Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Roman mythologique'
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Zainoun, Ibtisam. "Aspects mythologique, métaphysique et idéologique dans le roman maritime." Paris 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA030100.
The Goal of this project is the research of the universal sea novel. We engage therefore in a comparative study of several maritime literary works examining French, English, Arabic and Spanish literature through examples from V. Hugo, J. Conrad, E. Hemingway and H. Mina. The sea novels present several common and fundamental features, that traverse the sociocultural differences of their authors, as well as varying levels of literary talent. They form a genre of literature defined not only by thematic elements, but also by its style, its aesthetic concepts and a common philosophy of life. Aspects of mythology and metaphysics characterise the universal sea novel and a specific psychological profile typifies its characters. This study also highlights the inaptitude of the sea novel for ideological approaches. The sea novel is the product of a language that draws its power from man's primitive reverie and such profound psychic structures as the unconscious. This language spans the centuries and geographical zones for it translates the desires of both modern and archaic men
Broze, Michèle. "Les aventures d'Horus et Seth dans le papyrus Chester Beatty I: approche stylistique d'un roman mythologique de l'époque ramesside." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212953.
Issartel, Guillaume. "La geste de l'ours : l'épopée romane dans son contexte mythologique, XIIème-XIVème siècles." Grenoble 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE39058.
For a few years, several researchers have undertaken to study the rites, beliefs and narratives that many cultures developed about the bear, for centuries and in many places in the world, wherever mankind was confronted with this animal. The comparison between different traditions reveals the existence of a mythological set, very coherent and concerning a stupefying space. Tidy relies may be found in many literary works, particularly in epic works. In Europe, the medieval Romance epic (the chansons de geste) shows, in the light of the mythological analysis, the importance of this unexpected substratum. The name of several heroes, their exploits, the families or the groups they belong to, and even the spaces they stride over, find a justification, an explanation, in the mythical bear' s every move
Shinko, Anastasiia. "Michel Tournier ou l'écriture figurale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COAZ2044.
The figure being at the heart of Tournier's texts, this thesis is focused on exploring the enunciative strategies and writing practices of Michel Tournier. The projection of the writer's particular philosophy onto the narrative text is considered at the enunciative level: semantic manipulations, word combinations and figures of speech are all means of influencing the reader's consciousness. In that respect, semantics, semiotics, pragmatics and praxematics are the pillars of this work. Exploring the potential of language to express philosophical thoughts in writing, the author places myth - which seems to reconcile the imaginary and the real - at the center of perspective. Corresponding to the writer's philosophy, the story revolves around the fictional world of the main character, which borrows, at the same time, realities from the reader's world of reference. Thus, the real-imaginary binary - which is accompanied by another opposition of objectivity and subjectivity - is the subject of this thesis at the semantic level. The analysis of the creative work of the writer also concerns the interaction between the signified and the signifier and the problematics of isotopy and allotopy of combined terms. The investigations of the author's writing style concern 10 texts - novels and short stories - grouped by the Hyperbase textometric tool, developed within the Bases, Corpus, Language laboratory. For the sake of completeness, this study also draws on other texts, which provide more examples of the maneuvers carried out by the writer. Comparing to other authors also enriches the textual analysis of the mentioned corpus, which ultimately leads to a highlighting of the specificities of Michel Tournier's style
Munier, Brigitte. "Roman du mythe et mythes du roman : recherche critique sur les catégories du mythique et du romanesque." Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA054016.
Séjourné, Emmanuelle. "Récits mythiques -récits modernes : la mythologie antique dans le roman contemporain de langue allemande." Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR2005.
After the Second World War as in the 80's, the resurgence of Greek and Latin myths in about thirty novels of the German language led to new experiments with narration and writing. Considered as creation and also re-creation, the rediscovery of a myth gives rise to innovative ideas about an essential cultural foundation and about the contemporary world as well. But behind the interest in the myth, there is also a reflection on the chosen literary genre. How far can a contemporary novel go when transmitting a myth? Four novels (Der blaue Kammerherr by Wolf von Niebelschütz, Amanda by Irmtraud Morgner, Die Ästhetik des Widerstands by Peter Weiss and Medusa by Stefan Schütz) bring the experience forward to the resurgence of a genre, the epic, coordinating theme and form in a far more consequent and audacious way than in the order novels. From myth to epic, the singularity of a contemporary writing of mythology comes into view through this study
Chaudré, Anne-Cécile. "La mythologie du vêtement dans l'oeuvre d'Albert Cohen." Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040238.
This thesis will examine the representation of clothing and the way it is worn in the four novels of Albert Cohen. Solal, Mangeclous, Belle du Seigneur and Les Valeureux make up a complete cycle united by the symbolism of dress. The author has the passion of a great couturier for clothes, and it is as they are dressed that the reader recalls the principal characters in these works. It is thus that the reader feels that he knows them, because the characters and their clothing leave him with an impression of intimacy. Ariane and her sail-like dress flapping in the wind, Solal and his sumptuous dressing gowns, Saltiel and his stockings of dusty rose. In these works, the outfit makes the character, and finally one discovers a garment which is the stuff of heroes. The objective of this thesis is to show that Cohen's entire fictional wardrobe is governed by the principles of symmetry, contrast and hierarchy which amount to a system of mythology. This thesis will study dress in its relationship with words, with language and with literary creation, then as an essential component in the tangled threads which gradually become the fictional community and, finally, for its different symbolic meanings and sentimental destiny. In discovering the rules and original structure, one must demonstrate finally that clothing is one of the fundamental sources for the Cohen dream-world. In the labyrinthine collection which constitutes these four novels, Ariane, a character indisputably passionate about dress, invites one, even by her name, to seize the thread and follow the trail through these works
Auraix-Jonchière, Pascale. "La mythologie de Barbey d'Aurevilly à travers les romans et les nouvelles." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CLF20072.
Acoording to the author himself, the prose works of barbey d'aurevilly are anchored in a form of writing whose hidden mechanisms, working in indirect and multivocal ways, both veil and uncover shimmering levels of meaning which do not lend themselves readily to definitive circumscription. . The importance of a mythological code which is syncretic in nature, situated at the heart of this ambiguous language with its interconnected signs, and referring back to both ancient and biblical traditions, is manifest. The aim of this works is to study the pertinence of this code : diffused in the text, does it answer to clear principles of organisation? does it reflect archetypal, and therefore pre-existent, generalised structures? finally, does this code acquire specific characteristics in the course of its reworking by the writer, and is it modelled on the ever-changing demands of collective and individual history? this work sets out to examine how this singular language works within the prose text, and how, conversely, it makes the latter function - that is, how it reveals the elements in which the narrative is grounded as well as the finality towards which the text is bent
Fröberg, Gudmund. "Inifrån det svenska : studier i Heidenstams roman Folke Filbyter /." Stockholm : Carlssons, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36964498m.
Fox, Matthew. "Roman historical myths : the regal period in Augustean literature /." Oxford : Clarendon press, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37670567g.
Schilling, Maryse. "Rome et le prince dans les "Odes" d'Horace : construction d'une mythologie impériale romaine." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAC028/document.
With the accession of the princeps in 27 BC, begins in Rome the "Age of Augustus" - a period of political, but also cultural revolution. Authors and poets joined this collective thinking about the foundations of the City, its identity, its relationship with its princeps and its gods, the imperium of Augustus, and the ideals to offer to the new generation... This dissertation aims to analyse how the Latin poet Horace took part not only to the renewal of the poetic forms in Rome, but also to these reflections around the novus status. ln which way the archaic Greek lyric, that he tries to adapt to Rome in his Odes, as well as the Greek mythology, that he recreates to make them echo the challenges of the Principate, make it possible for Horace to conjure the privileged relation ship between Rome and its princeps?
Keinath, Anja. "Keltische Mythologie im Fantasyroman der Gegenwart dargestellt an Evangeline Walton, Marion Zimmer-Bradley und Stephen Lawhead /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11675705.
Hincapié, Giraldo Leonardo. "Yseut et Wîs : une lecture junguienne des personnages féminins dans Le Roman de Wîs et Râmîn et dans les romans de Tristan." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030114.
In this work we will be comparing two feminine characters (Iseult and Vis) from several medieval stories: the romances of Tristan and the romance of Vis and Ramin. These characters will be analyzed using Jungian theory about archetypes and Collective Unconscious. Our basic premise considers that the same archetypal principle drives the two characters: The Archetypal Feminine. We know that the characters of Iseult and Vis belong to stories whose origins are mythological: Celtic origins for the heroine of Tristan romances and Persian origins for the heroine of Gorgani’s romance. Based on this, one can see how the drawing up of these two characters owes much to other mythical images of Femininity and Woman, in the cultural and mythological context of each literary work. What do we truly know and understand about the heroines of these important stories? What do we truly know and understand about their function and their role in the plot of these romances? This work holds two objectives related to these questions. One, to trace the drawing up of the characters from mythology to literature. The other, to identify the echoes of folktales and traditional literature which resonate in these stories even today. Analyzing these two characters as symbols of the same archetype, can allow us to compare the dynamic of the Archetypal Feminine into these literary works, and to identify their narrative function in the two different outcomes of the stories. Iseult and Vis would be then the crystallizations of a collective image about Woman and Femininity. They appeared in two different cultures, at the same moment of history: The Middle Ages
Robova, Antoaneta. "Figures mythiques dans le roman contemporain francophone." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF20024.
The purpose of this thesis is the comparative study of the resurgences of three mythical figures – Don Juan, Ulysses and Jason – in the contemporary francophone novel. “Part One : The Art of Don Juanism and the Art of the Novel: Milan Kundera’s libertinage” discusses the genesis of the Kunderian donjuanesque paradigm reviving the gestures of the baroque burlador and the romantic, modern and postmodern metamorphoses and experiences of the mythical pattern moving towards a distanced and critical posture. “Part Two: Novelistic variations on the Mythical heritage: Avatars and Adventures of Don Juan and Ulysses” focuses on the intertextual strategies involved in the development of the contemporary libertine typology in Kundera's oeuvre and in three cases of morbid Don Juanism portrayed by Pierre-Jean Remy, Denis Tillinac and Béatrix Beck in order to compare them to the techniques of reinvention of the Odyssean adventure revisited by Maurice Audebert and Eric-Emmanuel Schmitt. “Part Three: Mythical travellers – Ulysses and Jason. Experiences of the return and the quest” studies the devices of demythologisation used by Milan Kundera, the entanglement of Homeric and Joycean intertexts in the Cycle of Cyrtha by Salim Bachi and the transformations of the basic syntagm of the myth of Jason in three works by Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio. The results of the analyses are systematized in order to identify the main features of the mythological writings and to relate them to the trends in the contemporary francophone novel
Sermain, Jean-Paul. "Images du langage dans le roman à l'âge classique : le leurre et la fable : la poétique négative du roman des lumières (1670-1730)." Grenoble 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE39038.
The matter of this thesis is the french novel between 1670 and 1730. Il tries to elaborate an abstract model which could account for the novel of the enlightenment. This model is based on two hermeneutical mechanisme. One is drawn from the novel by cervantes, don quixote. The other from the analysis of the myths (the"fable") made by the sholars at the end of the seventeent century. The first half of the half of the thesis is devoted to the description of these two mechanisms : the first is seen through 3 parodical novels by marivaux, the second through theretical texts and their novelistic transpositions. The 2nd second hald of the thesis tries to scrutiniz how these two mechanisms interfere in a wide range of critical novels : the utopian novel, the allegorical novel, the citationnal novel, the novel of worldiness, the fairy tales
Takimoto, Miwa. "Représenter l’espace habité par les dieux ? La Méditerranée de la mosaïque aux Îles d’Ammaedara (Haïdra, Tunisie)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040006.
What do the Romans aim to represent and perceive when they describe a topographical or geographical trajectory within the framework of figurative art? How do they mentally build real or imagined geographical journeys? How is the mental path created from the image and the narrative? The "Mosaïque aux Îles" of Haidra is a perfect example that allows us to think about these issues. It was discovered in 1995 on the floor of a room in a large building in the suburban district of the ancient city of Ammaedara in Africa Proconsularis. Attributed to the end of the 3rd or the beginning of the 4th century, this mosaic offers the view of an insular space with a series of fifteen islands and cities of the eastern Mediterranean and Sicily, twelve of which are designated by an inscription in Latin: Cnidos, Cnossos, Cypros, Cytherae, Egusa, Erycos, Idalium, Lemnos, Naxos, Paphos, Rhodos, and Scyros. Therepresentation of islands and cities as well as the manner of reconstructing their succession do not correspond to the geographical reality, although ancient authors have described these areas. This work aims to study the spatial structuring, the coordination, and the assembly of the realistic and imaginary elements of places in Roman art, on the basis of this mosaic. The different images that represent the duality at the boundary between the notion of landscape painting and that of cartography have been analysed. Also, the spatial descriptions of the physical and literary geography evoking a cultural landscape have been collected in the written sources
Bourgeois, Claude. "Divona : archéologie du culte gallo-romain de l'eau." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040088.
There are many studies of this form of worship but they are based essentially on epigraphy which gives divinities’ names, and on folklore which might have retained memories of it. They are seldom based on realia. As for archeology, the offering of often modest but numerous ex-voto, according to their destination (whether they were made of wood, sheet metal or stone, anatomical or pathological, etc. ) or their function (ceramics, coins, etc. ) was the rite which left the greatest number of traces. Sanctuaries, as for them, may have been barely arranged springs (but neither rivers nor lakes) as well as monuments (fountains, divonnes, monumental fountains, a few "nymphees", etc. , but no wells), they were also numerous, varied and built according to a centered plan rather than against something. They were more often than not very modest and many of them were at least partly made of wood. Although there were also complex sanctuaries, in towns, often in the conciliabula, and in rural areas, running water always retained the main role. In the pantheon, some eighty divinities gathered, often local or water-related ones. There was no hierarchical organization among them even if they were less scattered than it could first seem : half of the acknowledgements were addressed to mother-goddesses and comparable divinities, among which the nymphs, a quarter to local male divinities, like borvo, and the last quarter to divinities bearing roman names, like Apollo, Mars, and Neptune. Usually, their iconography was classical. Most of them were healers or protectors. Finally, whereas this form of worship was natural, it was not naturalistic: Divona was the divinity of the fountain; she was not the water of the fountain. The relations with water, in a total freedom of worship, were sincere and often individual ones; the number and variety of the realia show it
Besse, Nathalie. "Mythe et récit dans les romans de Gioconda Belli." Paris 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA030095.
Gioconda Belli abundantly resorts to the myth to mythify the action and the ideology in her novels inspired of the nicaraguan culture and history. After the sacralization of the prehispanic indigenous world, the diabolisation of the conquerors founding chaos, then the infernal vision of the contemporary society, christic revolutionaries will fight for the advent of a Golden Age and a New Man. Fruits of a vernacular memory, Revolution, Utopia and magic liberate and reveal heroins at the same time as a collective identity in these narratives which glorify women and rebellion, and emphasize the osmosis earth-human. Nevertheless, myth can't be reality, but if the Utopia fails, the dream remains, and Gioconda Belli exhorts to "the spirit of Utopia", or the myth examined by the principle of reality
Bachelet, Musset Marie. "Les thèmes marins sur les mosaiques de l'Afrique Romaine." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENH040.
The marine genre representations on mosaics include marine mythology, fishes and boats for fishing trade or war. We were using them as pretexts to follow the development of the mosaic Art since its origin in Mesopotamia till it reached the African Province following the roads used by Rome. The fulfillment of an exhaustive catalogue being an illusion we have built it mainly with mosaics that we were able to see and to admire by ourselves. Therefore our collection is unbalanced to the benefit of mosaics from Tunisia where traveling was easier. The concerned time period corresponds to the roman conquest and domination from 146 BC to 533 AD. This follow up in stone pictures is describing parallel historical lines between ROME and the progress of mosaic in septentrional Africa corresponding to actual Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, where are concentrated very valuable and representative expressions and where the marine genre representations were mostly estimated
Purcărescu, Oana-Angela. "Le roman bauchautien et la récriture du mythe d’Œdipe." Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040088.
This research paper proposes a study of a corpus focused on the novel Œdipe sur la route by Henry Bauchau, but also referring to other works of the œdipal cycle and to the writer’s diaries. It is a study which operates on a double level that of an ontological project of the wandering characters in search for identity, for purification and that of writing strategies. The first part of this study, based methodologically on the theoretical works on myth, suggests a definition of concepts, of the relations of myth with literature, of the evolution of œdipal myth. In the centre of our work, with a comparative, argumentative, hermeneutical and stylistic analysis, we focus on Bauchau’s novel, Œdipe sur la route. We analyze Œdipus and the writer’s dreams, the road between Thebes and Colonos, the transformation from an incestuous, murderer and blind king to a bard, an artist, a tutelary hero of Athens, the main symbols and characters in the œdipal cycle and we present the Romanians’ point of view on Œdipus’ myth. The final part analyzes Bauchau’s writing: the polyphony, the anachrony, the mise en abîme technique, the intergenericity, the status of characters, the dream dimension. Everything converges to a poetics of oscillation, of doubt, of wandering. These are emphasized by an analysis in the light of inter-text and palimpsest as a hermeneutical model. Thus, the originality of Bauchau’s writing is that in the centre of added stories, Sophocles’s mythic story continues with past, real or recomposed parts, for the benefit of new experiences, of a new vision on man.Keywords: Henry Bauchau, Œdipus, myth, symbol, identity, wandering, road, catharsis, intertextuality, writing, dream
Vincent, Stéphanie. "Le Roman de Gillion de Trazegnies : édition critique et étude littéraire." Rennes 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN20014.
" Gillion de Trazegnies " is an anonymous novel in prose written in the middle of the fifteenth century and dedicated to Philippe le Bon. In the first book, we submit a critical edition of the novel, unpublished as yet, including its five manuscripts in middle French. A detailed introduction presents the novel through the study of the date, the author, the manuscripts, the illustrations, etc. The author tries to glorify the Trazegnies, a great family of Hainaut, by telling the (fictitious) adventures of one of its members, a bigamous man with twin sons. The novel is useful to Philippe le Bon propaganda (Hainaut-Orient) but above all defines itself as a " dynastic " account. Through other dynastic stories (" Mélusine ", " La Geste du Chevalier au Cygne ", " La Grande Chronique de Normandie " and the cycle of " Jean d'Avesnes "), we study in the second book the characteristics of a medieval dynastic narrative, that always serves political stakes more than family memories
Benoit, Sophie. "La marche d’Hubert Aquin parmi les ombres : le mythe d’Orphée et Eurydice dans le roman Prochain épisode suivi de Les grimoires de l’ombre." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25060.
Durand, Carine. "L' illustration du Roman de Troie et de ses dérivés dans les manuscrits français." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0010.
Within the widespread diffusion of the legend of Troy in the Middle Ages, the Roman de Troie stands out due to its notoriety and posterity. The study of its French illustrated manuscripts allows us to obtain a better understanding of the Medieval appropriation of this legend. The first matter is the date, origin and destination of the manuscripts and the diffusion of related literature and illustrations. The observation of the contents regards to material breaks and narrative differences, with their consequences on the illustrations, and the eloquent manner in which the different works can be brought together or not. They are two distinct themes. One of them groups together the antique myths, the medieval “fantastic element” and the interpretation of the pagan religion. The other concerns the war with its paintings and the image of the warrior. The conclusion examines various issues: relation between text and images, specificity and evolution of the illustrations, perception of the work
Calabria, Roberto. "Costruire la citta : religione civile e mito di Roma nell'Italia post-unitaria (1870-1921)." Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EHES0370.
"What would you do with Rome? This problem worries all of us. It's not possible to stay in Rome without having cosmopolitan purposes". That was the question the German historian Theodor Mommsen asked the Italian minister of the Exchequer Quintino Sella. This question explains very well the objectives and subjects of my research work, analysing the historical reality and the myth of Rome as an operation put into practice by the ruling class. The operation was related to the construction of a civil religion in Italy after the national unification from 1870 (the Breccia di Porta Pia's year) to 1921 (the Unknown Soldier Rite's year). The object of the analysis concerns public manifestations related to the representations of political power, monuments and town-planning politics, which have designed the appearance of a nex capital. This appearance was born through a comparison between universal histories and memories evoked by Eternal town, both connected to Christianity and Antiquity. After the temporal power's fallan, the new capital have had a relation of political and symbolical competition with the old Pope's town
Olivier, Isabelle. "Odyssées arthuriennes : aventures et insularité dans les romans arthuriens (XIIe-XIIIe siècles)." Grenoble 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE39010.
Coulais, Catherine. "Au fil de l'eau-- ; : suivi de Étude sur la thématique de la liquidité dans le roman Le portrait de Dorian Gray d'Oscar Wilde." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24448/24448.pdf.
Wolff, Shahla. "Origines indo-européennes des deux romans médiévaux : Tristan et Iseut et Wîs et Râmîn." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00720933.
Perrin-Macé, Françoise. "Recherche sur les arbres fondateurs exemplaires à Rome." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPHE4076/document.
Before the founding of Rome by Romulus, oak, fig tree and dogwood were part of various tree species growing on the territory of Rome. In the history of the origins of the city, the oak of Aeneas already presaged the destinies of Rome to whom the lupercal fig tree will give body, it was the dogwood which illustrated the creation and election of Rome. The tree, or rather the shrub, was a material sign for political, social and religious meanings of the acts of Romulus in his threefold role as provider of wealth by the gathering of heterogeneous people, warrior who was given a place surrounded by forests, a veritable territory centered on a city, Rome, and deified King. Three symbolic notions common to the three founding trees crosses : the notion of an origin of the territory and the people that was based on an ancient pre-Roman, Greek and/or Italic ; the idea that these legendary trees had been involved in acts of fundation and creation of a people ; finally the close relationship between a mythical Rome and that of historical times, according to the tripartite scheme established by G. Dumézil. The Tradition on the founding of Rome was not exempt from Greek influence but had appropriated this Greek ancestry to make a proper Roman history. The oak, which meant the end of Trojan Aeneas journey, the fig tree which, with the wolf, had helped to save Romulus and the dogwood, pushed at the top of the Palatine Hill, in the middle of Roma Quadrata, the three trees symbolized the place of the birth of Rome, a city that gave a town and a civilization to a grouping of diverse populations before scattered in the woods
Theophilopoulou, Calliope-Catherine. "Figures du héros antique dans le roman médiéval : didactisme et œuvre romanesque." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO29999.
Myths, as well as their dominant figures, heroes, have attracted people throughout time. Since their first days of existence, people turned to them whenever they were needed. Medieval people were an eloquent example. Therefore, references to those narrations which managed to survive through time, as well as to those heroes were frequent. At first, those references existed simply because nobody was able to object to or turn down these references. They were auctoritas which referred to real events. The authors of this era were not asked to create, but to pass them on to the illiterate. Furthermore, they possess a formating role. They constitute questioneless archetypal models. Medieval people also resort to those narrations so that they are able to determine their behavior or adapt an attitude appropriate to their origin, their gender and their age. In addition, reference to particular incidents intends to instruct them or prevent them by means of exposing the harmful results of an incompatible behavior with the laws of society or nature.Finally, writers refer to stories regarding ancient heroes because they realize that it is the optimal way to get through their message.The fact that they promote the model of the perfect leader, contributes to consolidation of aristocracy at a time when the class seems to be threatened by a new rising class, the bourgeoisie. Furthermore, they take the opportunity of inculcating their aspirations in an effort to form a better society. So according to them, the perfect lord should be generous, wise and educated, able to handle his fief wisely, in harmony. On the other hand, we acknowledge the authors’ contribution to the formation of society. Even if they are not members of the class of knights, they also contribute to the suitable management of society by the means of their knowledge
Munro, Morag Jessie. "Retour à la source : l'essence féminine dans l'univers romanesque de Neil Gunn." Pau, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PAUU1002.
The novels by Scottish writer Neil Gunn (1891-1973) abound in subject matter related to gender and Woman. The play on subject/object in the novels shows a majority of male-centred novels. Nevertheless, those involving a female subject reveal "proto-feminist" ideology. Too often absent from historical accounts, women played a vital role as a guarantee of continuity and cohesion within the community. Gunn sees women in an "in-between" position in their relation to men, in some intermediary social and sexual identity : the unmarried mother is one of the recurring figures in the novels. Gunn's young women must face being the object of tender love and coercive sex. From a study of the myths woven into the texts emerge many contradictory images of Woman, harking back to biblical and Celtic mythologies among others, and universal "world mythology". The emergence of the pluridimensional, universal images of the Great Goddess and the Siren/Birdwoman culminates in a disembodied female voice worthy of the Romantic poets. Could this be the feminine essence in the fictional world of Neil Gunn ?
Gosset, Olivier. "Le mythe d'Ulysse dans le roman moderne : étude comparée d'Ulysse de Joyce, de Naissance de l'Odyssée de Giono et de Strändernas Svall de Johnson." Paris 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA040042.
In the twentieth century, modern novel takes over the myth of Ulysses. In order to describe and justify this phenomenon, I have chosen three works : Ulysses by James Joyce (1922), Naissance de l'Odyssée by Jean Giono (1930) and Strändernas Svall by Eyvind Johnson (1946). Through their structures, rewritings reveal a softening of heroism. However, this wickness is balanced by restoring mètis, an originally ambivalent feature, which is turned into a creative intelligence. As regards narration, epic past, distanced and finished, becomes in the three works a present made of breaks and uncertainties. Moreover, the notion of character, which becomes apparent through the king of Ithaca disappears with the writing of novelits who invalidate the identity of the literary protagonist. Finally, the novellistic processing of the heroic poem involves stylistic consequences for paradoxical results. It is true that, if a burlesque approach underminds the Homeric world, resorting to ancient style arouses a celebration of the ordinary world. So polysemy and plasticity of the figure explain his return to the modern novelistic scene. Being age-old to clarify todays enigmas, Ulysses, who is more approachable and closer in the area of Modernity, then can be the spokeman of a new humanism
Tengour, Hossein. "La figure du forçat dans le roman français de 1835 a 1925 [de Vautrin a Chéri-Bibi]." Thesis, Paris 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA030167.
Is there such thing as a literary myth about the convict ? Can we say that literature dealing with convicts is a genre or even a sub-genre? These are the two issues we will adress in our thesis. First we give a historical, social and physiological definition of the convict ; the notion of “bassin sémantique” as established by Gilbert Durand, helps us analyse different myths and mythemes, such as the devil, Napoleon or even the superman and this leads us to the conclusion that the convict as a literary myth does exist. Secondly, we use the Bagne de Toulon by Ponson du Terrail as a pattern to discuss the recurrent themes and motives pervading the novels where such a figure appears : penal colony, escape, paternity, pursuit or even revenge. At last ,we consider the way this character is represented in foreign literature and the different forms it has taken since the classical period until to-day, whether it be galley slave, convict or prisoner. We also show that it is also present in other genres such as the theatre or the cinema and that it features prominently in marginal literature : detective novel, science-fiction, western, adventure story, comic strip. Besides, we examine how the accounts of Albert Londres and Henry Charrière contributed to a rebirth of the convict novel for which , as is illustrated by the rewriting of famous works such as les Misérables or The Count of Monte Cristo there are good times ahead
Gelas, Nicolas. "Fiction et humanisme dans l'oeuvre de Romain Gary : s'affranchir des limites, s'éprouver dans les marges." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO20123/document.
Challenging both apparent determinism and political or moral representations, Gary's work is defined by its predilection for off limit situations and contentious attitudes. Confronted with hatred or barbarism, it will always stand for irony and the power of creativity, involved both in the process of getting detached as well as enrapturing the world anew. Fed on the World War II trauma, it sustains the concept of humanness needing reinvention, not being a set notion but a fiction to be built, an ideal to achieve. Artists and creators owe their contribution to such foundation of a new human mythology upholding the unalienable principle of dignity, thus implanting everyone's spirit with the strength to resist despair. However, humanism cannot be seen just as an abstracted value or some shore to reach, it also implies the actual manner of living in the world. One has to keep clear from whatever overwhelming dogmas reality can impose, by favoring “margins” that will accept human contradictions and frailty. Away from any prophetic idealism, these dedicated spaces become shelters for intimate expression, allowing one to avoid onlookers and escape compelling truth assessments. Shaped around affective values, they bring one to become sensitive to a potential world humanity. Against rigid certitudes and the alienating principle of transparency, they help remember that approximation and mystery can give access to freedom and oftentimes condition the possibility of happiness
Beck, Noémie. "Goddesses in Celtic Religion : cult and mythology : a comparative study of ancient Ireland, Britain and Gaul." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20084.
Ce travail consiste en une étude comparée des divinités féminines vénérées par les Celtes de l’Irlande ancienne, de la Grande-Bretagne et de la Gaule du 8ème siècle avant J.-C. à environ 400 après J.-C. Les Celtes avaient la particularité de transmettre leur culture, croyances et mythes par voie orale, de génération en génération. Les sources qui nous permettent d’étudier les divinités et croyances des Celtes sont donc toutes indirectes et de nature, d’origine et de période différentes. Elles se regroupent autour de trois catégories : les textes classiques contemporains, qui ne concernent que la Gaule et sont très peu nombreux ; la littérature vernaculaire de l’Irlande haut-médiévale, qui fut mise par écrit à partir du 7ème siècle après J.-C. par des moines chrétiens ; et l’archéologie gauloise et britannique, qui est très fragmentaire et étudie les lieux de cultes préromains, gallo-romains et romano-britanniques, l’épigraphie votive et l’iconographie, datant d’après l’invasion romaine. Quelles déesses les Celtes honoraient-ils ? Les Celtes d’Irlande, de Grande-Bretagne et de Gaule vénéraient-ils des déesses similaires ? Quelles étaient la nature et les fonctions de ces divinités ? Comment étaient-elles vénérées et par qui ? S’organisaient-elles hiérarchiquement dans un panthéon ? L’analyse et la comparaison des données linguistiques, littéraires, épigraphiques et iconographiques de l’Irlande, de la Grande-Bretagne et de la Gaule permettent d’établir des connexions et des similitudes, et de reconstruire ainsi une somme de croyances religieuses communes. Ce travail s’articule autour de cinq chapitres : les Déesses-Mères (Matres et Matronae) ; les déesses pourvoyeuses de richesses, personnifiant la terre et les éléments naturels (animaux, arbres, forêts, montagnes) ; les déesses du territoire et de la guerre ; les déesses des eaux (rivières, fontaines et sources d’eau chaude) ; et les déesses incarnant l’ivresse rituelle
Nosrat, Shahla. "Origines indo-européennes des deux romans médiévaux : Tristan et Iseut et Wîs et Râmîn." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012STRAC002/document.
A careful examination of occasional concordances and appendices of Tristan and Gorgâni's Wîs and Râmîn novel reveals the survival of a common ideological past borrowed from Indo-Europeans tripartite ideology. As the narration of the Persian novel dates from the Parthian period, this thesis to solve the enigma of a transmission or an adaptation focuses on the Iranian origin of some themes and motifs of Tristan novel and retraces the migration of a branch of lranian people in Europe, even to France. This people who is known by historical memory under the name of the Alans, was one of thedescendants of the Scythians who were themselves the nomadic brothers of the Parthians
Grange, Bénédicte. "Eaux guérisseuses et sources sacrées dans l'Aquitaine romaine, du Ier siècle av. J. -C. Au VIe siècle ap. J. -C : un exemple de thermalisme gallo-romain." Bordeaux 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR30007.
Hajji, Jamel. "Conflits et amours mythiques représentés sur des mosaïques de l’Afrique proconsulaire du Bas-Empire : fin du IIIe siècle – début du Ve siècle." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20043.
The object of this thesis is the review of the conflicts and mythological love endeavors depicted in the Africa Proconsularis mosaics in the Late Antiquity period. In the meantime, one of the main aims is the study of the subject of the mosaics, the manners of the figurative assimilation, the evolution of the concept, and also the relation between the mosaic makers and a culture considered as a foreign one.For each mosaic are highlighted the respective contributions of the iconography and literature. The structural and conjectural components of each image, meaning the setting of the actions, the characters, the models and the iconographic formulas, and the methods of the production are examined more narrowly; questioning the insistence of imprints, interchange- ability between subjects. We are putting into question theories which has become over time as a dogma, such as the total dependence of the mosaic of Africa Proconsularis to the artistic trends of the time and the inability to separate from the hegemony of the arts alias the major; and we will try to demonstrate that the African mosaic makers were not mere imitators, but truly innovators.Moreover, other approaches are needed to put the mosaics within their architectural and decorative context. These approaches will allow addressing issues related to semantic relations, aiming to find out the modality of the insertion in the rest of the Empire, but also to investigate the validity of certain theories, such as the existence of a codification as a regulator linking the scenes presented and the architectural contexts.Finally, the replacement of the mosaic, in the artistic production encompassing all the other disciplines, taking into consideration all the geographical, historical, social particularities, and the cultural aspects of Roman Africa during the Late Antiquity, which give evidence that it is difficult or impossible to measure the exact relationship between administrative function, financial status and cultural level of the elite sponsors. Instead of, continuing to discuss about the existence of only an elitist culture that adheres to all the aristocracy of the Empire, it would need to exceed some a priori and talk about diversity and differences rather than only similarities
Aidoudi, Wejdene. "Figures féminines dans l’œuvre de Zola : des romans aux films : lecture sémiologique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0275/document.
This doctoral thesis is structered around three axes. It deals with the configuration Of the female sexuality in the work of Rougon-Maquart and it its film adaptation. The research is centered on the representation of the female body and its metamorphosis in Zola’s novel works as well as in the corresponding film works. As for the second axis of research, it relates to the study of photograms in the incipit and excipit of Zola’s novels and from the opening and settlements that have been made. The divergences between the novels and their staging also question the question of the film’s fidelity to the literature on which it is based , which remains a rather problematic issue until today. An analysis of filmic and novel thresholds was found to be very useful. These thresholds turn out to be a space where the creativitity and artistic gift of the designer of the filmic or romantic work are born . At the end of our research, we have noticed that Zola’s female evolves in a background where the real , imaginary and symbolic interfere. And it is through her contact with the settings and objects that she reaches the rank of a figure. The animal metaphor thus constitutes the very essence of Zola’s figurality which hilghlights these female bodies and endows them with a mythological presence. Finally is Zolian naturalism an expressionist vein ?
Cadène, Nicole. "Marie Stuart (1820-1899) : image et images de la reine d'Ecosse au XIXe siècle français." Montpellier 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON30067.
From 1820, the date of the creation of lebrun's tragedy based on schiller's and of the first edition of scott's "the abbot" in france, to 1899, the beginning of her canonization trial, mary stuart inspired in france many works of art of all natures. This study analyses the reasons for this interest and the relationship between the various elements of "the myth" mary stuart and defines the sexual points of view about her. A periodization is established first: this queen, who has been the object of much controversy between catholics and protestants since the 16th century is first and foremost perceived in the first half of the century as a stirring sinner closer to fiction than history. Compared with marieantoinette and to the duchess of berry, she finds herself engaged in losing political battles. She then becomes a renowned historical figure : "the historiographical nightmare" finally seems to have come to an end. She is rehabilitated and presented as a role model tho the catholic youth the treatment of history is then analysed : if the historians established the historical necessity of mary stuart's failure, the historian agnes strickland gave an unbiased and feminist interpretation of her life's story, the originality of which was soon erased by her french imitators. Mary stuart, beautiful and unfortunate, finally appears as the epitome of men's fantasies about woman, at once "muse and madonna". Her case as opposed to elizabeth's permits the condemnation of women's power. On the contrary, women emphasize the queen of scots'courage and talent ; in the duchess of pomar's eyes, she is a female christ whose sufferings henceforth bygone announce a new era. In perceiving mary stuart the sexual distinction out-weights the ideological one, and agnes strickland's essential role in her historiography induces us to reconsider the role of women in the intellectual life of last century
Fellah, Samir. "Identité francophone ? Une littérature entre Transculturalité et Interculturalité dans les romans de Ali BECHEUR, Réjean DUCHARME et Jacques POULIN." Thesis, Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080019/document.
The sociocultural context proves to be a major element in the identital approach of the francophone writings of JP, of RD and AB. Our own approach has tried to follow a synchronic dialectic one through various fictional episodes which constitute the field of research of our study.In the latter, the intercultural element is reconsidered as a concept leading to the rediscovery of the motif of otherness as a clear-cut distinction coming from a sense of belonging which, in turn, guides the writer's behaviour in a way which is different from what the notion of transculturalism usually implies. This idea of transculturalism supports the idea of universality and of multi-ethnic social cohesion by putting forward a polymorphic version of cultural influences which determines the features of individuals within the same society. It is also meant to point out the negative aspect of globalization as an assimilation process within this transcultural pattern which is part and parcel of the literary work.We have specifically laid the stress on the writers' narrative characteristics in order to enhance the recurring themes closely linked to the idea of identity. As a result, the internal dialogue shows a fictional swing between two determining human conditions: disenchantment and passion resulting from an obvious contemporary reality. As a follow-up to our thematic study and more specifically to our analytical one, we have chosen to end our work based on a francophone cultural and identital comparison with a psychoanalytic interpretation of the novels which are part of the corpus
Hermet, Brigitte. "L'expression du surnaturel dans trois romans de Victor Hugo : Notre-Dame de Paris, Les travailleurs de la mer, L'homme qui rit." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040191.
Romaggi-Trautmann, Magali. "La figure de Narcisse dans la littérature et la pensée médiévales." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2143/document.
Greek myths « font signe sans signifier, montrant, dérobant, toujours limpides disant le mystère transparent, le mystère de la transparence2 ». With these words, Maurice Blanchot insists on the very mystery of all myth. It is also the case for the myth of the Narcissus that has known a considerable success in the medieval time but for which it is difficult to … a stable meaning. It is the famous Augustinian poet Ovidius myth that the medieval authors inherited. They added new meanings to the already rich legend, following the footsteps of Ovidius.Narcissus is foremost a figure in love. Narcissus is the unfortunate lover who suffers such a strong passion he dies from it. What he is in love with can be ignored in the medieval versions. Even if he loved a shadow, it is the intensity of his love and the funest consequences the texts insist on. Passion drives Narcissus on the road to death : spiritual death because of Madness et physical death. Narcissus was a prime subject for fin’amor poetry. Troubadours and trouveres made of Narcissus the perfect example of the fin amant between the XIIth and XIIIth centuries. Moreover Narcissus is the deeply linked to the representation of the melancholic that came from the psycho-physiological philosophical and medical theories of love.Moral Reading were also inspired by the myth. Indeed, Narcissus becomes a sinner full of flaws Under the Christian vision of the myth. Pride is the origin of all the flaws: vanity and arrogance are direct consequences. Narcissus becomes the perfect incarnation of these sins. Depending of the point of view the condemnation may vary but the idea is still the same: Narcissus is self-important and is too pleased with himself. Finally the water from the source, one of the most important aspect of the Narcissus mythology, became the meeting point of several traditions which interlaced in the medieval work: biblical water on one side and neoplatonician conceptions of reflection and ancient myth of Narcissus. The ancient fons transforms itself into a medieval fountain and a true mirror. The mirror becomes more and more independent from the surface of water. The phantasmatical dimension of the Narcissus love for his reflection is developed
Hily, Gaël. "Le dieu celtique Lugus." Phd thesis, Ecole pratique des hautes études - EPHE PARIS, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00614164.
Matthey, David. "La klimax dans l’art antique." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20036.
This work finds its origin in the study of a funerary relief exposed today at the Archaeological Museum of Apollonia in Illyria, under the inventory number 5030. The relief, exceptional in more than one way, shows a descent into the Underworld through an accessory that is both a ladder and a staircase as a gangway, as it ends up in Charon’s boat. How to call it ? This is the greek word klimax who’s imposed. Not only because it refers indistinctly to the three items mentioned above, preserving their polyvalence, but it is also the most widely and longest used in the literature and epigraphy to designate them. In our survey, it soon emerged that the klimax had not been studied for itself by archaeologists who confronted themselves there. To fill this gap, our work focuses first on the klimax in the ancient art, mainly through mythological context. Klimakes of assault, klimakes of boarding and landing, klimakes in relation with the ancient theater, form as many examined topics where the klimax plays a key role. A detailed study of the relief of Apollonia, which focuses on his iconography’s problems, completes the survey. That was justified not only by the particular place which occupies, in the ancient imagery, the sculpted scene, but also, and especially, because the klimax find here an exemplary use
Piguet, Emilie. "Culte et sanctuaires d'Asclépios dans les îles Egéennes et dans les cités côtières d'Asie Mineure (IV° s. a. C. - III° s. ap. C.)." Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA1038.
No region of the Greco-Roman world really stayed away from the distribution ofAsclepius’ cult, to the point that in IIth s p.C., we count not less than 320 Asclepieia. FromIVth s a.C. - or at least this is when we have it effective tracks - and during all the Hellenisticperiod, the cult propagates in the Aegean islands and in the coastal cities of Asia Minor. Inthis time, the complexes among the most famous of the antique world (Kos, Pergamon,Lebena) are built, as well as of numerous less important sanctuaries the influence of whichremained essentially local or regional. In our thesis, we study the Asclepius' cult and hissanctuaries in the Aegean islands and on the western coast of Asia Minor in the Hellenisticand Roman times, essentially from the epigraphic documentation. Several themes aredeveloped : the stages of the distribution and the origin of Asclepius' cult ; the economic,political and social role and the management of sanctuaries ; the god (epithets, functions,mythical family, relations with the Hellenistic sovereigns and the emperors) and his cult ; theclergy, the individuals and the social groups frequenting sanctuaries ; the motives for whichthese centers were famous places of "pilgrimage" and the interactions between profanemedical knowledges and divine power of healing
Cabiron, Héloïse. "Genèse in vivo : le manuscrit des "Errances Druon" de Claude Louis-Combet." Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA1017.
Claude Louis-Combet is a discreet writer who built his work away from the world. Even though he did not feel concerned by his own manuscripts at first, he accepted to entrust them to the Centre Jacques Petit in 1994. These archives are now completely digitalized and represent more than 20, 000 folios.This thesis intends to explore the folder of the Errances Druon to reconstruct the genesis of this contemporary novel by collecting the author’s words. The availability and the regular presence of Claude Louis Combet at the Faculty of French Literature in Besançon indeed allow a true interaction between the author and researchers. Therefore, this study on the fourth mythobiography of the writer was conducted in vivo, following the path of a genetic horizon imagined by Pierre-Marc de Biasi in 1993 and initiated by Irene Fenoglio in 2006 with her works on Pascal Quignard.We have thus discovered a different Claude Louis-Combet. Not the well-known serious writer, who took to literature after a violent break-up with religion, but a facetious and mischievous author, who knows how to mystify his readers and who created his own apocryphal sources, such as the famous Vie secrète de saint Druon
Cozette, Sandrine. "Hector au Moyen Age : définition et évolution d'un personnage épique et romanesque." Thesis, Lille 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL30002.
In the Middle Ages, the interest in the Trojan myth focuses particularly on its main character, Hector.Using the Homeric tradition inherited from the late Latin literature ( Ilias latina, Ephemeridos belli troiani by Dictys of Crete, De Excidio Troiae historia by Dares the Phrygian) as a basis to his work, Benoît de Sainte Maure makes Priam’s son the uncontested hero of his novel, The Roman de Troie, in which he praises the feats of this exceptional warrior.This text greatly contributes to the construction of Hector’s myth during the Middle Ages, as shown by its rewritings in prose or verse, although the story of Troy was also transmitted via Dares’ Latin text or its translation.In addition to these two traditions, another one appeared in the 13th century with the Italian Guido delle Colonne whose Historia Destructionis Troiae is a Latin rewriting of Benoît’s novel.However, Hector’s fame also asserts itself in other works in which the character tends to dissociate himself from his city’s destiny and appears alone or associated to other heroes, Trojan or not, to serve as a reference in terms of bravery, which earned him his place among the Nine Worthies.That is why this character continues to evolve independently from Benoit’s novel and its rewritings, as can be seen through epic poetry and Arthurian tales.Both Christine de Pizan and the author of Ovide moralisé take an interest in the values he embodies.Hector is a model, almost an archetypal figure as well as a character whose story never ceased being rewritten by Medieval tradition
Painesi, Anastasia. "Du récit à la représentation : la transposition de sujets de la littérature grecque antique dans l’art gréco-romain et la peinture occidentale (XVe-XIXe siècles). Le cas de la Punition Divine." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040150.
Divine punishment constitutes a recurrent phenomenon in Greek mythology. The hubristic behaviour of vain and selfish individuals, who aspire either to compare themselves to the gods or to succeed them to the domination of the Cosmos, provokes a series of atrocious tortures inflicted by the Olympians to men and women, to humans and mythical creatures, to heroes, kings and even to other gods equally.The present PhD study examines the iconography of a variety of types of Divine Punishment in the Greek and Roman art and the occidental painting (15th-19th centuries). It analyses the interaction between the various works of art and the ancient, mediaeval and modern literary sources. It pinpoints the resemblances between the ancient themes and certain biblical or chivalrous episodes. It focuses finally on the influence wielded by the iconography of divine punishment in politics, society and religion, both in Antiquity and in modern times
Gibert, Ledot Gwenaelle. "Des vies habitées par un rêve : Voltaire et Brecht dans trois fictions biographiques de Jacques-Pierre Amette." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC005/document.
Several works by Jacques-Pierre Amette, which focus on great writers such as Brecht and Voltaire, comprise the subject of this dissertation. They arise out of the genre of biographical fiction, and intertextuality plays an essential role in them. The question of reference generally, and more particularly the complex relationship between biographical fiction and the historical referent, constitutes a primary area of reflection. The process of fictionalization of lived experience and the literary work (as well as critical discourses inspired by it), which is at the heart of current analyses of the fictionalized biography, is envisioned here in light of numerous recent works, the main arguments of which are explored and systematically challenged. One of the purposes of this study is to attempt to describe the specificity with which J-P Amette treats this genre. The hypothesis set forth is that this specificity could privilege the myth of Icarus as a representation of the writer, according to particular modalities. At the heart of this interpretation, the demonstration of which will involve an interrogation of Riffaterrianne semiotics of intertextuality, an examination of the authorial figure emerges, which reiterates one of Amette’s major preoccupations, namely the status of the contemporary writer
Ficheux, Gaëlle. "Eros et Psyché : l'être et le désir dans la magie amoureuse antique." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00189672.