Journal articles: 'Role of Commercial Banks'

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Nizami oğlu İslamzadə, Sarvan. "The place and role of commercial banks in economic development." SCIENTIFIC WORK 76, no. 3 (March 18, 2022): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/76/168-172.

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Kommersiya banklarının əsas funksiyası əhalidəki pul kütləsini əmanət kimi toplamaq və onlarla müştərilərinə qısamüddətli kreditlər vermək olan banklardır. Bunlara bəzən depozit bankları da deyirlər. Banklar emissiya bankları, investisiya və inkişaf bankları, xüsusi təyinatlı banklar və kommersiya bankları kimi bir neçə növləri olduğu zaman, əksər ölkələrdə kommersiya bankları ən böyük payı təşkil edir. Onlar topladıqları vəsaitin bir hissəsini (mərkəzi bank tərəfindən müəyyən edilən depozit ehtiyatı tələbləri) gündəlik ehtiyaclar üçün ehtiyat kimi ayırır, qalan hissəsini isə ticarət və sənaye yerləşdirmələrində istifadə edirlər. Kommersiya banklarının digər əsas xüsusiyyəti isə əmanətçilərlə sıx əlaqə saxlamağıdır. Açar sözlər: bank, kommersiya bankı, kredit, istehlak krediti Sarvan Nizami Islamzade The place and role of commercial banks in economic development Abstract The main function of commercial banks is to collect money from the population as deposits and to provide short-term loans to dozens of customers. These are sometimes called deposit banks. While there are several types of banks, such as issuing banks, investment and development banks, special purpose banks, and commercial banks, in most countries, commercial banks account for the largest share. They allocate part of their savings (deposit reserve requirements set by the central bank) as a reserve for daily needs, and use the rest for commercial and industrial installations. Another key feature of commercial banks is their close contact with depositors. Key words: bank, commercial bank, loan, consumer loan

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Mamatov, Akmaljon Anvarjonovich. "THE ROLE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN THE SECURITIES MARKET." Journal of Central Asian Social Studies 02, no. 01 (January 1, 2021): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/jcass/volume02issue01-a25.

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This article describes the role of commercial banks in the securities market, as well as the economic significance of investment transactions with securities, types of securities, a brief analysis and ways of development. It also provides recommendations on the position of commercial banks in the securities market and the development of the economy.

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R.ILAMATHI, R. ILAMATHI. "Role of Techology Development in Commercial Banks in India." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 9 (October 1, 2011): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/sept2013/26.

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Bigirimana, Moïse, and Xu Hongyi. "Financial Inclusion in Rwanda: an Analysis of Role Played by Commercial Banks." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 4, no. 2 (2018): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.42.1003.

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The purpose of this research is to analyze the role played by commercial banks on financial inclusion in Rwanda. Rwanda which is seen as a model of fast development in Africa has set a target of 90% financial inclusion by the year 2020. This target was almost achieved in 2016 where 89% were financially included but only 26% have accounts with commercial banks. This study reveals that all the three dimensions of financial inclusion i.e. access, penetration and usage of commercial banks have increased from 2004 to 2016. This research found that almost 40% of respondents have accounts in the commercial bank. The rest of respondents have accounts either in microfinance institutions or in SACCOs. The findings show again that 67.7% of people who took loans, took them from commercial banks. Although commercial banks play a great role, there is a long way to go for Rwanda to be formally included because only 26% have an account in commercial banks according to Finscope Survey 2016. On this matter, the government of Rwanda should put more efforts to computerize MFIs and SACCOs as they serve 65% of the population in Rwanda. The government of Rwanda should set policies that support microfinance and SACCOs for them to offer better services at the standards of commercial banks as this would help in having a big number of citizens formally included and it may contribute to its economic growth.

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Ramiz oğlu Qəzənfərli, İslam. "Methodological issues of commercial banks 'operations." SCIENTIFIC WORK 76, no. 3 (March 18, 2022): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/76/79-84.

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Hər bir ölkədə kredit ehtiyatlarının böyük bir hissəsinin formalaşmasında kommersiya bankları mühim rola malikdir. Kommersiya bankları eyni zamanda da müştərilərə müxtəlif növ maliyyə-kredit xidmətlərini təklif edir. Kommersiya bankları eyni zamanda da müxtəlif funksiyaları yerinə yetirə bilirlər. Belə ki, bəzi müəlliflərin fikrincə, kommersiya bankları əmanət, sığorta, köçürmə-hesablaşma, anderrayter, kredit, investisiya planlaşdırması, broker, kredit pulların emissiyası kimi müxtəlif funksiyaları həyata keçirir. Kommersiya bankları dedikdə, pul ehtiyatlarının toplanmasında iştirak edən və pul bazarında müxtəəlif valyuta-kredit əməliyyatlarının həyata keçirmək səlahiyyəti olan kredit təşkilatları başa düşülür. Tədqiqat işinin əsas məqsədi kommersiya banklarının fəaliyyətinin nəzəri-metodoloji məsələlərinin tədqiq olunmasıdır. Açar sözlər: kommersiya bankı, kredit, bank məhsulu Islam Ramiz Qazanfarli Methodological issues of commercial banks 'operations Abstract Commercial banks play an important role in the formation of a large part of credit reserves in each country. Commercial banks also offer a variety of financial and credit services to customers. Commercial banks can also perform various functions. Thus, according to some authors, commercial banks perform various functions such as savings, insurance, transfer-settlement, underwriting, credit, investment planning, brokerage, issuance of loan money. Commercial banks are credit institutions that are involved in the accumulation of monetary reserves and have the authority to conduct various currency and credit operations in the money market. The main purpose of the research is to study the theoretical and methodological issues of commercial banks. First, the theoretical foundations of the research subject were studied. At this stage, approaches to the characteristics of commercial banks have been theoretically analyzed, which plays a key role in achieving the objectives of the study. Methods of systematization, grouping, comparison were used here. Key words: commercial bank, credit, banking product

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Jha, Sanjay Kumar. "Role of Commercial Banks in Industrial Development of Muzaffarpur District." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 11 (June 1, 2012): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/nov2013/29.

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R, Shopiya. "Role of Branding in Commercial Banks with Multiple Regression Analysis." International Journal of Research in Arts and Science 04, no. 02 (August 31, 2018): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/ijras.8403.

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Kieu Oanh Dao, Le, Thi Yen Nguyen, Sarfraz Hussain, and Van Chien Nguyen. "Factors affecting non-performing loans of commercial banks: the role of bank performance and credit growth." Banks and Bank Systems 15, no. 3 (August 13, 2020): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.15(3).2020.05.

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The recent crisis of non-performing loans in the banking system has hit the Vietnamese economy hard. The GDP has been fallen down, while the bad debt ratio in the banking system has risen dramatically to 17.2 percent, and it takes more time to restore the economy and banking system. This research aims to define aspects that impact non-performing commercial bank loans in Vietnam. It covers the period of 2008–2017 using 200 identified banks of Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange and Hanoi Stock Exchange, and applies methods based on the regression of pooled ordinary least squares, fixed and random effects models, in particular, generalized least squares to confirm the stability of the regression model. The results show that non-performing loans this year will positively affect those in the next year. In addition, a raise in bank performance and credit growth also leads to the reduction in non-performing loans from banks. Regarding macroeconomic factors, higher interest rates would have a major and beneficial influence on failed loans in terms of macroeconomic dynamics, and, therefore, little effect on economic activity and inflation. Therefore, Vietnamese banking system should reduce the systematic risk and improve monitoring processes, drawing on the experience of global banks with extensive experience in risk management.

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Abrishami, Hamid, and Masoud Saboji. "The Role of Current Banking System in the Growth of Industrial Sector in Isfahan Province (Iran)." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 72 (August 2016): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.72.45.

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Studying the function of banks is crucial because their vigorous role in the economy seems to be a subject of immense importance. In the present study, we analyze and study the role of whole banks, commercial banks and specialized banks between 2002 and 2012 in Isfahan, based on the growth of value added approach in the industrial sector. In order to investigate this matter, we have estimated three extinction panels for the whole banking system, specialized banks and commercial banks in Eviews 9. Based on the results it can be argued that in the panels of whole banks and specialized banks, payment facilities have a positive and meaningful impact on the growth of value added in all three sectors of the economy, but in the panel of commercial banks, only banking facilities on a 10 percent level have a positive and meaningful impact on the growth of value added in the industrial sector. As a result, we can conclude that specializing the bank's activities can have a positive effect on the growth of value added in various sectors of the economy.

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SELVAKUMAR, M., P. ANBUCHEZHIENKAMARAJ, V. Sathyalakshmi, and R. Mohammed Abubakkar Siddique. "Role of Commercial Banks in Financial Literacy." PRODUCTIVITY 59, no. 2 (September 25, 2018): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/prod.2018.59.02.9.

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Nayak, Bhabani Shankar, and Yilin Gao. "Role of State in the Evolution and Success of Commercial Banks in China." Research in World Economy 9, no. 2 (November 7, 2018): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v9n2p38.

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The article outlines the role of state in the evolution of commercial banks in China. It looks at different stages of its development process. The paper engages with the deepening of state led financial reforms which led to the competitive advantage of China's commercial banking industry. The state-owned commercial banks, large joint-stock commercial banks, and small private commercial banks keep increasing their strengths due to regulations and monitoring by the Chinese state. Therefore, the article argues that state-owned commercial banks have relatively large market share and dominate in commercial banking sector due to the state.

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Baqir, Muhammad, Sajid Hussain, K. M. Anwarul Islam, and Rashid Waseem. "Comparison of Financial Performance Private Commercial Bank in Pakistan." American Finance & Banking Review 5, no. 2 (October 24, 2020): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/amfbr.v5i2.841.

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Commercial banks play an important role for the purpose of sustainable economic development in a country. This paper main theme to presents the comparison of financial performance between private commercial banks in Pakistan during the period of 2015–2019 by using the method of ratio analysis and some other financial indicators. Fourteen Commercial banks out of fifteen banks are selected for comparison of financial analysis. Due to the unavailability of data, the remaining one bank is not chosen for study because, yet they did not publish their final report in 2019. The data of ratio analysis was captured by using the final report of commercial banks, which are available on the bank's official websites. This study provides information about the different ratios which directly impact on bank performance.

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BORTNIKOV, Gennadiy. "The role of commercial banks in sustainable finance." Naukovi pratsi NDFI 2021, no. 2 (November 15, 2021): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/npndfi2021.02.069.

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The market for financial instruments for sustainable finance has enormous growth potential. So far, Ukrainian banks adhere to a passive strategy in sustainable financing, which, in contrast to the active strategy, assigns banks the role of an agent in the implementation of national or international programs. Moreover, ‘green’ financing at the state level is seen as synonymous with sustainable finance. Lending to energy efficiency projects for businesses and households dominates among all areas of sustainable financing. Banks with local capital and especially state-owned banks are losing access to wholesale borrowing markets. The dependence of many Ukrainian banks on the target funds of international lenders for the development of sustainable financing weakens national financial security in the absence of large-scale national programs. It is expedient at the level of the Government of Ukraine to develop a program to intensify sustainable financing, with an emphasis on green and social impact and implementation through state banks. Sustainable financing should not exacerbate structural imbalances due to the curtailment of lending to sectors that have accumulated problems with adherence to environmental standards, social norms and corporate governance. The National Bank as a regulator and supervisor is able to act as a catalyst for the development of sustainable finance in Ukraine, with adoption of relevant standards harmonised with EU taxonomy.

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Zhao, Lingqi. "A Study on the Impact of Non-Interest Income on Commercial Banks Performance." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 53, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/53/20230800.

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With an upsurge of interest rate marketisation and internet finance, the role of commercial bank revenue in China's non-interest sector is turning more significant in terms of the bank's operating performance. From 2017 through 2021, the study explores the relationship between non-interest revenue and operating performance in business banks. Simultaneously, the article explores the various degrees of influence of three forms of non-interest revenue on operating performance and compares non-interest income variances on operating performance amongst banks with different equity natures. The empirical data show that non-interest income from commercial banks beneficially effects on their profitability; the proportion of fees and commissions contributes more to the profitability; and the impact on operating performance is more pronounced for state-controlled and joint-stock banks than for urban and agribusiness banks. As a consequence, commercial banks should pursue other businesses aggressively in order to diversify non-interest income sources and play a role in bank operations.

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Dabbas, Motasem Mohammad Naji Al. "Commercial Banks' Contribution to Expanded Investment and Credit in Jordan." International Journal of Professional Business Review 8, no. 4 (March 29, 2023): e01832. http://dx.doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i4.1832.

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Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the role of commercial banks in increasing investment and credit facilities in Jordan. Theoretical framework: The theoretical literature in this study sheds a light on the role of the commercial banks in in increasing investment and credit facilities. It also sheds a light on the role of commercial banks in supporting economy. Design/methodology/approach: The researchers adopted a descriptive analytical and quantitative approaches. The study’s sample includes all the commercial banks in Jordan. The researcher collected data on commercial banks from reports issued by the Central Bank of Jordan. The sampled banks include: (Bank of Jordan, Arab Bank, Capital Bank and Etihad Bank). The data targets the period (2017-2020). Findings: The researcher found that there is an important role for Commercial banks in investment in general, due to an increasing the financial indicators of Commercial banks related to investment during the years (2017-2020). The study reported that the value of Commercial banks credit facilities increased significantly during .The comparison period (2017-2020) Research, Practical & Social implications: The present study provides information and review of literature for the ones interested in conducting studies about the impact of commercial banks on economic variables. It also provides the decision makers in the Jordanian Ministry of Finance with useful information for supporting and improving investment in Jordan. Originality/value: The present study is significant because it is the first study that addresses the role of commercial banks in increasing investment and credit facilities in Jordan as far as the researcher knows.

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R, UDHAYA REKHA. "The role of information technology in commercial banks." Journal of Management and Science 6, no. 3 (December 31, 2016): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.2016.26.

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Globally, information technology has become a key element in economic development of many countries in the world. Over the years, many innovations have taken place in the world, the most striking and most celebrated is the aspect of information technology. Organizations today are confronted with rapidly changing market condition indicated by high merger rate and strong competitors under these conditions, traditional management approaches that focus on introduction, challenges and solution of information technology application on commercial banks, internal network and communication in commercial bank, data analysis, findings, suggestions and conclusion.

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Forrester, J. Paul. "The Role of Commercial Banks in Project Finance." Journal of Structured Finance 1, no. 2 (July 31, 1995): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jsf.1.2.53.

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Mahri, A. Jajang W. "Islamic Financial Performance Index: The role of Islamic Intellectual Capital." Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis & Entrepreneurship 17, no. 1 (June 15, 2023): 213–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55208/jebe.v17i1.456.

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This research is intended to analyze the influence of Islamic Intellectual Capital on the Islamic Financial Performance Index of Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia. The used method in this research is causality method. The data were analyzed through panel data regression. The results indicate the level of Islamic Intellectual Capital of Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia is high. Furthermore, the Islamic Financial Performance Index indicator with a very high level are Islamic Investment Ratio or Halal Investment and Islamic Income Ratio. The high-level indicator is Equitable Distribution Ratio. The moderate level indicator is Profit Sharing Ratio. The low-level indicator is the Directors-Employees welfare ratio. The very low-level indicator is the Zakat Performance Ratio. Generally, the financial performance of Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia based on the Islamic Financial Performance Index has a fairly high level. In addition, Islamic Intellectual Capital has a positive and significant influence on the Islamic Financial Performance Index of Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia. The condition shows if the quality of employees, technology, operational systems and good relations of Islamic banks and their partners are high, it will encourage Islamic banks to have high financial performance based on Islamic Financial Performance Index. This research is expected to provide benefits in relation to the measurement of financial performance based on the Islamic Financial Performance Index of Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia.

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Yu, Lintong, Qiulin Li, Qiuqi Liu, and Yan Liu. "Research on Computer Intelligent Evaluation Model of the Impact of Green Credit on the Operating Performance Using Principal Component Analysis." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 23 (December 3, 2022): 298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v23i.3614.

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Under the background of "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals", green credit has become an important financial strategy to support green development, and commercial banks play a core role as the main force of implementing green credit policy. Based on the data of 10 commercial banks with relatively early and complete disclosure of green credit scale from 2016 to 2020, this paper establishes the operating performance evaluation system of commercial banks by using the principal component analysis(PCA)method, and establishes a fixed-effect model to empirically analyze the impact of green credit scale on the operating performance of commercial banks. The results show that there is a significant positive correlation between the scale of green credit and the operating performance of commercial banks. The implementation of green credit policy will improve the operating performance of commercial banks, and the promoting role of state-owned commercial banks is more prominent than that of small and medium-sized joint-stock commercial banks.

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Akam, Mpuon J., Etim G. Sunday, Effa G. Assam, and Eko H. Anna. "The Role of Supply Chain Control in Organizational Performance of Commercial Banks." African Journal of Management Research 28, no. 1 (August 18, 2022): 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajmr.v28i1.6.

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Few studies have empirically investigated the performance improvement of supply chain control and organizational performance of commercial banks in a non - western context with specific reference to the banking industry. This study closes this gap by empirically exploring the relationship between supply chain control and organizational performance of commercial banks. To achieve this purpose, three hypotheses were developed as a guide to review related literature. The population of this study consists of registered commercial banks in Nigeria and data for the study were collected using questionnaire. Five Hundred and Forty Six (546) copies of the questionnaire were distributed to management staff of commercial banks in Nigeria. The study adopted inferential /descriptive statistical techniques and OLS estimated technique correlation. The findings from the study revealed that supply chain control has a positive significant relationship with organizational performance of commercial banks. Based on the above findings, we recommended that managers should evaluate and regulate organizational activities so as to bring performance in line with expectations.

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Ismail, Naima, and Mohamad Sabri bin Haron. "Islamic Banks." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 10, no. 1 (June 25, 2014): 1754–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v10i1.647.

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Islamic banks has development in many aspects in practical performance of banks function, this was a limited activity in service Banks and commercial processes. Later, it came to They possess financial power and ability to create Islamic loans. They possess financial power and ability to create Islamic loans. Economical union supported by banks is not restricted to a domestic sphere, but has expanded internationally as its operations enjoy fidelity and fulfillment between banking organizations in different countries. As banking systems Islamic banks had developed, they are no longer restricted to role of being financial and service organizations, but have become money market within public sector. Furthermore, they follow up monetary flows and banking securities, by playing positive role of providing the organized money market with enough information about commercial activities. In addition, as a financial mediator who has adequate statistics about other economical units, besides its main role in creating successful development plans and riskless investment.

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Quy, Vo Thi, and Pham Dang Tuan. "Determinants of a bank's profitability with the mediating role of interest rate spread: A case of Vietnam." Asian Economic and Financial Review 14, no. 5 (April 8, 2024): 339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5002.v14i5.5041.

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Considering the fundamental function of commercial banks in the economy, which involves the facilitation of fund transfers from lenders to borrowers, it is imperative for these institutions to carry out this task in a manner that is both efficient and effective. This is crucial to fostering economic growth and enhancing social welfare. A bank's profitability has been a subject of scrutiny by researchers in many countries for decades. This study aims to analyze the impact of interest rate spread (IRS) and its mediating role in the relationship between bank-specific factors and the bank's profitability at the Commercial Bank of Vietnam. The data was collected from 2008 to 2020 for the 25 Commercial Banks using panel regression. The study found the positive effect of cost efficiency (CE), income diversity (ID), and liquidity risk (LIQ) on the IRS; however, bank size (BS), non-performing loan (NPL), provision of bad and doubtful debts (PL), asset structure (AS), non-interest expense (NIE), and economic conditions (ECD) do not impact the IRS statistically significantly. The study also confirms the IRS's mediating role. The study findings provide empirical evidence of the explaining and mediating role of the IRS on bank profitability. This study recommends that policymakers encourage Commercial Banks to diversify their income in order to avoid focusing on traditional activities, which can lead to credit overheating.

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Sajid, Rabbia, Huma Ayub, Bushra F. Malik, and Abida Ellahi. "The Role of Fintech on Bank Risk-Taking: Mediating Role of Bank’s Operating Efficiency." Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies 2023 (January 30, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/7059307.

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Fintech revolutionized the traditional banking business models in emerging countries. The effect of fintech on banks’ operating efficiency and risk-taking behavior is still inconclusive. The study is aimed at exploring the effect of fintech products on banks’ operating efficiency and risk-taking behavior. The study used a quantitative research approach by collecting secondary data from annual reports of 50 commercial banks from emerging countries, namely, China, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, for the period 2014 to 2021. The study used panel data for path analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the theoretical mediation model by using STATA. The results show that the fintech product reduces the bank’s risk-taking behavior by enhancing the bank’s operating efficiency. The path analysis results show that operating efficiency mediates the relationship between fintech products and bank risk-taking behavior in emerging countries. The paper offers useful recommendations for central bank and commercial bank policymakers. The study is also beneficial for commercial banks that use fintech solutions to increase operational effectiveness and reduce risk. The study is the first empirical investigation into the connection between the growth of fintech products, bank operational effectiveness, and risk-taking behavior in developing nations.

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Siva, Sankar K., and M. Selvakumar. "Role of Commercial Banks in Financial Inclusion: Analysis Through Awareness Given by Banks." International Journal of Management Studies V, Special Issue 2 (August 30, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v5is2/06.

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Magzumova, N. V., and V. D. Fedotov. "RISK MANAGEMENT IN COMMERCIAL BANKS." Scientific bulletin of the Southern Institute of Management, no. 3 (October 7, 2018): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31775/2305-3100-2018-3-68-73.

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The current stage in the development of the banking structure is characterized by serious changes in organizational structures, the introduction of innovations and the use of progressive management methods. In the conditions of market relations, the probability of risks in banking activity increases. Risk is an activity connected with overcoming uncertainty in a situation of unavoidable choice, in the process of which it is possible to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the probability of achieving the expected result, failure and deviation from the goal. Banking activity is characterized by an increased risk. The decisions that are made in the investment process are almost always accompanied by risks. In this regard, it is necessary to develop a decision-making mechanism that will manage various risk factors. Risk management plays an important role in the commercial activity of the bank and attaches great importance to the effective functioning of the risk management system. The policy of a commercial bank for the management of claims is aimed at monitoring, analyzing, coordinating and managing claims, in which case an assessment of the magnitude of the risk and establishing compliance with acceptable limits is necessary. In order to take into account the volatile situation in the banking services market, activities in the management of commercial property claims must be constantly reviewed and adjusted.

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Chethanraj, Chethanraj, and Sayyad Jafar C. F. "Comparative financial performance analysis of commercial banks in India." BOHR International Journal of Finance and Market Research 1, no. 3 (2024): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.54646/bijfmr.2024.25.

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Commercial banks are financial institutions that perform the functions of accepting deposits from the general public and giving loans for investment with the aim of earning profit. These banks play a key role in the growth and development of an economy. In India, commercial banks are broadly classified into public sector commercial banks, private sector commercial banks, and foreign commercial banks. In the present study, the researchers have made an attempt to examine the financial performance analysis of public sector and private sector commercial banks in India. The study covers the top five public sector commercial banks and the top five private sector commercial banks. The study is based on secondary data extracted from books, journals, financial statements of the banks under study, and other websites. The study period is 5 years—from March 2019 to March 2023. Financial performance and Market capitalization parameters along with key banking ratios were used for the analysis and ajudgmental sampling technique was used for selecting the sample.

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Pereira, Greisson Almeida, and Emilson Caputo Delfino Silva. "Socioeconomic development of Brazilian municipalities: The role of public and private banks." Estudios económicos 38, no. 77 (May 3, 2021): 147–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.estudecon.2021.2112.

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The economic literature has discussed the role of public banks regarding their performance as drivers of socioeconomic development, highlighting their social role when compared to private banks. This paper contributes to this discussion and analyzes the impact of the physical presence of public and private commercial banks on the Firjan Index of Municipal Development (FMDI) of Brazilian municipalities. The results of a logit panel model show that public banks have greater impact on the FMDI rather than private banks, taking into account where the municipality is located and the externalities caused by the neighboring municipality. There is great probability of a municipality being in a high level of development if it has the physical presence of commercial public banks.

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Skvarciany, Viktorija, and Juris Iljins. "The role of change management in trust formation in commercial banks." Verslas: Teorija ir Praktika 16, no. 4 (December 7, 2015): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2015.557.

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Trust in commercial banks is considered to be one of the vital factors affecting the success of commercial banks’ activities. However, the level of trust in banks has decreased during last years and is quite low at present. Therefore, it is necessary to change the confidence level to higher. This scientific paper focuses on the ways of managing and changing business process to increase trust in banks through change management. To distinguish the factors of trust formation the qualitative research has been conducted. After summarizing the results of the survey seven factors of trust building were identified. To determine the factors of change management influencing trust formation the expert evaluation method was used, six main factors were distinguished, and relations between key impact factors were defined. As a result, the model of change management factors influencing the trust formation in commercial banks has been created. In other words, the model shows how change management factors could influence the change in trust level from low to higher one and, hence, to increase bank’s competitiveness.

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H S, Anitha. "Financial Role of Specialised Commercial Banks-From Entrepreneurs Perspective." SEDME (Small Enterprises Development, Management & Extension Journal): A worldwide window on MSME Studies 30, no. 1 (March 2003): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0970846420030107.

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Simwayi, Musonda, and Wang Guohua. "The role of commercial banks in combating money laundering." Journal of Money Laundering Control 14, no. 4 (October 11, 2011): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13685201111173802.

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Walker, David A. "Commercial Banks' Role in Privatization: The Case of Poland." Managerial Finance 22, no. 10 (October 1996): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb018583.

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Kumar, Dr Sanjeev. "Role of NPA in Indian public sector commercial banks." International Journal of Research in Finance and Management 5, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/26175754.2022.v5.i2c.175.

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Mismiwati, Mismiwati, Haryadi Haryadi, Enggar Diah Puspa Arum, and Tona Auora Lubis. "The role of profit management in mediation of financial performance and transparency towards profit distribution management in sharia commercial banks." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 11, no. 1 (February 14, 2022): 138–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i1.1541.

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This study aims to examine the effect of financial performance and transparency on profit distribution management with earnings management as a mediating variable in Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia. The population in this study were all Islamic Commercial Banks for 2014 - 2019, with as many as 14 Islamic commercial banks. Determination of the sample using the criteria to obtain 10 Islamic Commercial Banks. The data used is secondary data, in the form of financial statements of Islamic Commercial Banks, with data collection techniques in documentation. The analytical method used is the Structural Equation Model – Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) method. The study results indicate that Financial Performance, Transparency affects Earnings Management Financial performance affects Profit Distribution Management, while transparency does not affect Profit Distribution Management. Profit management can mediate financial performance and transparency of Profit Distribution Management.

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Izbosarov, Boburjon. "CURRENT ISSUES OF THE PRACTICE OF REGULATING THE LIQUIDITY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION." Economics and education 24, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55439/eced/vol24_iss1/a19.

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This article examines the role of the Central Bank in ensuring the liquidity of bank assets, the state of capital of commercial banks, and their impact on liquidity. At the same time, the impact of asset quality on its liquidity, as well as deposits and own funds, was analyzed using econometric methods. The article examines the effect of commercial banks' own funds on the liquidity of bank assets, the effect of economic normative indicators set by the Central Bank, and the effect of the Central Bank's monetary policy tools using econometric models

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Song, Kyojik, Young-Soo Choi, and Jong Eun Lee. "Revisiting The Certifying Role Of Financial Intermediaries On IPOs." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 28, no. 5 (August 21, 2012): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v28i5.7242.

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This paper re-examines the role of commercial banks, investment banks, and venture capitalists in monitoring and certifying the value of the firms that went public in the 2000s. We find that investment banks that have better reputations are associated with larger underpricing for venture-capital-backed IPOs, but not for non-venture-capital-backed IPOs. The partial adjustment phenomenon observed in Carter et al. (2001) exists only for venture-capital-backed IPOs. The presence of venture capital is inversely related to IPO underpricing only when venture capitalists certify small firms. We do not find that the presence of bank debt reduces IPO underpricing. In addition, we do not find any substitutive or complementary role between commercial banks and venture capitalists in certifying IPOs.

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Novikov, A., A. Zverev, and M. Mishina. "Features of Forming of Profits of Commercial Banks in Terms of Coronaries." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 8, no. 6 (December 28, 2020): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2587-9111-2020-75-82.

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A significant role of the banking system in ensuring the functioning of the entire economy, by means of organizing the movement of borrowed capital between individual industries and the implementation of financial needs is achieved only if this system, and therefore its constituent elements, are stable. In this regard, the stability of the banking system should be considered as a fundamental internal characteristic, which ensures the existence and stable development of the Bank in a market economy under the influence of external and internal factors. In 2020, commercial banks were faced with the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the Russian economy and the banking system in particular. At the same time, the current situation of banks ' functioning is characterized not only by the presence of a corona crisis, but also by the internal development of the system itself, which, following the uberization of the world economy, dictates to commercial banks the need to develop and implement financial technologies and form ecosystems. In these conditions, the need for commercial banks in financial resources increases, which is reflected in the increasing role of profit in the Bank's activities and development. This article focuses on the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the banking system of the Russian Federation and the economy as a whole, and also identifies the features of profit formation and the specifics of the functioning of commercial banks in the coronavirus crisis period.

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Rosida, Rona, and Dadang Hermawan. "Analisis Tingkat Efisiensi Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia pada Era Masyarakat Ekonomi Asean (MEA)." Journal of Applied Islamic Economics and Finance 1, no. 1 (October 30, 2020): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35313/jaief.v1i1.2401.

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Theepurpose of this researchbis to identify the levelnof efficiency of SharianCommercial Banks in thenASEAN Economic Community (AEC) era and also to identify the policies that cankbe taken by Sharia Commercial Banks to improve their efficiency byiusing the DEA methodiand VRS modelnwith an intermediation approach. Furthermore, this research uses 6 Sharia Foreign Exchange Commercial Banks as samples. This research showsjthat the averagehSharia Commercial Bank hasibeen quite efficientiin carrying out its role as an intermediary institution. Sharia Commercial Banks that experience fluctuations in their efficiency are BNIS and BRIS. Whereas other Sharia Commercial Banks have consistently achieved optimum efficiency. Policy recommendations that can be implemented by Sharia Commercial Banks, especially for Sharia Commercial Banks that havejnot yet reachedkthe optimum levelkof efficiency, to increase their level of efficiency are by controlling and allocating optimal resources and by further increasing their output capacity by maintaining existing inputs.

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Hasan, Majid Gazi, Ali Awadh Atshan, and Waad Hadi Abd. "The Impact of the Relationship between Supervisors of Commercial Banks and the Work of the External Auditor, a Study According to the International Auditing Standard (1004)." Journal of Corporate Finance Management and Banking System, no. 33 (April 8, 2023): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jcfmbs.33.14.28.

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Purpose: This study aims to shed light on the relationship between the supervisors of commercial banks and the external auditor according to the international auditing standard 1004, and the complementary role between them. Reasonable whether the information contained in the basic accounting records and other sources of information is reliable and sufficient to prepare the financial statements. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework of the study included several topics that were addressed to add introductory frameworks on the role of supervisors of the commercial bank, the elements of independence, objectivity and integrity of the independent external auditor, the responsibility of the bank's management and the relationship between bank supervisors and external auditors. Practical & Social implication: The supervisors of commercial banks whose main goal is to enhance the confidence of all parties related to the banking system. Therefore, they monitor the viability of the commercial bank at present and in the future in implementing its various activities by relying on the report of the external auditor on the financial position of the bank. Now the latter also takes into account the verification procedures. From the bank's commercial continuity in carrying out its current and future activities. Implications/Originality/Value: The possibility of activating the relationship between the supervisors of commercial banks in the Iraqi environment and the role played by the independent external auditor, as the supervisor is interested in maintaining a sound system of internal control as a basis for safe and careful management of the bank’s business, but the auditor is interested, in most circumstances, in assessing control to determine the degree of its dependence in planning and executing its work .

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Dongol, Padam, and Sajeeb Kumar Shrestha. "Exploring the role of corporate governance in driving financial performance: An empirical investigation of Nepalese commercial banks." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 21, no. 1 (March 19, 2024): 373–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.21(1).2024.28.

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This study delves into the substantial impact of corporate governance practices on a company’s financial performance, focusing specifically on Nepalese commercial banks in the Kathmandu Valley. With 419 participants from all 27 «A» grade commercial banks, the study concentrates on employees currently working in these banks, particularly top-level staff such as managers, department heads, and officers. The primary objective is to investigate the role of corporate governance in driving financial performance, using Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) as financial performance indicators of banks. The study explores various factors influencing corporate governance’s impact, including corporate governance policies, disclosure policies, board size, income diversity, and ethnic diversity. Data collection involves primary data from participants associated with the banks, and the analysis is conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive, correlation, and regression analyses are employed to understand the relationship between corporate governance and financial performance variables. Notably, regular evaluations of the board of directors are found to have a beneficial impact on financial performance. A bank’s transparency in sharing performance information exhibits a stronger positive correlation with ROE (R=0.183) compared to ROA (R=0.060), suggesting that ROE is more sensitive to disparities in information availability. Furthermore, the study identifies a negative impact of board size on financial performance, with low-income diversity positively influencing it and board ethnic diversity exerting a negative and statistically significant influence.

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Bayu, Muhamad. "ROLE OF THE SHARIA SUPERVISORY BOARD AND THE SIZE OF ISLAMIC BANK ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SHARIA BANKS IN INDONESIA." Journal of Management and Islamic Finance 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/jmif.v3i1.5300.

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This study aims to examine the role of the Sharia Supervisory Board and the size of Islamic banks on the performance of Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia. The characteristics of the Sharia Supervisory Board (SSB) are proxied by the variables of the size of the SSB, Concurrent Positions of the SSB, the Meetings of the SSB and the Educational Background of the SSB. This study used panel data of Islamic commercial banks from 2015 to 2020 using purposive sampling. The data analysis technique used panel data regression through the common effect model using the software views. The test results show that the variables of SSB concurrent positions, SSB meetings, educational background SSB and the size of the bank significantly affect the performance of Islamic commercial banks. Meanwhile, the size of the SSB have no effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks. Multiple positions have a positive effect on the direction of the relationship, while the SSB meeting and SSB educational background have a negative effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks.

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Wang, Yining. "The Impact of Commercial Banks' Interest Rate Policies on SME Innovation under Digital Inclusive Finance." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 46, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/46/20230337.

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Digital inclusive finance, as a new financial service model, promotes small and medium-sized enterprise innovation by providing easier financing through various technological means. The government's regulatory policies and commercial banks' interest rate policies have an impact on their financing services, thus affecting SME innovation. In addition, relevant studies are less concerned with the role of commercial banks' interest rates in SME innovation. In order to examine the effects of commercial banks' lending rates, government regulation, and SMEs' innovation benefits and costs on the evolutionary game, we build a three-party evolutionary game model of commercial banks, government, and small and medium-sized enterprises in a digital inclusive finance environment. It is found that commercial banks and the government agree on an appropriate interest rate policy to help SMEs innovate while protecting their interests. To control SME innovation, the government must play a significant role in the regulation of digital inclusive finance; commercial banks should lower the loan interest rate ceiling to support SME innovation; and SMEs should strengthen themselves to obtain high-quality loans so that they can better innovate.

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Rizwana Begum, Dr. Asiya Jabeen, Tansaal Sanjana, Tarannum Begum, Tehniyath Sultana, and Thaineyath. "Empowering Growth: The Role of Commercial Banks in Financing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in India." International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering and Management (IRJAEM) 2, no. 04 (April 6, 2024): 705–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47392/irjaem.2024.0099.

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This research explores the pivotal role played by commercial banks in facilitating the financial growth and sustainability of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in India. SMEs form the backbone of the Indian economy, contributing significantly to employment generation and economic development. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative insights and quantitative analyses, to comprehensively examine the mechanisms through which commercial banks support and finance SMEs. The qualitative component of the study involves interviews, case studies, and expert opinions to capture nuanced perspectives on the challenges and opportunities faced by SMEs in accessing financial services from commercial banks. Simultaneously, quantitative data analysis will be employed to identify trends, correlations, and statistical patterns associated with the financing of SMEs. Various aspects of the role of commercial banks in SME financing will be investigated, including credit facilities, financial products tailored for SMEs, risk assessment, and the impact of banking support on the growth and sustainability of small businesses. The study aims to provide insights into the strategic implications of commercial bank interventions for the SME sector in India. The findings from this research are anticipated to offer valuable insights for policymakers, banking professionals, and SME entrepreneurs. By understanding the intricacies of SME financing by commercial banks, stakeholders can refine strategies, improve financial inclusion, and contribute to the robust development of small and medium enterprises, fostering economic growth in India. This study serves as a foundation for informed decision-making and future research within the realm of SME financing by commercial banks.

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Gautam, Prakash Kumar, and Tenish Gautam. "Role of macroeconomic factors predicting financial performance of commercial banks in Nepal." International Research Journal of Management Science 6, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/irjms.v6i1.42337.

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Purpose: This study analyzes the effect of macroeconomic indicators such as domestic products, interest rate, inflation rate, and unemployment rate on the financial performance of commercial banks in Nepal. Design/Methodology: Five top commercial banks based on the financial performance were selected with stratified sampling, with secondary data of ten years. Hausman test was used to examine the endogeneity issue in the predictor variables and the effect of predicators on financial performance were estimated using OLS estimation (random effect model). Findings: The study result revealed significant influence of macroeconomic factors except the unemployment rate for estimating ROE of commercial banks in Nepal while no significant impact was revealed for ROA. Among the significant variables, GDP contributes more in predicting the financial performance of commercial banks in Nepal. Implication: As the study found significant role of macroeconomic variables to estimate ROE, bank administrators, government officials, and investors can focus in such variables, especially in GDP for competitive financial performance. They need to develop products based on macroeconomic variables. Besides, this study finds and tries to mitigate the gap in findings of previous empirical studies. Originality/value: This study contributes to the literature on macroeconomic determinants predicting financial performance of banks, more specifically in finding the gap in determining ROA and ROE within the country specific issue.

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Al-Dalabih, Firas A. N., and Mohammad Enizan Al-Sharairi. "The Role of E-Commerce on the Auditing Practices." International Journal of Economics and Finance 11, no. 4 (March 15, 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v11n4p49.

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This study aims to identify the role of E-commerce on the auditing practices in the Jordanian banking sector. The sample of this study consisted of 120 selected from five banks in the north region in Jordan. These banks are: The Housing Bank for Trade and Finance, Union Bank, National Bank of Jordan, Arab Bank and Capital Bank, whereas a questionnaire was designed and distributed to them. A total of (100) questionnaire was retrieved that are valid for statistical analysis formed about 83.3% of overall distributed questionnaires; and the questionnaires have been analyzed using SPSS statistical software. The results of the study indicate that there is a significant role of E-commerce in auditing process in the Jordanian commercial banks, beside that it was revealed that Jordanian commercial banks face many types of E-commerce risks associated with auditing, and the most risk that they faced was the lack of the auditors knowledge on the concepts of information technology and how they are used in auditing. This study recommended the Jordanian commercial banks to conduct training courses for their auditors regarding the concepts of information technology, how to use them in auditing and the nature of the websites and how it design.

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Shermukhamedov, Bekhzodjon. "IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGY OF DEPOSIT PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS." Economics and education 24, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.55439/eced/vol24_iss1/a18.

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This article is devoted to the role and analysis of commercial banks in the economy of our republic, studied the data of their resource base, deposit operations carried out by commercial banks, analyzed the data of the deposit base. The importance of deposits in the activities of commercial banks is substantiated and the results of studies aimed at increasing the deposit base of banks operating in Uzbekistan are presented

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Mohiuddin, Golam. "Derivative Use by Commercial Banks in Bangladesh." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 47 (February 2015): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.47.107.

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Derivative use by commercial banks operating in Bangladesh is hypothesized to improve their intermediary functions. The study outcome identifies the influence of derivative use on the growth of advances by commercial banks. Bank’s participation in advances increases with increase in hedging activities through futures. It has also been found that the Bangladeshi private sector commercial banks have a high exposure of risk and have externalized their risk management process. Specialized banks of Bangladesh have a low risk exposure level, but still they have moderately externalized their risk management practices. Bangladeshi public commercial banks have a large deposit base and high risk exposure but are still internalizing their risk through risk management. The policy implication of this study is that derivative use by commercial banks is likely to increase the intermediary role of banks, i.e., the increase in advances growth rate rather than investment portfolio growth rate. Commercial banks with large deposit base could gain relatively by externalizing their risk management practices since this study reveals that interest rate risk exposure of derivative users is statistically lesser than non-users.

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Purwanto, Purwanto. "ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN ANTARA TINGKAT KESEHATAN BANK PEMBANGUNAN DAERAH DENGAN BANK UMUM LAINNYA." Jurnal AKTUAL 17, no. 1 (June 2, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.47232/aktual.v17i1.28.

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Community development banks has different characteristics with groups of other commercial banks. In addition to running the activities of commercial banks, Community development banks also serves as a driver of regional agent of development. Community development banks prosecuted still play a role in facilitating regional development funds, both investment projects and working capital. Community development banks also serves as a cashier local governments, such as the realization of budget funds. The aim of this study was to determine the performance comparison between Community development banks and other national private commercial bank. Research using banking statistics sourced from Bank Indonesia (2013). The analysis was performed with descriptive approach. The study found that Community development banks has profitability, efficiency and liquidity is better than other commercial banks. Judging from the aspect of capital and productive quality, Community development banks has a CAR and lower asset quality of commercial banks Others, while viewed from the aspect of liquidity (LDR) were not statistically different.

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Fathihani, Vely Randyantini, and Ika Puji Saputri. "The Role of Green Banking Implementation in Sharia Banking Performance from an Islamic Perspective." International Journal of Management and Business Intelligence 2, no. 2 (April 26, 2024): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.59890/ijmbi.v2i2.1494.

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The aim of this research is to determine the effect of implementing green banking on the profitability of Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia and the concept of green banking from an Islamic perspective. This research was conducted at Islamic commercial banks registered with the Financial Services Authority (OJK) for the 2016-2022 period. The population in this study consisted of 12 Islamic commercial banks. The sample selection used a non-probability sampling method with a purposive sampling technique and a sample of 8 Islamic commercial banks with 7 years of observation was obtained so that 56 research data were obtained. The hypothesis testing method in this research uses a panel data regression model with a Fixed Effect Model (FEM) approach using the EViews program. The urgency of this research is to see the impact of implementing green banking on Sharia banking performance, especially from an Islamic perspective. The research results show that Green Banking practices have a negative and insignificant effect on Sharia banking performance.

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Safitri, Tia Angraini, Asnaini Asnaini, and Idwal Idwal. "The Role of Islamic Commercial Banks in the Recovery of the National Economy Affected by the Pandemic in Indonesia." Journal of Indonesian Management (JIM) 1, no. 3 (September 19, 2021): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.53697/jim.v1i3.196.

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This research was conducted to test and analyze the role of Islamic Commercial Banks in encouraging the rate of economic growth affected by the pandemic in Indonesia for 2 (two) years from 2019 to 2020. The purpose of this study is to see how much influence commercial banks have. sharia. on the National Economic Recovery affected by the pandemic in Indonesia. Growth from 2019 to 2020. The number of data sets is 8 (eight) quarters of the data on the development of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), third party funds of Islamic commercial banks, financing provided by Islamic commercial banks, and Liquidity funds of Islamic commercial banks. Islamic commercial bank. This study uses a quantitative approach. The analytical model used in this study is a time series data regression analysis model. The output results show that the independent variable X1 is -0.546161, X2 is 0.668608 meaning it has a value above 0.05, then X1 and X2 partially have no effect on Y or H1 is rejected. While X3 of 0.043179 means that it has a value below 0.05 then partially affects Y or H1 is accepted.

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Kaddumi, Thair A., Hassan H. Aldboush, and Yaseen S. Alhaj-Yaseen. "BANKS’ PERFORMANCE AND THE CONTRADICTING ROLE OF SYSTEMATIC RISK DRIVERS - ASSESSMENT ACROSS COMMERCIAL BANKS." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 57, no. 6 (December 30, 2022): 1070–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.57.6.93.

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The Jordanian banking sector is vulnerable to many macrofactors that impact its performance, and due to the prominence importance of preserving the banking sector sustainable financial health, this study came to investigate the impact of macroeconomic risk factors represented in inflation rate, gross domestic product, and interest rate on ROA and ROE as a proxy of the financial performance of Jordanian commercial banks listed at Amman Stock Exchange for the period (2006–2020). The study employed a mean, standard deviation, and multiple regression analysis model. The results indicated a positive relationship between GDP and banks’ performance (ROA and ROE). But inflation rate and interest rate demonstrated an insignificant impact on ROA and ROE. Additionally, the results also indicted that there is a large fluctuation of inflation rate during the study period and this will lead to reluctance in investing in Jordan. Based on that, the study recommends that real measures be taken by the government to curb the inflation rate. Also, banks’ management should employ sophisticated techniques in stabilizing the lending interest rate and search for other investment opportunities to enhance their financial performance. The microeconomic risks such as liquidity risk positively affect banks’ performance, while the credit risk and operational risk negatively affect the bank’s performance.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Role of Commercial Banks'

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