Relevant bibliographies by topics / Role modelling

Academic literature on the topic 'Role modelling'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Role modelling"

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Philpott, Samantha, and Philomena Corrigan. "Role modelling." Nursing Management 13, no. 1 (April 2006): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/nm.13.1.10.s12.

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Carson, John. "Role modelling." Managing Service Quality: An International Journal 1, no. 2 (February 1991): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000003125.

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Walsh, Kathleen Kelley, Terry M. VandenBosch, and Susan Boehm. "Modelling and role-modelling: integrating nursing theory into practice." Journal of Advanced Nursing 14, no. 9 (September 1989): 755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.1989.tb01640.x.

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Jönsson, Siv, Anja Henningsson, Monica Edholm, and Tomas Salmonson. "Role of Modelling and Simulation." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 51, no. 2 (February 2012): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11596650-000000000-00000.

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Loh, Keng-Yin, and Sivalingam Nalliah. "Learning professionalism by role-modelling." Medical Education 44, no. 11 (September 28, 2010): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03827.x.

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Baillie, Lesley, Christine Norton, Angela Tod, Christi Deaton, Lesley Lowes, Debbie Carrick-Sen, Candy McCabe, and Elizabeth Robb. "Preventing discrimination through role modelling." British Journal of Nursing 24, no. 5 (March 11, 2015): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2015.24.5.299.

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James, D. J. G. "A role for mathematical modelling†." International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology 16, no. 2 (March 1985): 309–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0020739850160229.

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Pedersen, Willy, and Nils Johan Lavik. "Role modelling and cigarette smoking." Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 19, no. 2 (June 1991): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/140349489101900206.

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Vilà, Miquel, Pau Torrades, Roser Pi, David Albalat, and Ona Monleon. "The role of 3D modelling in the urban geological map of Catalonia." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 167, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 389–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zdgg/2016/0095.

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Sun, Zhi Wei. "The Role of Modelling in Agile Methodologies." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 1333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.1333.

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Modelling as a technique continually keeps important place in information system development (ISD) methodologies and is adopted for implementing systems effectively. Contrasting to modelling, agile methodology is a new concept. It aims to overcome shortcomings of early ISD methodologies. It welcomes changes and adapt to them. Meanwhile it is people-oriented. Used in the new methodologies, besides traditional roles, modelling has more critical roles in ISD methodologies.The report illustrates main roles of modelling, including traditional and new ones. Meanwhile, it also addresses idea of ISD is social with the roles of modelling.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Role modelling"

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Morgenroth, Thekla. "How role models affect role aspirants' motivation and goals." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/18483.

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Role models are often suggested as a means of motivating people to set and reach ambitious goals, especially for members of stigmatised groups in achievement settings. Yet, findings in relation to the effectiveness of role model are mixed and the literature on role models suffers from a number of limitations: (1) it lacks a clear definitional consensus of role models, (2) there is a lack of an integrated theoretical framework around role modelling, (3) very little of our current understanding of role models draws on the motivational literature to explain how role models can influence motivation and goals, and (4) the focus of the extant role model literature has been mainly on the attributes that make role models effective at the expense of understanding how this occurs. In this thesis, we first review the literature on role models (Chapter 1) and present two studies highlighting the limitations of the extant understanding of role modelling (Chapter 2). We then address these limitations by developing a theoretical framework of role modelling where we integrate different definitions of role models into a new conceptualisation in which we propose that role models influence goals and motivation in three distinct ways: by acting as behavioural models, by representing the possible, and by being inspirational. We then draw on expectancy-value theories of motivation to build a theoretical framework for understanding not only when but also how role models can effectively influence motivation and goals in these three functions (Chapter 3). This new theoretical framework, the Motivational Theory of Role Modelling, highlights how the power of role models can be harnessed to increase role aspirants’ motivation, reinforce their existing goals, and facilitate their adoption of new goals. We present four empirical studies supporting the ideas put forward in this theoretical framework, namely that role models in their three functions increase expectancy and value and, in turn, motivation and goals (Chapters 4,5, and 6). Finally, we integrate and summarise our findings and discuss theoretical and practical implications (Chapter 7).
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Ding, Chenghua. "Role based modelling in support of configurable manufacturing system design." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/5981.

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Business environments, in which any modern Manufacturing Enterprise (ME) operates, have grown significantly in complexity and are changing faster than ever before. It follows that designing a flexible manufacturing system to achieve a set of strategic objectives involves making a series of complex decisions over time. Therefore manufacturing industry needs improved knowledge about likely impacts of making different types of change in MEs and improved modelling approaches that are capable of providing a systematic way of modelling change impacts in complex business processes; prior to risky and costly change implementation projects. An ability to simulate the execution of process instances is also needed to control, animate and monitor simulated flows of multiple products through business processes; and thereby to assess impacts of dynamic distributions and assignments of multiple resource types during any given time period. Further more this kind of modelling capability needs to be integrated into a single modelling framework so as to improve its flexibility and change coordination. Such a modelling capability and framework should help MEs to achieve successfully business process re-engineering, continuous performance development and enterprise re-design. This thesis reports on the development of new modelling constructs and their innovative application when used together with multiple existing modelling approaches. This enables human and technical resource systems to be described, specified and modelled coherently and explicitly. In turn this has been shown to improve the design of flexible, configurable and re-usable manufacturing resource systems, capable of supporting decision making in agile manufacturing systems. A newly conceived and developed Role-Based Modelling Methodology (R-BMM) was proposed during this research study. Also the R-BMM was implemented and tested by using it together with three existing modelling approaches namely (1) extended Enterprise Modelling, (2) dynamic Causal Loop Diagramming and (3) Discrete Event Simulation Modelling (via software PlantSimulation ®). Thereby these three distinct modelling techniques were deployed in a new and coherent way. The new R-BMM approach to modelling manufacturing systems was designed to facilitate: (1) Graphical Representation (2) Explicit Specification and (3) Implementation Description of Resource systems. Essentially the approach enables a match between suitable human and technical resource systems and well defined models of processes and workflows. Enterprise Modelling is used to explicitly define functional and flexibility competencies that need to be possessed by suitable role holders. Causal Loop Diagramming is used to reason about dependencies between different role attributes. The approach was targeted at the design and application of simulation models that enable relative performance comparisons (such as work throughput, lead-time and process costs) to be made and to show how performance is affected by different role decompositions and resourcing policies. The different modelling techniques are deployed via a stepwise application of the R-BMM approach. Two main case studies were carried out to facilitate methodology testing and methodology development. The chosen case company possessed manufacturing characteristics required to facilitate testing and development; in terms of significant complexity and change with respect to its products and their needed processing structures and resource systems. The first case study was mainly designed to illustrate an application, and benefits arising from application, of the new modelling approach. This provided both qualitative and quantitative results analysis and evaluation. Then with a view to reflecting on modelling methodology testing and to address a wider scope manufacturing problem, the second case study was designed and applied at a different level of abstraction, to further test and verify the suitability and re-usability of the methodology. Through conceiving the new R-BMM approach, to create, analyse and assess the utility of sets of models, this research has proposed and tested enhancements to current means of realising reconfigurable and flexible production systems.
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Subedi, Harendra. "Mathematical Modelling of Delegation in Role Based Access Control." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-222381.

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One of the most widespread access control model that assigns permissions to a user is Role Based Access Control (RBAC). The basic idea is to limit the access to resources by using the indirection of roles, which are associated both to users and permissions. There has been research conducted with respect to clarifying RBAC and its components, as well as in creating mathematical models describing different aspects of its administrative issues in RBAC. But, till date no work has been done in terms of formalization (Mathematical Modelling) of delegation and revocation of roles in RBAC. Which provides most important extensions of the policy and provides flexibility in the user to user delegation of roles, especially in the environment where roles are organized in a hierarchy. The process allows a user with a role that is higher in the hierarchy to assign a part of the role to someone who is lower in the hierarchy or at the same level. This can be done for a limited time or permanently. The reverse process is called revocation and it consists of ending different types of delegations. This thesis has found the answer to the following research question i.e. how different mathematical Modelling for delegation and revocation of Roles in RBAC can be performed? This thesis presents different types of delegation and techniques for revocation with a comprehensive mathematical Modelling of both processes. As this can be clearly visible that this thesis objective is to derive a mathematical models for delegation and revocation of roles in RBAC policy, for deriving mathematical models formal method is applied. The mathematical models developed include grant and transfer delegation with and without role hierarchy, time based revocation, user based revocation and cascading revocation. The case scenario of an organization using RBAC is used to illustrate and clarify the mathematical models. The mathematical models presented here can serve as a starting point for developing, implementations of delegation and revocation on top of existing authorization modules based on the RBAC model.
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Hua, Lingling. "Modelling UNIX system security with a role graph." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ32485.pdf.

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Breslin, G. "The role of relative motion information during modelling." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426961.

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Muhammad, Syamsul A. "A role-based method for business process modelling." Thesis, University of Reading, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421631.

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Quinn, Paul F. "The role of digital terrain analysis in hydrological modelling." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.331974.

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McNamara, Les. "The role of water quality modelling in decision-making." View thesis, 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/18899.

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Thesis (Ph.D) -- University of Western Sydney, 2007.
A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney, College of Health and Science, School of Natural Sciences, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliography.
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Grein, Matthias. "The role of the financial sector in macroeconomic modelling." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608269.

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Drysdale, Lewis A. "Arctic fjords : simplified modelling and the role of freshwater." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2017. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=237133.

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Defining the role of freshwater in a fjord is important to further the understanding of seasonal physical variability in fjordic systems because the variability of freshwater flux is a key control on fjord oceanography, yet information on freshwater inputs to Svalbard fjords is currently lacking. In this study, two methods of studying fjords are utilised. Firstly, seawater samples and oceanographic profiles were collected from four fjords and shelves around the high-Arctic Svalbard archipelago between September 2013 and April 2015. Analysis of the seawater samples showed that surface meteoric water in a glaciated west-Svalbard fjord was present in quantities up to four times as much (∼18%) assea-ice melt (∼5%). In comparison, a north-Svalbard fjord had more than twice as much sea-ice melt (∼5%) as meteoric water (∼2%). Four contrasting regions of freshwater infuence around the Svalbard archipelago were established, defined by their freshwater processes. Further analysis of data suggest that coastal currents act as an upstream freshwater source, and are also enhanced by freshwater along their path. Upper layer circulation, meanwhile, was seen to be an important mode of dispersal of freshwater inputs from smaller inlets. Secondly, a box model was modified by the inclusion of a sea ice model and was run to understand the leading-order processes and mechanisms observed in Arctic fjords. Model results were successfully validated against four years of oceanographic data from a mooring deployed between 2008–2013 in a restricted exchange fjord on Svalbard and represented the seasonal cycle of a high-Arctic fjord including sea-ice growth and convection. The model showed that varying the sill geometry of a high-Arctic fjord impacts the formation of sea-ice and the dominant modes of exchange. The model also showed that warming of the sub-surface temperature causes excess heat inside fjords, which impacts on sea-ice production and (although not shown) is highly likely to cause accelerated melting of tidewater glaciers.
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Books on the topic "Role modelling"

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Vidyasagar, Shruti, and Poornima Hatti, eds. Leadership and Role Modelling. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69056-8.

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Mizon, Grayham E. The role of econometric modelling in economic analysis. Southampton: University of Southampton, Dept. of Economics, 1989.

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Persistent modelling: Extending the role of architectural representation. Abingdon, Oxon [England]: Routledge, 2012.

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Patel, Manish, and Sylvia Nagl. The Role of Model Integration in Complex Systems Modelling. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15603-8.

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Whitmarsh, David. The role of spreadsheets in the modelling of commercial fisheries. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth, Centre for the Economics and Management of Aquatic Resources, 1994.

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Cheetham, R. G. Mathematical modelling of power station plant: The role of simulation. [Sheffield[: [University of Sheffield, Dept. of Control Engineering], 1988.

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Goli, Rezai-Rashti, ed. Gender, race, and the politics of role modelling: The influence of male teachers. New York, NY: Routledge, 2011.

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Sylvia, Nagl, ed. The role of model integration in complex systems modelling: An example from cancer biology. Berlin: Springer, 2010.

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Huang, Ying-Sun. The role of solid modelling for rapid production of casting patterns by NC machining. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1995.

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Diamantopoulos, Adariantios. Modelling corporate strategy: The role of environmental uncertainty and corporate synergy in strategy choice. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh. Department of Business Studies, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Role modelling"

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Ray, Cassandra A., and Michelle T. Violanti. "A Followership Perspective on Role Modelling and Mentorship." In Leadership and Role Modelling, 3–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69056-8_1.

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Nyanjom, Julie. "Role Modelling and Its Impact on the Self-Development of Academics." In Leadership and Role Modelling, 23–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69056-8_2.

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Coleman, Tanjia M. "Role Modelling as an Alternative to Mentoring for Career Development Outcomes in Organisations." In Leadership and Role Modelling, 47–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69056-8_3.

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Lyman, Alexandra L., and Stacie F. Chappell. "Close and Distant Female Role Models in the Workplace." In Leadership and Role Modelling, 79–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69056-8_4.

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Mathew, Annu. "Complexities in the Role Model Identification Process for Educated Women from Rural India." In Leadership and Role Modelling, 105–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69056-8_5.

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Sharma, Kshitij. "Role Modelling as a Means of Transformative Growth." In Leadership and Role Modelling, 137–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69056-8_6.

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Franklyn, Timothy. "Fostering Vision, Culture, and Accountability in Young Organisations Through Role Modelling." In Leadership and Role Modelling, 157–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69056-8_7.

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Ramachandran, Raju, T. S. Sridhar, and Sudarshan Iyengar. "Being and Following Role Models." In Leadership and Role Modelling, 179–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69056-8_8.

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Steiner, Andreas, and Moira C. Norrie. "Temporal object role modelling." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 245–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-63107-0_18.

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Ducklow, Hugh W., and Arnold H. Taylor. "Modelling — Session Summary." In Protozoa and Their Role in Marine Processes, 431–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73181-5_25.

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Conference papers on the topic "Role modelling"

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Kunc, Martin. "Strategic Planning: the Role of Hybrid Modelling." In 2019 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wsc40007.2019.9004881.

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Simota, Jan, and Jiri Tupa. "Role of risks modelling in electronics manufacturing." In 2015 38th International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology (ISSE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isse.2015.7248020.

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Al-Mudimigh, Abdullah S., and Zahid Ullah. "Prevention of Dirty Data and the Role of MADAR Project." In 2011 European Modelling Symposium (EMS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ems.2011.85.

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"Modelling sustainability and the role of deliberative democracy." In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.h2.hartz_karp.

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Packer, R. J. "The role of modelling in system design and acceptance." In IEE Colloquium on Radar System Modelling. IEE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19980764.

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"The role of deep flaming in violent pyroconvection." In 22nd International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2017.h10.badlan.

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Orsoni, A., and N. V. Karadimas. "The Role Of Modelling And Simulation In Design-Build Projects." In 20th Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2006-0315.

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Weston, R. H., Z. Cui, and O. Vacharaphol. "Executing architecture & the role of simulation modelling." In the 2010 Spring Simulation Multiconference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1878537.1878616.

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He, Ligang, Kewei Duan, Xueguang Chen, Deqing Zou, Zongfen Han, Ali Fadavinia, and Stephen A. Jarvis. "Modelling Workflow Executions under Role-Based Authorisation Control." In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing (SCC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scc.2011.56.

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Labiak, Grzegorz, Marian Adamski, Jacek Tkacz, Michal Doligalski, and Arkadiusz Bukowiec. "Role of UML Modelling in Discrete Controller Design." In 2011 21st International Conference on Systems Engineering (ICSEng). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icseng.2011.97.

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Reports on the topic "Role modelling"

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Logan, C., H. A. J. Russell, D. R. Sharpe, and F. M. Kenny. The role of GIS and expert knowledge in 3-D modelling, Oak Ridges Moraine, southern Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/214575.

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Novoseltsev, Vassili N., Anatoli I. Michalski, Janna A. Novoseltseva, Anatoli I. Yashin, James R. Carey, and Thomas W. Scott. Senescence can play an essential role in modelling and estimation of vector based epidemiological indicators: demographical approach. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, August 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2007-027.

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Houtkamp, Joske, and Frans Rip. Wetenschappelijke modellen in natuurbeleid : Visies op de rol en toepassing van wetenschappelijke modellen in de praktijk. Wageningen: Wageningen Environmental Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/541160.

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Aalto, Juha, and Ari Venäläinen, eds. Climate change and forest management affect forest fire risk in Fennoscandia. Finnish Meteorological Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361355.

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Forest and wildland fires are a natural part of ecosystems worldwide, but large fires in particular can cause societal, economic and ecological disruption. Fires are an important source of greenhouse gases and black carbon that can further amplify and accelerate climate change. In recent years, large forest fires in Sweden demonstrate that the issue should also be considered in other parts of Fennoscandia. This final report of the project “Forest fires in Fennoscandia under changing climate and forest cover (IBA ForestFires)” funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, synthesises current knowledge of the occurrence, monitoring, modelling and suppression of forest fires in Fennoscandia. The report also focuses on elaborating the role of forest fires as a source of black carbon (BC) emissions over the Arctic and discussing the importance of international collaboration in tackling forest fires. The report explains the factors regulating fire ignition, spread and intensity in Fennoscandian conditions. It highlights that the climate in Fennoscandia is characterised by large inter-annual variability, which is reflected in forest fire risk. Here, the majority of forest fires are caused by human activities such as careless handling of fire and ignitions related to forest harvesting. In addition to weather and climate, fuel characteristics in forests influence fire ignition, intensity and spread. In the report, long-term fire statistics are presented for Finland, Sweden and the Republic of Karelia. The statistics indicate that the amount of annually burnt forest has decreased in Fennoscandia. However, with the exception of recent large fires in Sweden, during the past 25 years the annually burnt area and number of fires have been fairly stable, which is mainly due to effective fire mitigation. Land surface models were used to investigate how climate change and forest management can influence forest fires in the future. The simulations were conducted using different regional climate models and greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Simulations, extending to 2100, indicate that forest fire risk is likely to increase over the coming decades. The report also highlights that globally, forest fires are a significant source of BC in the Arctic, having adverse health effects and further amplifying climate warming. However, simulations made using an atmospheric dispersion model indicate that the impact of forest fires in Fennoscandia on the environment and air quality is relatively minor and highly seasonal. Efficient forest fire mitigation requires the development of forest fire detection tools including satellites and drones, high spatial resolution modelling of fire risk and fire spreading that account for detailed terrain and weather information. Moreover, increasing the general preparedness and operational efficiency of firefighting is highly important. Forest fires are a large challenge requiring multidisciplinary research and close cooperation between the various administrative operators, e.g. rescue services, weather services, forest organisations and forest owners is required at both the national and international level.
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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.
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