Journal articles on the topic 'Rom I-VO'

Sind die Geschäftsleiter von Kapitalgesellschaften als Arbeitnehmer einzuordnen? Diese Frage wird im europäischen und deutschen Recht unterschiedlich beurteilt. Anders als das deutsche Recht, das zwischen Anstellungs- und Bestellungsverhältnis trennt, verfolgt der EuGH den Ansatz einer Gesamtbetrachtung der Verhältnisse von Geschäftsleiter und Gesellschaft. Die aktuelle Entscheidung des EuGH bestätigt dieses autonome Verständnis des europäischen Begriffs des Arbeitnehmers in Bezug auf Geschäftsleiter. Der Gerichtshof überträgt darin seine Rechtsprechung zu den arbeitsrechtsspezifischen Richtlinien auf das Europäische Zivilprozessrecht. Offen bleibt, ob, und falls ja, wie diese Rechtsprechung auf die Rom I-VO übertragen werden kann.

In seinem Urteil vom 3. Oktober 2019 (Rs. C-272/18 – VKI./.TVP) hatte der EuGH sich mit der bislang kaum diskutierten, aber praktisch relevanten Frage zu beschäftigen, welches Recht auf Treuhandbeteiligungen anzuwenden ist. Die entscheidende Weichenstellung war dabei die Frage der kollisionsrechtlichen Qualifikation. Neben der Einordnung als Schuldvertrag kam aufgrund der Gleichstellung der Treugeber als sog. „Quasi-Gesellschafter“ mit den Direktkommanditisten eine Zuordnung zum Gesellschaftsstatut in Betracht. Der EuGH nahm jedoch in seinem Urteil nicht den gesamten Treuhandvertrag in den Blick, sondern beschäftigte sich nur mit einem Teil der darin enthaltenen Regelungen, die er schuldrechtlich qualifizierte. Das anwendbare Recht richte sich insoweit nach den Regelungen der Rom I-Verordnung. Ferner entschied der EuGH, dass bei einem Vertrieb an Verbraucher die Sonderanknüpfung des Art. 6 Rom I-VO zur Anwendung kommt. Für Verbraucherverträge hatte der EuGH bereits zuvor entschieden, dass Rechtswahlklauseln, die nicht über ihre beschränkte Wirkung im Sinne des Art. 6 Abs. 2 Rom I-VO aufklären, missbräuchlich und daher nichtig sind. Danach kommt im Ergebnis das Aufenthaltsrecht des Verbrauchers zur Anwendung. Die nachfolgende Besprechung analysiert das Urteil unter Berücksichtigung der Rechtsfigur des Quasi-Gesellschafters und zeigt dabei die dogmatischen Schwächen in der Argumentation des EuGH aus kollisionsrechtlicher Sicht sowie die zentralen Fragen auf, die der Gerichtshof offen gelassen hat. Schließlich werden die Konsequenzen beleuchtet, die sich aus einem möglichen Auseinanderfallen von Gesellschaftsstatut und Treuhandvertragsstatut ergeben.

U radu se analizira jezik hrvatskoga crkvenoslavenskog prijevoda Službe u čast sv. Tomi Becketu. Tekst te službe sačuvan je u 21 hrvatskoglagoljskom brevijaru (BrVb1, Bar, Ber2, Mosk, N1, Vat10, Vat19, Vat5, Pm, Met, Mav, VO, Rom, Pt, Broz, Drag, Oxf, Pad, Vin, N2, Brit) u dijelu Proprium de tempore. Toma Becket engleski je svetac kojega slavi Katolička Crkva, a živio je u 12. stoljeću. Stoga hrvatskoglagoljski pisari nisu mogli upotrijebiti slavenski tekst Službe u čast sv. Tomi Becketu niti ga prevesti s istočnoga izvornika, nego su morali prevesti latinski izvornik. Riječ je o hrvatskoglagoljskome prijevodu tzv. Sarum službe, tj. teksta službe iz Sarumskoga brevijara (BrSar). U radu se objavljuju i latinski tekst izvornika i tekst hrvatskoglagoljske službe iz najstarijega hrvatskoglagoljskog I. vrbničkog brevijara (BrVb1). Razlike osnovnoga teksta iz BrVb1 i tekstova iz ostalih brevijara navode se u kritičkome aparatu. Većina je razlika fonološka i morfološka, a leksičke su razlike rijetke. Hrvatskoglagoljski tekst prijevod je prvih dvaju i pol čitanja latinske službe. Tekstovi iz BrOxf, BrPm i BrVat10 znatno su kraći od ostalih. Tekst u BrVat19 nešto je kraći od ostalih, od kojih su tek neznatno kraći tekstovi u BrBar, BrMav i BrBroz. U pojedinim se tekstovima dodaju ili izbacuju pojedine riječi ili dijelovi teksta. Prijevod je vjeran izvorniku iako neki dijelovi rečenica nisu prevedeni. Pri prevođenju s latinskoga na hrvatski crkvenoslavenski osobit su problem oblici i strukture koje u tim jezicima nemaju isto značenje ili ulogu, oblici bez formalnoga korespondenta te pogotovo konstrukcije, zavisne rečenice i oblici koji u hrvatskome crkvenoslavenskom ne postoje. Ablativ apsolutni uglavnom se prevodi finitnom rečenicom s veznikom i ili bez njega ili instrumentalom apsolutnim. Konstrukcija nominativa s infinitivom s glagolom video, 2. prevedena je u jednome primjeru kao rečenica s prilogom očito, a u drugome povratnim oblikom glagola vidêti i infinitivom. Gerundiv koji zamjenjuje gerund preveden je kao glagolska imenica. Veznik quia u ovome tekstu uvodi uzročne rečenice i preveden je veznikom êko. Latinski konjunktiv imperfekta u hrvatskoglagoljskim je tekstovima često preveden kondicionalom, ali u izričnim se rečenicama prevodi indikativom. Konjunktiv imperfekta perifrastične konjugacije aktivne preveden je infinitivom s imperfektom glagola imati. Konstrukcija akuzativa s infinitom uglavnom se vjerno prevodi, osobito u rečenicama koje izražavaju zapovijed. Konjunktiv prezenta preveden je indikativom. Red riječi prijevoda uglavnom prati red riječi latinskoga izvornika. Tekst je vjerojatno preveden krajem 13. st. jer je sv. Toma Becket živio krajem 12. st., a najstarija je sačuvana služba u njegovu čast iz BrVb1 s kraja 13. ili početka 14. st.

Are silencing, ectopic shifts, and receptive field (RF) scaling in cortical scotoma projection zones (SPZs) the result of long-term reorganization (plasticity) or short-term adaptation? Electrophysiological studies of SPZs after retinal lesions in animal models remain controversial, because they are unable to conclusively answer this question because of limitations of the methodology. Here, we used functional MRI (fMRI) visual field mapping through population RF (pRF) modeling with moving bar stimuli under photopic and scotopic conditions to measure the effects of the rod scotoma in human early visual cortex. As a naturally occurring central scotoma, it has a large cortical representation, is free of traumatic lesion complications, is completely reversible, and has not reorganized under normal conditions (but can as seen in rod monochromats). We found that the pRFs overlapping the SPZ in V1, V2, V3, hV4, and VO-1 generally (i) reduced their blood oxygen level-dependent signal coherence and (ii) shifted their pRFs more eccentric but (iii) scaled their pRF sizes in variable ways. Thus, silencing, ectopic shifts, and pRF scaling in SPZs are not unique identifiers of cortical reorganization; rather, they can be the expected result of short-term adaptation. However, are there differences between rod and cone signals in V1, V2, V3, hV4, and VO-1? We did not find differences for all five maps in more peripheral eccentricities outside of rod scotoma influence in coherence, eccentricity representation, or pRF size. Thus, rod and cone signals seem to be processed similarly in cortex.

Introduction. The method of electrospark alloying of metal surfaces was proposed by the Russian scientists B. R. Lazarenko and N. I. Lazarenko. It is possible to apply this process to the surface of the workpiece from any conductive materials of a hardened alloyed layer of material to ensure high hardness, heat resistance, wear resistance and other properties of the executive surfaces of the parts. The paper shows the possibility of formulating criteria for determining the efficiency of the electrospark alloying process and the properties of the doped layer, depending on the properties of d-elements determined by their position in the periodic table and a number of (s+d)-electrons of electrode materials. A similar approach to determining performance criteria can be recommended for other high-energy materials exposure processes. Materials and Мethods. The authors used steel 45 as the material of the rim sections and refractory d-metals of IV-VI groups: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Vo, Hf, Ta, W; а также d-metals: Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pd, Ag, Cd, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au and p-metals: Al, Bi, Sb, Sn, Pb as anode materials for creating doped layers. The installations used for electric-spark alloying: EFI-10M, EFI-46A, EFI-25M, EFI-66, Electrom-10, ELFA-541, Elitron-22, IMEI-01-2A; Corona- 1101; microscope MII-4, MIM-10, BIOLAM-M, EMA-100, Axiosplan-2; Profiler P-201 “Caliber”; microthermometry PMT-3M, DUH-W201, Shimadzu. In the study of erosion there we used the installation of “Atovic absorption spectrophotometer, Varian AA-4”. The generator GOS-3OM and installation SLS-10-1 wer used for laser processing. Results. The generalization of the schemes of the process of electric-spark alloying in single and repeated exposure of the model anode material was made. At the cathode there is a hole with a different degree of filling of the cathode material or representing the zone of mutual crystallization of the anode material and the cathode. When exposed to spark discharge in a gaseous medium, there are differences in the formation of holes due to the more intense transfer of eroded material to the opposite electrode, especially to the cathode. Dependences of some properties (microhardness, melting point, elastic modulus) of refractory d-metals on their location in the IV–VI periods of the periodic table are obtained and presented. Dimensional and volumetric relations of d-elements in electrospark alloying were established, depending on their location in the periodic table. Dependences of the properties of model electrode materials on the statistical weight of atomic stable configurations, as well as the dependence of the erosion of the anode of transition metals on the number (s+d)- electrons and the interelectrode medium. The patterns of d-metals erosion under electrospark alloying and other types of high-energy impact to the surface have been found. Conclusions. Based on the results of this research, it can be stated that in order to achieve higher coating properties and greater efficiency of electrospark alloying, it is necessary to give preference to anodic materials having the maximum statistical weight of atomic stable configurations. It can be said that the properties of the electrode materials relate to their erosion amount and the parameters of the efficiency for forming the doped layer during electrospark alloying, which for specific conditions are determined by the method of selection of ratios and comparison with quantitative experimental data of previously established dependencies. A common approach to the formulation of criteria for imparting new properties to materials by high-energy impacting on them is possible. There is formulated a hypothesis for determining similar change dependences of the physical and operational properties of d-elements on their location in the periodic Table and the statistical weight of atomic stable configuration for various methods of local high-energy impact.

Climate change induced sea-level rise (SLR) is on its increase globally. Regionally the lowlands of China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and islands of the Malaysian, Indonesian and Philippine archipelagos are among the world’s most threatened regions. Sea-level rise has major impacts on the ecosystems and society. It threatens coastal populations, economic activities, and fragile ecosystems as mangroves, coastal salt-marches and wetlands. This paper provides a summary of the current state of knowledge of sea level-rise and its effects on both human and natural ecosystems. The focus is on coastal urban areas and low lying deltas in South-East Asia and Vietnam, as one of the most threatened areas in the world. About 3 mm per year reflects the growing consensus on the average SLR worldwide. The trend speeds up during recent decades. The figures are subject to local, temporal and methodological variation. In Vietnam the average values of 3.3 mm per year during the 1993-2014 period are above the worldwide average. Although a basic conceptual understanding exists that the increasing global frequency of the strongest tropical cyclones is related with the increasing temperature and SLR, this relationship is insufficiently understood. Moreover the precise, complex environmental, economic, social, and health impacts are currently unclear. SLR, storms and changing precipitation patterns increase flood risks, in particular in urban areas. Part of the current scientific debate is on how urban agglomeration can be made more resilient to flood risks. Where originally mainly technical interventions dominated this discussion, it becomes increasingly clear that proactive special planning, flood defense, flood risk mitigation, flood preparation, and flood recovery are important, but costly instruments. Next to the main focus on SLR and its effects on resilience, the paper reviews main SLR associated impacts: Floods and inundation, salinization, shoreline change, and effects on mangroves and wetlands. The hazards of SLR related floods increase fastest in urban areas. This is related with both the increasing surface major cities are expected to occupy during the decades to come and the increasing coastal population. In particular Asia and its megacities in the southern part of the continent are increasingly at risk. The discussion points to complexity, inter-disciplinarity, and the related uncertainty, as core characteristics. An integrated combination of mitigation, adaptation and resilience measures is currently considered as the most indicated way to resist SLR today and in the near future.References Aerts J.C.J.H., Hassan A., Savenije H.H.G., Khan M.F., 2000. Using GIS tools and rapid assessment techniques for determining salt intrusion: Stream a river basin management instrument. 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Zusammenfassung Europäischer Gerichtshof Zum Recht des Verbrauchers auf Ermäßigung der Gesamtkosten des Kredits bei vorzeitiger Kreditrückzahlung („Lexitor“) Keine Anwendbarkeit der Rom I-VO auf die Drittwirkungen einer Forderungsabtretung bei Mehrfachabtretung („BGL BNP Paribas“) Bundesgerichtshof Erstreckung einer Gerichtsstandsvereinbarung in schriftlichem Darlehensvertrag auf Streitigkeiten aus mündlich vereinbarter Fortsetzung des Darlehensverhältnisses Keine Anwendung des UWG auf Durchleitungsverfahren der KfW für Finanzierungen unter Einschaltung von Kreditinstituten („Durchleitungssystem“) Zu Entgelten für Bareinzahlungen und Barauszahlungen am Bankschalter Zur Risikoaufklärung des Anlegers bei Beteiligung an geschlossenen Fonds Klausel über Bearbeitungsentgelt für Treuhandauftrag bei Darlehensablösung unwirksam Zum Widerrufsrecht bei im Wege des Fernabsatzes geschlossenen Verbraucherdarlehensverträgen Oberlandesgerichte Wirksamkeit einer Banken-Klausel über ein Entgelt für die Barauszahlung am Geldautomaten an eigene Kunden mittels Kreditkarte Zum Erlass eines Europäischen Beschlusses zur vorläufigen Kontopfändung Zur Wirksamkeit einer Preisklausel für Geldabhebungen am Bankautomaten per Kreditkarte Marktrisikoprämie von 5 % vor bzw. 6 % nach Steuern auf Bewertungsstichtag im November 2004 bei angemessener Nivellierung durch Ansatz des Betafaktors Zur Verwendung der Musterwiderrufsbelehrung bei einer Bürgschaftserklärung Kein Anspruch des Darlehensnehmers gegen Bank auf Rückerstattung gezahlter Bereitstellungszinsen nach wirksamem Widerruf des Darlehensvertrags Landgerichte EuGH-Vorlage zu den erforderlichen Angaben in einer Widerrufsinformation zu einem Verbraucherdarlehensvertrag

The aim of the article is to examine the relationship between students’ reflective information processing style and speech production during academic tasks solving. The study applies Index of Learning Styles Questionnaire (Felder & Solomon, 2001) to examine four pairs of learning styles, notably active –reflective, sensing – intuitive, visual – verbal and sequential - global. The study applies functional analysis suggested by Naydonov (2008). The students were asked to solve the academic tasks aligned with their knowledge of the academic module. The study applies analysis of fourteen categories according to the following two criteria, notably considering the content/meaning of students’ responses and type of solution. The findings indicate that students with a high level of reflective and verbal style less frequently apply category text (34.55±12.39), comparatively with students with a low level of reflective та verbal style (65.94±4.13). Students with a high level of reflective and verbal style more frequently apply category tools (6.61±1.96) and less frequently category intentions (1.69±1.78) comparatively with students with a low level of reflective and verbal style (1.06±.78 and 2.30±.71, respectively). Category models are more frequent in students with a medium level of reflective style (3.61±.99), comparatively with students with a high (2.05±2.76) and a low (2.69±1.01) level. Therefore, speech production in categories of models and tools evaluates the best solutions in the academic setting, providing an efficient academic task solving. References Боса, В. П. Мовленнєва компетентність майбутніх учителів іноземних мов: методологія проблеми. Восточный Европейский научный журнал: международный польский научный журнал. 2017, 11 (27), Ч. 3, 8-13. Залевская А. А. «Рефлексия» и «языковое сознание»: вопросы терминологии. Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия «Филология». 2015, 4, 29–36. Карпов А. В. 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