Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rolling (Metal-work)'

The objective of this investigation was to determine the influence of work roll cooling on roll thermal behavior. The investigation has been conducted utilizing a previously developed computer model [1]. Three industrial operations were evaluated and features of an optimum configuration have been identified. The magnitude of the thermal zone near the roll surface within which the cyclic temperature variation is confined has been evaluated for different roll cooling conditions. A two dimensional thermal model of a work roll has been developed to predict the thermal field inside the roll, based on which the thermal crown of the roll was calculated under an assumption of axi-symmetric deformation. The heat transfer equation was solved by the numerical finite difference method, the Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) method. This method makes it possible to solve the problem on a personal computer making it suitable for industrial application due to the minimum requirements of computer storage and time. Also because the thermal model simulates operating conditions including the cooling configuration it is of value in studying a variety of industrial rolling conditions. The influence of roll spray arrangement, roll gap heat transfer and mill pacing on roll thermal crown has been investigated.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Materials Engineering, Department of
Graduate

In this research, the effects of gas composition, elapsed time of reaction and temperature on scale formation and descaling of low carbon steel were investigated and results were discussed from the viewpoint of the phase composition of the scales, oxidation rates, oxidation mechanisms, adhesion, fracture mechanics, porosity and residual scale.
The phase composition and morphology of scales grown under conditions similar to those of reheating furnaces were analyzed. Low carbon steel was oxidized over the temperature range 1000-1250°C in gas mixtures of O 2-CO2-H2O-N2, O2-H 2O-N2 and O2-CO2-N2. The mole fraction of each phase, wustite (FeO), magnetite (Fe3O 4) and hematite (Fe2O3) was determined by the direct comparison method Two types of scales were observed. The first type was a crystalline scale with an irregular outer surface composed mostly of wustite, and a negligible amount of magnetite. The second type was the classical three-layer scale composed of wustite, magnetite and hematite. In general, the experiments showed that the furnace atmosphere, oxidation time and temperature influence the phase composition of the scales.
Low carbon steel was oxidized in air over the temperature range 600-1200°C for 120 s to approximate the formation of secondary and tertiary scale in hot rolling. The mole fraction of wustite, magnetite and hematite was determined by the direct comparison method The phase composition of the scales changed with temperature and time. During the initial 30 s of oxidation, wustite was the predominant phase in the temperature range 800-1200°C, and as oxidation proceeded, the percentages of magnetite and hematite increased. In addition, the texture of the scales was investigated by orientation imaging microscopy (OIM); it was found that temperature influences the texture of the scales. The experiments indicated that 850°C is the ideal temperature for the finishing mill in order to reduce surface defects and work roll wear.
The adhesion of scales formed in air on low carbon steel in continuous heating and isothermal conditions was investigated with a four-point bending test. The separation (crack) always occurred inside the scale indicating that the strength of the scale is lower than the strength of the scale/steel interface. It was found that scale adhesion is related to scale porosity, blister formation and stresses acting in the scale. A spallation process was observed when cooling from 800°C to room temperature. The microscopic observations revealed that spallation followed route 1 "strong interface and weak oxide."
Low carbon steel was oxidized over the temperature range 1050-1250°C in O2-CO2H2O-N2 gas mixtures in order to study the hydraulic descaling process. The oxidation times were 15-120 min. and the scales were 130-2000 mum thick. The experimental parameters were chosen to approximate scale formation under conditions similar to those of reheating furnaces. In the hydraulic descaling tests, two modes of scale removal were observed. In the first mode, observed in classical three-layer scales that developed an inner porous layer with low or medium porosity, the horizontal undercutting occurred at the boundary of the inner porous layer and dense scale. The second mode was observed in classical three-layer scales that developed an inner porous layer with high porosity and in crystalline scales. In the second mode, the horizontal undercutting occurred at the first plane of large pores relative to the scale/steel interface. In general, the experiments showed that scale morphology controlled the removability of scale.

Please read the abstract in the section, 00front of this document
Dissertation (M Eng (Electronic Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2002.
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
MEng
unrestricted

The objective of this study is to improve our understanding of the evolution and tribological behaviour of work roll surfaces in cold rolling because surface deterioration affects the quality of products and the efficiency of production. The cost of rolls is almost 25% of the cost of cold steel production. An experimental Lateral Set-testing (LST) mini-mill was developed to make use of the Gleeble 3500 thermo-mechanical simulator functions to evaluate, for the first time, the roll material surface features, surface roughness, fast Fourier transform (FFT) and Power Spectral Density (PSD) of frequency distribution, after single and multi-pass rolling. A low carbon-steel was prepared for the paired disc and then experiments on disc-to-disc wear were carried out to test surface deterioration and friction. In the laboratory, material imitating an industrial roll was manufactured. One batch contained 4%Cr and another contained 4%Cr plus approximately 0.1% Ti. These materials were compared against each other in the LST and disc-to-disc experiments. Experiments considered a series of parameters, including strip reduction, speed, and lubrication, while the disc-to-disc experiments considered duration of wear, forward and backward slip and load amplitude. The surfaces of the LST roller and disc were evaluated by surface technologies such as Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and surface profile-meters. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction wear properties. Test results from the mini-mill reveal that dominant waviness of the surface roughness still exists on the surface after a single pass of rolling and a 30.5% reduction is a critical reduction level that has a significant influence on the density of power spectrum. A rougher work piece results in a larger power spectrum of the surface profile. It has found that the PSD altitude of the roller surface is significantly affected axially but is more sensitive to its original surface roughness circumferentially. It is distributed in an inverse order to the surface roughness in a high frequency domain. The addition of Ti alters surface deterioration. Lubrication has a significant effect on surfaces containing either 4Cr% or 4%Cr+Ti, affecting surface roughness of rollers containing 4%Cr more significantly. In the disc-to-disc tests, more material was removed in the first 60 minutes from the disc containing Ti than the disc containing only 4%Cr. In general, roll material with 4%Cr+Ti reveals to have better anti-abrasive properties than the roll with only 4%Cr, while lubrication significantly reduced the wear rate and amount of material removed from both materials. The speed of the disc influences the weight loss, ie, the higher the speed the greater the amount of material removed. The slip rate also affects roll wear and weight loss because as the speed increases, so do the slip and loss of weight. The coefficients of friction are between 0.35~0.75 when the contact was dry and 0.06~0.11 when lubrication was applied. Adhesive friction dominated the dry contact while a mixed lubrication regime features friction behaviour when emulsion lubrication was applied. A backward slip of 2% and a forward slip of 1.5% resulted in a different coefficient of friction in dry contact mode although the corresponding torques were similar. The torque and coefficient of friction are found to increase with disc speed in dry contact condition. Lubrication alters the friction of both materials. The coefficient of friction decreases with speed on the disc with added Ti but the effect of load is in the opposite trend, while the disc with 4%Cr was less influenced by speed. The coefficient of friction is more sensitive to load at higher speeds on the disc with 4%Cr than at slower speeds on the disc with Ti added. This indicates that the addition of Ti enhances the tribological behaviour of rollers because the disc with Ti additive is characterised by carbonitrades precipitated in a refined tempered martensitic matrix. Coarse carbides characterise the 4%Cr disc materials. Surface defects of the work rolls, including banding, spalling, marking and welding in a cold strip plant, were investigated. It was found that early failures principally resulted from operational factors and roll material off-specification micro-structure defects rather than wear. It is recommended that different grades materials of the roll and strip with different roughness and hardness to be tested and studied on the evolution and tribological behaviour of roll surfaces in the future.

Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
Keywords: product geometry; hot rolling; high speed rolling; rolling simulation; bar and rod rolling; free surface; finite element analysis. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-75).

Orientador: Marcelo dos Santos Pereira
Banca: Antonio Jorge Abdalla
Banca: Rafael Humberto Mota de Siqueira
Resumo: O uso de perfis tubulares estruturais, sejam eles de seção circular, quadrada ou retangular, na construção civil ou em equipamentos mecânicos ainda é incipiente no Brasil. Isto se deve, entre outros fatores, ao baixo número de pesquisas nacionais sobre o tema. Para contribuir neste campo, este trabalho teve o objetivo de realizar um estudo comparativo entre seções quadradas laminadas a quente com as conformadas a frio, pois, no Brasil, a maior parte dos tubos são fabricados por conformação a frio e também por haver grande interesse internacional pela comparação direta entre os perfis produzidos por estes dois processos distintos. Para isto, análises dimensionais da seção transversal, das composições químicas e metalográficas e ensaios de dureza por microindentação, de impacto Charpy, de tração e de compressão foram realizados em tubos de 80x80x10 mm de aço carbono para aplicação estrutural com tensão de escoamento mínima de 355 MPa. Os resultados demonstraram que o tubo conformado a frio com posterior tratamento térmico de alívio de tensão possui área de seção transversal 2,7% menor, distribuição de dureza e propriedades mecânicas praticamente uniformes na seção transversal, ótima tenacidade em baixas temperaturas e maior resistência à tração e à compressão quando comparado com a mesma seção laminada a quente. Portanto, para a seção analisada, ficou comprovada a equivalência estrutural dos tubos laminados a quente com os conformados a frio com posterior alívio de tensão por t... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The use of hollow structural sections, be them circular, square or rectangular hollow section, at civil construction or at mechanical equipment is still incipient in Brazil. This is due, among other factors, the low number of national researches about the matter. To contribute in this field, this work had the goal to realize a comparative study between square hollow sections hot rolled with the cold formed because most tubes are produced by cold forming in Brazil and also because the great international interesting for the direct comparison between the profiles produced by these two different processes. For this, cross section dimension, chemical composition and metallographic analyzes and microindentation hardness, Charpy impact, tension and compression tests were realized in tubes of 80x80x10 mm of carbon steel for structural application with minimum yield stress of 355 MPa. The results demonstrated that the cold formed tube with subsequent heat treatment of stress relieve has cross sectional area 2,7% lower, uniform hardness distribution and mechanical properties in the cross section, great toughness at low temperatures and higher tension and compression resistance when compared with the same section hot rolled. Therefore, for the section analyzed, was proved the structural equivalence of the hot rolled tubes with the cold formed plus stress relieve by heat treatment.
Mestre

Orientador: Sérgio Tonini Button
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: O processo de conformação denominado Laminação Transversal com Cunha, industrialmente conhecido como Cross Wedge Rolling (CWR), tem se destacado na indústria pela sua flexibilidade, produtividade e economia de material, porém pode apresentar defeitos internos que, em alguns casos, inviabiliza a utilização dos produtos. É um defeito de difícil avaliação quanto a sua formação e propagação e ainda não se desenvolveu um mapa de processamento que represente de forma precisa e consistente as condições em que o defeito pode aparecer. Este estudo apresenta resultados dos campos de deformação plástica, tensão, temperatura e do aspecto do desenvolvimento de defeitos internos, acrescentados ao tarugo, através de simulações do processo de laminação transversal com cunha. O estudo se desenvolveu na criação de modelos de elementos finitos pelo software comercial Abaqus® versão 6.9-2, que seguiram condições geométricas de um processo real. Inicialmente, modelos bidimensionais foram simulados apresentando diferentes densidades de malha. Posteriormente, modelos com um vazio central foram simulados e confirmou-se a boa correlação de seus resultados com os encontrados na literatura. Na sequência, um modelo com propriedades de porosidade indicou que a região central do tarugo apresentou a maior densidade de vazios. Também foram simulados modelos com vazios e inclusões de diferentes tamanhos, disposições e formas, com destaque para a região em volta das inclusões, por apresentar a formação de vazios. Por último, foram simulados dois modelos tridimensionais, um apresentando um vazio interno no centro do tarugo, que apresentou os campos de tensão, de deformação plástica e de temperatura parecidos com o do modelo bidimensional correspondente, porém com valores maiores. O outro modelo tridimensional apresentou propriedades de porosidade e indicou que a maior probabilidade de formação de defeitos se concentrou na extensão longitudinal central do tarugo. Os maiores níveis de temperatura, deformação plástica e tensão foram presentes na região central do tarugo, tanto nos modelos bidimensionais quanto nos tridimensionais, indicando que essa região apresentou os maiores níveis de solicitação, o que pode favorecer o surgimento dos defeitos internos
Abstract: Cross Wedge Rolling is a metal forming process which has become very important in the industry for its flexibility, productivity and material savings, although presenting the critical problem of internal defects generation which restricts the use of rolled products, since it is very difficult to asset the defects formation and propagation and it was still not found a processing map to represent CWR with precise and consistent conditions with which the defect should or should not appear. In this study some numerical results are presented in terms of plastic strain, stress, temperature and the development of internal defects within the billet. These results were obtained with different finite element models developed with the commercial software Abaqus Version 6.9-2 by simulating materials with different internal characteristics, representing geometric conditions identified in the actual process. Initially two-dimensional models were simulated with different mesh densities; then, models with a central void were simulated and a good relationship was found with the results found in the literature. Then a model was simulated to characterize the porosity of the material, and was verified that the porosity is concentrated at the center of billet. Other models were also simulated with voids and inclusions of different sizes, distributions and shapes which were added manually. These models showed similar results, and the models with inclusions developed voids within the metallic matrix. Finally, two models (three-dimensional) were simulated, one with an internal void in the center of the billet, which showed the development of stress fields, plastic deformation and temperature similar to that corresponding two-dimensional model, but with higher values. The other three-dimensional model, which presented properties of porosity, showed that the highest probability of defect formation focused in the central and longitudinal extent region of the billet. All models showed that the central region of the billet presents the highest levels of temperature, plastic strain and stress probably favoring the initiation of internal defects
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

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Os fabricantes de latas vêm se tornando cada vez mais exigentes na qualidade e propriedades dos materiais utilizados na confecção de seus produtos. Um dos metais mais usados na indústria de manufatura de componentes obtidos através de estampagem e estiramento, como na fabricação de corpo de latas de bebidas, trata-se da liga de Alumínio AA3104. Isto se deve às suas propriedades mecânicas, estampabilidade, entre outra. Ela pertence ao grupo 3XXX, sendo que seu principal elemento de liga é o manganês (em pequenas quantidades / teores). Trata-se de uma liga não tratável termicamente, sendo que suas propriedades mecânicas são melhoradas a partir da formação de solução sólida e / ou deformação à frio. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar de maneira detalhada a influência de duas diferentes condições de laminação à frio sobre o comportamento mecânico e microestrutural da liga de Alumínio AA3104: laminação à frio com tempo de resfriamento intermediário e sem tempo de resfriamento intermediário entre passes. A análise mecânica, por meio do Ensaio de Tração, mostrou que os materiais laminados com tempo de resfriamento intermediário obtiveram maiores valores de Limite de Escoamento (283,1 MPa) e Limite de Resistência a Tração (309,3 MPa) do que aqueles materiais laminados sem este tempo de resfriamento intermediário (273,2 e 300,0 MPa, respectivamente). Isto foi justificado pelo aumento da quantidade de partículas de segunda fase precipitados na matriz da liga, que dificultou a movimentação de discordâncias, tornando o material mais resistente.
The manufacturers of cans have become increasingly demanding in quality and in the properties of the materials used to make their products. One of the most used metals in the manufacturing industry of components obtained by stamping, as in the manufacture of beverage cans body, is the AA3104 Alloy. This is due to its mechanical properties, stampatability, among others. It belongs to the 3XXX group, and its main alloying element is manganese (in small amounts / contents). It is an alloy not thermally treatable, where its mechanical properties are improved from the formation of solid solution and / or cold forming. Therefore, the present study had as objective to evaluate in detail the influence of two different conditions of cold rolling on the mechanical and microstructural behavior of the aluminum alloy AA3104: cold rolling with intermediate cooling time and without intermediate cooling time between passes. The mechanical analysis, through the Tensile Test, showed that rolled materials with intermediate cooling time obtained higher values of Yield Strength (283,1 MPa) and Ultimate Tensile Strength (309,3 MPa) than those laminated materials without this intermediate cooling time (273,2 and 300,0 MPa, respectively). This was justified by the increase in the amount of second phase particles and precipitated dispersions in the alloy matrix, which made difficult the movement of dislocations, making the material more resistant

Orientador: Paulo Roberto Mei
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Nos últimos anos, melhorias substanciais na tecnologia de fabricação de aços tornaram possível o desenvolvimento de aços de ultra-baixo carbono livres de intersticiais (interstitial free steels). Os aços IF apresentam teores de carbono menores que 50ppm, em peso, e são estabilizados com titânio e/ou nióbio, objetivando remover os elementos intersticiais presentes, principalmente o carbono e o nitrogênio. Se caracterizam por apresentar altos valores no coeficiente de anisotropia médio e no alongamento, e são aplicados em operações que requerem materiais com alta capacidade de conformação. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é o de estabelecer uma correlação entre parâmetros do tratamento termomecânico; em especial as temperaturas de acabamento e bobinamento; a microestrutura e as propriedades mecânicas e, com isso, propor uma otimização no processamento deste material. O aço, doado pela Açominas, foi laminado a quente e a frio e recozido continuamente em escala laboratorial. As propriedades mecânicas foram determinadas através de ensaios de tração e de embutimento e ensaios para determinação do coeficiente de anisotropia médio, enquanto a microestrutura foi caracterizada através de microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação de altas temperaturas de acabamento (900°C) e de bobinamento (700°C), durante a laminação a quente, ocasiona a formação de uma microestrutura fina, homogênea e equiaxial, provoca um crescimento no tamanho dos precipitados e aumenta os valores do coeficiente de anisotropia e do alongamento do material, propiciando uma condição de processamento ótima do aço para aplicações em estampagem extra-profunda
Abstract: In the last years, substantial improvements on steelmaking technology have made possible the development of interstitial-free steels containing ultra-Iow carbonoThe IF steels show carbon content lower than 50 ppm, in weight, and are stabilized with titanium and niobium, in arder to remove the interstitial elements, mainly carbon and nitrogen. They are characterized by high levels of r-values and elongation, and are applied in operations which require materials with high conformation capacity. The purpose of this investigation is to establish correlations among thermomechanical treatment parameters; specially finishing and coiling temperatures; microstructure and mechanical properties and, on establishing these correlations, it proposes a processing optimizing of this material. The steel, produced by Açominas, was hot and cold rolled and continuous annealed in laboratorial scale. The mechanical properties were determined by tensile, drawing and r-value tests, whereas the microstructure was characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the use of high finishing temperature (900°C) and high coiling temperature (700°C), during hot rolling, promotes a fine, homogeneous and eqüiaxial microstructure, grows the precipitate and increases the r-values and the elongation, propitiating a steel optimum processing condition for extra deep-drawing applications
Doutorado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Aluminum sheets are produced by rolling followed by annealing. However when submitted to deep drawing earing appears, caused by the plastic anisotropy resulting from the production process. After annealing the main texture is cube {001} , that is recognized as being the cause of this heterogeneity during deep drawing. The literature shows that when shear stress is applied in the deformation process, it leads to texture changes. In this study asymmetric rolling (AR) was used as a technique to produce shear. The shear stress is introduced by the different velocities between the upper and bottom rolls and in this study this was achieved by using roll radius relations (r1/r2) of 1,5 and 2. Rolling reductions of 50% in thickness were applied to aluminum AA1050 sheets. The conventional rolling (CR) was compared to the asymmetric rolling (AR), at two different reduction rates: 5% and 10%. The crystallographic textures were obtained by xray diffraction. Finite element analysis, using the DEFORM software, was used to analyze the effective strain distribution throughout the thickness as well as its components: normal strain, shear strain and rigid body rotation. The samples were annealed in a furnace with 350°C for 05, 10, 15, 20 and 60 minutes. The microstructure was characterized by optical microscopy, electron back scatter diffraction and x-ray diffraction. The plastic anisotropy (Lankford Parameter) was measured by tensile experiments at three different sheet directions and by the Erichsen test. The deformed samples’ microstructure was analyzed at the surface near to the upper roll and at half of the thickness. For the CR the main components were brass (Bs) {011} , Goss (Gs) {011} and copper (Cu) {112} , with 8.8 intensity at the central layer, and 4.5 at the surface. For AR samples the was more random at the surface of the samples with 5% of reduction per pass, added to a component of rotation in the normal direction, what resulted in cube and rotated cube textures or near to these orientations, generating a type of fiber {100}//ND. The maximum intensities for the (r1/r2) of 1,5 and 2 were 3 and 4, respectively. For the samples with 10% of reduction per pass the rolled texture was still presented, with a more intense rotation in the transversal direction related to the rolling direction and shear texture components {100}//ND and . The maximum intensities were 3 and 3.5 , for the (r1/r2) of 1,5 and 2, respectively. In the center layer of the samples with 5% of reduction per pass for (r1/r2) of 1,5 and 2 showed a intensity of 5.26 and 6.56, respectively and the strongest shear texture was rotated Goss (C). (011)[0-1- 1] The samples with 10% reduction per pass showed the greatest reduction of intensity with 3.05 and 3.63, for the (r1/r2) of 1,5 and 2 respectively, and the highest intensity was related to rotate the Goss (011)[0-1-1] component. In the pole figures rotations around the transversal direction (TD) and the normal direction (ND) were observed. Using the finite element analysis the rotation around the TD and ND were quantified and its variation across the thickness were analyzed. The rigid body rotation is superposed to shear , which leads to the observed texture gradients. The rotation around TD is imposed by the velocity difference between top and bottom roll, whereas the ND rotation is imposed by the experimental configuration, which permit variation of the sample alignment at the roll mill entrance. This was stronger for the 5% reduction rate and more concentrated at the samples surface. After 05 minutes the annealed samples were already recrystallized , after 60 minutes the grain average size was 30µm, and hardness 21HV. The annealed texture for the CR sample showed the greatest concentration off Cube texture {001} and intensity of 8.08 times the random. For the AR samples with 5% reduction per pass the intensities for the (r1/r2) of 1,5 and 2 was 5.88 and 6.56, respectively, and for the 10% reduction per pass 2.96 and 2.85, respectively. The AR decreases the annealed texture. In the samples of 5% reduction per pass the most intense shear texture was rotated Goss, the 10% reduction per pass did not have a predominant component. The Lankford parameters showed less anisotropy for the annealed samples with 10% reduction per pass. Based on the values of anisotropy and hardening exponent for each sample, the Limiting Rate of Drawing was calculated. The AR got a superior values than the CR ones, indicating an improvement of the drawability.
Chapas de Alumínio são comumente produzidas por laminação seguida de recozimento. Entretanto, ao serem submetidas à estampagem profunda apresentam problemas de orelhamento, devido à anisotropia plástica. Durante o recozimento a textura predominante é a cubo {001} , esta textura é reconhecida como sendo a causadora da má estampabilidade. A literatura indica que é possível alterar a textura final aplicando cisalhamento durante o processamento do material, neste trabalho aplicamos a Laminação Assimétrica (LA) como forma de produzir cisalhamento sobre a chapa. Utilizando o alumínio AA1050 até atingir um total de 50% de redução em espessura, com relações de assimetria (LA) de (r1/r2) de 1,5 e 2 com 5% e 10% de redução por passe e Laminação Convencional (LC) com taxa de 10% de redução por passe. A deformação experimental foi comparada à simulação de elementos finitos utilizando o software DEFORM, e a distribuição de deformação equivalente foi analisada ao longo da espessura da chapa. As amostras passaram por recozimento em forno tipo MUFLA, a 350°C por 05, 10, 15, 20 e 60 minutos. As amostras deformadas foram caracterizadas por microscopia óptica e sua textura cristalográfica foi obtida por difração de raios-x. As amostras recozidas passaram por caracterização microestrutural por microscopia óptica, difração de elétrons retroespalhados (EBSD) e difração de raios-x. A caracterização mecânica foi feita por ensaios de dureza, de tração e pelo ensaio de embutimento Erichsen. A microestrutura das amostras deformadas foi analisada próxima a superfície do rolo superior e no plano central a espessura. Para a LC foram encontradas concentrações maiores de Bs {011} , Gs {011} , Cu {112} , com intensidade máxima de 8,8 para o centro da chapa e de 4,5 na superfície. Para as amostras LA houve uma maior aleatoriedade das texturas tanto na superfície quanto no plano central. As amostras com 5% de redução por passe apresentaram as melhores reduções de intensidades máximas, somada a uma componente de rotação na direção normal (DN) da chapa, as intensidades máximas para (r1/r2) 1,5 e 2 foram de 3 e 4 respectivamente. Nas amostras de 10% de redução por passe ainda estavam presentes as componentes de laminação com uma rotação mais acentuada ao redor da direção transversal (DT) a direção de laminação as intensidades máximas foram de 3 e 3,5 para (r1/r2) 1,5 e 2 respectivamente. No centro da chapa as amostras de 5% de redução por passe para (r1/r2) 1,5 e 2 apresentam intensidades de 5,26 e 6,56 respectivamente e a textura de cisalhamento mais forte foi a Goss rodado (011) [0 1 1 ] (C). Já as amostras de 10% de redução apresentam as maiores reduções de intensidade com 3,05 e 3,63, para (r1/r2) 1,5 e 2 respectivamente, e uma proporção maior de intensidade Goss rodado (C). A simulação numérica foi utilizada para quantificar as rotações de corpo rígido impostas pela deformação, indicadas nas figuras de pólo pelas rotações ao redor da DN e da DT. Quanto às rotações ao redor da DT, para as reduções de 5% o cisalhamento se concentra na superfície e a rotação de corpo rígido é relativamente mais intensa no centro da amostra; nas reduções de 10% uma contribuição mais intensa tanto da rotação quanto do cisalhamento foi obtida. Quanto à rotação ao redor de DN ela foi mais intensa na superfície da chapa e para a redução de 5%. Após 05 minutos de tratamento as amostras já se encontravam recozidas atingindo um tamanho de grão médio de cerca de 30µm, e dureza em torno de 21HV. A textura de recozimento da amostra LC apresentou maiores concentrações das texturas cubo {001} e intensidade de 8,08. Para a LA com 5% de redução por passe as intensidades são máximas para r1/r2 1,5 e 2 foram 5,88 e 6,56, respectivamente, já para as com 10% de redução por passe, 2,96 e 2,85, respectivamente, apresentando a maior redução de concentração de texturas, assim como no material deformado. A LA promoveu, portanto a redução da intensidade de textura de recozimento Nas amostras de 5% de redução por passe a textura de cisalhamento mais intensa foi a Goss rodado, já para as amostras de 10% não houve uma componente predominante. O ensaio de tração nas três direções apresentou uma menor anisotropia para as amostras recozidas com 10% de redução por passe. Baseado nos valores de anisotropia e encruamento para cada amostra foi calculado a taxa de limite de embutimento, na qual as amostras LA obtiveram um valor superior a LC, indicando possuírem um melhor comportamento ao ensaio.

Spindle failure during fast steel rolling is one of the major equipment failures encountered at Onesteel Whyalla Steelworks (WS). Spindle failure whilst infrequent has been occurring over a long period of time and is a significant cost impost in terms of replacement parts, repair and lost production. Previous attempts at mechanical analysis and spindle redesign have not rectified the problem. This thesis presents an in-depth investigation of the problem and uses a completely new approach, modeling and control, to obtain a solution to the problem.