementation on the territory of Romania.
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Gradu, Diana. "Romanian Francophony, the Beautiful Stranger." Intertext, no. 1/2 (57/58) (October 2021): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.54481/intertext.2021.1.22.
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French in Romanian space meant much more than mastering a linguistic instrument, being the expression of adherence to a whole series of values, ideas and ideals specific to modern European nations. Romanian intellectuals and political elites chose French as an idiom for the expression of freedom, modernity and the belonging of Romanian space to the Europe of free nations. The francophone dimension of Romania developed especially during the first half of the 20th century. It was at this time that Bucharest became little Paris”. Many Romanian writers then chose to create the most significant part of their work in French. Illustrious names, including those of Constantin Brancusi, Eugène Ionesco, Mircea Eliade, Georges Enesco, Emil Cioran, have since become part of the Francophone cultural heritage. The French-speaking component of Romanian history, built over two centuries of history, has been able to resist even under the conditions of great precariousness imposed under totalitarianism, after the Second World War. Immediately after the return of democracy, Romania joined, as a full member, the institutional Francophonie (1993), returning to the Francophone family to which it was attached in an extremely rich past.
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Gruia, Ana-Maria. "“Engel Pharmacy “La Coróna”, near the gate of the royal court, Jassy”." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia 66, no. 2 (April 13, 2022): 45–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhist.2021.2.03.
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"The paper reconstructs the history of the 19th-20th-century Engel pharmacy in Iaşi starting from a lot of items preserved in the History of Pharmacy Collection in Cluj-Napoca. The lot includes numerous drug jars, measuring cups, apothecary working tools, financial documents, prescriptions, correspondence, and various other documents, some of which were recently identified during the renovation of the pharmacy museum in Cluj. The analysis allows one to see the transformation of pharmaceutical practice in Moldavia and Romania between the end of the 19th century and the Second World War and to reconstruct the history of a successful family business. Keywords: history of pharmacy, Iaşi, museum studies, Engel family "
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Dumitran, Daniel, and Tudor Borșan. "Reconstitution of an Absence: The Jewish Community of Alba Iulia in the Context of Urban Development." Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Historica 25, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/auash.2021.25.1.10.
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The study addresses the issue of reconstituting the heritage of the Jewish community in Alba Iulia (Romania), starting from several documentary and topographical sources from the first part of the 20th century. The choice of this case study is justified by the importance of the city for the history of Jews in Romania, as the only city in Transylvania (historical province integrated into Romania in 1918) where Jews received the right to settle as early as the 17th century. The main documentary source used is a list of Jewish properties in Alba Iulia declared confiscated in 1941, in the context of the anti-Semitic policy promoted by the regime of Marshal Ion Antonescu (Leader of the Romanian state during 1940-1944). Correlating it with the cadastral plan of the city drafted in 1914 and applying the georeferencing method reconstitutes the position of the still existing buildings and those that disappeared as a result of the systematization policy during the communist regime, in the central area of the city. A more complex approach is also proposed, based on the use of the GIS methodology, whereby the topographic information can be associated with the documentary and epigraphic sources referring to the Jewish cemetery in the city. The issue of the relevance of the Jewish heritage for the current urban strategy is also discussed, starting from the city’s development documents in force.
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Dumitran, Daniel, and Tudor Borșan. "Reconstitution of an Absence: The Jewish Community of Alba Iulia in the Context of Urban Development." Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Historica 25, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29302/auash.2021.25.1.10.
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The study addresses the issue of reconstituting the heritage of the Jewish community in Alba Iulia (Romania), starting from several documentary and topographical sources from the first part of the 20th century. The choice of this case study is justified by the importance of the city for the history of Jews in Romania, as the only city in Transylvania (historical province integrated into Romania in 1918) where Jews received the right to settle as early as the 17th century. The main documentary source used is a list of Jewish properties in Alba Iulia declared confiscated in 1941, in the context of the anti-Semitic policy promoted by the regime of Marshal Ion Antonescu (Leader of the Romanian state during 1940-1944). Correlating it with the cadastral plan of the city drafted in 1914 and applying the georeferencing method reconstitutes the position of the still existing buildings and those that disappeared as a result of the systematization policy during the communist regime, in the central area of the city. A more complex approach is also proposed, based on the use of the GIS methodology, whereby the topographic information can be associated with the documentary and epigraphic sources referring to the Jewish cemetery in the city. The issue of the relevance of the Jewish heritage for the current urban strategy is also discussed, starting from the city’s development documents in force.
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Tompa, Andrea. "What Can Be Said: The Jenő Janovics Archive in Cluj." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Dramatica 66, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbdrama.2021.2.05.
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"This paper focuses on the documents kept in archive of Jenő Janovics, an artistic director in Hungary and Romania for 30 years. The rich archival materials, kept in Cluj, of this important public figure reflect the turbulent times of history of Hungarian Theater in Cluj in the first half of the 20th century. The study presents a possible approach to this material, also introducing Janovics’s diary’s hermeneutical problems. Keywords: Jenő Janovics, Hungarian Theater Cluj, diary, Hungarian theater history, Jewish "
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ILOVAN, Oana-Ramona. "MAKING SPACE AND NATION MEANINGFUL THROUGH BORDERS AND THEIR REPRESENTATIONS IN ROMANIAN GEOGRAPHY TEXTBOOKS, DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY." Territorial Identity and Development 5, no. 1 (September 11, 2020): 79–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.23740/tid220205.
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Lately, in Romania and abroad, research about the hidden agendas of educational discourses circulated by school textbooks has become richer. This research focuses on the process of bordering that took place in 1918 and the creation of Greater Romania and on the new borders and their representations in Geography school textbooks before and after that year. These representations are considered in the form of both text and images. First, I describe these representations and, secondly, I uncover and explain their intentions in the respective historical and geographical contexts. As History and Geography have been always viewed among the most influential subject matters in school, I employed visual methodology and discourse analysis to study Geography of Romania school textbooks – officially accepted products. The research material is made of Geography school textbooks. From a temporal perspective, my research material includes textbooks that were circulated starting with 1902 and in the 1930s. In addition, I assessed the degree to which Geography education was politicized. Results showed that, in the first half of the 20th century, the wished-for or newly-established and contested borders of Romania generated a lengthy and argumentative discourse about state borders and about the history and geography of the territories inhabited by Romanians. Ethnocultural identity concepts and conceptions of national identity were provided for the young and not only. Geography of Romania school textbooks were not apolitical, but reinforced a socio-spatial consciousness, based on the natural and anthropic features of the borders and on how they were represented, revealing the social practice of the educational discourse about border areas.
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Colăcel, Onoriu. "Suceava On Camera: The County Council And Local Self-Identification In 21st Century Romania." Messages, Sages and Ages 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msas-2015-0008.
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Abstract In post-communist Romania, regional self-identification has undergone significant change. Particularly, a paradigm shift occurred in relation to 20th century Romanian historiography (I have in mind the national communist as well as inter-war historic narratives). The literature and the promotional films of Suceava County Council (i.e., the local government branch) are a case in point. They are designed to advertise tourism products in travel marts and various media outlets. Next to the story of a multi-faith/ethnic community, particular images and symbols are employed in order to craft the public identity of the county. A regional iconography gradually emerges on screen as more video content about Suceava is being produced. Capturing the essence of Romanian Bucovina on camera is a challenge steeped both in the history of the Habsburg Duchy and in that of the Moldavian principality (whose northernmost part was incorporated into the Habsburg Empire in 1775). Next comes the attempt to ‘touristify’ natural sites of environmental interest. History and nature are narrative tropes that amount to a coherent story delivered to natives and visitors alike. Despite the industrial scarring of the landscape well known to the natives, areas of woodland and countryside are on display. City life is largely ignored for the sake of a multicultural history of Bukovina mainly located in a rural setting. Screening Suceava has everything to do with identity-building. The rhetoric of regional self-designation seems to rank high on the local political agenda. The cosmopolitan Austro-Hungarian Bukovinian identity is obviously at odds with the ethno-national legacy celebrated in the so-called ‘Northern monasteries’ of Moldavia or in the Suceava fortress of Stephen the Great (who was built into an icon of Romanian historiography). The recreational opportunities of Suceava County are marketed to tourist boards, hotel chains, etc. as the retention of a Mitteleuropean distinctiveness. Explicitly, it is ‘something’ that has stayed with the indigenous population ever since the Austrian state set out to instruct the natives in the arts of life. There is a video side effect to the story. The mountainous countryside of Suceava is sold to the public as being peopled by men and women in national dress, a community dramatically different from all other surrounding areas of 21st century Romania.
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Cușco, Andrei, and Petru Negură. "Public Education in Romania and Moldova, 19-20th Centuries: Modernization, Political Mobilization, and Nation-Building. An Introduction." PLURAL. History, Culture, Society 9, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37710/plural.v9i1_1.
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Since the second half of the 19th century, Romania has asserted itself, along with other European states, as a “modern mobilizational state”, which aimed to profoundly transform its population and the mass of its citizens through extensive mobilizing and social engineering projects. Public education has played a central role in this ambitious process of social transformation, being an essential tool of state formation and nation-building.
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Popenko, Ya V., I. V. Sribnyak, and V. A. Shatilo. "The Treaty That Was Never Ratified: On the Centenary of the Signing of the Paris Protocol (October 28, 1920)." Rusin, no. 62 (2020): 88–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/62/6.
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Romania’s foreign policy during the first decades of the 20th century was not accidental or spontaneous. It was implemented by the leadership of the Kingdom as part of a targeted program for the creation of “Greater Romania.” The foreign policy of Bucharest during the World War and formation of the Versailles system of international relations can be considered as indicative in terms of achieving national interests to gain the regional leader status in the Balkans. The article analyses the struggle around the “Bessarabian question” at the Paris Peace Conference during 1919–1920. This period became decisive for the Romanian Kingdom in the question of the recognition by the international community of its exclusive right to annex Bessarabia. The purposeful work of the Romanian politicians I. Bratianu, A. Vaida-Voevoda, A. Averescu and others in solving the “Bessarabian question” has undoubtedly yielded positive results for Romania. On October 28, 1920, the Paris, or Bessarabian, protocol was signed in Paris to legally recognize the annexation of Bessarabia to the kingdom. Thus, the long and the exhausting struggle of the Romanian diplomacy ended with the victory of Bucharest on the one hand, while on the other, this fateful document was never ratified by the individual participants, which automatically made it legally “incomplete” international act.
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Borca, Ioana, Mihai Gligor, and Cornel Tatai-Baltă. "ALBA IULIA-LUMEA NOUĂ SITE (ROMANIA): HISTORICAL EVOLUTION FROM NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT TO A MODERN RECREATION AREA." CBU International Conference Proceedings 4 (September 22, 2016): 360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v4.780.
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This article highlights the archaeological and geographical importance of the Alba Iulia-Lumea Nouă settlement and its functional development throughout history. Situated in a millenary city, the settlement displays obvious traces of the contribution of the civilizations that transformed and adapted the local geographical features according to their constant changing needs. Prehistoric and modern elements from painted pottery and the distinctive mortuary practices of various Neolithic and Eneolithic cultures, the 18th and 19th century military plans, together with Arthur Bach’s collection of photos illustrating a 20th century park, reveal the true value of this site. Drawing on these resources, we present a historical landscape analysis of the Neolithic to Modern Ages in the context of cultural change.
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Miloiu, Silviu-Marian. "Baltic studies in Romania: sources, beginnings and perspectives." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 9, no. 1 (August 15, 2017): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v9i1_5.
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This article analyses the beginnings, development and prospect of Baltic studies in Romania. The article stands on three pillars. It starts with an investigation on the main sources of Romanian knowledge of the Baltic region and sorts out the way they have been represented in the Romanian mental images. Throughout the analysis, knowledge of each other is bonded to the concepts of memory and history based on the assumption that the largest part of our knowledge derives from remembering, this being applicable even in the high sphere of international relations. This theoretical framework is sampled to the case-study of Romania’s knowledge of Baltic area assessing the medieval, modern and 20th century legacy of the Romanian encounters with the Baltic States discovering that, although the distance between Suceava, the medieval capital of Moldova, and Vilnius is less than 1,000 km. (or 600 miles) and the Principality of Moldova of Stephen the Great neighbored the state of Jagiellonians, in most cases, the legacy of the relations between Romanians and Baltic nations played little role in feeding a sense of solidarity or complementarity between these nations. This pattern is now challenged by courses on Baltic and Nordic studies taught at Valahia University of Târgoviște and the activity of the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies, which joins the efforts of scholars from various Romanian institutes and universities, especially from Iași, Cluj-Napoca, Bucharest, Constanța and Târgoviște. The analysis of these endeavors, the other two pillars of this article, brings forth educational, scholarly, editorial and dissemination efforts designed to change the perspective of the Romanian public in this respect.
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ΚΟΝΤΟΓΕΩΡΓΗΣ, ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΣ Μ. "ΕΡΕΥΝΗΤΙΚΗ ΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΗ ΣΤΗ ΡΟΥΜΑΝΙΑ. ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΕΣ ΚΟΙΝΟΤΗΤΕΣ (1829 - ΑΡΧΕΣ 20ΟΥ ΑΙΩΝΑ). ΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΤΙΚΑ - ΣΥΛΛΟΓΟΙ - ΤΑΥΤΟΤΗΤΕΣ. ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΙΚΕΣ ΠΑΡΑΤΗΡΗΣΕΙΣ." Eoa kai Esperia 7 (January 1, 2007): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eoaesperia.97.
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<p>While there exists already a voluminous bibliography on the GreekDiaspora in the Danubian Principalities during the 17th-18th centuries, it wasonly recently that interest was focused on the Greek communities, whichflourished in Romania in the period from the signing of the Andrianople Treatyto the 20th century.</p><p>It was during that era that a great number of Greeks, especially from Epirus,Cephallonia and Ithaca, merchants, sailors, artisans, doctors and intellectualsimmigrated to Wallachia and Moldavia. The majority of them established at theDanubian ports, mainly at Braila and Galatz, and were engaged in the vividcommerce between the principalities and Western Europe.</p><p>Notwithstanding the influential role played by the Greeks in the social andeconomic life of Romania, it was only in the Cuza-Era when the Greekcommunities were officialy founded. Probably the nationalistic state policyurged them to define their legal status more explicitly. Moreover, in the secondhalf of the 19th century a great number of churches was built and many schoolswere organized, some subsided by the community authorities, other bybenefactory associations. Furthermore, the fierce antagonism among Greeks,Jews, Austrian and English shipowners did not impede the development of themarine and riverine fleet of the Greek shipowners, while a substantial numberof banks and factories were also owned by members of the communities.</p><p>In the second part of this study are presented the results of our researchmission in various Romanian cities. The aim of our mission was to locatearchival fonds and collections referring to the economic, social, institutional andpolitical history of the Greek Diaspora in Romania. Important collections arebequeathed in the Archives of Bucharest, Galatz and Constantza, while in theArchives of Giurgiu, Tulcea and Craiova the material was less satisfactory.</p>
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Chelaru, Carmen. "History – Culture – Music in the Romanian Eighteenth Century." Artes. Journal of Musicology 23, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ajm-2021-0001.
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Abstract Recently, I made a few forays in the history of the society, culture and music of the people in the Carpathian-Danubian space, without the intention and claim of unlocking doors thrown widely open before me by established researchers such as Lucian Boia, Theodor T. Burada, Gheorghe Ciobanu, Octavian Lazăr Cosma, Neagu Djuvara, Costin Moisil and many others. I did it especially in order to try to tear myself away from the old spread-eagle patterns, from prejudice. Thus, I ascertained that, in the flow of time, of events, of facts, the European eighteenth century constitutes a page about which I do not know enough yet; I felt at the same time that it represents a stage that can bring (to me) additional understanding of the following two hundred years (the 19th and 20th centuries). Therefore, I let myself be overcome by curiosity, beginning by undertaking a reconnaissance survey “over” the 18th century of European history. I continued by approaching the European socio-political and cultural configuration and dynamics of the same period. Finally, I tried to understand – keeping, at the same time, a comprehensive perspective – the Romanian socio-cultural and musical phenomenon of the 18th century, with the intention of integrating it with the logic of historical progress and with that of territorial connections.
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Stan, Ana-Maria. "De la separatism regional la centralizare: două proiecte legislative ale universitarilor clujeni privind reforma învățământului superior românesc după 1918." PLURAL. History, Culture, Society 9, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37710/plural.v9i1_7.
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After the Great War and the union of Bessarabia, Bukovina, Transylvania, and the Banat with the Old Kingdom, the reform of higher education and, implicitly, its transformation into a unitary and efficient system required a lot of efforts. A significant number of initiatives and projects were discussed by the Romanian academic circles, politicians, and by the broader public before the first law for the organization of universities in Greater Romania was adopted and implemented, in April 1932. This article is a case study, which focuses on two proposals put forward in the 1920s by some prominent professors of the University of Cluj. My research tries to clarify and enrich our knowledge regarding the various stages that preceded and shaped the 1932 higher education law. It highlights the similarities and differences between these projects, looking, in particular, at their most relevant and modern elements. The article could equally provide points of comparison for future analysis regarding the reconstruction of the educational systems in other Central or Eastern European countries, in the first half of the 20th century.
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Zavarache, Camelia. "Regime Change and Shifting Modernization Patterns: Professional Trajectories in the Field of Psychology during the Twentieth Century Romania." Hiperboreea 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/hiperboreea.3.2.0165.
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Abstract Throughout the 19th and the 20th century the modernization process that Romania has undergone has revolved around two major poles, the Western pattern of development, and the Soviet one that has been enforced at the end of the Second World War. The regime change experienced after 1945 has shown however that the new leaders needed to rely on some of the existing administrative, technical and scientific cadres in order to implement the new political, social and cultural programme. The careers of Alexandria Roşca and Mihai Beniuc, two psychologists that have been trained in Western Universities and worked at the Institute of Psychology in Cluj, followed the same path that the country was on. Having manifested clear left-wing sympathies during the interwar period, they have managed to maintain their professional status and even gained access to important political positions; therefore, they have contributed to the implementation of two consecutive modernization projects.
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Stanciu Gorun, Bogdan. "Familia Șorban/Șerban, în secolele XIV–XVII. Schiță genealogică." Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei 34 (December 20, 2020): 371–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47802/amet.2020.34.22.
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"Șorban/Șerban Family in the 14th-17th centuries. Genealogical sketch This article aims to reconstruct the historical route of a lower nobility family, from the first appearance in history to the beginning of the modern era. It is the Sorban/Serban family, with two branches, in the north-western part of Transylvania (in the broader sense), respectively in the south-west part of it, having a common root, in the world of the Maramures knezes, continued by a common strain, among the petty nobility of Chioar. The objective is to contribute to a better knowledge of the lower nobility in the western provinces of present-day Romania, on the background that the nobility of these parts is not yet sufficiently represented in the Romanian historiography. The oldest members of the family can be identified in the first half of the 14th century, as knezes Stan Albu and Locovoy of Cosău. At the beginning of the next century, the knezial family individualized in several branches, including the Sorba of Călineşti. In the 16th century, a member of this family crossed into Chioar District, and his three sons received a diploma of ennoblement in 1609, for services to Prince Gabriel Báthory. During the 17th century, the Sorba(n) family appears in several conscriptions of the Chioar, divided into two branches. At the beginning of the 18th century, a Şorban emigrated to the Mureş Plain, near Arad. There will emerge a strong branch of the family, which changes its name to Şerban and sticks to the Greek Orthodox Church, while the other one keeps its name, but shifts to the Greek Catholic Church. Both branches contribute in the 19th and 20th centuries to the intellectual and political elite of Romanians. Descendants of both branches are now well-known people in the cultural field. Keywords: Romanian-nobility, genealogy, Șorban, Șerban, Locovoy "
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Sigmirean, Cornel. "Romanian Students in Vienna: The End of the 19th Century and the Beginning of the 20th Century." Transylvanian Review 19, Supliment 1, 2020 (July 15, 2020): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.33993/tr.2020.suppl.1.13.
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Lukács, Norbert Csaba. "The Founding and First Years of Activity of Nagyváradi Atlétikai Club Football Team 1910 – 1914." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Educatio Artis Gymnasticae 66, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeag.66(4).37.
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"The year 2020 marks one hundred and ten years since the founding of Nagyváradi Atlétikai Club (in Romanian: Clubul Atletic Oradea), which in matter of football was one of the reference sports groups in the city of Nagyvárad in the first half of the 20th century. Due to this anniversary, we set out to present the history of this team, from the moment when it was founded up to the outbreak of World War I. Through its contents, this paper contributes to a better understanding of the past of this sports team and, in the same time, it represents an acclaim of its founders, leaders and players. The first part of this paper presents the founding of Nagyváradi Atlétikai Club team, its first years of activity, its attendance to competitions, international matches, its contribution to shaping iconic players for local football and for the national teams of Hungary and Romania, and then it presents the headquarters, playing fields, coaches and main leaders of the team. Through its contents, this paper is of interest, not only for those who just want to expand their general knowledge, but also for people who study Nagyvárad’s football history. Keywords: Nagyváradi Atlétikai Club, Clubul Atletic Oradea, football "
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Vincze, Ferenc. "Practices of Colonization in Regional Literary Histories." Hungarian Studies Yearbook 2, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 28–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hsy-2020-0003.
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Abstract The discourses on 20th century Eastern European regional literatures are predominantly determined by the use of terminology and interrelationships of national and ethnic literatures, which originated in social and state organizational embeddedness. Besides, the majority–minority relation is significantly present in the discourse on these literatures, with this relation representing a – sometimes implicit, sometimes explicit – approach of colonization. If ethnic (or minority) literatures are not only examined as opposed to national (or majority) literatures, it might occur that ethnic literatures themselves often resorted to practices of colonization when describing the literary context. This paper aims at examining the processes of literary history writing of German and Hungarian literatures from Romania, and by looking at them from a transnational perspective, identifying the in-between space where the mutually oppressive spatial practices are eliminated.
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Cusco, Andrei. "Constantin Stere, the „Bessarabian Question“ and Romanian Foreign Policy Debates in the Early 20th Century." Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 60, no. 2 (2012): 204–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/jgo-2012-0012.
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Brie, Mihai. "Gheorghe Dima – Seiten von der wertvollen hermannstädter musikalischen Tätigkeit." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Musica 65, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbmusica.2020.2.10.
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"An indisputable musical personality of all times, the great musician Gheorghe Dima gave a new breath to Romanian music but also to religious music. Activating in the second half of the 19th century, turbulent times for history and nation and the first half of the 20th century, he established himself through his substantial and rich academic training in famous western schools. It remained in the consciousness of researchers and generations as one who put Romanian music (instrumental or polyphonic) on the research corridor of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In this sense, the present academic research wants to pay homage to an unforgettable personality from the local space. Keywords: musicology, history, personality, etc."
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Radu, Mirela. "History of medicine on the border between philosophy and science." Romanian Journal of Military Medicine 121, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.55453/rjmm.2018.121.2.3.
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Abstract: Physicians have represented a long time the main transmitters of knowledge as they were real scholars. If Renaissance promoted the study of the human body anatomy and physiology, the next step made by practitioners of medicine was to spread the enlightenment. That meant the shift of the very purpose of their profession: from passive opposition to ailments towards an active involvement into the lives of the impoverished. In order to change the odds in the battle against diseases, physicians had the great burden to enlarge the cultural horizons of those whose health was in their hands. Therefore, one way of imparting knowledge was by publishing and spreading their attainments to the general public in a comprehensible way. Once people gained awareness of the dangers entailed by bad hygiene, the physicians’ role in society switched towards more cultural realms. At the beginning of the 20th century health care professionals achieved the next step in the becoming of medicine: setting up a new science to link humanities with pure science. In Romania, the main promoters of this new border science were Victor Gomoiu and Valeriu Bologa and they co-opted other intellectuals.
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SESTRAS, Paul. "Launching Nova Geodesia Journal." Nova Geodesia 1, no. 1 (March 13, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55779/ng1114.
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Geodesy is the science of measuring and representing the earth, whose beginnings are ancient and are found in antiquity. Like other disciplines, it has known a continuous evolution, along with the evolution of human society and the development of knowledge. More than in other sciences, the evolution of geodesy has been dramatically influenced by advances in science and technology. Thus, at present, modern technology has been reached that allows in-depth studies with the help of state-of-the-art technologies, such as radio telescopes, ground surveys, satellites, etc. In Romania, geodetic education and research have a rich history and tradition, but going through numerous and profound restructuring, intensified in the modern era. These were imposed both by the development of science and technology in the field and by economic and social restructuring at the national level. The turmoil and evolutions from the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century slowly led to the consolidation of the Romanian geodesy and its directions in academic education and research. Ineluctable, things are evolving, and the above issues are being considered by teaching staff and researchers at the universities, research institutes and state and private companies and units with concerns and interests in geodesy. An enthusiastic group of representatives (coming especially from the most recognized universities in Romania, with study programs of land measurements and cadastre) set out to found the new journal Nova Geodesia. After an exhaustive analyzing of the situation of the field in Romania in the current European and international context, they considered that such a journal is timely and necessary in order to support the research in the domain in Romania, but also in the south-eastern part of Europe (facing similar problems) and around the world, truly considering research and creative innovation as the ‘engine of progress’ of humanity. Nova Geodesia has set out to be an open access journal, set up to develop a reliable platform and provide unrestricted access to the scientific literature for the rapid dissemination of recent updates in geodesy and related topics related to cartography, urban administration and the environment, project design and constructions such as dams, bridges, plants, boundary marking, landscape and ecology, environmental management, geography, planetology, hydrography. Through its new approach, the journal adheres to the mission of developing a reliable bridge of communication between people interested in the topics of science and technology mentioned, bringing authentic and unique scientific contributions.
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DZHUMAGULOVA, A. T. "NOGAY DIASPORA IN THE TURKISH REPUBLIC (FORMATION HISTORY AND PRESENT STATE)." Kavkazologiya, no. 2 (2021): 40–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31143/2542-212x-2021-2-40-60.
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The article highlights a little-studied problem – the history of the formation and current situation of the nogai diaspora in the republic of Turkey, which arose as a result of the migration waves of nogai societies from the territories of the North Caucasus and the Northern Black Sea region from the end of the XVIII century to the beginning of the XX century. The relevance of the study is due to the complexity and inconsistency of the topic of russian-turkish relations and their influence on the causes and nature of the migrations of the nogai to the territory of the Ottoman empire, which laid the foundation for the formation of the foreign nogai diaspora. The relevance of this study also lies in the absence of generalizing publications on this topic. The article presents the periodization of the nogai exodus to the Ottoman empire, which makes it possible to build a certain logical connection between the different stages of the emergence and development of the nogai diaspora in the Turkish republic. The factors that influenced the resettlement of nogai societies to Turkey in different periods are shown. Socio-economic, political and psychological reasons played a key role in this process. The processes of adaptation of nogai societies in the regions of the Ottoman empire, as well as the specifics of the settlement of nogai in Turkey and its regions in the period under review, are partially covered. The author of the article touches upon the problem of the division of the foreign nogai diaspora, in which the nogai found themselves after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, representatives of the nogai diaspora live in Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Bulgaria and Romania. Part of the turkish nogai in the middle of the XX century emigrated to Western Europe.
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Rusu-Persic, Dalia. "Critical reception of late 19th century Iași-based music. Alexandru Flechtenmacher." Artes. Journal of Musicology 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 190–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ajm-2018-0012.
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Abstract In late 19th-century periodicals, music criticism captured only a few details on the composition techniques, the structural organization, the rhythmic-melodic or vocal and stage interpretation of various performances. The press shed light on these pieces only at an informative level, mentioning titles, composers, and interpreters and even omitting some details due to, on the one hand, the authorities’ indifference to the musical phenomenon and, on the other hand, the editors’ sheer ignorance of particular stylistic or musical language features. However, the attempts made by the personalities active in the cultural and artistic life were real and unrelenting, their results being guided by the desire to promote music with specific national traits. This study provides an analytical perspective on the current reception of that social-artistic context. Taking into account that new sources have favored a more detailed and profound investigation of the 19th-century critical phenomenon, our analysis supplements the information presented in the music history studies already published in Romania. Consequently, the first section of this paper approaches the extremely dynamic phenomenon represented by the creation of new journals / newspapers in the 19th century. It is our belief that starting from general journalism we can acquire a better understanding of the development of musical criticism. This research aimed to discover new dimensions of Iași-based music, placing special emphasis on the critical reception of the composer Alexandru Flechtenmacher. We have followed its reflection in the Romanian press, starting from the first accounts in this respect, and ending with the subsequent assessments formulated in 20th-century musicology. Although the texts that tackle musical issues are quite few and social aspects prevail in the commentators’ list of interests, by combining the information provided by general literary/historical/social sources with the details included in specialized articles we can create a new perspective on late 19th-century Iași-based compositions.
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ALEXANDRACHE, Carmen. "Social and Individual in the Education Vision of 20th Century - An Analyse of the History Textbooks." Eurasia Proceedings of Educational and Social Sciences 21 (December 31, 2021): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55549/epess.1040440.
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Our paper proposes a theoretic approach of the education in Romanian society, especially of the study of history, from the communist regime until nowadays. For this issue, we analyzed the history school textbooks which were edited in 20th century to be used in the secondary and higher schools. The schoolbook is an education tool which has in general a bigger impact to students’ consciousness and behavior. Our study starts from the premise that the schoolbooks have been also an important ideological tool, used by the politic regime to influence the social attitude. As a consequence, the schoolbooks need to be analyzed from the political intentions. The paper proposes some notices focused on the understanding of the vulnerability concept from the political ideology perspective, the evolution of it, as it is reflected by the history schoolbooks speaking about society and individual. For this reason, we think our paper is a real support of the actual theoretical and practical concerns about the modern and equitable social principles. Our notices can contribute to increase the quality of human interactions, to social responsibility and to promote a correct connection between vulnerability and social attitude in actual human society.
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Luchkanyn, Sergiy. "THE FEATURES OF IDEOLOGIZATION OF GENERAL LINGUISTICS IN UKRAINIAN AND ROMANIAN SCIENCE ABOUT LANGUAGE (THE XXST CENTURY)." Studia Linguistica, no. 14 (2019): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2019.14.107-117.
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The imposition of official state ideology (Marxism-Leninism) is characteristic for Ukrainian and Romanian theoretical linguistics of the middle and second half of the 20th century. It was the leading methodology for solving the problems of nature and essence of the human language. With its help, it was possible to study internal structure of the linguistic system and use linguistic research methods, which are the subject of general linguistics. Issues that are related to the problems of ideology and specific linguistics (Ukrainization, Russification, Romanization, Magyarization, etc.) are not considered and addressed. The subject of research is the penetration of official state ideology into linguistic questions about the nature and essence of language, its reflection in the methods of linguistic research. In Ukrainian Soviet theoretical linguistics of the 1930–1940s, Marism was officially propagated as a proletarian ideology directed against bourgeois comparative studies. Some Ukrainian linguists, following Ivan Meshchaninov (which then was the official head of Soviet linguistics), used the name Marr as a “shield”. They started with quoting Marr in their own works, but that did not affect much the language material investigation (for example, Academician Mykhailo Kalynovych (1888-1949) and others). After appearance of Stalin’s work “Marxism and Problems of Linguistics” (1950), well-known quotes from this work occured widely in Ukrainian and Romanian theoretical linguistics. They were about the class nature of the language, developed the ideas of revolutionary upheavals in it, stated the need for a dialectical combination of language learning with the history of the society. They have been quoted in the linguistic literature of Ukraine until the 22nd Congress of the CPSU (1961). In Romania, they have been quoted until the death of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (1965). Only by this time the development of linguistic structuralism had begun, because the linguistic outlook of the “leader” allowed comprehending lingual facts exclusively within the framework of comparative-historical and descriptive paradigm.
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Drutsé, A. "From the history of manufacturing Romanian nai at the turn of 20–21 centuries." Musical art in the educological discourse, no. 3 (2018): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2518-766x.2018.3.7174.
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The modern world popularity of the nai — a traditional Romanian instrument — has identified interest in writing this article. This problematic constitutes the circle of our research interest as a doctoral candidate, but also as a concert performer, a graduate of the Academy of Music, Theater and Fine Arts. One of the most interesting aspects of the study of nai is its technical improvement since 60s of the 20th century, which led to the acquisition of a number of new, innovative skills and performance skills. In this article we have identified some pages of the modern history of the manufacture of this ancient instrument associated with these processes.
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Csordás, László. "Fatefulness and falling into sin in István Szilágyi’s novel KŐ HULL APADÓ KÚTBA («A stone drops in a dwindling well»)." Philological Review, no. 2 (December 5, 2021): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2415-8828.2.2021.246099.
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The study analyses István Szilágyi’s widely known novel Kő hull apadó kútba («A Stone Drops in a Dwindling Well») from the viewpont of fatefulness and falling into sin. The novel is an outstanding work in the 20th century hungarian literature, written by István Szilágyi who lives in the present Romania, Transylvania. The main character, Ilka Szendy faces with ethical dilemmas which can be examined from newer trends of cultural studies such as xenology. This study focuses on the following questions: how does the social system and compunction distort the personality? How does Ilka Szendy become a foreigner in the milieu in which she grown up? What kind of poetical pecularities, motifs, time and place usage represents the girl’s fate in the 20th century by the author?
In the beginning of the study I explain the process how the literary historians realised the significance of this novel. This is an important issue because the history of hungarian literature and the history of hungarian literature across Hungary’s border developed differently in the 20th century – different experiences and poetical pecularities can be found in a novel. There are three different reading and canonizing strategies which outlined from the criticisms and studies: in the case of the first one, the emphasize was on the novel’s social aspects. The second one focused on the poetical aspect and structure. In the 2000s occurred the newest strategy which analyses the novel from the viewpoint of cultural studies. In this study I apply this third strategy.
With the help of close reading I try to attempt connecting the own body’s alienation and the multiplication of the main character’s (Ilka Szendy) personality with the traumas that she experienced at her young age. Several experiences preceded the fall into sin (murdering), but the narrator tells them only later in the novel. As a reader we can explore the most effectively the fall into sin and the fulfillment of destiny through the context of Ilka Szendy’s experiences, deeds, thoughts, motifs, metaphors and the secrets that lead us into the family’s past.
In the end of the study I connect Ilka Szendy’s destiny with her family’s past. The girl died beceause she rode for the fall. She knew that she could never be relesead from her guilt, she could receive absolution only by death.
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Fal’ko, S. A. "Activity of European Military-Instruction Missions in the Countries of South-Eastern Europe at the beginning of the XX century." Problems of World History, no. 13 (March 18, 2021): 24–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-13-2.
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This article studies one of the components of the history of modernization processes in the countries of South-Eastern Europe in the latter half of the 19th century – the early 20th century – military modernization.
The purpose of research is to analyze the role of foreign military assistance in formation of military forces of Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Albania and Greece. Separate directions of military assistance provided to the countries of South-Eastern Europe in the form of military missions, training of officers in Europe, arms export and other aspects are disclosed.
One of the markers of military development during the period in question was the military instructor activity of the developed European countries in the framework of military modernization of possible military allies in these countries.
The lower limit of research is the Bosnian crisis in 1908 caused by annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary. The conflict was the reason of rapid militarization of the region. Military missions from the countries of Europe began their activity in Greece, Montenegro, Turkey. Thousands of officers from Balkan army studied in military establishments of Europe. The top limit of the research is the First world war І 1914-1918. The obvious success was attained with modernization of the armed forces of allies by military missions from Germany in Turkey and from France in Romania in that time.
The work deals with the process of military modernization, i.e. the activities of military instructor missions of the leading European countries during the interwar period. The time interval of the study ranges within 1908-1918. This was the period marked by modernization of new national armies in Eastern Europe. Military missions played an important role in this complex process.
The comparison of the results of transformations provides for better understanding of the regional specifics and concrete results of this form of military modernization of armed forces during the twenty-year interwar period.
The method for comparing variations of military modernization of armies of Oriental countries occurring at the turn of the 20th centuries and reorganization of military forces of the countries of South-Eastern Europe is used. This method instantiates results, consequences, failures and success of military modernization.
The research is relevant for studying modern processes of military modernization.
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Caramelea, Ramona. "Public Examinations in Romanian Secondary Schools at the End of the 19th Century and the Beginning of the 20th Century." PLURAL. History, Culture, Society 9, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37710/plural.v9i1_3.
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The article offers an historical perspective on examination in public secondary schools at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century – a period of maximum expansion of secondary education. The first part of the article focuses on the institutionalization and formalization of examination practices, while the second one discusses the shaping of the examination as a topic, following the discourses produced by different social actors. In the second half of the 19th century, the school was perceived as an instrument for social mobility based on the meritocratic ideal and as an element of national and state building, being given the role of inoculating a national identity. Within this socio-educational context, secondary schools represent the recruitment pool of the administrative elite and ensure the acquisition of cultural capital necessary for accessing various positions, all these aspects shaping the social functions of exams. The documentary analysis based on archival sources revealed a nuanced social perspective, in which the teaching staff and the parents give new meanings to the concept of examination and design new functions for exams.
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Popescu, Daniela. "Perceptions and Misperceptions on Roma People during the First Half of the 20TH Century. A Glimpse into the Romanian Press." Review of Ecumenical Studies Sibiu 14, no. 3 (December 1, 2022): 388–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ress-2022-0114.
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Abstract History has shown a 20th century marked by political, geopolitical, social, and economic metamorphosis, especially for the European continent. Romanian’s physical borders were reshaped during the first half of this century and caught between a political, social, and ethnic whirlwind. For Roma people, the 1920s and 1930s came with substantial turmoil as their efforts to establish various forms of representation and organization were not supported by the Romanian authorities, nor by public opinion. The public discourse was dominated by prejudice, stereotypes, and amplified marginalization. The far-right’s extreme tendencies, compounded by public discourse, spread Roma stereotypes such as “the thief”, “the other”, “the diseases carrier”, “the pariah”, “the unwanted” etc., and generated the idea of “us against them” which heavily impacted the deportation process.
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McElhinney, L. M., D. A. Marston, C. M. Freuling, W. Cragg, S. Stankov, D. Lalosević, V. Lalosević, T. Müller, and A. R. Fooks. "Molecular diversity and evolutionary history of rabies virus strains circulating in the Balkans." Journal of General Virology 92, no. 9 (September 1, 2011): 2171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.032748-0.
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Molecular studies of European classical rabies viruses (RABV) have revealed a number of geographically clustered lineages. To study the diversity of Balkan RABV, partial nucleoprotein (N) gene sequences were analysed from a unique panel of isolates (n = 210), collected from various hosts between 1972 and 2006. All of the Balkan isolates grouped within the European/Middle East Lineage, with the majority most closely related to East European strains. A number of RABV from Bosnia & Herzegovina and Montenegro, collected between 1986 and 2006, grouped with the West European strains, believed to be responsible for the rabies epizootic that spread throughout Europe in the latter half of the 20th Century. In contrast, no Serbian RABV belonged to this sublineage. However, a distinct group of Serbian fox RABV provided further evidence for the southwards wildlife-mediated movement of rabies from Hungary, Romania and Serbia into Bulgaria. To determine the optimal region for evolutionary analysis, partial, full and concatenated N-gene and glycoprotein (G) gene sequences were compared. Whilst both the divergence times and evolutionary rates were similar irrespective of genomic region, the 95 % highest probability density (HPD) limits were significantly reduced for full N-gene and concatenated NG-gene sequences compared with partial gene sequences. Bayesian coalescent analysis estimated the date of the most common recent ancestor of the Balkan RABV to be 1885 (95 % HPD, 1852–1913), and skyline plots suggested an expansion of the local viral population in 1980–1990, which coincides with the observed emergence of fox rabies in the region.
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Răvdan, Geta-Violeta. "The beauty of choreographic genius – Oleg Danovski, proponent of the national ballet repertoire." Theatrical Colloquia 11, no. 2 (November 26, 2021): 82–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tco-2021-0022.
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Abstract A prominent figure in national ballet, Oleg Danovski is one of the personalities of 20th century ballet. He gave the world a vast repertoire consisting of classical, neoclassical, modern ballets, Romanian ballets, and divertimentos for operas. Despite his success with classical ballet staging that would make him famous abroad, the choreographer also turned his attention to folklore, by addressing specific local themes. Thus, through this desire to study and stylize the folk dance, he brought an important contribution to the Romanian cultivated dance, from which the image of the Romanian character dance would stem. He was devoted to the idea of Romanian ballet theater and he advocated for original music for ballet, a national repertoire and the development of the Romanian ballet school. His Romanian creations are precious pages of the history of Romanian ballet that should not be forgotten, and that have enormously contributed to the enrichment of the original choreographic repertoire.
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Iosif, Corina. "“Traditions” from Folklore Studies to Media Product and the Beginnings of Broadcasting in Romania." Acta Ethnographica Hungarica 65, no. 1 (November 11, 2020): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/022.2020.00003.
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The rhetorical logic of the discourse which is currently building the image of the junction between tradition and nation (and of the concepts thus required) is also due to processing this discourse in the media. That is to say that the connection between media communication and the political instrumentalization of traditions as a domain of national constructs has offered proper soil for shaping the political and ideological narratives based on nation. The use of some concepts, such as nation, national culture, traditions and folklore in the first decades of the 20th century, and their instrumentalization as radio products, created the premises and particularly the pattern of some specific discursive constructions regarding the nation- state. These were meant to be integrated, embraced and, especially, reproduced on a large scale. Therefore, the discourse focused on national identity – with all its constitutive elements (the state, the language, the history and traditions) – could disseminate a unique hypostasis, shaped under political control, which thus legitimated it. From 1928, the year when the first radio programs were broadcast, until directly after the 1950s, when the recording of the radio programs on magnetic tape was a common professional practice, the only documents that could be considered today are the written texts of the radio programs (conferences, educational or informative programs, political, agricultural news, etc.). Between 1925, when The Romanian Society of Radiotelephony was established, and 1948, the year when the communist regime officially came into power, Romanian radio programs broadcast discourses on a broad range of topics and for a large audience. The present study focuses on the ethnological one. We are interested in how the ethnological discourse rooted in the aforementioned time period also built a media hypostasis for addressing the entire society, and in how programs dedicated to “traditions” bear the signs of this structuring process.
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Proskuryakov, Viktor, Yuliia Bohdanova, Ihor Kopylyak, Oleksii Proskuriakov, and Ruslan Yuriichuk. "The Architectural Phenomenon of Chernivtsi of the Beginning and the mid-20th-Century: F. Fellner, G. Helmer, F. Kiesler, H. Creangă and Others." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/2/022022.
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Abstract Over the last 30 years, there has been considerable debate on the styles of modern architecture around the world and, particularly, in Ukraine. Interestingly, proponents of traditionalism seek answers in the reproduction of ornaments and facades of buildings or the imitation and interpretation of folk forms and materials engendered in past eras. Connoisseurs of the latest technologies and trends see the essence of modern architecture in open space planning, the universality of space and share common views on the overall versatility of objects, irrespective of the territory on which they are located. However, it is of the utmost importance that they also study extensively the outstanding personalities and their creative heritage, which will enable them to predict the potential ways of architectural development down the line. For many years the Department of Architectural Environment Design of Lviv Polytechnic National University has been investigating architecture through the prism of continental and world systems of culture with numerous cross-cultural similarities and differences, authenticity and borrowings and synthetic phenomena. In other words, the Department hones in on the development of conceptual ideas throughout European history and the World cultures. It should be noted that within the territorial boundaries of modern western Ukraine there are cities, which used to be the administrative centers of other countries. They developed in accordance with the dominant tendencies of the former capitals, which shifted their culture potential from the center to the periphery, mainly due to architecture. One of the brightest cities of the early 20th century was Chernivtsi. It was the administrative center of Bukovina, which belonged to the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, and later to the Kingdom of Romania. Hence, the experience of architects who worked in the city and erected many multifunctional buildings constitutes important evidence in our investigation. However, these are not the quantitative indicators of the completed building projects but rather the architects' progressive ideas highlighting a phenomenal universal feature that should be taken into consideration, which is sometimes of greater importance than merely practical optimization of complex architectural forms. The paper seeks to address three architectural phenomena associated with Chernivtsi, namely, the Viennese bureau of F. Fellner and G. Helmer, the futurist designer F. Kiesler, and the Romanian modernist H. Creangą. The criteria for selecting these personalities were their common features: the certain period of time spent in Chernivtsi, enthusiasm and desire to constantly improve architecture, the willingness to seek understanding of the spatial, formal, historical and urban contexts of architecture. The design concepts of these architects are systematically collected and analysed at the Institute of Architecture and Design in Lviv Polytechnic National University. They are developed and implemented in student research projects, as well as bachelor's and master's theses and can lay the foundation for the innovative architectural solutions in Ukraine.
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Dubitska, Tetyana. "Approaches to the review of the Khotyn Uprising in 1919 in soviet and contemporary Ukrainian historiography." Науковий вісник Чернівецького національного університету імені Юрія Федьковича. Історія 2, no. 50 (December 16, 2019): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/hj2019.50.55-63.
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The Khotyn Uprising was an event that became one of the most striking pages in the history of the region in the XX century. Considerable attention was paid to the study of the history of this issue during the Soviet period, but interpretation of the rebellion has changed several times because of the increasing influence of ideology on the research of Soviet scientists. With the proclamation of Ukraine's Independence, it became possible to objectively cover these events, which led to a process of rethinking the scientific works of Soviet researchers. The presence of different approaches in covering this issue necessitates a detailed analysis of the transformations that took place in the interpretation of the Khotyn uprising.
The article explores the specific features of the main approaches to the coverage of the Khotyn uprising in Soviet and contemporary Ukrainian scientific historical literature.
It is established that in the 20th – 40th of the XX century the Khotyn uprising was reported as a spontaneous peasant rebellion against the Romanian invaders. According to the Representatives of this approach, one of the main causes of the defeat of uprising was the absence of a Bolshevik insurgency organisation.
It is revealed that 50th of the XX century became a transitional period between the previous interpretation of the Khotyn uprising and the new coverage of events, as scientists still emphasized that the uprising was peasantry, but began to provide a significance to revolutionary elements among them.
Since the 60th of the XX century the situation is changed: ideology has become a decisive element in research of the uprising and, therefore, all events related to the uprising have been covered in according to the ideology. Thus, the Khotyn uprising is reported as prepared by the communist-led committee, had a well-planned commencement and aimed at restoring Soviet power in the Khotyn region.
It is established that with the proclamation of Ukraine's Independence in the coverage of the uprising, there are dramatic changes related to the nature and purpose of the uprising, the political orientations of its leaders, etc. In contemporary Ukrainian science, for example, the Bolshevik character of the uprising and the struggle for power of the Soviets is refuted; instead, the emphasis was made on national liberation; it was confirmed the thesis about the orientation of some of the organizers of the uprising to the Ukrainian People's Republic in Kiev. The neutrality of the UPR’s Directory is explained because of the threat of war with Romania.
Keywords: Khotyn uprising, Soviet historiography, contemporary Ukrainian historiography.
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Meinolf, Arens. "An ethnic group amidst the tensions of totalitarian demographic politics. Csangos/Hungarians in the context of Romanian-Hungarian-German relations (1944)." Erdélyi Társadalom 5, no. 2 (2007): 71–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17177/77171.88.
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According to the Munich based scholar the history of Moldovan Csangos was much more influenced by major European events, then it was earlier thought. One has to mention here their (i.e. Csangos) strictly defined frames by the two known totalitarian regimes of the 20th century. One key event of matter to Csangos from the Hungarian side was the resettlment project on the summer of 1944 that eventually failed. This clearly shows the ideological positions of both the Hungarian and Rumanian government of that time, as well as the role of Nazi Germany on the Csango issue
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Scridon, Alin Cristian. "The Religious life of Romanians in 18th-20th century Hungary, reflected in the works of researchers in the Hungarian space." Journal of Education Culture and Society 11, no. 2 (September 11, 2020): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs2020.2.422.428.
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Aim. We tend to believe that the religious life of Romanians in the diaspora – living in the proximity of the Romanian borders (we do not take into account the groups that left towards Spain, Italy, Germany, and so on at the beginning of the third millennium) - is a taboo subject. The Orthodox (Romanian) clerical elite focused less on the assiduous study of the religious life of their Romanian brothers outside the borders; in this case, in Hungary. Therefore, we have the scientific duty—but more importantly, the moral duty—to bring to light the truths that are either not known or are known in a distorted form. The road of Voniga (Giula-Giroc) that we followed during the PhD research period was a blessing from the point of view of a scientific void/niche.
Methods. In our study, we have applied two “simple” components: the archive and the specialised bibliography.
Results. The archive was largely preserved only by Elena Csobai and Emilia Martin. The respectable ladies professionally structured the archive (Romanian Orthodox Church in Hungary) and saved hundreds of research sources from the depth of history.
Conclusion. As Moisa noted (2011), the puzzling ethnographic, linguistic, cultural, and historical bulk material is without a doubt focused on the Church. The church is inextricably linked to the lives of Romanians in Hungary. Going through the tens of thousands from the mentioned fields, even superficially, there is an undeniable truth: the spirituality is present, more or less, in the writings of most of the select researchers who have worked in the scientific field for the past three decades.
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Sipos, George T. "Journeys of Political Self-Discovery: The Writings of Miyamoto Yuriko and Panait Istrati from late 1920s Soviet Russia." Human and Social Studies 7, no. 3 (October 1, 2018): 113–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hssr-2018-0029.
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Abstract This study reopens the question of the nature of political commitment and its causes during a time that drastically altered the history of the 20th century, the 1920s and 1930s. Focused largely on a body of texts produced by Japanese female writer Miyamoto Yuriko (1899-1951) who returned from a three-year long trip to the Soviet Union in late 1920s as a convinced communist, the study offers a comparison with communism renunciation writings produced by leftist Romanian French writer Panait Istrati (1894-1935), as well as other communist and fellow travelers who experienced the same Soviet realities as Miyamoto but with opposite outcomes, such as French writer André Gide (1869-1951). What made those members of the intelligentsia so passionately embrace or renounce certain political ideologies that ultimately changed the face of modern history?
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Ignat, Anca, and Alexandru M. Călin. "Of “You” and “Thou,” Lips and Pilgrims in the Translation of Romeo and Juliet’s “Shared Sonnet”: A Hands-On Perspective." American, British and Canadian Studies 32, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/abcsj-2019-0003.
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Abstract It is not a recent discovery in the field of language history that the address pronouns thou and you were not, in Shakespeare’s time, used indiscriminately. If the speaker did have a choice between the two forms, that choice was by no means random, idiosyncratic or arbitrary, but always dictated by the social, relational or attitudinal context of a speech act. Nonetheless, all 20th-century Romanian translations of Romeo and Juliet (and of other Shakespearean plays) – from Haralamb Leca’s rather loose rendering (1907) to Ștefan-Octavian Iosif’s and to Virgil Teodorescu’s more refined versions (1940 and 1984, respectively) – seem to ignore the difference in associative meaning between the two forms, which is sometimes essential for a correct assessment of the relationships between characters. The latest Romanian translation of the play, which we have jointly submitted for publication within the Shakespeare for the Third Millennium project (William Shakespeare. Opere XIII, 2018) acknowledges the importance of the various associative meanings that the two pronouns carry and strives to restore these meanings to the text, though not without difficulty, given the rather restrictive form of the original, i.e. iambic pentameters, often with strict rhyme schemes. Thus, focusing on the well-known “shared sonnet” as one of the most relevant instances of pronoun alternation in the play, our paper discusses the uses of you and thou in Early Modern English and sets out to assess how much is lost in 20th-century translations, to show how our own translation restores the associative meanings of the two pronominal forms and finally to exemplify how we managed to overcome translation difficulties entailed by the metrical and stylistic demands of the text.
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Kwoka, Tomasz. "Dzieje i pochodzenie zapożyczeń słownictwa z zakresu życia społecznego w Serbii i Czarnogórze do początku XX wieku." Slavia Meridionalis 10 (August 31, 2015): 185–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2010.014.
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History and origin of language borrowings in social vocabulary of Serbia and Montenegro to the beginnings of 20th centuryThe article presents the main sources of language borrowings which developed the Serbian vocabulary within the scope of broadly defined social relationships and encompasses the period of time from the main sources of language borrowings till the beginnings of the 20th century. First of all the form of addressing family leaders and the most important family structures, the form of addressing of political, military and church leaders, the nomenclature of social layers’ members, officers as well as administration units have been included in the social vocabulary. Except the example of ways such borrowings were included into the Serbian language the article also presents history and politics background and socio-cultural conditioning in which the contacts and inter-language meetings took place. Some medieval borrowings from roman languages (Latin, Dalmatian dialects, and then Romanian) and Greek-Byzantine, and Turkish have been presented. We have tried to describe a wide stream of Turkish influence (with limited Italian and Albanian influence. Later periods were characterized by: German, Hungarian, Russian and later French. The work constitutes sort of supplement to the article of P. Ivić (Domaći i strani elementi u terminologiјi društvenog, ekonomskog i pravnog života u srednjovekovnoј Srbiјi as well as Razvoј terminologiјe u јeziku srednjovekovnikh Srba) which describes the influence of examined lexemes on social lexis, the ways of their adaptation and geography in the Serbian language area including especially history as well as socio-political background.
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Cherciu, Ion. "Fondul iconografic al Atlasului Etnografic Român." Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei 33 (December 20, 2019): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47802/amet.2019.33.10.
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In this work, the author analyses, from the perspective of the history of the Romanian folk costume and of the Court costume, a photograph from the Collection of the anthropologist Francisc Rainer, entered in the Iconographic Collection of the Romanian Ethnographic Atlas. The clothing of the group of peasants from Câmpulung Muscel ethnographic area reveals an archaic phase of the folk costume in this part of Țara Românească province and the influence of the costume worn at the princely courts from the 15th-17th centuries on peasant clothing; we can notice the simplicity of the skirts decoration, the cut of the traditional blouse of Carpathian type with a wide embroidery on the top of the sleeves; and, related to head covering, the adoption of the hat specific to the ruling classes clothing. It is worth mentioning that, in the folk costume outside the Carpathian Arch, Muscel area was the only one that kept, until the beginning of the 20th century, the hat as an accessory in women's celebration outfit.
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Dobrzhanskyi, Oleksandr. "Leaders of the Ukrainian movement in Bukovyna. comparison of ideological beliefs and activities of S. Smal-Stotskyi and M. Wasylko." Scientific Papers of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. History 33 (October 7, 2021): 164–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-2254.2021-33.164-178.
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Purpose and objectives of research – to analyze the ideological beliefs, methods of political activity and relations of leaders of the Ukrainian national movement in Bukovyna in the early 20th century S. Smal-Stotskyi and M. Wasylko, has been made. Methodological basis of the study is made by prosopographic approaches to the study of the past as the history of individuals who have their own individual qualities and interact with the environment. Scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time at the scientific level, a comparison of the life path, ideological beliefs and activities of two prominent figures of the Ukrainian national movement in Bukovyna in the early 20th century, S. Smal-Stotskyi and M. Wasylko, has been made. Conclusions. The conducted research makes it possible to unquestioningly state that S. Smal-Stotskyi and M. Wasylko were people of different social and cultural origins. Both of them had a good education and spoke several foreign languages. Their ideological and national beliefs were also formed in different ways. If S. Smal-Stotskyi already showed a high level of national consciousness and a desire to protect the interests of Ukrainians while studying at the gymnasium, then M. Wasylko, who initially had a Romanian-German upbringing, could not decide for a long time which camp he should join. He had the opportunity to take an active part in both the Romanian and Ukrainian movement. In the end, under the influence of certain circumstances, the choice was made in favour of the Ukrainian one. Both politicians had done a lot to unite Ukrainians and turn the Ukrainian movement into a powerful political force. However, S. Smal-Stotskyi pinned more hopes on democratic forces, attracting broad segments of the population to the movement, and mass actions to solve na- tional issues. While M. Wasylko considered it appropriate to search for levers of influence through power structures, conclude various behind-the-scenes agreements with individual political forces to solve the pressing problems of the Ukrainian movement. During 1902-1912, both politicians acted smoothly, complementing each other and strengthening the Ukrainian movement. But at a certain stage, they became cramped in one political force, each of them wanted to be the sole leader. This inevitably led to a conflict that naturally occurred in 1912 and led to a split in the Ukrainian movement. After that, the political forces led by S. Smal-Stotskyi and M. Wasylko actively fought each other, which weakened the Ukrainians as a whole. Before World War I, mutual understanding had never come. In the future, they did not contact each other. Nevertheless, the contribution of both politicians to the development of the Ukrainian movement cannot be overestimated. They are deservedly considered the most influential leaders of the Ukrainian national movement in Bukovyna in the early 20th century.
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Stănescu, Mihai. "From Daguerreotype to Autochrome: An Incursion in European, Colonial and Romanian Pharmaceutical and Medical Photography." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia 66, no. 1 (February 2022): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhist.2021.1.08.
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"Pharmacists have the ability to be chemists and that is the reason they possess the knowledge to make photographs. For that purpose, especially in the 19th century, some pharmacists were photographers, so the two professions are related to a certain extent. The daguerreotype was an invention that was brought to the attention of the public in the summer of 1839 in Paris by Louis Daguerre. Although it was a French invention, it enjoyed a huge success in the United States, and for that purpose the most numerous daguerreotypes derive from the American continent. Some daguerreotypes from the pharmaceutical and medical domain will be presented in this work: a picture of the pharmacist Martin (Gamas), of the physician Charles Abadie and of the physician Gustave Adolphe Raichon. The description of the daguerreotypes will include some other particular examples of empirical restoration from the collection of the author. Another type of photography, important for the history of photography, is the autochrome, one of the first colour photographic process available to the public. It was invented by the Lumière brothers. An example of medical photography from colonial France (Morocco), portraying a case of leprosy, will be presented as well. In the end, some examples from the European and Romanian photography will illustrate the role of the pharmacy and of the pharmacist in the 19th century-early 20th century, as a snapshot of the health professional of that period. In conclusion, the picture speaks for itself and somehow, it can be a vivid time machine for the reconstruction of the past, not only in the fields of pharmacy and medicine, but in any other field as well. Keywords: Daguerreotype, autochrome, pharmacy, medicine, old photography, photography collection. "
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Berindei, Cosmina-Maria. "Elemente de arhitectură tradițională într-un fond documentar inedit: răspunsurile la Chestionarul II Casa al Muzeului Limbii Române." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia Artium 66, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 43–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhistart.2021.03.
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"Elements of Traditional Architecture in a Unique Documentary Fund: The Replies to The Romanian Language Museum’s 2nd Questionnaire. The House. The present paper’s aim is to demonstrate the scientific importance of the traditional architecture elements preserved in the documentary fund created during the inter-war period at the Romanian Language Museum; the fund is the result of the indirect linguistic survey led by Sextil Pușcariu. The survey included eight thematic questionnaires, the second of which – called The House – recorded the entire vocabulary and knowledge about the culture of building and housing. As the most complex, the 2nd Questionnaire. The House had 489 questions, from the general ones regarding social aspects of housing, to the most detailed ones about the choosing of the site and a minute description of each of the building stages and techniques used by the community. Tributary to „Wörter und Sachen” („Words and Things”) German methodology at the beginning of the 20th century, which claimed that the study of words – to establish their etymology and history – should be done in close connection to the study of artefacts and their cultural lives, Sextil Pușcariu encouraged the correspondents to the Museum’s surveys to illustrate their replies, offering, thus not only linguistic information, but also drawings, no matter how primitive. The 439 replies to the 2nd Questionnaire. The House coming from all the Romania’s regions after Great Union gathered graphical representations of the housing which were and are at the same time ethnographical proof from the beginning of the 20th century, unique through their genuine expressiveness. Thus, the manuscripts include over 2500 graphical representations among which numerous well-done drawings illustrating the most spread house type in the village, but also gates or wells. At the same time, certain drawings minutely show techniques of vernacular construction, systems used for the closing of doors and windows, or whole traditional households with all their elements, from the main buildings to the outbuildings, fences, gates, fountains, fodder storehouses or livestock. This paper demonstrates these unique documents’ importance to the understanding of the housing universe and rural architecture during the inter-war period, emphasizing their value as a useful resource for the contemporary specialists from various domains, from linguists – for whom the documentary fund was created – to anthropologists and ethnographers, but also to specialists from landscape architecture, creative industry or engineering focused on the knowledge of traditional building techniques. Keywords: living culture; traditional architecture; Romanian Language Museum; linguistic inquiry. "
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Gribincea, Alexandru. "An Overview of the Further Demographic Situation and Economy in 2035." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 37-38 (December 12, 2018): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2018.37-38.80-87.
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The study of the situation in Europe and other countries in the context of demographic evolution, the forecast of economic development has shown that the population, structural migration and economies are closely correlated. The population and economy in the EU in the near future will undergo dramatic changes. In some developed, industrialized countries, the population grows slowly or stagnates, while in economically poor economies, birth rates are accelerating, and as healthcare increases, it will lead to a demographic explosion. In recent years, the EU population has grown by 507 million, with a projected increase of 5% by 2050, reaching a maximum of 526 million, after which it will decrease to 523 million in 2060 yr. In about half of the EU countries, despite the population growth trend, the total population will diminish. This trend refers to Bulgaria, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Spain, Croatia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia and Slovakia. In total, decline of population in Eastern European countries is linked to a number of factors. First is the reduction of the socio-economic level of the population, increasing labor migration to countries with advanced living standards. In these countries, as a rule, the standard of living, social and medical assistance, social protection is reduced. At the same time, world community is going through a difficult time. A deep and prolonged recession that followed the global financial crisis has changed with the slow recovery of employment.
Never in the history of mankind, the growth rate of the world population was not as large as in the second half of the 20th and early 21st century. Between 1960 and 1999, the population of the planet doubled (from 3 to 6 billion people), and in 2007 - 6.6 billion people. Although the average annual growth rate of the world's population declined from 2.2% in the early 1960s to 1.5% in the early 2000's absolute annual growth increased from 53 million to 80 million people. Demographic changes from traditional (high fertility - high mortality - low natural growth) to the modern reproductive population (low fertility - low mortality - low population growth) ended in developed countries in the first decade of the 20th century, and most of the transition economies - in middle of last century. At the same time, in the 1950s and 1960s, the demographic transition began in several countries and regions of the rest of the world and begin to the end only in Latin America, East Asia and Southeast Asia and continuing in East Asia, Africa Sub-Saharan Africa from the Sahara to the Middle East. Rapid population growth compared with the indicators of socio-economic development in these regions leads to aggravation of problems related to employment, poverty, food, land, low education and health risks.
Keywords: workforce, aging population, birth rate, living standards and life expectancy, inflation, unemployment and technical and scientific progress