Journal articles on the topic 'Romance languages – Grammar, Comparative – Latin'
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1
Paliga, Sorin. "Romanian definite article revisited." Linguistica 39, no. 1 (December 1, 1999): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.39.1.71-82.
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I shall attempt to resume a long, almost endless discussion: the origin of the Romanian definite article. Any grammar of Romanian or any comparative grammar the Romance languages (e. g. Tagliavini 1977) always observes that Romanian, an iso lated case in the Romance family, has an agglutinated definite article. The typology is not indeed rare: Bulgarian, Albanian, Armenian, Basque and Swedish witness the same mechanism. We cannot approach the topic by analysing all these languages, yet a comparative analysis would be finally useful. In our case, it is obvious that Romanian cannot be isolated from Albanian and Bulgarian. A potential solution must explain the situation in ALL these three "Balkanic" languages, even if Romanian is not Balkanic stricto sensu1. The paper shall focus on the deep roots of the Romanian and Albanian definite arti cle, its typological relations with other linguistic areas, and shall attempt to explain this isolated situation in the field of Romance linguistics. For sure, the Romanian definite article mainly reflects the Latin heritage. Nevertheless, by saying only this, the tableau is not complete: some forms are not Latin but Pre-Latin, Thracian. This paper will try to substantiate this assertion.
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Wolfe, Sam. "A comparative perspective on the evolution of Romance clausal structure." Diachronica 33, no. 4 (December 19, 2016): 461–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.33.4.02wol.
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This article presents a comparative analysis of the diachronic evolution of Romance clausal structure from Classical Latin through to the late medieval period, with particular reference to the Verb Second (V2) property. In the medieval period three distinct diachronic stages can be identified as regards V2: a C-VSO stage attested in Old Sardinian, a ‘relaxed’ V2 stage across Early Medieval Romance and maintained into 13th and 14th century Occitan and Sicilian, and a ‘strict’ V2 stage attested in 13th and 14th century French, Spanish and Venetian. The C-VSO grammar found in Old Sardinian is a retention of the syntactic system attested in late Latin textual records, itself an innovation on an ‘incipient V2’ stage found in Classical Latin, where V-to-C movement and XP-fronting receive a pragmatically or syntactically marked interpretation.
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Doboș, Daniela. "The First Major Grammars of English and Romanian: A Comparative Approach." Linguaculture 11, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/lincu-2020-2-0171.
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If the history of the English language is the story of its written texts, the same holds true for the history of the Romanian language, and in both cases the first grammars played a major part in the shaping up of the respective vernaculars. The paper proposes a comparative approach to the beginnings of codified grammars in English and Romanian, with a focus on those that are deemed to be the first major works– Robert Lowth’s A Short Introduction to English Grammar (1762) and Samuil Micu and Gheorghe Şincai’s Elementa linguae daco-romanae sive valachicae (1780). This approach considers topics such as why grammars might have been desirable in the eighteenth century (the political factor), and the functions of ‘grammars’, which are relevant in both cases; what language was actually codified, as well as the role of Latin in this enterprise, since it is worth noting that while English and Romanian belong in different language families, Latin was a formative element in both, ever since the territories of the two respective countries marked the North-Western and South-Eastern borders of the Roman Empire.
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Posner, Rebecca. "Sir George Cornewall Lewis." Historiographia Linguistica 17, no. 3 (January 1, 1990): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.17.3.05pos.
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Summary George Cornewall Lewis (1806–1863) was a Liberal statesman who attained high office, but whose interest in the ‘new philology’ was maintained throughout his life, although he also wrote extensively on politics and history. His most interesting philological work is an Essay on the For- mation of the Romance Languages (1835) which predates the more famous 4-volume Grammar, by Friedrich Diez (1794–1876), which appeared during 1836–1844, and which advances the hypothesis that a creolization process was responsible for the change of Latin to Romance, rejecting as unsubstantiated Diez’s suggestion that a popular Latin was at the origin of the Romance languages. Lewis’s work on Romance is placed in the context of the development of the study of modern languages at Oxford University, and of the ‘new philology’ which was gaining ground in intellectual circles in 19th-century Britain.
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Kossarik, Marina. "The Program of the Academic Discipline “Comparative Grammar of Romance Languages”." Stephanos Peer reviewed multilanguage scientific journal 44, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 226–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24249/2309-9917-2020-44-6-226-240.
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Alconchel, José Luis Girón. "Nebrija y las gramáticas del español en el siglo de oro." Historiographia Linguistica 22, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1995): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.22.1-2.02alc.
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Summary This article is intended as a contribution to the history of Spanish grammar of the 16th and 17th centures. It has two parts. In the first the author places grammar studies within the framework of Spanish linguistics of the Renaissance; in the second, he delineates their evolution with reference to Latin grammar and the teaching Spanish as a foreign language. It is well known that nationalism and the intention to establish the literary foundations of the language are the most important agents of grammatical studies during the Renaissance; yet, attention must also be paid to the rupture of medieval Latin-Romance bilingualism, to the new intellectual paradigm in which rhetorics substitutes for syllogism, and to the influence of Erasmus. The grammar of the troubadours and Latin grammar – medieval and humanist – evoke an interest in developing grammars of Romance languages; it made the appearance of Nebrija possible. In his grammar of Spanish we may stress its capacity to be a grammar for foreigners and the value of this document for the history of Spanish. Spanish grammar writing of the 16th century is dominated by Nebrija; is strong presence is evident with the critical reception Villalon and Valdes give to his work. In the 17th century the work of Sanctius initiates a rationalism which favours pedagogical methodology and linguistic nationalism. Jimenez Paton, Correas and Caramuel are the most important authors of that period. With an exemplary linguistic realism Correas applies Sanctius’ theory of the elipsis to Spanish, and he recognizes the singularity of Spanish grammar in contrast to that of Latin. The grammars written for foreigners in the 17th century are at the height of inductive methodology.
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Manoliu, Maria M. "Changing Culture Changing Grammar." Tense and Aspect 12 (December 31, 1998): 103–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.12.07man.
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Abstract. It has been often emphasized that, in Romance, the category of aspect has become subordinated to the category of tense and that the development of compound and double-compound forms was due to the necessity of recreating the opposition between perfectum and infectum, an opposition which dominated the Latin temporal system on the whole. As far as we know, there is no satisfactory explanation for this phenomenon. According to our hypothesis, the cyclic bleaching of the 'resultative value' is a consequence of a fundamental change in parameters affecting various categories such as gender, case, voice and tense. More specifically, the resultative value of compound tenses must have been in competition with the values of the newly created plain passive, which was also result-centered (as opposed to the agent-centered active and event-centered middle/reflexive). By turn, these changes in the voice paradigm were triggered by the reinterpretation of the inherent feature [+Passive] characterizing Latin neuter nouns as a contextual feature. Since the verb assigns various roles to its arguments, it is no wonder that the combination of 'topicality' with a 'passive role' will affect the entire sentential structure, including the verb markers. But if both the plain passive and the compound past are result-centered, the corresponding active forms may become first and foremost tense markers, with special pragmatic and narrative values as required by the discourse necessities of the predominantly oral registers that developed into Romance languages.
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Olbertz, Hella. "The Perfect in (Brazilian) Portuguese: A Functional Discourse Grammar View." Open Linguistics 4, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 478–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2018-0024.
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AbstractIn most Germanic and Romance languages the present perfect has developed from a resultative meaning via an anterior into absolute past. In Functional Discourse Grammar terms this corresponds to the grammaticalization of a phasal aspectual operator at the layer of the Configurational Property, via a relative tense operator at the layer of the State-of-Affairs, into an absolute tense operator at the layer of the Episode. This is what happened in Romance languages, such as French and Italian, while Peninsular Spanish is developing in the same direction, without as yet having fully reached the absolute past stage. The Portuguese present perfect, however, is different as it does not express resultative aspect, relative past or absolute past meaning but rather the iteration or continuity of an event from some past moment onward until after the moment of speaking. A further idiosyncrasy of the perfect in Portuguese is that the auxiliary is based on Latin tenere rather than habere, as is the case in the other Romance languages. This paper describes the semantic and the morphosyntactic aspects of the grammaticalization of the (Brazilian) Portuguese perfect in diachrony and synchrony. It turns out that (i) the medieval habere-based Portuguese present perfect becomes obsolete and the past perfect develops into a relative past, (ii) the post-medieval tenere-based past perfect turns into a relative past as well, whereas (iii) the tenere-based present perfect undergoes semantic specialization in the course of the 20th century. This paper shows how these facts can be accounted for within the Functional Discourse Grammar approach to the grammaticalization of aspect and tense.
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Ranchhod, Elisabete, and Michele De Gioia. "Comparative Romance Syntax. Frozen Adverbs in Italian and in Portuguese." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 33–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.20.1.04ran.
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The Lexicon-Grammar of frozen adverbs of comparison has been established for French (M. Gross 1984b), Portuguese (Marques Ranchhod 1990, 1991) and Italian (De Gioia 1994a) in a monolingual perspective. The systematic character of such descriptions allowed us to make an explicit comparison between Italian and Portuguese. The observations we made outlined, on the one hand, that the syntactic properties of these forms are analogous to those of free comparatives, and, on the other hand, that they are largely similar among the Romance languages involved.
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Neto, Natival Simões, and Mário Eduardo Viaro. "Investigação histórica do sufixo -eir- na nomeação de vegetais em língua portuguesa." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 66, no. 4 (December 17, 2021): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2021.4.08.
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A Historical Investigation of the Suffix -eir- for the Naming of Plants in the Portuguese Language. The Latin suffix -ari-, used as a creator of adjectives, developed several meanings during the period of spoken late Latin, as well as in the formation of the Romance languages. One of those meanings, present in the Portuguese suffix -eiro/ -eira, is associated with tree names, based on the name of the corresponding fruit. Quite productive in current modern Portuguese, that suffix was always linked to the denomination of plants in general, some of them not necessarily related to edible fruits or even to fruits. Similarities are found between the Portuguese derivations and other Romance languages. In this text, those similarities were investigated from a historical-comparative point of view. The high convergence in the western Romance languages can be motivated both by a common Latin heritage as by further loanwords, however during the European expansion in the sixteenth century, new plant names were known from the New World and their naming was based on words derived by the same suffix. Keywords: suffixation, Romance linguistics, botanical popular naming, historical morphology, morphological productivity.
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Henríquez Salido, María do Carmo. "Nomes sufixados em -(t)óri(o), -óri(o), -tóri(a) e adjetivos sufixados em –óri(o/a) no vocabulário jurídico do Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea da Academia das Ciências de Lisboa." Revista Portuguesa de Humanidades 26, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17990/rph/2022_26_1_163.
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This article presents some technical notes on the structure of the Dictionary, a brief information on the derivational grammar of Portuguese and Spanish, two Romance languages born from Latin, based on the etymology of the lexical units, the bases that compose them, the construction of nouns and adjectives with the suffixes –(t)óri(o), -óri(o), -(t)óri(a), -tóri(o/a), an exemplary repertoire of the legal denotative area, conclusion. An Annex is attached to the References, as a synthetic vocabulary.
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Maiden, Martin. "Latin fieri and the Romance verb ‘to be’. Thoughts on the problem of “standard language bias” in historical reconstruction." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 138, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 317–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2022-0016.
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Abstract This study examines the history of reflexes of Latin fieri ‘become’ in Romance, focusing particularly on Romanian, where this verb provides the subjunctive and some other forms of the verb ‘be’. Contrary to general assumptions, I offer comparative-historical evidence from other Daco-Romance varieties and from other branches of Romance that, in the earliest Daco-Romance, fieri had a different paradigmatic distribution from that of modern Romanian, and that most (conceivably all) forms of the subjunctive of this verb are in origin present indicative forms, which probably still conserved into early Daco-Romance the meaning ‘to become’. I argue that these findings demonstrate how our understanding of the mechanisms of language change is liable to be distorted by a “standard language bias” whereby, in the process of linguistic reconstruction, structures most familiar to us from the standard languages are tacitly or explicitly assumed to be ‘basic’ and ‘normal’. In illustration of this claim I will also sketch some other examples from Romance languages of the undesirable effects of such bias, showing how it can lead to misunderstandings of the history of the standard languages themselves, as well as of the history of their cognate varieties.
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Ranchhod, Elisabete. "Les Vsup Issus du Latin Esse et Stare Dans les Langues Romanes." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 19, no. 2 (January 1, 1995): 265–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.19.2.04ran.
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The aim of this paper is to outline a comparative study of the argument structure of verbs issued from latin esse and stare in the main Romance languages (¥x.\être\ It.: essere/stare; Pt. and Sp. : ser/estar). The complexity of the lexical and syntactic phenomena involved indicates that a systematic determination of the equivalence classes of those verbs as well as the study of the verbs that can operate on them has to be achieved in order to clarify linguistic facts, and to organize the data of the various languages on a formal basis.
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Montero Curiel, Pilar. "Aportaciones a la historia del género ambiguo en español: a propósito del sustantivo deverbal tizne." Anuario de Letras. Lingüística y Filología 9, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 133–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19130/iifl.adel.2021.1.00285.
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The New Grammar of the Spanish Language (2009) defines ambiguous nouns in terms of gender as those that refer to the same inanimate entity, both male and female, «but do not usually designate sexed beings». Some can be analyzed as late developments, after the restructuring of gender that followed the loss of neutral and casual flexion, together with verbs roots that show similar vacillations to those originated after the evolutionary processes that emerged in the transition from Latin into Romance languages. Among them we find the case of the word tizne, whose variations throughout the history of the Spanish language will be the fundamental object of the present study.
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Saenko, Mikhail. "On the precision of semantic reconstruction of proto-language lexis: The Latin Swadesh list put to test as an example." Slavic and Balkan Linguistics, no. 3 (2019): 296–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2658-3372.2019.3.9.
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Only applying data from the Romance languages, the author carries out a linguistic experiment in an attempt to reconstruct the Proto-Romance 110-word list of basic lexis. The received data are then compared with attested Latin forms. Cases where the reconstruction doesn’t correspond to the reality are brought to light, while the reasons behind it are explained. The results of the research can be most useful for lexicostatistics, where reconstructed Swadesh lists are widely applied, but at the same time they are valuable for the methodology of comparative linguistics on the whole.
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A. Gaeng, Paul. "The extent to which inscriptional evidence may serve as a source of "vulgar," i.e. spoken Latin." Linguistica 32, no. 2 (December 1, 1992): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.32.2.19-29.
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"Itis incumbent on Romance scholars to analyze and interpret their exceptionally full stock of linguistic material, using all methods of study at their disposal, working both backward and forward in time. Only thus will Romance linguistics be enabled to do what others expect of it: to serve not only as an end in itself but as a model and training-ground for workers in all fields of historical linguistics." Thus wrote the American scholar, Robert A. Hall, jr. some forty years ago in an essay on the recon struction of Proto-Romance. 1 Indeed, the researcher into the history of the Romance languages is faced with, on the one hand, the schemes of reconstruction (essentially based on the principles of the historical comparative method) and the often puzzling testimonies of reality found in the sources. Put in other terms, he has the choice of working with an abstract system represented by starred Latin forms that do not belong to any real language or the reality of the mass of postclassical written records that have come down to us to be analyzed and sifted through with a view to discovering evidences of trends toward Romance in phonology, morpho-syntax, and vocabulary. And while there are, no doubt, materials whose meaning in terms of future evolution of the Romance languages is difficult, if not impossible to discover, there is an abun dance of those that prelude the future. It is the attention to the future that, I believe, can give reality and life to the large number of forms collected from inscriptions, late writers, and other sources of so-called "Vulgar", i. e. non-literary Latin.
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Blas Arroyo, José Luis. "At the boundaries of linguistic convergence: Variation in presentational haber / haver-hi." Languages in Contrast 18, no. 1 (February 22, 2018): 35–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.00003.bla.
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Abstract In this paper, we focus on an eventual convergence outcome (the pluralization of presentational haber/haver-hi) in the grammar of two Romance languages, Spanish and Catalan, which have been living side-by-side for centuries in Eastern Spain. Taking into account the sociolinguistic comparative method and on the basis of several representative corpora of the two languages in contact, the data from this research offer evidence that points to a notable congruence between the underlying grammars of both languages, which would, at least partially, account for a similar diffusion of these vernacular pluralizations. Moreover, some of the few cases of disagreement found can be explained on the basis of both internal (such as the existence of points of structural conflict in some verbal paradigms) and external factors (such as hypercorrection), which certain social groups particularly sensitive to normative pressure are more receptive to.
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Moroianu, Cristian. "Connexions interlinguistiques reflétées de manière lexicographique. Regard comparatif : roumain, italien et français." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 65, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 281–281. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2020.4.17.
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"Interlanguage Connections Reflected Lexicographically. A Comparative Study of Romanian, Italian and French. The present article focuses on the concept of etymological word family and the way in which it is reflected in three Romance languages – Romanian, Italian and French – by comparing the historical and cultural journey of one single Latin etymon. I have turned my attention to the Latin verb currere and its family, which have been inherited or borrowed in the three languages under discussion. Analysing the way in which these words are presented in the representative etymological and historical dictionaries (DELR for Romanian, DHLF for French and VLI for Italian), the productivity of the main etymon and its family and, implicitly, the underlying Latin model are discussed. The analysis emphasises both the situation from each individual language, and the inter-linguistic reality, making reference to the cultural contacts existing between the three languages and societies. Starting from an individual case, the main purpose of this study is to show the hereditary and cultural unity of Romanian, Italian and French and the way it has been reflected diachronically via linguistic means. Keywords: etymological word family, borrowing, inherited word, analogy, lexical derivation."
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Ma¡czak, Witold. "développement phonétique irrégulier dû à la fréquence." Travaux neuchâtelois de linguistique, no. 34-35 (October 1, 2001): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/tranel.2001.2544.
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Until now, irregular sound change due to frequency (first mentioned as early as 1846 by Diez, the founder of the comparative grammar of the Romance languages) has been considered as something sporadic, affecting only the vocabulary, whereas, to the present writer’s mind, irregular sound change due to frequency, which concerns also reductions in morphemes, especially in inflectional ones (which are even more frequently used than words), is the third essential factor of linguistic evolution, in addition to regular sound change and analogical development: in any text of any language, more or less one third of the words show an irregular sound change due to frequency.
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Carlier, Anne, and Béatrice Lamiroy. "The emergence of the grammatical paradigm of nominal determiners in French and in Romance: Comparative and diachronic perspectives." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 63, no. 2 (January 25, 2018): 141–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2017.43.
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AbstractThis article is devoted to the emergence of a new paradigm in French and Romance: that of nominal determiners. Latin had no articles, and although possessives, demonstratives and indefinites could determine the noun, they could also be used as pronouns or adjectives, so that the morpho-syntactic category of nominal determiners did not exist as such. We first examine the diachronic evolution of French, where a far-reaching grammaticalization process took place. Syntagmatically, all determiners end up in the NP-initial position as the only available syntactic slot, contributing to the highly configurational NP pattern characteristic of Modern French. From a paradigmatic viewpoint, determiners no longer correspond to a syntactic function, but to a separate morpho-syntactic category. We also evaluate to what extent this evolution took place in two other Romance languages, Italian and Spanish. Through the analysis of this particular evolution, based on parallel corpora consisting of a Latin text and its translations in Old, Middle, and Modern French on the one hand, and in Spanish and Italian on the other, our study also provides evidence for more general mechanisms, analogy in particular, at work in the creation of new paradigms.
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Pultrová, Lucie. "Periphrastic comparison in Latin." Journal of Latin Linguistics 17, no. 1 (June 26, 2018): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joll-2018-0004.
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Abstract Comparison of adjectives (and adverbs) is a grammatical category that has passed practically unremarked upon by generations of Latin linguists. Latin grammar books (with few exceptions, cf. Kühner and Stegmann, 1955: 565–566The Oxford Latin syntax. Volume I: The simple clause, 47. Oxford: Oxford University Press) omit entirely the question of which adjectives can be compared and which cannot. Nevertheless, the data from modern languages show that the category of comparison of adjectives (and adverbs) is actually highly limited, making it essential to address this question for Latin, too. One of the issues comprehended within the extremely complex area of (non-)gradability of adjectives is periphrastic comparison. Latin grammar books explain, based on the assertions of ancient Latin grammarians, that it applies to adjectives ending in -eus, -ius and -uus, implying, or even explicitly stating, that the reason for this type of comparison is phonetic incompatibility of the word-formative suffix with the comparative suffix. However, two facts call for reinterpretation of the matter: (i) periphrastic comparison also occurs in other adjectives for which there is no phonetic incompatibility; (ii) by contrast, some adjectives in -eus, -ius and -uus actually do have simple forms. In the light of these facts, this paper aims to map the real situation of periphrastic comparison in Latin. The employed corpus comprises all the words marked as adjectives in the Oxford Latin Dictionary (more than 10,000 items) and all their occurrences throughout the database Bibliotheca Teubneriana Latina III.
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Martin, Txuss, Ioanna Sitaridou, and Wolfram Hinzen. "Correlations between Case and the D-system and the interpretability of Case." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 238–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.10.2.6252.
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A correlation between articles and Case has long been noted based on diachronic evidence. Beyond articles, evidence supports that this correlation extends further to clitics and the determiner system (the D-system) at large. The D-system in turn supports referential functions in grammar and is closely correlated to Person. The aim of the present article is to link support for these facts to the broader foundational question and independent recent theories of the function of Case as governing referential meaning in grammar at the level of clauses. This link is supported by specific evidence from the use of Accusative and Partitive clitics in Romance, which play the same roles strong Accusative vs. weak Partitive Case play in Finnish, which lacks articles, and similar patterns in languages such as Turkish, Russian, and Latin. Case therefore arguably determines the referential function of (pro-) nominals as part of event structures, whether synthetically or else analytically via the left periphery of the NP. This explains the historical links between Case and the D-system, which we further argue evidence from Greek has been incorrectly argued to contravene.
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Bereza, Liudmyla, and Liudmyla Tkachenko. "Completeness of action in the Russian and German languages: comparative analysis." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 13, no. 23 (2020): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2020-13-23-140-150.
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The aim of this research will be to conduct a comparative study of the category of aspectuality; that implies defining and analysing the whole complex of general and distinctive properties, characteristic of the languages under consideration, that is, Russian and German, revised in the comparative aspect. The research methods include descriptive method, distributive and introspective analyses. The authors indicate that today contrastive studies are especially relevant to identify common and distinctive features in systems of different languages. It is noted that actional and aspectual semantics, as well as the means of its expression, have become objects of study by linguists at the beginning of the 20th century. Attention is drawn to the actual domestic and foreign significant research in the field of aspectology of genetically unrelated languages, as well as languages that are in a distant genetic relationship. The form and tense of a verb are characteristics of temporality, since, for example, in the Slavic languages, the form organizes and determines temporal relationships. In contrast to the Slavic languages, in the Romance and Germanic languages, species relations are structured on the basis of temporal forms. The comparative approach to the study of time and species in languages belonging to different groups makes it possible to better understand the specifics of species-temporal relations. It is pointed out that the grammatical category of the species as a binary category is represented only in some languages. The need to distinguish between species as a grammatical category inherent in the Slavic languages and as a broad functional and semantic category that exists in all languages is emphasized, since it represents the entire complex of linguistic means that express the nature of the course of action. In the process of analyzing some texts, it was concluded that the absence of a grammatical category of the species in the German language does not indicate the absence of a corresponding concept. During the research, the authors came to the conclusion, that when studying the verb tense, it is necessary to take into account several other factors, apart from the verb forms: the context, the lexical, lexical-grammatical, grammatical and syntactic components, considered within the framework of their interaction in speech, since the functional-semantic field includes interacting means, united by the common function of expressing the semantic attribute of aspectuality, namely, grammar, lexical-grammatical and lexical means.
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Zuloaga, Margarita Borreguero, and Francisco Javier Herrero Ruiz de Loizaga. "La gramaticalización del lat. tota via en español y en italiano: valores temporales y adversativos." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 135, no. 4 (November 12, 2019): 1007–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2019-0059.
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Abstract The process of grammaticalization of Italian tuttavia and Spanish todavia, from Latin tota via, is an interesting case study because both adverbs converge and diverge at different points along the history of Italian and Spanish. Both adverbs inherited the temporal values of late Latin tota via (‘always’) and developed adversative values when reanalysed as connectives in some contexts where contemporary events could be reinterpreted as opposing one to another, However, It. tuttavia went further down this path of grammaticalization and lost its temporal values, while Sp. todavía, due probably to the emergence of new adversative connectives in the 17th century such as sin embargo and no obstante, abandoned the adversative uses in the 18th century and consolidated the phasal temporal value developed since the 16th century. In present Italian, tuttavia is a discourse connective with an antioriented argumentative function and no continuative or phasal temporal value, while in present Spanish, todavía is a phasal temporal intrapredicative adverb. This study tries to highlight how the comparative approach adopted here enriches our knowledge on the history of Romance Languages and allows for a better understanding of non-linear grammaticalization processes.
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Plank, Frans. "Greenlandic in comparison." Historiographia Linguistica 17, no. 3 (January 1, 1990): 309–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.17.3.04pla.
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Summary The first descriptive grammar of Greenlandic Eskimo was published in 1760 by Paul Egede, continuing the work of his father, Hans, and his missionary collaborator, Albert Top. Curiously, however, the comparative study of Greenlandic had already been inaugurated in 1745, when Marcus Wöldike (1699–1750), professor of theology at the University of Copenhagen, read a remarkable paper to the Kiøbenhavnske Selskab af Lœrdoms of Videnskabers Elskere, published next year in the proceedings of that Society. Based on information obtained from the Egedes, Wöldike presented a grammar of Greenlandic in summary form and compared Greenlandic to about two dozen other languages on some sixty phonological, morphological, and syntactic criteria. As it turned out, Greenlandic was rather similar to Hungarian, sharing with it a great many features (especially such as Hungarian did not share with European languages such as Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, English, German, Irish, Welsh, Breton, Latin, Italian, French, Ancient Greek, and Slavonic) and showing preciously few differences. American languages, represented by Tupi, Carib, Huron, Natick, and Algonkin, were found to differ considerably from Greenlandic; and Hebrew, Arabic, and Turkish did not much better. Lapp and Finnish came out as close structural relatives of Hungarian – which amounted to the first published demonstration of the Finno-Ugric hypothesis, antedating Saj-novics’s of 1770 and Gyarmathi’s of 1799. For Wöldike the large-scale agreements especially between Greenlandic and Hungarian were no inexplicable chance coincidences. The explanation he suggested was not typological, drawing on necessary correlations of the structural features shared, but historical. Rather than positing a common Ursprache, as was and continued to be the fashion, however, he invoked diffusion within a Sprachbund, localized, somewhat vaguely, in Tartary, from where the Greenlanders and Hungarians (and Lapps and Finns too) had supposedly migrated to their present habitats.
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Liceras, Juana M., and Raquel Fernández Fuertes. "Subject omission/production in child bilingual English and child bilingual Spanish: the view from linguistic theory." Probus 31, no. 2 (September 25, 2019): 245–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2016-0012.
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Abstract In bilingual child language acquisition research, a recurrent learnability issue has been to investigate whether and how cross-linguistic influence would interact with the non-adult patterns of omission/production of functional categories. In this paper, we analyze the omission/production of subject pronouns in the earliest stage English grammar and the earliest stage Spanish grammar of two English–Spanish simultaneous bilingual children (FerFuLice corpus in CHILDES). We base this analysis on Holmberg’s (2005, Is there a little pro? Evidence from Finnish. Linguistic Inquiry 36. 533–564) and Sheehan’s (2006, The EPP and null subjects in Romance. Newcastle: Newcastle University PhD dissertation) formulation of the null subject parameter and on Liceras et al.’s (2012, Overt subjects and copula omission in the Spanish and the English grammar of English-Spanish bilinguals: On the locus and directionality of interlinguistic influence. First Language 32(1–2). 88–115) assumptions concerning the role of lexical specialization in cross-linguistic influence. We have conducted a comparative analysis of the patterns of production/omission of English and Spanish overt and null subjects in two bilingual children, on the one hand, versus the patterns of production/omission of one monolingual English child and one monolingual Spanish child, on the other. The results show that while there is no conclusive evidence as to whether or not English influences the higher production of overt subjects in child bilingual Spanish, the presence of null subjects in Spanish has a positive influence in the eradication of non-adult null subjects in bilingual English. We argue that in a bilingual situation, as compared to a monolingual one, lexical specialization in one of the languages of the bilinguals (the availability of an overt and a null realization of the subject in Spanish) facilitates the acquisition of the other language.
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Capilupi, S. M., M. N. Kulikova, and A. A. Shumkov. "A Comparative Study of the Past Tense Aspects in Russian and Italian." Discourse 5, no. 5 (December 18, 2019): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2019-5-5-123-135.
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Introduction. The problem of aspect categorisation in Italian, as well as in other Romance languages, is studied not so profoundly compared to what has been done in Russian linguistics. The Indo-European Presence – Aorist – Perfect in their aspectual meaning, which are the most independent forms, have turned to build the tense system both in Italian and Russian. The brightest aspectual meanings are expressed in the forms of the Past. The different perception of ‘completeness’ and ‘incompleteness’ aspects in these forms by the speakers of Italian and Russian is probably connected with the peculiarities of the tense formation on the deep level of the language system. So, additional grammar comments are needed. Methodology and sources. The main language unit is believed to be the semifinitive. Thereby we can facilitate the application of formal logical modelling to the description and explanation of syntactic phenomena. The material of the investigation is the surface structure of a predicate, which is formed, on the deep level, by a verbal semifinitive and a time specifier.Results and discussion. A scheme has been elaborated, demonstrating, how a verbal semifinitive becomes polarised by a time specifier. The whole range of aspectual variants, which may occur in a predicate due to the interaction of its constituents through their charges, has been shown. It is reasoned about a charge on participle II. The notion of polarisation is added to the notions of Indefinite or Perfect aspects to represent traditional grammar tenses more exact. This investigation allows to establish a correspondence of Italian and Russian tenses to different charge states of a semifinitive, touched by a specifier. It is rather admittable that the difference between incomplete and complete aspects in Russian is expressed by participles II, which are in complex semifinitives, and in Italian – by simple semifinitives.Conclusion. A comparative analysis of the verbal aspect category in Indo-European tenses, including the past ones, can be carried out, to our mind, both by stemming from the polarisation peculiarities of verbal semifinitives, and through investigation of literature translations, where correspondence is established on the level of language examples. In this case the genetic identity of Indo-European constructions has a chance to be represented as evidently as possible.
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Botsman, Andriy, and Olga Dmytruk. "Trans-germanic peculiarities of preterite-present verbs." Actual issues of Ukrainian linguistics: theory and practice, no. 40 (2020): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/apultp.2020.40.140-155.
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This article contains systematic and detailed analysis of morphological and semantic parameters of Germanic preterite-present verbs, dividing them into major and minor subgroups. The development of both preterite-present subgroups and their steady transformation into the modal verbs is a specific feature of all Germanic languages. Since the modal verbs of the Modern Germanic languages are morphologically defective, it is commonly assumed that preterite-present verbs of the old Germanic languages lost some of their morphological features in the process of turning into modal verbs. The semantic aspects of this process are rather obscure. All Germanic languages were losing some preterite-present verbs in the process of transformation from the Gothic language, which had fourteen preterite-present verbs. In OE there were twelve preterite-present verbs. Six of them survived in NE. The morphological description focuses on the finite and non-finite forms of the preterite-present verbs, which belong to the minor subgroup. The detailed description helps to see the origin and development of the minor subgroup in the new light. The description encompasses the data of classical Indo-European languages and Old Germanic languages. The authors emphasize the expediency of turning to the theory of preterite/strong verb origin, the verbs in question may be regarded as inter-group, hybrid units. In order to gain insight into the origin of the Germanic languages it is necessary to look into the history of the Gothic and West Germanic and North Germanic languages. The authors find it useful to compare common and different phenomena, highlighting individual specific processes taking place in the process of development of the Germanic languages. These languages are analyzed on different stages of their development, but inline with the view that the languages co-operated and coexisted in the same area. The data given in the article are used to analyze the problem implementing comparative grammar tools. The authors were particularly careful to take all grammatical forms into consideration while working with the lexical units from the ancient sources. Some additional information was taken from Greek, Latin and Sanskrit to produce reliable and consistent comparison of the German language with the rest of Indo-European languages.
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Giomi, Riccardo. "Similatives are Manners, comparatives are Quantities (except when they aren’t)." Open Linguistics 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 650–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2022-0211.
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Abstract This article proposes a fine-grained semantic analysis of similative and comparative constructions within the framework of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG). The core idea is that, when used in their prototypical modifying functions, the two types of constructions are built upon two semantic frames that share an identical structure but differ as regards the semantic category that underlies the whole modifying expression – whence the title of the article: similatives are Manners and comparatives are Quantities. At the same time, I argue that similatives can also be put to modifying and predicative uses in which they do not express a Manner but a Configurational Property (i.e., a “nuclear predication”) and that comparatives do not express a Quantity when occurring as arguments of lexical(ized) ditransitive predicates like prefer or would rather, nor when the two terms of the comparison are introduced by a specific type of temporal expression. Finally, the paper refines previous FDG approaches to the alternation between analytic and synthetic expression of comparison in such languages as English and Latin, proposing that the English comparative suffix -er is liable to being modified by narrow-scope measure expressions and is therefore a partly lexical element and not a fully grammaticalized marker of comparison.
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Gutiérrez, César. "The relationship between palatalisation and labial consonants in Castilian Spanish." Loquens 7, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): e071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/loquens.2020.071.
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In spite of the many studies devoted to the palatal outcomes of the Latin clusters PL and FL in Old Spanish, some other clusters and sequences composed of labial consonants such as -PUL-, -BVL-, -BE,I-, -VE,I- and -MI- have received little attention. The aim of this paper is to analyze the phonetic aspects of the diachronic evolution of these clusters and sequences into their Old Spanish outcomes [ʎ], [ɟ] y [ɲtʃ]. To this end, experimental, dialectal and comparative data from Old Spanish as well as from other Romance languages will be used. This will lead to the conclusion that the sound changes in both [Clabial + l] and [Clabial + j] clusters were based on the same articulatory mechanisms: a strengthening of the segment following the labial consonant and the later deletion of the labial, if it was a stop, or its assimilation to the point of articulation of the palatal, if it was a nasal. The implications of these conclusions for the evolution of pl and fl clusters in Old Spanish, as well as for the methodology in historical phonetics, will be pointed out.
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Rück, Heribert, and Alicja Sakaguchi. "Rasmus Kristian Rasks Konzeption Einer Welthilfssprache." Historiographia Linguistica 16, no. 3 (January 1, 1989): 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.16.3.05ruc.
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Summary Apart from his numerous works in comparative linguistics, Rasmus Kristian Rask (1787–1832) is also the author of a manuscript in which he sets forth in detail his conception of a universal auxiliary language. Written during 1819–1820, this 72-page treatise, entitled Optegnelser til en Pasigraphie, has been neglected by linguistic research up to the present, in part because it remained in manuscript form. Rask’s draft of a planned language is divided into three sections: (1) The grammatical system and basic vocabulary; (2) numerous examples of word-formation, morphology etc. and (3) samples of texts. Rask deplores the waste of energy resulting from the multiplicity of languages in international communication. In his opinion, many intellectual achievements are lost or cannot be further developed owing to lack of exchange facilities. Instead of having to learn words and structures, people should be placed in a position to tackle the subject matter. The practical aim of linguistic studies should therefore be the creation of an international means of communication to be used in the field of science as well as in every-day life. Important postulates of such a conception would be: improved learnability by means of simplification of grammatical structures, consistency in word-formation and easy articulation for people of different language communities. To conform to these aims, Rask decided to create a system mainly on the basis of romance languages, i.e., Latin, Spanish, French and Portugese, complemented by Greek and English. Rask’s essay presents a hitherto unknown type of planned language, commonly described as ‘naturalistic’. Whereas other aposterioric systems like Esperanto give priority to regularity and logic and are therefore called ‘autonomous’, Rask tries to remain faithful to the results of historical evolution. In that respect, Rask’s project resembles Otto Jespersen’s ‘Novial’, which was to be conceived a century later.
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Wylecioł, Ryszard. "ANALISI COMPARATA DEI COSTRUTTI CONCETTUALI [AND + A] E [AND + IN] IN BASE AD ESEMPI SCELTI DELLA LINGUA ITALIANA, SPAGNOLA E FRANCESE: UNO STUDIO COGNITIVO." Italiano LinguaDue 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 397–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/2037-3597/17145.
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Lo scopo dell’articolo è una breve analisi cognitiva degli eventi di parola italiani realizzanti un costrutto concettuale [TR + AND + PREP + LM], che a livello superficiale consiste nell’infinito italiano andare seguito da un complemento introdotto da una delle preposizioni italiane a oppure in. Durante la ricerca, diversi modi in cui la scena menzionata si costruisce vengono comparati con esempi analoghi, la cui fonte risiede in altre due lingue romanze, ossia lo spagnolo ed il francese. Riteniamo che questo tipo d’analisi permetta di tracciare sia similitudini che discrepanze nella concettualizzazione della realtà extralinguistica fra gli utenti dei tre sistemi linguistici, che sono apparentemente considerati molto simili. L’analisi viene compiuta sulla base della grammatica cognitiva di R. Langacker, con un focus particolare sulla relazione traiettore-landmark, e sulla teoria della metafora concettuale di M. Johnson e G. Lakoff.
Comparative analysis of conceptual constructs [and + a] and [and + in] based on selected examples from Italian, Spanish and French: a cognitive study
The article is a brief cognitive analysis of Italian word events realizing a conceptual construct [TR + AND + PREP + LM], which at the surface level consists of the Italian infinitive andare followed by a complement introduced by one of the Italian prepositions a or in. During the research, different ways in which the mentioned scene is constructed are compared with similar examples whose source is in two other Romance languages, namely Spanish and French. This type of analysis allows to trace both similarities and discrepancies in the conceptualization of extralinguistic reality among users of the three language systems, which are apparently considered very similar. The analysis was performed on the basis of R. Langacker’s cognitive grammar with a particular focus on the trajector-landmark relationship, and M. Johnson and G. Lakoff’s theory of conceptual metaphor.
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Găitănaru, Ștefan. "The development of adjective and adverb grading in Romanian." Diacronia, no. 1 (January 13, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.17684/i1a5en.
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The comparison of adjectives and adverbs has been described following the directions of evolution in Vulgar Latin, as well as the integrative trends in the context of the Romance languages, but without a detailed analysis. Leaving apart the theoretical goals, the present study is based on an updated understanding of the concepts involved in the category of grading, according to which it describes language constructions in the first three centuries texts. The main goal was giving examples of language constructions for the following types and subtypes of structures and elements: degrees of intensity (positive, intensive and absolute superlative), degrees of comparison (comparative of equality, comparative of superiority, comparative of inferiority and relative superlative); comparative semi-adverbs and means of expressing the comparative adverbial, as well as the extension of this syntactic position at the complex sentence level. After pointing out some regressive experiments, we tried to make a detailed and thorough correlation between the norms in the periods that were studied and the norm of contemporary standard Romanian.
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"LINDSAY, CLAIRE. Locating Latin American Women Writers: Cristina Peri Rossi, Rosario Ferre, Albalucia Angel, and Isabel Allende. New York: Peter Lang (Currents in Comparative Romance Languages and Literatures 121), 2003. 162 pp. 20. ISBN 0-8204-6175-X." Forum for Modern Language Studies 42, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fmls/cql099.
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Pilter, Lauri. "Jüri Talvet maailmaluule tõlgendajana / Jüri Talvet’s Interpretations of World Poetry." Methis. Studia humaniora Estonica 14, no. 17/18 (January 10, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/methis.v14i17/18.13211.
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Teesid: Tartu Ülikooli maailmakirjanduse professori, luuletaja, kirjandusteadlase ja hispaaniakeelse kirjanduse spetsialisti Jüri Talveti tõlketegevuse viljade hulka kuulub luulet ja proosat nii sajandeid vanast Hispaania klassikast kui ka 20. sajandil või tänapäeval romaani keeltes või inglise keeles loodud teostest. Käesolev artikkel keskendub sellele, kuidas professor Talvet on tõlgendanud luule ja poeetika, kuid ka kirjandusajaloo, iseäranis barokk-kirjanduse alaseid küsimusi oma kirjandusteaduslikes esseedes. Vaadeldakse ka tema tõlketegevuse mahtu ja tõlketöö põhimõtteid. Jüri Talvet (born in 1945) is a poet and a scholar of comparative literature, Chair Professor of World Literature at the University of Tartu. His numerous translations of poetry and poetical fiction from the Romance languages and, to a lesser extent, from English, reflect his views on world poetry. Those views are also expressed in his theoretical writings from the years of 1977 to 2015. Having studied English literature as the main subject at the University of Tartu, he early developed an interest in Spanish, in other Iberian languages, and in the Iberoamerican literatures. His translations from that area include works from medieval and early modern literature as well as notable literary achievements from the 20th century and the contemporary era. Talvet’s interpretations of Federico García Lorca and the “Latin American boom” authors are supported by profound insights into the philosophy, aesthetics, and poetics of the 17th century Spanish Baroque literature, known as the literary Golden Age of Spain. The influence which Talvet’s activities have exerted has widened the horizons of Estonia’s literary culture: while in the early 20th century, the previous German, Russian and Finnish leanings were supplemented by orientations to, and translations from, French and Italian literatures, Talvet has helped to enrich the Estonian literary landscape with the mentality and traditions of even more distant language areas, such as Castilian (Spanish), Catalan, Galician, Portuguese, and the Latin American countries. In the section “Quevedo and Góngora” of this article, Talvet’s interpretation of some of the key issues of dispute in the Baroque literature of Spain are studied, based both on his theoretical essays and on his translations of the poetry of Francisco de Quevedo. Talvet has attempted to use the terms of the Baroque philosopher and writer Baltasar Gracián, agudeza, concepto (definable approximately as “conceit” or “wit”) and conceptismo, for the analysis of the late 20th century Estonian poetry. On that background, defnitions of conceptismo and cultismo (the other main school in Spanish Baroque poetry) are offered in this article, with implications that those definitions may have for understanding different styles and methods of poetry in general, and the characteristics of Talvet’s own poems and poetry translations in particular. To escape diffusion in pure sensuality and verbal indulgence, poetry has to rely on concepts as well as images. Talvet’s interpretations of poetry and poetical thinking are found to be close to conceptismo, or with a considerable amount of conceptuality inherent to them. The juxtaposition of paradoxical ideas from different levels of reality, social and psychic, is seen as the essential poetical method that Talvet refers to as he defines, quoting Yuri Lotman, the structural-semantic code of poetry as being “paradigmatic”. In the final section of the article, Talvet’s 23 book-length published translations are listed, including translations from Spanish, Catalan, English and French. The list does not include numerous translations of single poems or cycles of poetry that have appeared in literary journals, nor his contributions to anthologies of poetry, nor the translations from his native Estonian into a foreign language, such as Spanish or English, in which he has participated. His translations encompass lyrical works as well as fiction and plays. Talvet has translated classical European poetry, such as the sonnets of Petrarch and Quevedo and Provençal poems, as well as the rhymed poems of American poets into Estonian with complete metrical correspondence and full rhymes. However, in the latest decades Talvet has expressed scepticism in the sense and feasibility of attempting to convey the rhyming complexities of the major European literatures into Estonian, a language with a considerably smaller potential for finding full rhymes. Accordingly, his three translations of Spanish Baroque drama (by Calderón and Tirso de Molina) employ a liberal method of versification. In all his versatile activities as a poet, a translator, and a theorist of poetry, Professor Talvet has shown great devotion to developing and cultivating aesthetic values. A lot of his colleagues and students have benefited from his friendly advice. Thinking of his contributions to Estonia’s literary tradition, one may repeat and paraphrase the sentence that he used for the conclusion of his essay on the Catalan poet Salvador Espriu in 1977: “to write (and to translate) poetry is to work for the benefit of the people.”