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Journal articles on the topic 'Roman period'
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1
Han, Zexu. "Negotiation Techniques in the Diplomacy of the Roman Empire to the Hun Empire During Attila Period." Lifelong Education 9, no. 5 (August 2, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/le.v9i5.1202.
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The diplomacy of the Roman Empire is usually regarded as the appendage of the Roman military, but its diplomacy after the decline of the Roman military is seldom studied. The arguments presented here analyze the diplomatic negotiation skills of the Roman Empire during the Attila period, that is, the negotiation skills of the Romans when the Roman army lost its power.
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Rizzetto, Mauro, Pam J. Crabtree, and Umberto Albarella. "Livestock Changes at the Beginning and End of the Roman Period in Britain: Issues of Acculturation, Adaptation, and ‘Improvement’." European Journal of Archaeology 20, no. 3 (March 27, 2017): 535–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2017.13.
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This article reviews aspects of the development of animal husbandry in Roman Britain, focusing in particular on the Iron Age/Roman and Roman/early medieval transitions. By analysing the two chronological extremes of the period of Roman influence in Britain we try to identify the core characteristics of Romano-British husbandry by using case studies, in particular from south-eastern Britain, investigated from the perspective of the butchery and morphometric evidence they provide. Our aim is to demonstrate the great dynamism of Romano-British animal husbandry, with substantial changes in livestock management occurring at the beginning, the end, and during the period under study. It is suggested that such changes are the product of interactions between different cultural and social traditions, which can be associated with indigenous and external influences, but also numerous other causes, ranging from ethnic origins to environmental, geographic, political, and economic factors.
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Petts, D. "Elite Settlements in the Roman and Sub-Roman Period." Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal, no. 1996 (April 11, 1997): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.16995/trac1996_101_112.
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CHEBINI, Sabrina. "La Numidia Post-massinissiana: la lotta di potere e le guerre giugurtine. Come Roma riuscì a sopprimere la minaccia giugurtina?" ALTRALANG Journal 3, no. 01 (July 31, 2021): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/altralang.v3i01.105.
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ABSTRACT: With the Third Punic War, Scipio Emiliano had settled the African question, constituting a province which still had good relations with the kingdom of Numidia ruled by Massinissa, whose politics had attracted Roman merchants and businessmen to Africa, romans and italics. attracted by African riches, Rome was therefore grateful for the relations it had with Numidia. the kingdom after the death of Massinissa had passed to the eldest son Mecipsa, on the latter's death, the kingdom was disputed by the three main heirs, among them, the most unscrupulous was Giugurta, adopted son of Mecipsa, thus a long struggle for supremacy broke out. This article deals with the period of the Roman conquest in North Africa, with particular dedication to the period post- Massinissa and the analysis of the politico-social scenario of Numidia. What role did Giugurta play? How did Rome respond to this threat?
RIASSUNTO: Con la terza guerra punica, Scipione Emiliano sbarcò sul territorio di Cartagine, dopo questa grandiosa vittoria, l’Africa del Nord divenne provincia romana, Roma e Numidia avevano sempre mantenuto buoni rapporti, infatti la politica di Massinissa aveva atterrato in Africa commercianti e uomini d’affari, romani ed italici attratti dalle ricchezze africane, dunque Roma era contenta dei rapporti che interattiva con la Numidia, il regno dopo la morte di Massinissa era passato al figlio maggiore Mecipsa, alla morte di quest’ultimo, il regno fu conteso dai tre principali eredi, tra i quali il più spregiudicato era Giugurta, figlio adottivo di Mecipsa, scoppiò cosi una lunga lotto per la supremazia. Nel presente articolo sono trattati i momenti della conquista romana in Nord-Africa, con particolare dedizione al periodo post-massinissiano e all’analisi dello scenario politico-sociale della Numidia. Quale il ruolo giocato da Giugurta ? Come Roma rispose a tale minaccia?
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Dinu, Dana. "The Roman Army during the Regal Period." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2018-0011.
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Abstract The intention of this article is to give a brief overview of how the military power was organised in Rome during the regal period. There is little information about the military organisation of the Romans between 753 and 509 BC. However, some written historical sources have enabled us to reconstruct some aspects of the military life in early Rome. The Indo-European studies and the comparative mythology of the Indo-European peoples also help to understand how the warrior function was valued in early Roman society. Like the other Indo-European peoples, the Romans structured their society in a system reflecting the ideology of the three functions represented, according to G. Dumézil, by the priests, warriors and herdsmen-cultivators. The same conception can be found at the theological level, within the triad Jupiter, Mars, Quirinus, the most important gods of Rome. Romulus, the founder of Rome, is the son of the god Mars, thereby consecrating the predominance of the warlike function within the trifunctional system. The army has always been the main instrument that assured the defence of Rome, but especially the expansion and preservation of its power over the conquered territories
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Pliakou, Georgia. "The basin of Ioannina in central Epirus, northwestern Greece, from the Early Iron Age to the Roman period." Archaeological Reports 64 (November 2018): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0570608418000248.
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This article offers an overview of the habitation history of the basin of Ioannina Epirus, from the Early Iron Age to the Roman period. The numerous settlements in this region experienced continuous, often uninterrupted, habitation from the Late Bronze Age to the Hellenistic or even Roman Imperial period. The foundation of fortified settlements/acropoleis in the late fourth to early third century BC should no longer be interpreted as a result of a synoecism, since unfortified villages continued to flourish. From the Augustan period onwards, Romans seem to have settled in the area, although it is also possible that the local population adopted Roman habits.
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Vnukov, Sergey Yu. "Sinopean Amphorae of the Roman Period." Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 16, no. 1-2 (2010): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157005711x560408.
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Abstract The main aims of this paper are to review briefly the various types of Sinopean amphorae of the Roman period, paying particular attention to newly-discovered and rare forms of these vessels, and to demonstrate their general evolution tendencies. Sinopean amphorae of the Roman period belong to two production traditions (local Hellenistic and pan-Roman), but are all made of the same fabric. The main problem when studying the Roman vessels is the lack of dated assemblages of the late 1st and 2nd centuries AD. As a result, there is a gap in the evidence between the evolution of the early Roman amphora and the vessels produced from the 3rd century onwards. Several new and rare varieties of Sinopean amphorae of this period, of both production traditions, are described in the article. They offer the opportunity to fill partly the gap between the early Roman Sinopean amphorae and the later vessels manufactured in Demirci, and to specify the typology and general evolution of the amphorae produced in Sinope.
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Fawcett, Peter. "Athenian Taxes in the Hellenistic Period." Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 93, no. 1 (January 2024): 29–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2972/hes.2024.a922192.
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ABSTRACT: This article surveys modern scholarship on Athenian taxes and tax administration in the Hellenistic period, from the death of Alexander the Great to the sack of Athens by the Romans in 86 bce, and on the benefits that Athens derived from the tax-free island of Delos after 167 bce. I highlight the transition from compulsory to voluntary payments as taxes, and examine continuities and discontinuities in Athenian taxes from the Classical period to the Hellenistic period, as well as their influences on Roman taxes.
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Wilson, Pete. "The Roman Period Name for Adel." Britannia 47 (May 2, 2016): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x1600012x.
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ABSTRACTAntiquarian and more recent discussions of Roman period place-names in western West Yorkshire are considered, along with possible locations for Cambodunum, with the Roman period site at Adel identified as the latter.
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Bruyako, I. V. "Miscellaneous Romani (several rare findings of the Roman period from Kartal)." Archaeological News, no. 35 (2022): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2022-35-73-80.
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Lopez-Costas, Olalla. "Taphonomy and burial context of the Roman/post-Roman funerary areas (2nd to 6th centuries AD) of A Lanzada, NW Spain." Estudos do Quaternário / Quaternary Studies, no. 12 (July 21, 2015): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30893/eq.v0i12.111.
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Although in the post-Roman transition (Late Antiquity) intense socioeconomic, cultural and environmental changes took place in NW Iberia, their impact in the life of local communities is barely known. The funerary rites and burial are processes deeply rooted in societies, hence their modifications may reveal helpful aspects to understand the aforementioned transition. To reach this objective and improve our knowledge on the local lifestyle, I analyzed and compared the taphonomy, or post-mortem alterations, of burials from A Lanzada necropolis. This is one of the few sites in NW Spain where two different funerary phases, Roman and post-Roman, have been found. The burial context was studied in 59 graves (38 Roman and 21 post-Roman) and surface abrasion and biotic-abiotic alterations were analyzed in 84 skeletons (38 Roman, 40 post-Roman, 6 undetermined). The results showed modifications on burial ritual in the Late Antiquity funerary area: grave orientation changed to W-E (it was S-N in Roman times), no grave goods were present, body position was always supine, and multiple consecutive burials and stone slabs coffins were introduced. This type of funerary context was apparently common in later Galician necropoleis. In contrast, in the Roman period the funerary practices were more varied, since they included burial cremations, tile-built graves, as well as prone burials with carelessly deposited human remains. Other Iberian sites show similar patterns of changes between Roman/post-Roman phases. A possible standardization of funerary ritual in Late Antiquity is suggested and different socioeconomic and cultural causes are explored to understand the observed trends.
Tafonomía y contexto funerario en la necrópolis romana/tardoantigua (siglos II-VI dC.) de A Lanzada, NO de España - Durante la transición desde el periodo romano a la tardoantigüedad se condensaron, en el Noroeste de la Península Ibérica, intensos cambios socioeconómicos, culturales y ambientales. Sin embargo, conocemos muy poco sobre si tuvieron un impacto y de qué tipo en el modo de vida de las poblaciones locales, especialmente sobre sus costumbres diarias. Tanto el entierro como todo lo que rodea al ritual funerario son procesos donde dichas costumbres se revelan con más intensidad al tener fuertes connotaciones culturales, por lo que su estudio puede revelar modificaciones en las poblaciones que nos ayuden a entender mejor la citada transición. Para ello se analizaron y compararon las alteraciones postmortem o tafonómicas de la necrópolis de A Lanzada, uno de las pocos yacimientos cuyo periodo de uso cubre el lapso temporal de interés con dos zonas de enterramiento bien diferenciadas (romana y tardoantigua). El contexto de enterramiento se estudió en un total de 59 tumbas (39 romanas y 21 tardoantiguas) y la abrasión en superficie, y alteraciones bióticas y abióticas en los 84 esqueletos preservados (38 romanos, 40 tardoantiguos, 6 de cronología desconocida). Los resultados han mostrado cambios en el ritual de enterramiento en la fase post-Romana: una modificación en la orientación de S-N a O-E, ausencia total de ajuar, posición en decubito supino y la introducción de enterramientos múltiples (consecutivos) y de tumbas de lajas de piedra. Este contexto funerario se mantuvo en el tiempo en otras necrópolis gallegas. Asimismo, uno de los esqueletos muestra marcas de mordeduras de un cánido. En cambio, el área de enterramiento romana presenta unas características más variadas, incluyendo vestigios de cremaciones, tumbas con teguale y al menos tres enterramientos en decubito prono cuyos miembros estaban dispuestos con poco cuidado. Similares tendencias entre ambos periodos se han encontrado en otros yacimientos peninsulares. En base a los resultados se propone la existencia una posible estandarización del ritual en periodo post-Romano, lo cual se intenta relacionar con las transformaciones socioeconómicas y culturales de estos siglos.
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Osband, Mechael, Chaim Ben David, and Benjamin Arubas. "Roman-period synagogues of the Golan." Journal of Roman Archaeology 33 (2020): 401–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759420001087.
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Synagogue chronology has been the subject of scholarly debate for decades, especially in the Galilee, where synagogues have been dated both to the Roman and Byzantine (= late-antique) periods.1 For the Golan,2 the consensus has been that there is no evidence for them in the Roman period, and especially not in the 2nd-3rd c. The c.30 synagogues there, nearly all in the W central Golan, have always been precluded from the debate since, with the exception of an Early Roman one at Gamla,3 the accepted dates for their construction and use are between the 4th and the 7th c. (fig. 1).4
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Kern, Darcy. "Roman Exempla in the Early Tudor Period." English: Journal of the English Association 68, no. 261 (2019): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/english/efz020.
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Abstract Roman exempla, or moralizing anecdotes, appear frequently in the English literature of the early Tudor period. Textual, authorial, and historical exempla offered a language people could use to counsel the king and their fellow Englishmen and women. As a teacher of individual virtue, Roman exempla remained fairly stable throughout the period, though translators themselves became more conscious of their role as counsellors and more visible in their texts through their prefatory material. As a political guide for England, Roman exempla became more problematic over the course of the early Tudor period. Authors increasingly discouraged kings and nobles from heeding popular counsel and encouraged them to rely more on printed Roman exempla and the translators who wrote them.
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Brown, Robert, David Cardona, Benedict Lowe, Davide Tanasi, and Andrew Wilkinson. "The Melite Civitas Romana Project: The Case for a Modern Exploration of the Roman Domus, Malta." Open Archaeology 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1618–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0210.
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Abstract The Roman Domus in Mdina, Malta, has become an idealised example of the Roman presence in the Maltese Islands; the partial remains of a lavishly decorated domus that would have in its time been situated within the walls of the urbanised Roman city of Melite. The site, last excavated more than 100 years ago, is also home to the only museum in the Maltese Islands, which is solely dedicated to house and showcase a collection of artefacts that date from the Roman period in Maltese history. This site alone provides a unique perspective on Roman Malta, being our only substantial remnant from the Roman Maltese capital, and needs a refocused and renewed exploration. For a long time, the archaeology of Roman sites in Malta has suffered a distinct lack of priority, and it has only been in the last two decades that considerably more focus has been placed on understanding the Roman period. Most of the archaeological focus, in this respect, has centred on agricultural villas, and though this study has illuminated a better understanding of the Roman period, very little has been undertaken in the last century in piecing together the importance of urban Melite to the broader nature of life in the islands, as well as their place in the larger context of the central Roman Mediterranean. The Melite Civitas Romana Project offers the potential of new understanding of the domus and the surrounding archaeological environment through a modern exploration of the site and the promise of the first available assemblage of Roman material from an urban Roman context.
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Gonçalves, José Mário. "(In)TolerânciaReligiosa na Antiguidade Tardia: Apontamentos Históricos." REFLEXUS - Revista Semestral de Teologia e Ciências das Religiões 7, no. 9 (March 9, 2015): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20890/reflexus.v7i9.191.
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Resumo: Este artigo pretende apontar os caminhos e descaminhos da tolerância e da intolerância religiosa no período denominado de Antiguidade Tardia, considerando, em especial, o trato do Império Romano em relação ao Cristianismo e a atitude deste último em relação aos demais grupos religiosos. Divide-se em quatro partes: na primeira, procura-se conceituar os termos tolerância e intolerância e sua pertinência para o período histórico em questão, procurando diferenciá-lo do seu uso na modernidade e na contemporaneidade; na segunda, apresenta-se a maneira como o Império Romano lidava com as questões religiosas, particularmente com o Cristianismo, levando em consideração o papel que a religião desempenhava na ordem política e social romana; na terceira, discute-se a postura cristã para com outras crenças e práticas religiosas, desde as suas origens até o período agostiniano; finalmente, na quarta parte, apresenta-se a contribuição de Agostinho de Hipona na consolidação da intolerância cristã em relação aos credos divergentes. Palavras-chave: Tolerância. Intolerância. Cristianismo. Antiguidade Tardia. Abstract: This paper highlights the ways assumed by tolerance and religious intolerance in the period known as Late Antiquity. It considers the treatment of the Roman Empire to the Christianity and the attitude of the latter to other religious groups, and has four parts. Firstly, it conceptualizes tolerance and intolerance and their relevance to the historical period in question, seeking to differentiate it from its use in modern and contemporary period. Secondly, it shows the way the Roman Empire dealt with religious issues, particularly Christianity, taking into account the role that religion played in Roman political and social order. Thirdly, it discusses the Christian attitude towards other religious beliefs and practices, since its origins until the Augustinian period. Finally, it presents the contribution of Augustine of Hippo to the consolidation of Christian intolerance towards divergent faiths. Keywords: Tolerance. Intolerance. Christianity. Late Antiquity.
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Yartsev, Sergey Vladimirovich, and Roman Mikhaylovich Bobin. "The problem of Armenia's integration into the Roman world in the post-Armenian period." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 11 (November 2023): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2023.11.68974.
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The object of the study is the buffer zone of the Roman Empire, located between the ancient civilization and the barbarian world. The subject of the study is the history of Armenia during the reign of the Roman emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius (117–161), as well as during the Roman-Parthian war of 161–166. Based on the comparative-historical method of research, the authors examine in detail such aspects of the topic as Hadrian's refusal of further conquests and the transition to a defensive strategy of the state. At the same time, special attention is paid to Hadrian's pan-Hellenic project of creating a Hellenic commonwealth uniting all Greeks of the ancient world. The article also focuses on the consistency and calculation of the emperors' actions towards Armenia, which does not fit well with the view of the transition of the empire under Hadrian to the strategic defense of the perimeter of the Roman borders. The main conclusions of this study are that, starting with Hadrian, Roman expansion was not actually stopped, but took other forms (economic and cultural), which actually had to prepare the peaceful entry of this or that buffer territory into the empire. It is possible that in the Caucasus, and in particular in Armenia, the Romans planned to carry out this process in the form of Hellenization, based on the previous experience of adapting Greek culture to local traditions. This, in the end, inevitably led to the perception of already Roman gods by the alien population, familiarity with which was ensured by this Hellenization. The novelty of the study is that the authors considered Hadrian's Panhellenic project in the context of the above-mentioned processes and as an essential component of both internal and external policy towards the buffer dependent states.
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Editor, The. "History of Medicine - 4: Roman Period." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 1, no. 4 (July 2, 2013): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v1i4.15549.
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Brown, A. E., and Angela Simco. "Survey of Bedfordshire: The Roman Period." Britannia 16 (1985): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/526434.
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Kouremenos, Anna. "PΩΜΑΙΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ ≠ ROMAN OCCUPATION: (MIS)PERCEPTIONS OF THE ROMAN PERIOD IN GREECE." Greece and Rome 66, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001738351800030x.
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The Roman period in Greece has had a relatively short history of inquiry compared to other epochs of the country's long history and, as a result, very little has been written about modern perceptions of this period. For various reasons, neither modern Greeks nor foreigners have been particularly concerned with the country's Roman past, a period which has often been relegated to a negative realm. As a result, misperceptions about the Roman period in Greece are rampant, with many fallacies being perpetuated by labels and displays in museums and archaeological sites throughout the country, as well as by pedagogical institutions and the media.
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Lê Vũ Trường Giang, Lê Vũ. "THE SPIRITUAL VALUES OF ROMAN CULTURE IN TWO CENTURIES OF THE PAX ROMANA PERIOD (27BC-180)." Hue University Journal of Science: Social Sciences and Humanities 128, no. 6B (March 25, 2019): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.26459/hueuni-jssh.v128i6b.4913.
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<p>The Pax Romana period was the pinnacle of ancient Roman culture since founding the country until the division into Eastern and Western Empire in 395. Only in two centuries, under the principate regime, Roman culture continues to create the available cultural roots of itself that inherited from the earlier generations; it selectively received and developed Greek foreign culture to a new point. All cultural values from the non-material to the material were constructed under the early dynasties of Augustus to the heyday of the Five Sage Kings or Aurelius who is both emperor and philosopher shows development and prosperity of Rome. Fields such as literature, history, science, philosophy,… have brilliant achievements. Rome has collapsed but Roman culture still lives in language, poetry, art of Latin, in the spirit of modern law and in the orderly traditions of the old European continent. </p>
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Szczygielski, Krzysztof. "ROMANISTYKA POLSKA W LATACH 1918-1945 (PRZEGLĄD BIBLIOGRAFII)." Zeszyty Prawnicze 10, no. 2 (December 23, 2016): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2010.10.2.22.
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ROMAN LAW STUDIES IN POLAND IN THE YEARS 1918-1945 (REVIEW OF BIBLIOGRAPHY) Summary In Roman law studies in Poland there is no complete list of the works published in the years 1918-1945 by scholars dealing with Roman law. The scientific output of the Polish researchers was presented by Rafał Taubenschlag in the article, Gli studi di diritto romano in Polonia nel secolo XX, [in:] Gli Studi Romani nel Mondo, volume III, Roma 1936, p. 247-268, but he focused mainly on discussing the major works. An attempt to show the achievements of Roman law studies in Poland on a comprehensive basis was undertaken by Juliusz Wisłocki, Dzieje nauki prawa rzymskiego w Polsce, Warsaw 1945, but his study is highly incomplete. The analysed period witnessed the emergence of lots of valuable works concerning the history and the institutions of Roman law in the form of monographs, articles published in many domestic and foreign periodicals, studies on particular occasions, encyclopedic dictionaries and reports on the activities of scientific societies. The problems related to the law of the ancient Rome were dealt with not only by the Roman law researchers but also by legal historians and classical philologists. The works were presented according to the following sections: I. General works, textbooks and scripts; II. Ancillary publications; III. History of sources; IV. Civil procedure; V. Law of Persons and legal proceedings; VI. Family law; VII. Law of Property; VIII. Law of Obligations; IX. Law of Succession; X. Criminal law and procedure; XI. Public law; XII. Philosophy of law, methodology and political and legal doctrines; XIII. Importance of the Roman law; XIV. Evaluation of the output of Roman law scholars.
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Coles, Amanda Jo. "Roman Colonies in Republic and Empire." Brill Research Perspectives in Ancient History 3, no. 1 (June 18, 2020): 1–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25425374-12340007.
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Abstract The Romans founded colonies throughout Italy and the provinces from the early Republic through the high Empire. Far from being mere ‘bulwarks of empire,’ these colonies were established by diverse groups or magistrates for a range of reasons that responded to the cultural and political problems faced by the contemporary Roman state and populace. This project traces the diachronic changes in colonial foundation practices by contextualizing the literary, epigraphic, archaeological, and numismatic evidence with the overall perspective that evidence from one period of colonization should not be used analogistically to explain gaps in the evidence for a different period. The Roman colonies were not necessarily ‘little Romes,’ either structurally, juridically, or religiously, and therefore their role in the spread of Roman culture was more complex than is sometimes acknowledged.
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TURKER, Ayşe C. "The Gallipoli (Kallipolis) Castle in the Byzantine Period." Δελτίον Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας 46 (November 23, 2011): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/dchae.574.
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Τα Στενά των Δαρδανελίων εκτείνονται με κατεύθυνση από βορειοανατολικά προς νοτιοδυτικά μεταξύ της χερσονήσου της Καλλίπολης και της χερσονήσου της </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">Biga</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> (Πηγής). Πρόκειται για έναν θαλάσσιο δρόμο που συνδέει τη Μαύρη Θάλασσα και τη Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά με το Αιγαίο Πέλαγος και τη Μεσόγειο. Η Καλλίπολη αναπτύχθηκε σε ένα ακρωτήριο ανάμεσα σε απότομους γκρεμούς, μεταξύ του κόλπου της Καλλίπολης και του </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US">Hamzakoy</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">, κτισμένη στο βόρειο στόμιο του στενού ανοίγματος προς τη Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά. Σήμερα τα ίχνη του Κάστρου της Καλλίπολης διακρίνονται πάνω στο λόφο, φτάνοντας σε ένα ύψος 20-25 μέτρων από το εσωτερικό λιμάνι της πόλης, το οποίο προστατεύεται από τους ισχυρούς βορείους ανέμους που σαρώνουν την πόλη. Η παρούσα μελέτη δείχνει ότι το Κάστρο της Καλλίπολης είναι ορθογώνιας κάτοψης. </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="el-GR">Α</span></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">υτή η κάτοψη ανάγεται σε οικοδομικά πρότυπα από την πρώιμη έως την ύστερη βυζαντινή και την οθωμανική περίοδο.</span></span></p>
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Smith, Christopher. "The Fifth-Century Crisis." Antichthon 51 (2017): 227–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ann.2017.14.
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AbstractThis essay seeks to establish the parameters of our uncertainty concerning one of the most difficult periods of Roman history, the period between the traditional end of the Roman monarchy and the passing of the Licinio-Sextian legislation. In addition to some methodological observations, the essay attempts to offer a model for understanding Roman choices and decisions in a period of change and transformation.
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Ljuština, M., and J. Cvijetić. "NOTES ON ETHNICAL COMPONENTS IN FORMING ARCHEOLOGICAL PICTURE OF SOUTWESTERN SERBIA AND NORTHERN MONTENEGRO IN PROTOHISTORY AND EARLY ROMAN PERIOD." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 31, no. 2 (March 25, 2019): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2019.02.06.
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The paper is devoted to recognition of ethnical components and their importance in creation of archaeological picture of South-Western Serbia and Northern Montenegro in proto-history and Early Roman period. The chosen region was an integral part of the Illyrian world, but on the threshold of the Thracian at the end of later prehistory. As for the subsequent period of Roman domination, one of the most important tasks for the future exploration is at least partial enlightening the structure of the population the Romans found in this area at the turn of the Christ Era. Either the new era or the Christian era.
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Sancho Gómez, Miguel Pablo. "Algunas imágenes del ejército romano en el siglo III (235-284)." Antigüedad y Cristianismo, no. 38 (December 23, 2021): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ayc.473221.
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In this work we intend to offer a clear and concise view of some of the fundamental aspects of the Roman army that emerged from the “Crisis of the Third Century”, a traumatic period full of transformations that altered the structures of the Roman State forever. We will try to show that some of the most important changes of those key moments were linked to the army, from which the basis of well-known Later Roman Empire would emerge, ultimately represented by the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine. En este trabajo pretendemos ofrecer una visión clara y concisa de algunos de los aspectos fundamentales del ejército romano surgido a partir de la “Crisis del siglo III”, un periodo traumático y lleno de transformaciones que alteraron las estructuras del estado romano para siempre. Intentaremos mostrar que algunos de los cambios más importantes de esos cruciales momentos estuvieron vinculados al ejército, del que surgiría la base para la aparición del consabido Imperio Tardío, representado en última instancia por las reformas de Diocleciano y Constantino.
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Voytenko, Anton. "Egyptians and Byzantium. On the Question of Political Subjectivity in Late Antiquity." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 6 (December 2022): 156–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.6.12.
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Introduction. The article focuses on the reasons for the lack of political subjectivity among the Egyptians in the Byzantine period (4th – first half of the 7th centuries). During this period, the population of Egypt did not demonstrate it at any level: social movements (uprisings) did not offer such agenda; studies on literature and rhetoric show that the Egyptians were under the influence of the Roman statehood (Eastern Roman Empire). The aims of the study are therefore concentrated around the consideration of the causes and terms of the loss of political subjectivity by the Egyptians, and the reasons for the increase of it among the Romans. An additional task was a comparative analysis of the political and religious systems of Ancient Rome and Ancient Egypt and the possible influence of religious features on the configuration of political systems. Methods. The main methods used in the study are factor analysis and the comparative method. Analysis. The ancient Egyptian political system was “introverted” and static in nature. The complete loss of political subjectivity by the Egyptians can be, however, attributed to the Roman period. In the Persian and Ptolemaic ones, its existence is preserved due to two main factors: the practices of the Persians and Ptolemies to present themselves as Egyptian pharaohs and the strong positions of the Egyptian priesthood, who could keep an ancient political subjectivity. Results. The Romans, who refused to continue Ptolemaic practices and took drastic measures to limit the economic independence of the Egyptian priesthood, managed to nullify its authentic political subjectivity. Thanks to an “extroverted” and transformative political model, supported by a “political theology” based on the “Roman myth”, the Roman state managed to maintain (or even strengthen) its subjectivity in the period of late Antiquity.
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Kazanski, Michel. "Fibulae of East Germanic Tradition From Saint-Cheron in Northern Gaul (Late Roman Period — Migration Period)." Arheologia, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2022.01.039.
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For the late Roman Period and the beginning of the Great Migration Period on the territory of the Western Roman Empire, and in particular in Northern Gaul, a series of items was revealed — primarily fibulae and combs that belonged to the East German, and primarily Cherniakhiv tradition. Among them there are two braided crossbow brooches with an extended stem, found in one of the burials (No. 94) of the Saint-Cheron burial ground in Chartres (France), and two braced crossbow brooches with an expanded stem. They are derivatives of the Ambros 16/4-III type fasteners from the late Roman period. Similar fasteners in the late Roman time are quite well represented in a wide geographic zone from the Baltic to the Black Sea. Such fibulae are especially typical for the Cherniakhiv culture, that is, for the German and non-German population, identified with the Goths and their allies. In the Cherniakhiv area, such fasteners are best represented in its western part, to the west of the Dniester. That is, in the territory where, according to written sources, Visigoths are localized. These brooches are also found, although much less frequently at the sites of the Wielbark and Przeworsk cultures in the Vistula basin, which also belonged to the East Germans. These fasteners in Eastern and Central Europe are dated by the 3rd—4-th centuries. The fibula from the Saint-Chiron burial ground differs from the «eastern» analogs of the Roman time by the rounded section of the back, while in Eastern and Central Europe similar fibulae have a back in the shape of a flattened faceted rod or plate. It seems that the Cherniakhiv, Welbark and Przeworsk brooches are the prototypes of agrafes from the Northern Gaul. Concerning the time of the Great Migrations, mainly for the 5th century, crossbow fibulae derived from those of Ambroz 16/4-III are rare and attested outside of the main area of distribution of their prototypes: in the North-East of the Black Sea (1 site), in Spain (1 site), in Italy (1 site) and especially in Gaul (3 sites). Fibulae of the Ambroz 16/4-III type and their derivatives were found mainly in the area of activity of the Goths during the Roman Period and the Great Migrations, between the Vistula, the Black Sea and the Iberian Peninsula. The few fibulae of this type discovered elsewhere, in the Northern Gaul, for instance, probably attest to the displacement of isolated individuals. Indeed, in the tomb of Saint-Chéron, the position of the pair of fibulae, on the thorax, is entirely in accordance with that adopted by the Eastern Germans in Roman times.
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Smith, David, and Harry Kenward. "Roman Grain Pests in Britain: Implications for Grain Supply and Agricultural Production." Britannia 42 (April 19, 2011): 243–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x11000031.
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AbstractIt is over 30 years since Paul Buckland first presented a series of arguments concerning beetle (Coleoptera) grain pests: their origin, the timing of their introduction to Britain, and their implications for agricultural production during the Roman occupation. Here we return to the topic in the light of new data from a range of archaeological deposits, including civilian and military sites dating from the earliest period of Roman occupation. Infestation rates and, potentially, grain loss may have been high throughout Roman Britain, though many infestations may have been in equine feed. Beetle grain pests are not recorded in Britain prior to the Roman invasion, and it appears that they were absent, or extremely rare, in the early medieval period and up to the Norman Conquest. This pattern of occurrence is reviewed and it is suggested that ecological theory offers an explanation which is in accord with supposed socio-economic changes and trade. The role of grain pests is considered in the economic modelling of Romano-British agriculture.
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Dajczak, Wojciech. "Roman law in the period of profound changes in Polish science." Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne 72, no. 2 (January 2, 2021): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cph.2020.2.10.
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Separating Roman law from the theory of applicable private law inspires - from the beginning of 20th century – the questions pertaining to the meaning, aims, and methods of researching Roman law. This article analyses these issues in the context of the changes of the evaluation of research resulted from the Polish higher education and science act enacted in 2018. The core of this analysis is the comparison of the traditional understanding of the internationalization of the study of Roman law by Polish researchers and the understanding of world-class research according to the new Polish law. The tension between traditional approach of Romanists and bibliometric criteria of evaluation has significant implication for whether and how the Roman law should be studied and taught on the Polish faculties of law. The paper stresses the role of the impact of Polish researches of Roman law on the European debate about basic problems of private law and legal method today. The future of Roman law in Polish legal education interacts with today’s fundamental dispute about what is Western civilization and how it is to be understood.
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Cormack, Sarah H. "The Roman-Period Necropolis of Ariassos, Pisidia." Anatolian Studies 46 (December 1996): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3642997.
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New evidence of Roman tomb architecture from the necropolis at Ariassos in Pisidia demonstrates distinctive features of funerary architecture in the east. Over fifty built tombs are in different states of preservation, allowing identification of some features paralleled at other sites in Pisidia, while some features seem unique to Ariassos itself. The similarity of form of one elaborate tomb to the western podium temple reflects the influence of Roman religious architecture, while other tombs reflect features grown out of indigenous Anatolian traditions.Ariassos was founded in the Hellenistic period, and is located c. 50 km. north of the modern city of Antalya. It minted coins in the late Hellenistic period and contains buildings of Hellenistic date, including a prytaneion, bouleuterion and small temple. The majority of the ruins at the site, however, date to the Imperial period, including an extensive nymphaeum and bath complex, a triple arched gateway dating to the third century A.D., and a substantial domestic area. The site was visited in the 1880s by the Austrian team headed by K. Lanckoronski, who thought that the ruins were those of the site of Cretopolis. A few years later the site was correctly identified by a French epigraphical expedition headed by V. Bérard. The Pisidian Survey project, under British directorship, completed a new city plan, focusing attention on Ariassos after years of neglect. [See Fig. 1.]
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Przybyła, Marzena J. "Migration of Individuals in the Roman Period." Acta Archaeologica 82, no. 1 (April 19, 2011): 227–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/16000390-08201010.
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Ruttkay, Matej, and Jaroslava Ruttkayová. "A Roman Period Sunken House from Beladice." Slovenská archeológia 69, supplementum 2 (December 31, 2021): 261–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31577/slovarch.2021.suppl.2.24.
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Serlegi, Gábor. "Late Roman Period casket mount from Balatonlelle." Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 56, no. 4 (November 2005): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aarch.56.2005.4.2.
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Barrett, John C., and R. H. J. Jones. "Britain in the Roman Period: Recent Trends." Britannia 24 (1993): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/526753.
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Roberts, C. A. "Possible pituitary dwarfism from the Roman period." BMJ 295, no. 6613 (December 19, 1987): 1659–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.295.6613.1659-a.
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Kennell, Nigel M. "The Greek Ephebate in the Roman Period." International Journal of the History of Sport 26, no. 2 (January 2009): 323–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523360802513330.
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Roth, Helena, Yuval Gadot, and Dafna Langgut. "Wood Economy in Early Roman Period Jerusalem." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 382 (November 2019): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/705729.
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JACKSON, C. M. "MAKING COLOURLESS GLASS IN THE ROMAN PERIOD*." Archaeometry 47, no. 4 (November 2005): 763–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00231.x.
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Piličiauskienė, Giedrė, Laurynas Kurila, Edvardas Simčenka, Kerstin Lidén, Ellen Kooijman, Melanie Kielman-Schmitt, and Gytis Piličiauskas. "The Origin of Late Roman Period–Post-Migration Period Lithuanian Horses." Heritage 5, no. 1 (February 2, 2022): 332–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5010018.
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In this paper, we present the 87Sr/86Sr data of 13 samples from horses from six Lithuanian burial sites dating from the 3rd to the 7th C AD. Alongside these data, we also publish the bioavailable 87Sr/86Sr data of 15 Lithuanian archaeological sites, based on 41 animals which enabled the construction of a reliable baseline for the Southeast Baltic area. The 87Sr/86Sr values partially confirmed the hypothesis that the unusually large horses found in Late Roman Period to Post-Migration Period burials are of non-local origin. Of the three non-local horses identified, two were among the largest specimens. However, the overlap of bioavailable 87Sr/86Sr data across different European regions does not permit us to establish whether the non-local horses originated from other areas in Lithuania or from more distant regions. With regards to the 87Sr/86Sr data, the place of origin of the non-local horses could be Southern Sweden. This encourages discussions on the possible directions of migration and compels us to rethink the current models that posit South and Central Europe as the main sources of migration. The results of the 87Sr/86Sr, δ13C, and δ15N analyses demonstrate that horses buried in the same cemetery had different mobility and feeding patterns. Differences could be due to the different function and sex of the horses as well as the lifestyle of their owners. The most sedentary horses were pregnant mares, while the extremely high δ15N of three horses may reflect additional fodder and probably a better diet.
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Corke-Webster, James. "Roman History." Greece and Rome 68, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383520000315.
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A bumper edition this time, by way of apology for COVID-necessitated absenteeism in the autumn issue. The focus is on three pillars of social history – the economy (stupid), law, and religion. First up is Saskia Roselaar's second monograph, Italy's Economic Revolution. Roselaar sets out to trace the contribution made by economics to Italy's integration in the Roman Republic, focusing on the period after the ‘conquest’ of Italy (post 268 bce). Doing so necessitates two distinct steps: assessing, first, how economic contacts developed in this period, and second, whether and to what extent those contacts furthered the wider unification of Italy under Roman hegemony. Roselaar is influenced by New Institutional Economics (hereafter NIE), now ubiquitous in studies of the ancient economy. Her title may be an homage to Philip Kay's Rome's Economic Revolution, but the book itself is a challenge to that work, which in Roselaar's view neglects almost entirely the agency of the Italians in the period's economic transformation. For Roselaar, the Italians were as much the drivers of change as the Romans; indeed, it is this repeated conviction that unifies her chapters.
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Lapyrenok, Roman. "The Political and Economic Origins of the Roman Revolution." Journal of Economic History and History of Economics 22, no. 2 (June 7, 2021): 222–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2488.2021.22(2).222-245.
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The paper considers some economic and legal aspects of the struggle for the public land in Late Republican Rome. This period is one of the most controversial in ancient history; it brought many significant changes to the socio-economic and political life of Rome and contributed much to its transformation from Republic to Principate. Nevertheless, there is no special paper examining the competition between the Romans and Italians for the ager publicus populi Romani which started with the agrarian reform of Tiberius Gracchus in modern historiography. The first episode ended after the enactment in 111 B.C. of the lex agraria, when a large amount of public land was brought into private hands by its Roman possessors. A further part of the ager publicus populi Romani was still public and remained in hands of the socii. The logic of historical process, the economic changes of the second century B.C. which led Rome from Republic to Principate, demanded the formation of a new class of landowners. The latter would be the basis of the political system of the Roman Empire instead of the nobilitas; its political power would be based on private ownership of land. This was impossible without the full privatization of public land, and it is logical that the struggle for the ager publicus populi Romani was not ended in 111 B.C. Only after privatization of that land, which was possessed by the allies, the agrarian question in Rome could be fully resolved. The latter problem is of crucial importance for the further history of Rome, because it not only caused the Social War but also radically changed both the social structure and the political balance within Roman society during the last decades of the Republic.
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Izzet, Vedia, and Robert Shorrock. "General." Greece and Rome 61, no. 2 (September 12, 2014): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383514000163.
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Originally published in Dutch in 1995, Antiquity. Greeks and Romans in Context by Frederick Naerebout and Henk Singor aims to provide (in its own modest words) a ‘reasonably comprehensive one-volume’ overview of the Greco-Roman world for undergraduates and a wider interested audience (xiii). The main focus of the work is the Greco-Roman world from 1000 bc to 500 bc (divided into the Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, and Roman Imperial periods). Each period is covered under the same three headings (in the interests of comparability): ‘Historical Outline’, ‘Social Fabric’, ‘Social Life and Mentality’. The wider context is, however, by no means ignored. The authors provide a valuable overview of the Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods (27–35) and of the early civilizations of Eurasia up to 900 bc (36–58). At the other end of the timeline, the book does not simply conclude with the Roman Imperial period but carries on the story up to the tenth century ad and beyond (369–94). A particular emphasis is placed in the introductory chapter on ‘The Ecology of History’ (11–23): [M]aterial factors can be called the ‘basics’ of history: they determine what, under given circumstances, is possible and what is not; they create preconditions for, and restraints on human life. Thus, every culture has been in many respects the expression of the ways in which some group of human beings managed to adapt to the ecosystem in which they happened to be living, which might also be described as ecological anthropology. (11)
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Iliescu, Iulia-Alexandra, Radu-Octavian Stănescu, and Valentin-Victor Bottez. "New Data Regarding the Chronology of the Roman Rural Settlement from the Beidaud Archaeological Microzone." Revista CICSA online, Serie Nouă, no. 8 (2022): 76–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/cicsa.2022.8.5.
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The Beidaud Archaeological Microzone, located west of the commune of Beidaud (Tulcea County), groups a series of archaeological sites dating from various periods: a Neolithic site, a fortified settlement dated from the First and Second Iron Age/Archaic period until the Late Roman period, a Roman rural settlement, and an Early Roman tumular necropolis. In this paper we will present the results of the surface survey carried out during the 2020 campaign, focusing on the area of the Roman settlement, where a significant quantity of archaeological materials, exclusively pottery, was discovered. After presenting the main ceramic categories, we will discuss these finds’ major importance in determining more clearly the settlement’s habitation period. Moreover, this material represents good evidence for a first picture of the everyday life of the inhabitants.
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Samardžić, Gligor. "Notes on indigenous people from the south of the Dalmatia province: Examples from East Herzegovina." Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini 54, no. 2 (2024): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp54-46916.
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The paper presents data on indigenous people from the area of East Herzegovina (the south of the province of Dalmatia). After the defeat of the Illyrians and the establishment of educational goals in the Roman province of Dalmatia, territorial and ethnic changes occurred with certain tribes that academic circles were poorly informed about. The indigenous feature, as indicated by the Illyrian names on the epigraph statues of East Herzegovina, is significant. By conquering the Illyrian territory and establishing power over it, the Romans left its inhabitants certain autonomy, followed by the processes of urbanization and Romanization from the 1st to the 4th century. After occupying the Illyrians, the period in which the indigenous people were introduced into Roman social and political order commenced. The following period was marked by the penetration and establishment of the ancient culture and civilization in the Balkans as well as by the work on the rule managemant with the Illyrians. Epigraph statues, various archeological findings and oral sources shed light to a certain extent on these processes in the territory of East Herzegovina. Archeological research and epigraph materials point to the conclusion that the areas in the inland of East Herzegovina (the south of Dalmatia) in the Roman period managed to perservere their regional ethnic characteristics for an extended period of time, which is best seen in the onomastics from Dobrićevo, Ljubomir, Fatnica, and Nevesinje. Some of the characteristic names found on epigraph statues from this area are Zorada, Zanatis, Tattaris, Temus etc. Regional onomastics testifies that the traditional lifestyles perservered in the Roman period for an extended period of time. However, inscriptions can still be found with indigenous Illyrian names that were to some extent adapted to the Roman onomastic system.
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Radmanovic, Darko, Desanka Kostic, Jelena Lujic, and Svetlana Blazic. "Vertebrate fauna of the Roman period, migrations period and Medieval period in Vojvodina (Serbia)." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 126 (2014): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1426087r.
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Levick, B. M. "Roman History." Greece and Rome 60, no. 1 (March 12, 2013): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017383512000332.
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Bravely stepping into the arena, we first tackle Paul J. Burton's Friendship and Empire, which strikes a blow for the Romans, though he disclaims participation in the ‘defensive/offensive’ imperialism debate. He uses theory, the comparatively optimistic I(nternational) R(elations) Constructivism rather than IR (Neo-)Realism, though without abandoning the latter completely, to show that Roman foreign relations in his period were conceived in terms of amicitia rather than of Ernst Badian's clientela; and, more importantly, that language has an impact on how we construct global realities. History matters, and Roman diplomatic concepts should be considered on their own terms. Once individual friendship and its uncertainties and dissolution have been analysed, three empirical core chapters follow, which apply theory to cases in the categories of ‘Beginnings’, with discussion of socii, deditio voluntary and involuntary, and fides; ‘Duties’ (cf. le don); and ‘Breakdown and Dissolution’ (usually simultaneous). This sensitive contribution is detailed and persuasive, though least strong on breakdown. Look at the outbreak of the Third Punic War: the Romans were disturbed by an ‘internal unilateral adjustment in status-perception’ (323). Action spoke louder than fair words.
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Verga, Flaminia. "L'Assetto Rurale in Età Arcaica ed in Età Romana Del Territorio Di Poggio Sommavilla (Sabina Tiberina)." Papers of the British School at Rome 70 (November 2002): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200002117.
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RURAL SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE ARCHAIC AND ROMAN PERIODS IN THE AREA OF POGGIO SOMMAVILLA (SABINA TIBERINA)This paper presents the results of an historical and topographical survey carried out in the middle Tiber valley, more specifically in the Sabina Tiberina, in the area around Poggio Sommavilla. The survey focused particularly on the area under the present-day administration of the Comune of Stimigliano, with the aim of reconstructing the topographical layout of the Roman landscape. The field survey shed important new light on the nature of the archaic and Roman road network. In particular, as well as the Via Flaminia that runs along the western limits of the study area, another road was identified running in a broadly northeast-southwest direction, which appears to have formed the main trade route that served the area during both the archaic and Roman periods. Furthermore, the study of earlier maps, together with the evidence from the survey, has permitted the identification along the Tiber of a number of ancient ports, the positions of which were not known previously.It is interesting to note that the settlement pattern characteristic of the Iron Age, which favoured high plateaux overlooking the Tiber, continued into the archaic period. This appears to have had a significant impact on settlement of the Roman period, in that the earliest attested Roman villas in this area are those situated next to the Tiber. The development of the ‘phenomenon of the villa’ in the area of the Sabina Tiberina from the end of the Republican period (third to second centuries BC) is consistent with the results of studies in other parts of central Italy. The study of the pottery collected from settlements of the archaic period (Colle Rosetta) and the Roman period (San Sebastiano) confirms the importance of the Tiber as a trade route for commercial exchange.
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JOHN, ALISON. "LEARNING GREEK IN LATE ANTIQUE GAUL." Classical Quarterly 70, no. 2 (December 2020): 846–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838821000112.
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Greek had held an important place in Roman society and culture since the Late Republican period, and educated Romans were expected to be bilingual and well versed in both Greek and Latin literature. The Roman school ‘curriculum’ was based on Hellenistic educational culture, and in the De grammaticis et rhetoribus Suetonius says that the earliest teachers in Rome, Livius and Ennius, were ‘poets and half Greeks’ (poetae et semigraeci), who taught both Latin and Greek ‘publicly and privately’ (domi forisque docuisse) and ‘merely clarified the meaning of Greek authors or gave exemplary readings from their own Latin compositions’ (nihil amplius quam Graecos interpretabantur aut si quid ipsi Latine composuissent praelegebant, Gram. et rhet. 1–2). Cicero, the Latin neoteric poets and Horace are obvious examples of bilingual educated Roman aristocrats, but also throughout the Imperial period a properly educated Roman would be learned in utraque lingua. The place of Greek in Quintilian's Institutio Oratoria reveals the importance and prevalence of Greek in Roman education and literature in the late first century a.d. Quintilian argues that children should learn both Greek and Latin but that it is best to begin with Greek. Famously, in the second century a.d. the Roman author Apuleius gave speeches in Greek to audiences in Carthage, and in his Apologia mocked his accusers for their ignorance of Greek.
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Swift, Ellen. "Object Biography, Re-use and Recycling in the Late to Post-Roman Transition Period and Beyond: Rings made from Romano-British Bracelets." Britannia 43 (August 30, 2012): 167–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068113x12000281.
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AbstractDocumenting a phenomenon that has previously been overlooked, this article examines the later stages of object biography in relation to Romano-British bracelets, namely, their modification and subsequent re-use as smaller rings. Re-use is shown to occur widely and is particularly associated with the late fourth to early fifth centuriesa.d., with cut-down bracelets also found in early Anglo-Saxon cemeteries. The making of smaller rings from late Roman bracelets is demonstrated to be part of a wider phenomenon of re-use, repair and recycling at the end of the Roman period in Britain, with attendant implications of cultural and economic change. It is proposed that the transformation of these artefacts was accompanied by changes in meaning which undermine the apparent continuity that is seen in the extended lifespan of the original object. This in turn illuminates the way that wider cultural norms were gradually eroded in the fifth century. Through the study of these artefacts a new perspective is provided on the transition to post-Roman Britain and the relationship between this and the early Anglo-Saxon period.