Journal articles: 'Rolling contact fatigue (RCF)'

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Ghalme, Sachin G. "Probabilistic Life Models in Rolling Contact Fatigue." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.58.

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Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) is the name given to crack growth and material damage generated as a result of high loads transmitted between two surfaces which are rolling with relative to each other. An understanding of rolling contact fatigue failure mechanism and a prediction of lifetimes are of interest to both manufacturer and researcher. Subsurface originated cracks have been recognized as one of the main modes of failure for rolling contact fatigue (RCF) of bearings. Numbers of investigators have attempted to determine the physical mechanism involved in rolling contact fatigue of bearings and proposed models to predict their fatigue lives. This paper attempts to cover the most widely used probabilistic life models used in RCF.

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Cao, Wei, Si Ren, Wei Pu, and Ke Xiao. "Microstress cycle and contact fatigue of spiral bevel gears by rolling-sliding of asperity contact." Friction 8, no. 6 (January 4, 2020): 1083–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40544-019-0335-x.

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AbstractThe rolling contact fatigue (RCF) model is commonly used to predict the contact fatigue life when the sliding is insignificant in contact surfaces. However, many studies reveal that the sliding, compared to the rolling state, can lead to a considerable reduction of the fatigue life and an excessive increase of the pitting area, which result from the microscopic stress cycle growth caused by the sliding of the asperity contact. This suggests that fatigue life in the rolling-sliding condition can be overestimated based only on the RCF model. The rubbing surfaces of spiral bevel gears are subject to typical rolling-sliding motion. This paper aims to study the mechanism of the micro stress cycle along the meshing path and provide a reasonable method for predicting the fatigue life in spiral bevel gears. The microscopic stress cycle equation is derived with the consideration of gear meshing parameters. The combination of the RCF model and asperity stress cycle is developed to calculate the fatigue life in spiral bevel gears. We find that the contact fatigue life decreases significantly compared with that obtained from the RCF model. There is strong evidence that the microscopic stress cycle is remarkably increased by the rolling-sliding motion of the asperity contact, which is consistent with the experimental data in previous literature. In addition, the fatigue life under different assembling misalignments are investigated and the results demonstrate the important role of misalignments on fatigue life.

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PATRA, AMBIKA PRASAD, SUJIT BIDHAR, and UDAY KUMAR. "FAILURE PREDICTION OF RAIL CONSIDERING ROLLING CONTACT FATIGUE." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 17, no. 03 (June 2010): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539310003731.

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Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) is a major cause of rail failure leading to replacement of rails. RCF defects are caused by a combination of high normal and tangential stresses between the wheel and rail. In this study, a methodology has been proposed to evaluate P-F (Potential failure-functional failure) interval of RCF defects based on RCF defect rate distribution and fatigue design life distribution. For estimating fatigue design life distribution, load under variable amplitude has been considered which is a case in the mixed traffic scenario. Stochastic S-N curve has been considered to account for probabilistic nature of fatigue life. The stress history can be calculated from the actual load history. RCF defect distribution can be estimated from the probability density function of the defects from the actual field data. The proper estimation of P-F interval will help the infrastructure managers to define rail inspection interval scientifically.

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Cui, Li, and Yin Su. "Contact fatigue life prediction of rolling bearing considering machined surface integrity." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 74, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-08-2021-0345.

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Purpose Rolling bearings often cause engineering accidents due to early fatigue failure. The study of early fatigue failure mechanism and fatigue life prediction does not consider the integrity of the bearing surface. The purpose of this paper is to find new rolling contact fatigue (RCF) life model of rolling bearing. Design/methodology/approach An elastic-plastic finite element (FE) fatigue damage accumulation model based on continuous damage mechanics is established. Surface roughness, surface residual stress and surface hardness of bearing rollers are considered. The fatigue damage and cumulative plastic strain during RCF process are obtained. Mechanism of early fatigue failure of the bearing is studied. RCF life of the bearing under different surface roughness, hardness and residual stress is predicted. Findings To obtain a more accurate calculation result of bearing fatigue life, the bearing surface integrity parameters should be considered and the elastic-plastic FE fatigue damage accumulation model should be used. There exist the optimal surface parameters corresponding to the maximum RCF life. Originality/value The elastic-plastic FE fatigue damage accumulation model can be used to obtain the optimized surface integrity parameters in the design stage of bearing and is helpful for promote the development of RCF theory of rolling bearing.

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Coelho, Luís, António C. Batista, João Paulo Nobre, and Maria José Marques. "Rolling and Rolling-Sliding Contact Fatigue Failure Mechanisms in 32 CrMoV 13 Nitrided Steel—An Experimental Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (November 8, 2021): 10499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110499.

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The aim of this work is to characterize the rolling and rolling-sliding contact fatigue failure mechanisms on the 32CrMoV13 nitrided steel. During rolling contact fatigue tests (RCF), two general features were observed: specimens presenting short lives and rough and sharpened spalling damage and specimens presenting long lives and only microspalling marks. It was possible to determine a contact fatigue limit of 3 GPa. During rolling-sliding contact fatigue tests (RSCF), a clearly different behaviour between the two specimens in contact has been observed: the driver shows circumferential and inclined cracks and only inclined cracks appear in the follower. This behaviour can be understood if the effect of the residual stress state in near-surface layers is considered. Before RCF tests, the residual stresses are compressive in all near-surface layers. After RCF tests, strong residual stress relaxation and even reversing behaviour was observed in the axial direction, which facilitates the surface crack initiation in the circumferential direction at rolling track borders.

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Zhang, Yuyan, Xiaoliang Yan, Xiaoqing Zhang, Juan Li, and Fengna Cheng. "Effects of inhomogeneity on rolling contact fatigue life in elastohydrodynamically lubricated point contacts." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 71, no. 5 (July 8, 2019): 697–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-01-2019-0029.

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PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the effects of inhomogeneities on the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) life in elastohydrodynamically lubricated (EHL) point contacts.Design/methodology/approachA numerical model for predicting the RCF life of inhomogeneous materials in EHL contacts was established by combining the EHL model and the inclusion model through the eigen-displacement and then connecting to the RCF life model through the subsurface stresses. Effects of the type, size, location and orientation of a single inhomogeneity and the distribution of multiple inhomogeneities on the RCF life were investigated.FindingsThe RCF life of a half-space containing manganese sulfide (MnS) inhomogeneity or the mixed inhomogeneity of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and calcium oxide (CaO) was longer than that for the case of Al2O3inhomogeneity. For a single ellipsoidal MnS inhomogeneity, increases of its semi-axis length and decreases of its horizontal distance between the inhomogeneity and the contact center shortened the RCF life. Furthermore, the relationship between the depth of a single MnS inhomogeneity and the RCF life was found. For the half-space containing multiple inhomogeneitites, the RCF life decreased remarkably compared with the homogeneous half-space and showed discreteness.Originality/valueThis paper implements the prediction of the RCF life of inhomogeneous materials under EHL condition.

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Liu, Pengtao, Zilong Lin, Chunpeng Liu, Xiujuan Zhao, and Ruiming Ren. "Effect of Surface Ultrasonic Rolling Treatment on Rolling Contact Fatigue Life of D2 Wheel Steel." Materials 13, no. 23 (November 29, 2020): 5438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235438.

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A GPM-30 fatigue machine was used to investigate the influence of surface ultrasonic rolling (SURT) on the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) life of D2 wheel steel. The experimental results present that the RCF life of the grinding processing sample is 4.1 × 105 cycles. During the RCF process, the flaking of the fine grain layer and high surface roughness of the grinding processing sample cause the production of RCF cracks. When the samples are treated by SURT with 0.2 MPa and 0.4 MPa, the RCF life is 9.2 × 105 cycles and 9.6 × 105 cycles, respectively. After SURT, the surface roughness of the samples is reduced, and a certain thickness of gradient-plastic-deformation layer and a residual-compressive-stress layer are produced. These factors lead to the improvement of the RCF property. However, when the static pressure increases to 0.6 MPa during SURT, the RCF life of the sample is reduced during RCF testing. The micro-cracks, which are formed during SURT, become the crack source and cause the formation of RCF cracks, decreasing of the RCF life.

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Olver, A. V. "The Mechanism of Rolling Contact Fatigue: An Update." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 219, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 313–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/135065005x9808.

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A review of some of the recent work on the mechanism of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) is presented. Topics covered include the appearance and classification of RCF and the processes of strain localization, texture development, microstructural change, crack formation, crack shape and propagation, and through-fracture. It is concluded that a significant barrier to progress is the poor current understanding of the processes of running-in and of the interactions between plastic deformation, wear, lubricant chemistry and damage accumulation.

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Wang, Yanpeng, Pengcheng Xiang, Haohao Ding, Wenjian Wang, Qiang Zou, Xuehua Liu, Jun Guo, and Qiyue Liu. "Effects of Molybdenum Addition on Rolling Contact Fatigue of Locomotive Wheels under Rolling-Sliding Condition." Materials 13, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 4282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194282.

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Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) damages often occur, sometimes even leading to shelling on locomotive wheel treads. In this work, the RCF damage behaviors of two locomotive wheel materials with different molybdenum (Mo) contents were studied, and the influence of depth of wheel material was explored as well. The result indicates that with the increase in the Mo content from 0.01 wt.% (wheel 1, i.e., a standard wheel) to 0.04 wt.% (wheel 2, i.e., an improved wheel), the proeutectoid ferrite content and the interlamellar spacing of pearlite decreased, the depth and length of the RCF cracks increased and the average RCF live of locomotive wheel steel improved by 34.06%. With the increase in the depth of material, the proeutectoid ferrite content and the interlamellar spacing of pearlite increased, the depth of RCF cracks increased, the length of RCF cracks of wheel 1 increased and then decreased whereas that of wheel 2 decreased, the RCF live showed a decrease trend for wheel 1, while the RCF life increased and then decreased for wheel 2. The processes of shelling can be divided into three patterns: cracks propagating back to the surface, crack connection and fragments of surface materials.

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Romanowicz, Paweł. "Application of Selected Multiaxial High-Cycle Fatigue Criteria to Rolling Contact Problems." Key Engineering Materials 542 (February 2013): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.542.157.

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The risk of fatigue failure of elements working in rolling contact conditions (such as railway wheels, rolling bearings, etc.) is a significant issue with respect to safety and economy. In this case the complex and non-proportional stress state with pulsating three dimensional compression occurs. Therefore, the analysis of fatigue life of structures working in rolling contact conditions can be performed using recently proposed multiaxial high-cycle fatigue criteria. However, there is no hypothesis that could be universally accepted for calculations of fatigue strength. Furthermore, not all criteria proposed in literature for rolling contact fatigue (RCF) analysis can predict it. In the paper, the most popular criteria based on different theories are investigated in the application to RCF problem. Moreover, modification of the popular Dang Van hypothesis is proposed. The problem of free and tractive rolling contact fatigue is analysed on the example of a cylindrical crane wheel and spherical thrust roller bearing.

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Zhou, Jing Ling, Wei Nan Zhu, Guo Qing Wu, and Yu Song Ren. "Finite Element Analysis to Ceramic Ball Pure Rolling Contact Stresses." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 667–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.667.

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The RCF (Rolling Contact Fatigue) life of bearing balls is a main method, to evaluate the performance of bearing materials and their production technology. In general, The RCF life of ceramic balls is a reliable technique to asses whether or not they are suitable to be used in rolling bearings. The RCF life of ceramic balls is depend on contact stresses chiefly. It applies the finite element analysis to calculate the surface stresses and subsurface stresses, including 1st principal tensile stresses and shear stresses. The theory results are compared with the finite element solutions. Very good agreement is observed. The finite element results in this paper have an important applied value. The results provided theoretical basis for rolling contact fatigue life prediction of the ceramic balls.

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Chen, Guan, Hong Ping Zhao, Shao Hua Ji, Xi Qiao Feng, and Hui Ji Shi. "Experimental Study of the Effects of Surface Defects on Rolling Contact Fatigue Behavior." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.254.

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Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) cracks initiated from surface and subsurface defects are typical failure modes of bearing systems. In this paper, the effects of surface defects on RCF behavior of M50NiL and M50 steels were studied experimentally. Artificial dents were introduced on the rolling surface by using Rockwell hardness tester. The influences of dent shape and dent shoulders were examined by thrust-type RCF tests. Surface cracks initiation, propagation and spalling were monitored by scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation. The results showed that artificial dents reduce RCF lives of M50NiL and M50 steels with mineral oil lubrication. The fatigue failure initiates at the surface defect with the effects of dent shape and dent shoulder. M50NiL steel has higher contact fatigue resistance than M50. The features of surface and sub-surface cracks propagation during RCF tests were also observed.

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Vaculka, Miroslav, Libor Nohál, and Petr Vosynek. "Case study of multiaxial criteria for rolling contact fatigue of bearing steels." MATEC Web of Conferences 165 (2018): 22017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816522017.

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A rolling contact fatigue (RCF) differs from the classic fatigue in a stress-state. Nowadays, a prediction of the RCF is still not on the sufficient level. A lot of researchers tried to apply different multiaxial fatigue criteria (MFC) to the RCF, respectively they modified some or even proposed new one. Our paper focuses on assessment of bearing life estimation based on mentioned methods with experimental validation in laboratory. Comparison and summarization of different methods used in MFC life estimation is presented, with inclusion of fatigue material properties, hardness and probability. Mainly bearing steels are used for evaluation and region of high-cycle and giga-cycle fatigue.

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Mizobe, Koshiro, Takahiro Matsueda, Gakuto Shinohara, Takuya Shibukawa, and Katsuyuki Kida. "Surface Observation of Induction-Heated 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo Stainless Steel after Interrupted Fatigue Testing under Rolling Contact Stress in Water." Solid State Phenomena 315 (March 2021): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.315.72.

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In order to investigate the wear behavior of induction-heated 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo stainless steel, we performed the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) tests in water. We interrupted the RCF test at each 1.0×105 cycles and measure the wear loss and observed the contact surface. After the RCF tests, we found the oxygen concentration area in the contact area.

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Zeng, Fan Fei, Li Sha Niu, and Hui Ji Shi. "Numerical Simulation on Rolling Contact Fatigue with Dent at Rolling Surface." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 1094–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.1094.

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This work has investigated the effect of spherical dent on rolling contact fatigue (RCF). A 3-D finite element simulation model of bearing rolling contact incorporating critical plane approach has been developed to study the fatigue failure location. It was found that the fatigue failure locations were significantly influenced by the dent. The calculation results are in good agreement with the experimental results and comparable with the results from the published literatures in which 2-D models were generally used.

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Seo, Jung-Won, Hyun-Moo Hur, and Seok-Jin Kwon. "Effect of Mechanical Properties of Rail and Wheel on Wear and Rolling Contact Fatigue." Metals 12, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12040630.

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Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) and wear are important problems for the wheel and rail. RCF and wear is caused by contact stress and the slip ratio between the wheel and the rail. The material properties of the wheel and rail are an important factor to prevent the degradation caused by RCF and wear. In this study, the mechanical properties and fatigue characteristics of the two types of wheel and rail were evaluated, and the effects on wear and contact fatigue were examined. We found that the crack growth rate and the hardness were important factors in the contact fatigue and the wear. The rail steel with a higher crack growth rate and hardness had a low resistance to contact fatigue with large size damage. The hardness ratio and the total hardness are important factors in evaluating the wear resistance. In addition, we found that the residual stress increased proportionally to the maximum shear stress.

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Rozwadowska, Justyna, Katsuyuki Kida, Edson Costa Santos, Takashi Honda, Hitonobu Koike, and Kenji Kanemasu. "Investigation of Crack Initiation and Propagation during Rolling Contact Fatigue of SUJ2 Steel Bearings Using a Newly Developed One-Point Testing Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 152-154 (January 2012): 1233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.152-154.1233.

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An innovative type of one-point rolling contact fatigue (RCF) machine was developed in order to investigate crack initiation and propagation in metals. The microstructural changes and propagation of subsurface cracks during rolling contact in specimens tested by using the new device were studied by laser confocal microscope and X-ray diffraction. It was shown that this new method presents several important advantages compared to the conventional thrust type RCF machines.

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Rozwadowska, Justyna, Katsuyuki Kida, Edson Costa Santos, Takashi Honda, Hitonobu Koike, and Kenji Kanemasu. "Investigation of Crack Initiation and Propagation during Rolling Contact Fatigue of SUJ2 Steel Bearings Using a Newly Developed One-Point Testing Machine." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 1613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.1613.

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An innovative type of one-point rolling contact fatigue (RCF) machine was developed in order to investigate crack initiation and propagation in metals. The microstructural changes and propagation of subsurface cracks during rolling contact in specimens tested by using the new device were studied by laser confocal microscope and X-ray diffraction. It was shown that this new method presents several important advantages compared to the conventional thrust type RCF machines.

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Makoto ISHIDA. "Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) defects of rails in Japanese railways and its mitigation strategies." Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.56748/ejse.131621.

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Rail is the one of the most important materials to support and guide railway vehicles safely and smoothly. Since rail sufferes from various interacting forces and environmental atmosphere, wear and fatigue pose large problems with wheel and rail. Hence, wear and fatigue of wheel and rail have been studied so far to keep running safety and some level of riding comfort of vehicle taking into account track maintenance cost. In this review, rolling contact fatigue (RCF) of rail which is one of typical fatigue phenomenon for steel wheelon- rail system is focused on and the history of RCF defects and the maintenance experience of their mitigation measures in Japanese railways are described. The concept of mitigation strategy is balance between wear and RCF. Controlling wear amount is a key word to mitigate RCF defects based on selecting rail material suitable for vehicle/track interaction together with grinding and lubrication. Furthermore, the purpose of Japanese bainitic steel rail is to obtain the suitable amount of wear to prevent the initiation of RCF crack.

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Kamura, Naoya, Takumi Fujita, and Toshihiko Sasaki. "Evaluation of Rolling Contact Fatigue by Using an X-Ray Diffraction Ring Analyzer." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.891.

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In this report, rolling contact fatigue (RCF) progression in two-cylinder type RCF testing is evaluated by using an X-ray diffraction ring analyzer, which can rapidly obtain tri-axial stress and the orientation of crystallite. The large compressive and three principal stresses on the RCF surface are observed under boundary lubrication. It is considered that the crack occurrence and its propagation by asperity contact of surface roughness are caused by residual principal shear stress and the repeated contact stress. In addition, the behavior of RCF progression from the point of view of the X-ray measurements is similar for the driving and driven specimen until the generation of peeling begins. This supports the conclusion of Kaneta et al. that the RCF progression for the driven cylinder is the same as that for driving cylinder until peeling occurs.

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Mosleh, Mohsen, Keron Bradshaw, Sonya Smith, John Belk, and Khosro Shirvani. "Roughness Effect in Micropitting and Rolling Contact Fatigue of Silicon Nitride." Ceramics 2, no. 1 (February 18, 2019): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics2010013.

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An experimental analysis of the role of surface roughness parameters on micropitting and the succeeding rolling contact fatigue (RCF) of silicon nitride against AISI 52100 steel under lubricated conditions was performed. In accelerated fatigue tests using a four-ball tester, the arithmetic mean, root mean square, and peak-to-valley roughnesses of silicon nitride surfaces varied, while the roughness of the steel surface was unchanged. The correlation between the fatigue life and roughness parameters for silicon nitride was obtained. The peak-to-valley roughness was the roughness parameter that dominantly affected the RCF life of silicon nitride. The micropitting of surfaces leading to fatigue intensified as the roughness was increased. Extensive micropitting was observed on the rolling track beyond the trailing edge of the spall region in the circumferential direction.

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Nielsen, J. C. O., A. Ekberg, and R. Lundén. "Influence of Short-Pitch Wheel/Rail Corrugation on Rolling Contact Fatigue of Railway Wheels." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 219, no. 3 (May 1, 2005): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440905x8871.

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A numerical procedure to integrate simulation of high-frequency dynamic train-track interaction and prediction of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) impact is presented. Features of the included models and possibilities of applications are outlined. The influence of short-pitch rail corrugation and wheel out-of-roundness (OOR) on RCF of a high-speed passenger train is investigated. It is shown how the corrugation and the OOR will have a profound effect in that levels of wheel and rail irregularities that have been measured in the field may be sufficient to generate subsurface-initiated RCF. In particular, the high-frequency content of the contact forces is of importance. Errors induced by neglecting such high-frequency components in measurements and/or simulations are investigated by comparing RCF indices based on contact forces that have been low-pass filtered with various cut-off frequencies. To avoid cracking due to RCF, a maximum roughness level in the wavelength interval up to 10 cm is sought. To limit the effects of corrugation, grinding practices have been altered leading to a significant decrease in RCF.

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Koike, Hitonobu, Shuta Yamada, Gang Deng, Koshiro Mizobe, Takuto Yamada, and Katsuyuki Kida. "Observation of Tribological Fatigue Fracture on PEEK Shaft with Artificial Defect under One-Point Rolling Contact by Using 2.5D Layer Method." Key Engineering Materials 814 (July 2019): 314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.814.314.

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In order to explore the mechanism of tribological fatigue fracture in PEEK (Poly-ether-ether-ketone) polymer mechanical element application, one-point contact type RCF (rolling contact fatigue) tests were carried out by using a PEEK shaft with an artificial defect. An alumina ball contacted a PEEK shaft specimen under maximum Hertzian stress 380 MPa. Flaking and internal fatigue crack propagation under the rolling track of the tested PEEK shaft were investigated through 2.5D layer observation method. The main fatigue crack occurred near the artificial defect on the rolling track of the PEEK shaft, and propagated into depth direction. In addition, the main fatigue crack branched due to internal shear stress. The branching crack as internal fatigue crack propagated into the ball’s rolling direction. After the linkage of the branching crack and another semicircular surface crack, the horseshoe-shaped flaking as tribological fatigue fracture occurred on the rolling track of the PEEK shaft.

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Seo, Jung Won, Seok Jin Kwon, Hyun Kyu Jun, and Dong Hyung Lee. "Rolling Contact Fatigue of White Etching Layer on Pearlite Steel Rail." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.309.

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White etching layer(WEL) is a phenomenon that occurs on the surface of rail due to wheel/rail interactions such as excessive braking and acceleration . Rolling contact fatigue(RCF) cracks on the surface of rail have been found to be associated with the WEL. In this study, we have investigated RCF damages of white etching layer in the laboratory using twin disc testing. These tests consist of wheel flat tests and rolling contact fatigue tests. The WEL has been simulated by wheel flat test. It has been founded that the WEL with a bright featureless contrast is formed on the surface of specimen by etching. Rolling contact fatigue test was conducted by using flat specimens with the WEL generated by the wheel flat test. It has been observed that two types of cracks occur within the specimen, the first initiated at the interface between the WEL and the undeformed area, the second initiated at the center of the WEL.

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Trausmuth, Andreas, Istvan Godor, and Alexander Dietrich. "Contact Fatigue Life Investigations and Wear Mechanisms of Different Case Hardened and Nidrided Steels." Key Engineering Materials 604 (March 2014): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.604.51.

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The present work examines experimentally the local damage evolution and compares the differences in fatigue behaviour of case-hardened and plasma nitrided layers under rolling contact fatigue (RCF). The RCF experiments are accompanied by damage assessments. In order to assess experimentally the extreme conditions of point contact, the experiments are performed on a ball-on-rod (BoR) test rig. Results showed that nitrided surface get more important to RCF at lower contact pressure due to the comparable thin nitration depth, whereas at high contact stress the crack initiation starts on the surface of the compound layer and crack grow further in the diffusion layer. The carburised layer of case-hardened surfaces do not show any surface crack initiation.

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Baragetti, Sergio, Stefano Cavalleri, and Federico Tordini. "A Comprehensive Study of the Performances of PVD WC/C-Coated Racing Gears." Key Engineering Materials 488-489 (September 2011): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.488-489.507.

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In this work a preliminary data set including experimental results from fatigue tests on smooth and foreign object damaged (FOD) aluminium samples coated with WC/C deposited with PVD (physical vapour deposition) technique was considered before testing WC/C-coated spur gears for racing motorcycles under rolling contact fatigue (RCF). The fatigue behaviour of the samples was correlated with the results obtained with the RCF tests on the coated gears. A special device mounted on a universal testing machine was used to carry out the RCF tests.

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Hannes, Dave, and B. Alfredsson. "A Parametric Investigation of Surface Initiated Rolling Contact Fatigue Using the Asperity Point Load Mechanism." Key Engineering Materials 577-578 (September 2013): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.577-578.45.

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Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) will eventually become an issue for machine elementsthat are repeatedly over-rolled with high contact loads and small relative sliding motion. Thedamage consists of cracks and craters in the contact surfaces. Asperities on the contact surfacesact as local stress raisers and provide tensile surface stresses which can explain both initiationand propagation of surface initiated RCF damage. A parametric study was performed to inves-tigate the contribution of surface roughness, friction and a residual surface stress to the RCFdamage process. The eﬀects on initiation, crack path and fatigue life at both early and devel-oped damage were examined for a gear application. Both a one-parameter-at-a-time approachand a 2-level full factorial design were carried out. Surface roughness and local friction prop-erties were found to control crack initiation, whereas the simulated crack path was primarilyaﬀected by the residual surface stress, especially for developed damage. Reduced surface rough-ness, improved lubrication and a compressive residual surface stress all contributed to increasethe simulated fatigue life. The asperity point load model could predict eﬀects on RCF that areobserved with experiments. The results further support the asperity point load mechanism asthe source behind surface initiated RCF.

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Nakai, Yoshikazu, Daiki Shiozawa, Shoichi Kikuch, Hitoshi Saito, Takashi Nishina, Taizo Makino, and Yutaka Neishi. "Observation of Flaking Process in Rolling Contact Fatigue by Laminography Using Ultra-bright Synchrotron Radiation." MATEC Web of Conferences 165 (2018): 11002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816511002.

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The flaking failure in rolling contact fatigue (RCF) results from crack initiation and propagation has been believed to originate from non-metallic inclusions located beneath the surface. With conventional microscopies, however, damage process in the internal region of materials could not be observed, then RCF crack initiation and propagation behaviours were observed by using synchrotron radiation computed laminography (SRCL) in the brightest synchrotron facility in Japan, and the effect of the inclusion orientation on the RCF property was examined. In our previous studies, crack initiation and propagation behaviours caused by extended MnS inclusions distributed in depth or transverse (width) direction was observed by the SRCL. In the present study, the fracture mechanism under RCF was discussed on specimens with MnS inclusions distributed in the rolling direction. As a result, vertical cracks were initiated on the surface, parallel to the ball-rolling direction in specimens. The crack propagation direction was then changed perpendicular to the rolling direction. Thereafter, similar with our previous studies, vertical cracks caused the horizontal cracks beneath the surface, when the vertical cracks reached to a critical length. The ratio of the vertical crack initiation life to the flaking life was higher than specimens with other inclusion orientation.

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Shi, Xiao Chen, Masatoshi Ando, Yuji Kashima, and Katsuyuki Kida. "Crack Observation of PPS Polymer Thrust Bearings under RCF Test in Water." Key Engineering Materials 703 (August 2016): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.703.178.

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Polymer bearings are widely used under certain environments due to the advantages on light weight, low friction coefficient, high corrosion resistance and electric insulation. The main reason for polymer bearing failures in water was formation of flakings due to crack propagation. However, the mechanism of fatigue crack propagation in polymer material under rolling contact condition has not been clearly explained yet. In the present study, detailed crack observations were made on cross sections along both radial and rolling directions after RCF (Rolling Contact Fatigue) test in water using PPS thrust bearings.

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Honda, Takashi, Katsuyuki Kida, Edson Costa Santos, and Yuji Kashima. "The Influence of Surface Texture on Rolling-Contact Fatigue of PEEK Bearings in Water." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 1713–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.1713.

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The effect of machining conditions on the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) strength of PEEK polymer bearings was investigated. RCF tests were carried out by using bearings machined by different conditions. The surface profile and roughness were observed before and after testing by laser confocal microscope. Pitting and cracking were associated with the different initial surface conditions. From the obtained results, we found that the RCF strength of machined surfaces decreases when the surface becomes rougher.

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Zakharov, S. M., and E. V. Torskaya. "Approaches to modeling occurrence of rolling contact fatigue damages in rails." Vestnik of the Railway Research Institute 77, no. 5 (November 13, 2018): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2018-77-5-259-268.

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Rolling contact-fatigue damages of rails along with their wear are the most common types of rail defects. In recent years, there have been significant changes in the distribution of rolling contact fatigue damages of rails especially on railways operating under heavy haul conditions.This paper is devoted to the overview of approaches to modeling of the occurrence of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) damages on working surfaces of rails. Four types of such approaches to modeling are considered. The first is based on the methods of contact mechanics. To realize it, the vehicle movement on the characteristic sections of the track is modeled, the forces acting in contact are determined, the contact problem is solved, and the values of the linear criterion of contact fatigue damage are determined. The required characteristics of rolling contact fatigue of the rail material are established on the basis of laboratory tests. The second approach uses the diagram of the adaptability of rail material to cyclic loads, proposed by K. Johnson, established on the basis of laboratory tests. The third approach uses criteria that have the physical meaning of the energy released at the contact as an index of the product of the tangential force in contact and relative slippage. In the fourth approach predicting the accumulation of plastic deformation under conditions of cyclic loading is performed on the basis of a series of standard tests of rail steels, including in the welded joint zone, and finite element modeling. In addition, there is also a probabilistic model, based on the assumption that it is possible to transfer the results of the RCF damage of rails on the experimental section of the road to any other site.As the conclusion the authors formulated directions for further studies on the formation and development of surface rolling contact fatigue defects in rails.

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Abdullah, Muhammad Usman, and Zulfiqar Ahmad Khan. "Further Investigations and Parametric Analysis of Microstructural Alterations under Rolling Contact Fatigue." Materials 15, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 8072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15228072.

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Bearing elements under rolling contact fatigue (RCF) exhibit microstructural features, known as white etching bands (WEBs) and dark etching regions (DERs). The formation mechanism of these microstructural features has been questionable and therefore warranted this study to gain further understanding. Current research describes mechanistic investigations of standard AISI 52100 bearing steel balls subjected to RCF testing under tempering conditions. Subsurface analyses of RCF-tested samples at tempering conditions have indicated that the microstructural alterations are progressed with subsurface yielding and primarily dominated by thermal tempering. Furthermore, bearing balls are subjected to static load tests in order to evaluate the effect of lattice deformation. It is suggested from the comparative analyses that a complete rolling sequence with non-proportional stress history is essential for the initiation and progression of WEBs, supported by the combination of carbon flux, assisted by dislocation and thermally activated carbon diffusion. These novel findings will lead to developing a contemporary and new-fangled prognostic model applied to microstructural alterations.

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Oyama, Shunsuke, Katsuyuki Kida, Edson Costa Santos, Hitonobu Koike, and Yuji Kashima. "Surface Profile Observation of PTFE Radial Bearings under Rolling-Contact-Fatigue in Water." Applied Mechanics and Materials 307 (February 2013): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.307.337.

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Groove shape effect on wear behavior in PTFE radial bearings under rolling contact fatigue (RCF) was investigated. RCF tests in water-lubricated conditions were carried out at different loads and rotation speeds. The groove surfaces after testing were observed by using a laser confocal microscope and a two-dimensional shape measurement sensor. It was found that PTFE bearings under RCF generate wear debris, however no cracking or flaking failure could be observed. It is concluded that groove deformation depend on load rather than rotation speed. The biggest changes in groove profiles occurred when tested at loads close to 400N.

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Dommarco, R. C., P. C. Bastias, H. A. Dall'O, G. T. Hahn, and C. A. Rubin. "Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) resistance of Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI)." Wear 221, no. 1 (October 1998): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1648(98)00259-2.

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Shi, Xiao Chen, Yuji Kashima, and Katsuyuki Kida. "Surface Observation of PPS Thrust Bearings under Rolling Contact Fatigue in Water." Applied Mechanics and Materials 563 (May 2014): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.563.270.

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There were two procedure about surface failure in rolling contact fatigue (RCF), wear and crack propagation. In our previous study, it was concluded that the main reason for PPS bearings failure in water was flaking due to surface crack propagation. The relationship between wear loss, rotation speed and thrust load of PPS bearings under RCF in water was investigated. In this study, the detailed surface profiles under heavy load were studied by using both LCM and two-dimensional measurement sensor to study the process of flaking failure.

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Kamiya, Takayuki, Yuuki Hashizume, Koshiro Mizobe, and Katsuyuki Kida. "Effect of Repeated Quenching on Rolling Contact Fatigue Properties of JIS SUJ2 Bearing Steel." Materials Science Forum 867 (August 2016): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.867.60.

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One important method to improve the material properties is refinement of the prior austenite grain size. Repeated quenching is used as a grain refinement method. In the present work, samples of SUJ2 steel were furnace quenched once and thrice in order to investigate the effect of repeated quenching on rolling contact fatigue (RCF) strength. After the RCF tests, maicrostructure observations, Vickers hardness and retained austenite measurements, RCF life evaluation using the Weibull distribution were carried out. It was found that the dispersion of the life population was reduced by repeatedly quenching.

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Fukuda, Masato, Koshiro Mizobe, and Katsuyuki Kida. "Observation of Subsurface Crack of Carburized Steel (SCM415) under Single-Ball Rolling Contact Fatigue over 10⁷ Cycles." Solid State Phenomena 298 (October 2019): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.298.19.

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Bearing fails due to the flaking failure which is caused by the subsurface cracks. The observation of the subsurface cracks is not easy beacause the cracks propagate inside the material. In order to observe the whole subsurface cracks, we performed rolling contact fatigue (RCF) tests of carburized SCM415 until over 107 cycles with the single-ball RCF machine. After the RCF tests, we directly observed the subsurface cracks.

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Su, Yun-Shuai, Shu-Xin Li, Si-Yuan Lu, and Li-Biao Wan. "Phase transformation in white etching area in rolling contact fatigue." MATEC Web of Conferences 165 (2018): 11004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816511004.

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Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) involves microstructural change in the subsurface of contact. The changed microstructure is generally termed as white etching area (WEA) as it appears white under optical microscope when etching in nital solution. WEA has been acknowledged as one of the primary failure modes in RCF since it causes severe local inhomogeneity of microstructure. It was reported that WEA consists of nano ferrites as martensite grains and carbides are significantly refined in the WEA. Some carbides are dissolved. In some cases, an amorphous-like structure was occasionally observed in the WEA, indicating that phase transformation may possibly occur. The WEAs were studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD). The result showed that WEA is dominated with an amorphous phase with martensite, austenite and carbides embedded interior. A distinct interface between the matrix and the WEA was present. In addition to grain refinement down to nanometers, phase transformation including amorphization and austenitization happened in WEAs. The content of austenite was increased from 2% in the matrix to 20% in the WEA. The analysis showed that phase transformation is controlled by plastic deformation mechanism.

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Wang, Jian Xi, Wei Xiao, and Xiao Dong Zhang. "Effect of Wheel/Rail Friction on Rolling Contact Fatigue." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 1636–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.1636.

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A numerical model is presented to analyze effect of wheel/rail friction on rolling contact fatigue. A three-dimension finite element model of rail is built up to investigate the rail stresses and strain around wheel/rail patch. Then, based on the critical plane concept, a new model was proposed to predict the rolling contact fatigue (RCF) crack initiation life under different wheel/rail frictions by using stress and strain on the critical plane as fatigue parameter. The numerical results obtained show that the wheel/rail friction coefficient has a great impact on the fatigue crack initiation life.and the curve of fatigue crack initiation life under different wheel/rail friction coefficient is roughly "S" type. The results are very useful in the wheel/rail friction management and determining grinding interval and grinding removal.

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40

Baragetti, Sergio, and Federico Tordini. "Fatigue and Contact Fatigue Resistance of Thin Hard-Coated Components." Key Engineering Materials 417-418 (October 2009): 801–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.417-418.801.

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In this paper a review of the state of the art on the study of the fatigue and the contact/rolling contact fatigue (RCF) resistance of thin hard-coated components is provided. Physical and chemical vapor deposition (PVD and CVD) methods are used to deposit such films. A fair number of references reports experimental data highlighting the improvements achieved with coating deposition on both steels and light alloys. Numerical modelling has also been devoted to shedding light on the behaviour of coated components and reliable previsional procedures have been arranged to foresee the number of cycles until fatigue damage initiation and failure.

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Oyama, Shunsuke, Katsuyuki Kida, Edson Costa Santos, Hitonobu Koike, Takashi Honda, and Yuji Kashima. "Observations of Cracks from Microscopic Holes of PEEK Bearings under Rolling-Contact Fatigue in Water." Advanced Materials Research 566 (September 2012): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.566.197.

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The behavior of surface cracks in PEEK thrust bearings under rolling contact fatigue (RCF) was investigated. Eight small holes were introduced along the bottom race surface, and RCF tests underwater using different loads were carried out. The cracks growing from the holes were observed by using a microscope. It was found that the surface cracks could not be explained by Hertzian crack theory or the ‘wedge effect’ models. This indicates that the standard theories cannot be generally applied to investigation of PEEK bearings working under RCF in water.

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Matsubayashi, Soji, Masato Fukuda, and Katsuyuki Kida. "Life and Flaking Failure of 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo and SUS440C Stainless Steel Bearings in Water." Key Engineering Materials 904 (November 22, 2021): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.904.131.

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The rolling contact fatigue (RCF) tests of 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo and SUS440C stainless steels were carried out in water. Their groove surfaces and the flaking failures were observed. Some hair cracks, wear and high roughness area were found. While the flaking depth of SUS440C was shallower than that of 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo stainless steel, the RCF life of the latter was longer than the former one. The flaking depth did not influence the RCF life.

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Lee, Chang Soon, In Shik Cho, Young Shik Pyoun, and In Gyu Park. "Study of Inner Micro Cracks on Rolling Contact Fatigue of Bearing Steels Using Ultrasonic Nano-Crystalline Surface Modification." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 979–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.979.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of ultrasonic nano-crystalline surface modification (UNSM) treatment on rolling contact fatigue (RCF) characteristics of bearing steels. It was found that severe plastic deformation occurred at surface by over 100 µm after UNSM treatment. The micro surface hardness was increased by 18%, and the measured compressive residual stress was as high as -700~-900MPa. The polymet RCF-2 roller type RCF test showed over 2 times longer fatigue lifetime after UNSM treatment under Hertzian contact stress of 425.2kg/mm2 and 8,000 rpm. And SEM study showed a spalling phenomenon at the samples which went through the RCF test after UNSM treatment. Samples before UNSM treatment produced surface initiated spalls and multi shear lips by progressive spalling at the end along the rolling direction, but sub-surface initiated spalls were formed without multi shear lips after UNSM treatment. The spalling occurred at once, and the size and depth of spalls were larger than those before UNSM treatment. And micro cracks were found to form within the spallings after UNSM treatment, and stress distribution at the maximum Herzian shear stress through these micro cracks is thought to improve the fatigue lifetime of bearing materials.

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Lancini, Matteo, Ileana Bodini, David Vetturi, Simone Pasinetti, Angelo Mazzù, Luigi Solazzi, Candida Petrogalli, and Michela Faccoli. "Using vibrations to detect high wear rates in rolling contact fatigue tests." ACTA IMEKO 4, no. 4 (December 23, 2015): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v4i4.237.

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Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) plays a critical role in railway components, and the characterization of materials used, in terms of RCF life, is still an open task, made complex by the interactions of different phenomena. The contact surface has a direct impact on the pressure exerted and can change during the test, due to wear. The procedure proposed consists in using vibrations of a test bench during RCF?life tests to identify when wear increases and causes a quick flattening of the specimen’s surface, and when this process is complete. The procedure is applied to two case studies regarding wheel and rail steels. In the tests, a wheel steel specimen rotates against a rail steel specimen, while pressed against each other by a constant force. At regular intervals weight loss and surface analysis are performed, while vibrations and torque are monitored continuously. Destructive tests are carried out at the end of each test. Results from non?destructive measurements were used to provide input data to a numerical simulation, used to determine the cyclic plasticity properties of the material. The methodology proposed shows the potential application of vibration measurements for detecting wear rates thus allowing supporting or partially supplanting destructive testing.

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Nihon’yanagi, Hiroya, Takahiro Matsueda, Katsuyuki Kida, and Yuji Kashima. "Contact Temperature Calibration of PPS Thrust Bearings under Dry Condition." Materials Science Forum 1020 (February 2021): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1020.131.

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In the present study, Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) tests of Poly-phenylene-sulfide (PPS) thrust bearings under dry condition were carried out and the relationship between fatigue life of bearings and temperature was studied. Furthermore, in order to investigate maximum temperature of PPS thrust bearings in service, in order to obtain the calibration data, the temperatures of rolling contact element and Infrared (IR) temperature on the side of top race were measured and correlated. It is concluded that the contact temperature of failure PPS bearing was higher than the glass transition point but lower than a melting point of PPS.

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Yin, Hongxiang, Xue Bai, and Hanwei Fu. "Prediction of Work Hardening in Bearing Steels Undergoing Rolling Contact Loading with a Dislocation-Based Model." Metals 12, no. 4 (March 25, 2022): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12040555.

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The work hardening behaviour of GCr15 bearing steel during rolling contact fatigue (RCF) is investigated. Ball-on-rod RCF tests and micro-indentation tests are performed to obtain various subsurface hardness profiles in rod specimens. It is found that orthogonal shear stress is responsible for work hardening under Hertzian contact and that the extent of hardness increase is positively associated with the stress level and number of cycles. A dislocation-based work hardening model is established by combining the Kocks–Mecking theory, the bearing steel plasticity equation and the Taylor relation. The proposed model is capable of predicting hardness changes with any given rolling contact stress state and number of cycles. The modelling results are compared against the experimental results, with good agreement obtained. This research also provides a methodology for studying the work hardening of different types of bearing steels undergoing RCF, from experiment to modelling.

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Mizozoe, Syunsuke, Takahiro Matsueda, Katsuyuki Kida, and Yuji Kashima. "Observation of Surface and Subsurface Crack Propagation in PPS Thrust Bearings under Rolling Contact Fatigue in Water." Materials Science Forum 1020 (February 2021): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1020.120.

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In this study, crack propagation in PPS thrust bearings under rolling contact fatigue (RCF) in water was observed in order to investigate the relation between cracks and flakings. RCF tests in water under loads of 700 N and 900 N were performed. The semi-circular cracks propagated in a direction perpendicular to the rolling direction were observed under a load of 700 N. The line cracks propagated in a direction parallel to the rolling direction at periphery of contact area and the semi-circular cracks were observed under a load of 900 N. To study the subsurface cracks, full section of rolling contact area was observed. It is concluded that the flaking mechanism in PPS thrust bearing has three features as follows: Initiation and propagation of surface cracks depend on the load; When load is 700N, the semi-circular cracks growing from the surface and the cracks branching from the main subsurface cracks join to form the flaking; When load is 900N the line cracks and the semi-circular cracks growing from the surface join to form the flaking.

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Zhang, P., Fu Cheng Zhang, Z. G. Yan, Tian Sheng Wang, and Li He Qian. "Rolling Contact Fatigue Property of Low-Temperature Bainite in Surface Layer of a Low Carbon Steel." Materials Science Forum 675-677 (February 2011): 585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.675-677.585.

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Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) properties of low-temperature bainitic microstructure in the surface layer of a low-carbon steel, obtained by means of carburization and successive lowtemperature austempering were studied. Comparisons were made with those properties of a martensite steel obtained by quenching and tempering. The results showed that the low-temperature bainitic steel exhibits an excellent RCF resistance and reaches a RCF life more than twice that of the martensite steel, presumably as a consequence of the very thin bainite plates (~80 nm in thickness) and the fine-scale dispersion of austenite between the plates. The apparently increased hardness in the surface layer may partly be the cause of the enhanced RCF resistance.

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Santos, Edson Costa, Katsuyuki Kida, Justyna Rozwadowska, Takashi Honda, Koshiro Mizobe, and Takuya Shibukawa. "Microstructure and Rolling Contact Fatigue Strength of Induction Heated AISI 52100 Bearings." Advanced Materials Research 566 (September 2012): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.566.288.

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In the present work the microstructure and the rolling contact fatigue properties of induction heated AISI 52100 bearings are investigated. The bearings were heat treated by using a flat coil at 30 kW power and 60 kHz frequency, cooled with water and subsequently tempered for 1 hour at 180 °C. The hardness at the surface of the material was close to 900 HV0.3kgf/15s. The hardening depth of the induction heated sample was higher than 5 mm. The retained austenite content was around 18% at the surface and decreases along with the depth. The samples were rolling contact fatigue (RCF) tested up to 107 and 4.5x107 cycles, at Hertzian stress 4 GPa. No flaking failure was observed on the bearing races. For tests up to 107 cycles the track size was around 690 um and this remained unchanged up to 4.5x107 cycles. The residual stresses at the material surface before testing were close to zero and became highly compressive after the RCF testing. Stress induced transformation occurred at the surface and the retained austenite content after testing reached around 10%. Induction heating was successfully applied to induce martensitic transformation in AISI 52100 steel and the bearings showed very high fatigue strength under rolling contact.

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Afferrante, Luciano, and Michele Ciavarella. "On ratchetting-based models of Wear and Rolling Contact Fatigue* (RCF)." Materials Testing 48, no. 3 (March 2006): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/120.100713.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Rolling contact fatigue (RCF)'

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