Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rocks, Sedimentary

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Academic literature on the topic 'Rocks, Sedimentary'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Rocks, Sedimentary"

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Edgett, Kenneth S., and Ranjan Sarkar. "Recognition of Sedimentary Rock Occurrences in Satellite and Aerial Images of Other Worlds—Insights from Mars." Remote Sensing 13, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 4296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13214296.

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Sedimentary rocks provide records of past surface and subsurface processes and environments. The first step in the study of the sedimentary rock record of another world is to learn to recognize their occurrences in images from instruments aboard orbiting, flyby, or aerial platforms. For two decades, Mars has been known to have sedimentary rocks; however, planet-wide identification is incomplete. Global coverage at 0.25–6 m/pixel, and observations from the Curiosity rover in Gale crater, expand the ability to recognize Martian sedimentary rocks. No longer limited to cases that are light-toned, lightly cratered, and stratified—or mimic original depositional setting (e.g., lithified deltas)—Martian sedimentary rocks include dark-toned examples, as well as rocks that are erosion-resistant enough to retain small craters as well as do lava flows. Breakdown of conglomerates, breccias, and even some mudstones, can produce a pebbly regolith that imparts a “smooth” appearance in satellite and aerial images. Context is important; sedimentary rocks remain challenging to distinguish from primary igneous rocks in some cases. Detection of ultramafic, mafic, or andesitic compositions do not dictate that a rock is igneous, and clast genesis should be considered separately from the depositional record. Mars likely has much more sedimentary rock than previously recognized.
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Lyu, Qiqi, Shunshe Luo, Yulong Guan, Jinhua Fu, Xiaobing Niu, Liming Xu, Shengbin Feng, and Shixiang Li. "A new method of lithologic identification and distribution characteristics of fine - grained sediments: A case study in southwest of Ordos Basin, China." Open Geosciences 11, no. 1 (February 26, 2019): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2019-0002.

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Abstract Lithologic identification is critical for studying fine - grained sediments, which further elucidates sedimentary environment, and formation. The oil - bearing Chang 7 Section of the Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin contains thick dark mudstone with a wide distribution, interbedded by siltstone and fine sandstone. The lacustrine fine - grained sedimentary rocks constitute the chief source rock of the Yanchang Formation. On the grounds of fine core description, thin rock slice identification and X - ray diffraction analysis, we proposed a new method based on conventional logging data. This method is using density (DEN) and natural gamma (GR) logging curve intersection and multivariate linear regression analysis of logging curve value and measured mineral content value which is carried out by SPSS software to identify the lithology and the vertical distribution characteristics of fine - grained sedimentary rock of Chang 7 formation in the study area. This method is mainly suitable for lithologic identification of fine - grained sedimentary rocks in lake basin. It not only quantitatively analyses the contents of main minerals and organic matter in fine - grained sedimentary rocks, but also greatly improved the accuracy and universality of using conventional logging data to identify the lithology of fine - grained sedimentary rocks, which provides a reference for the exploration of tight oil.
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Zhao, Ranlei, Xiao Xu, Wentao Ma, Cunlei Li, Qiushi Zhang, and Qingyou Yue. "Reservoir Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Sedimentary Pyroclastic Rocks in Deep-Buried Basins: A Case Study of Yingtai Fault Depression, Southern Songliao Basin." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 6594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186594.

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In this article, based on core description, thin section, scanning electron microscope (SEM), well logging and reservoir physical properties, the reservoir controlling factors of sedimentary pyroclastic rocks in deep-buried basins are assessed via the relation between reservoirs and defining factors, including lithological characteristics, sedimentary microfacies and diagenesis. In addition, the contributing factors of anomalously high-porosity and high-permeability zone are analyzed. The lithological characteristics and diagenesis of the sedimentary pyroclastic rocks are closely related to reservoirs. The reservoir porosity–permeability of sedimentary pyroclastic rocks with large volcanic clastic particles is better than in those with small volcanic clastic particles. Sedimentary pyroclastic rocks with high content of unstable clastic particles, such as feldspar and rock debris, are easier to form the high-quality reservoirs than those with high content of quartz. The dissolution is the most important and direct reason to form the anomalously high-porosity and high-permeability zones of the sedimentary pyroclastic rocks in deep-buried basins. It is concluded that the size and composition of the clastic particles in the sedimentary pyroclastic rocks are the internal-controlling factors of the effective reservoirs, while the diagenetic fluid and the burial process are the external-controlling factors which form the effective reservoirs.
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DA SILVA, JOSÉ LUIZ SILVÉRIO, and EGYDIO MENEGOTTO. "Aspectos Geoquímicos de Silicificações em Rochas Sedimentares no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil." Pesquisas em Geociências 32, no. 2 (December 31, 2005): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.19543.

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Some exposures of silicified sedimentary rocks and duricrusts occur in the central Depressão Periférica along the edge of the Paraná Basin in Rio Grande do Sul State, in southern part of Brazil. These silicified materials were firstly studied in the petrographic aspects by Silvério da Silva & Menegotto (2002). This paper presents geochemical results of the analysis on samples of sedimentary rocks and silica duricrusts collected in two profiles (Santa Maria and Cachoeira do Sul). The relationships between the sedimentary rocks and the duricrusts, as well their probable provenance and genesis, are discussed. Silicification occurs as lenses, concretions, nodules and pedotubules, in the Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of these profiles. Micro quartz predominates and forms the most part of the matrix. Fibrous chalcedony and mega quartz were present in minor amounts filling vughs. Three types of silicification were recognized: silcretes (SiO2>87%), silica rich concretions (SiO2 from 76.10 % to 86.76% SiO2) and sedimentary rocks with few silica cement. Gresen′s mass balance is presented to point out the gain of SiO2. The silica source is related to weathering processes of the minerals of the sedimentary rock and added to the groundwater.
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LINDSTRÖM, SOFIE. "Palynology of Permian shale, clay and sandstone clasts from the Basen till in northern Vestfjella, Dronning Maud Land." Antarctic Science 17, no. 1 (February 28, 2005): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102005002476.

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The palynological content of randomly collected sedimentary rock clasts from the till on the south-east slope of the Basen nunatak in northern Vestfjella in western Dronning Maud Land indicate that these sedimentary rocks were derived from strata of Middle Permian age. The palynological content and preservation is similar to palynofloras described from the sedimentary rocks that crop out at the Fossilryggen nunatak to the south-east, therefore, it seems likely that the Fossilryggen area represents the source of the sedimentary rock samples in the Basen till. This is further supported by known ice flow directions obtained from striations and clast fabric measurements in the area.
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Bilić, Šime, and Vesnica Garašić. "PETROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FROM THE ST. BARBARA ORE MINE IN RUDE NEAR SAMOBOR." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 36, no. 1 (2021): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2021.1.10.

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In the scope of this research, the petrographic and geochemical analyses of clastic sedimentary rocks from the St. Barbara, copper and iron ore mine in Rude near Samobor, have been made, aiming to classify and determine the provenance and environment of formation of clastic sedimentary rocks, as well as the influence of hydrothermal fluids on their properties. Eight samples were collected in total from different locations in the mine. Six of those samples have been studied in detail. The results showed structural and geochemical variability and uneven hydrothermal alteration intensity in the samples. Based on petrographic analyses, three rocks are classified as sublithoarenite, quartz arenite and quartz greywacke. Three of the samples are classified as ore breccia, ore sandstone, and ore silt-sandstone due to the pronounced hydrothermal alterations and ore mineralisation. Comprehensively, petrographic and geochemical analyses indicate that the source rocks of the investigated clastic sedimentary rocks were felsic (La/Sc = 0.9-6.2; Th/Sc = 1.3-2.4), most probably sedimentary, possibly resedimented rocks. The extent of source rock weathering was very high (Chemical Index of Alteration CIA = 52.1 - 81.3 %) and the geotectonic position of the sedimentary basin was very likely to be at the passive continental margin.
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Pujar, Anant G., A. Sreenivasa, and Ajaykumar N. Asode. "Petrography and Provenance Study of South-Central Part of Kaladgi Basin, Belgaum, Karnataka, India." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 11, no. 1 (July 7, 2020): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol11.iss1.2020.421.

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The area under investigation covers the south-central part of Kaladgi series comprising of sedimentary rocks, mainly quartzarenites. From the geological point of view the study area comprises southcentral part of Kaladgi basin covering around 54 km2 which encompasses rocky hills of moderate height, showing three types of facies i.e., argillaceous, arenaceous and rudaceous. Among these three, arenaceous facies is more prominent in the area. These sedimentary rocks rest unconformably over gneisses. Detailed study of the rocks exposed are done by studying the petrological aspects of the rock samples which were subjected to microscopic studies, bifurcating different minerals and counting each parameter of the minerals which is plotted in the QFR ternary diagram and further illustrating the tectonic provenance of the area. Present work mainly focuses on the studies related to petrological, diagenesis and provenance of the study area where the rocks exposed in the vicinity are quartz arenites indicating that these sediments were deposited in a riverine condition.
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Pujar, Anant G., A. Sreenivasa, and Ajaykumar N. Asode. "Petrography and Provenance Study of South-Central Part of Kaladgi Basin, Belgaum, Karnataka, India." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 11, no. 1 (July 7, 2020): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ojs.v11i1.421.

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The area under investigation covers the south-central part of Kaladgi series comprising of sedimentary rocks, mainly quartzarenites. From the geological point of view the study area comprises southcentral part of Kaladgi basin covering around 54 km2 which encompasses rocky hills of moderate height, showing three types of facies i.e., argillaceous, arenaceous and rudaceous. Among these three, arenaceous facies is more prominent in the area. These sedimentary rocks rest unconformably over gneisses. Detailed study of the rocks exposed are done by studying the petrological aspects of the rock samples which were subjected to microscopic studies, bifurcating different minerals and counting each parameter of the minerals which is plotted in the QFR ternary diagram and further illustrating the tectonic provenance of the area. Present work mainly focuses on the studies related to petrological, diagenesis and provenance of the study area where the rocks exposed in the vicinity are quartz arenites indicating that these sediments were deposited in a riverine condition.
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Hu, Zeng, Fang, Qi, Yin, Chen, Li, and Zhu. "Geochemical Study of Detrital Apatite in Sediment from the Southern Okinawa Trough: New Insights into Sediment Provenance." Minerals 9, no. 10 (October 8, 2019): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9100619.

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Detrital apatite is a promising accessory mineral for reliable fingerprinting of the protolith composition of detrital sediment. Here, we present the geochemical compositions of detrital apatites from four sections of a high-resolution (~140 cm/kyr) sedimentary archive from the southern Okinawa Trough (SOT) for constraining sediment source rock types and establishing changes in provenance. A series of diagrams based on the geochemical data show that apatites in Section 1 derived mainly from mafic/intermediate rocks, while apatites in the three younger sections largely originated from mafic/intermediate rocks and acid rocks. Further, the four sections included a few contributions of apatites from alkaline rocks and metamorphic rocks. Through a comprehensive analysis of controlling factors and regional stratigraphy in the study area, we concluded that sediments in the SOT are the weathering/erosion products of sedimentary and meta-sedimentary rocks in the western and northeastern Taiwan Island, with ultimate sources containing a wide variety of rock types. The sediment from rivers in eastern Taiwan did not significantly contribute to deposition in the SOT. Apatites in Sections 2–4 showed strong geochemical similarity but differed from those in Section 1, indicating that the types of weathered/eroded sedimentary rocks in the weathering profile of river drainage basins of Taiwan Island changed in Section 2 (2010–1940 cal. yr BP) and have remained stable since then.
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Rasbury, E. Troy, and Jennifer M. Cole. "Directly Dating Sedimentary Rocks." Paleontological Society Papers 12 (October 2006): 77–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600001364.

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This contribution seeks to provide a summary of radiometric dating techniques that are currently applicable to Phanerozoic sedimentary deposits and therefore relevant to paleontologists. First we overview the assumptions necessary for radiometric dating and introduce isochrons and concordia diagrams as methods for calculating ages and evaluating isotope systematics. We then focus on the four most promising systems: U-Pb dating of carbonates, Re-Os dating of black shales, and U-Pb and Lu-Hf dating of phosphates. We review expected geochemical behavior of daughter and parent isotopes in the context of both marine and terrestrial depositional environments. A critical evaluation of previously published ages and potential directions for future work are provided.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rocks, Sedimentary"

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Dodd, Matthew S. "Biosignatures in Precambrian sedimentary rocks." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10055383/.

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The overarching goal of this work was to trace the origins of organic matter as a possible biosignature for early life on Earth. This work documented the petrological, structural, isotopic, elemental and molecular properties of organic matter, in a suite of sediments ranging from the Eoarchean to the Phanerozoic. Particular attention was paid to iron formations which form a major part of the Precambrian sedimentological record. Optical and micro-Raman spectroscopy were used to document the petrological occurrences of organic matter and its associated diagenetic features. Focused ion beam and transmission electron microscopy were used to detail the nanoscale structures of the organic matter. Mass spectroscopic techniques were utilised to measure the isotopic, elemental and molecular properties of organic matter and its petrographically associated carbonate. The timing and possible mechanisms of organic matter formation were investigated and evaluated, against the observed attributes of the organic matter. This work has documented organic matter forming key mineral associations with apatite and carbonate, which point to the diagenetic recycling of biogenic carbon. The diagenetic cycling of organic matter is proposed, to fuel the formation of granules during organic matter, iron and sulphur cycling. This cycling is hypothesised to lead to heterogeneity in organic matter structure and preservation in sediments. Additionally, this work has demonstrated that fluid deposited graphite in metamorphosed sediments may represent redistributed, syngenetic organic matter, shedding light on the controversial origins of graphite biosignatures in Earths oldest rocks. Finally, a detailed study of microfossil structures and their associations with organic matter and biominerals in iron formations was conducted to provide evidence for the preservation of Proterozoic microfossils, and the earliest signs of life on Earth.
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Tavares, Sandra Aparecida Simionato 1969. "Fósseis do afloramento Santa Irene, cretácio superior da Bacia Bauru = inferências paleoecológicas." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/287322.

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Orientadores: Frésia Soledad Ricardi Torres Branco, Ismar de Souza Carvalho
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T21:34:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tavares_SandraAparecidaSimionato_M.pdf: 8529535 bytes, checksum: 81caa7b6648edbc9a42d10c5ee967375 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: O Afloramento Santa Irene tem sido considerado um dos mais significativos da Bacia Bauru, na Formação Adamantina, pela abundancia e boa conservação de fósseis associados ali encontrados, como dentes isolados de arcossauros carnívoros associados a fósseis de um dinossauro saurópode herbívoro. Os fósseis foram coletados nos anos de 1997 e 1998, na área rural do Município de Monte Alto - SP, e hoje compõem parte do acervo do Museu de Paleontologia de Monte Alto. Os dentes isolados de tal afloramento são o principal material de estudo deste trabalho, que, acrescidos a outros dados obtidos através da análise das feições bioestratinômicas e geológicas da região, permitiram tecer uma interpretação paleoecológica para o Afloramento Santa Irene. Foram analisados vinte e seis exemplares de dentes de arcossauros carnívoros, sendo dezoito deles enquadrados como Theropoda e oito como elementos dentários pertencentes aos Crocodyliformes. Os dentes de Theropoda se distinguem daqueles de Crocodyliformes por serem os primeiros mais achatados lateralmente, além de apresentarem serrilhas. Foi possível constatar que quatorze dos dezoito exemplares classificados dentro da Subordem Theropoda apresentam características pertencentes à Ceratosauria, família Abelisauridae, e Maniraptora, família Dromaeosauridae. A coleção de dentes de Crocodyliformes coletados no afloramento Santa Irene consiste de oito exemplares em geral cônicos, com estriamento ao longo da carena, podendo ou não apresentar bordos serrilhados e seção basal arredondada, sendo possível classificá-los dentro da família Trematochampsidae. Os fósseis articulados e com pouco desgaste do Aeolosaurus indicam um soterramento parcial logo após a morte ou ainda na fase de destruição de seus elementos não esqueléticos. A observação do afloramento e do seu entorno permitiu deduzir que a região apresentava rios, possivelmente, entrelaçados com deposição sazonal de sedimentos e períodos de estabilidade com a formação de solos incipientes. Durante os períodos interdeposicionais e de formação do solo, nota-se a ocorrência da precipitação de minerais, dando origem à formação de calcretes, resultado de períodos secos marcantes. O afloramento Santa Irene representa a deposição de rios que formavam barras arenosas, nas quais diversos grupos de animais buscavam água e alimento. Conclui-se que estes animais habitavam ou transitavam por aquele ambiente, pois não há sinais de que os fósseis tenham sido transportados até o local no qual foram coletados, mas sim que a carcaça do Aeolosaurus serviu de alimentação para outros animais no local de sua morte. Desta forma, o material analisado permitiu a reconstituição de um retrato impar de um ecossistema a muito extinto
Abstract: The Santa Irene outcrop has been considered one of the most significant of the Bauru Basin, in the Adamantina formation, because of abundance and good preservation of associated fossils found there, as isolated teeth of carnivorous archosaurs associated with fossils of a herbivorous sauropod dinosaur. The fossils were found in 1997 and 1998, in rural areas of the city of Monte Alto - SP, and today compose the collection of the Museum of Paleontology of Monte Alto. The isolated teeth from this outcrop is the main material of this paper, which, together with other data obtained by analysis of biostratonomic and geological features of the region, allowed to make a paleoecological interpretation of the outcrop Santa Irene. Twenty-six copies of teeth of carnivorous archosaurs were analyzed, eighteen of them being classified as Theropodomorpho and eight teeth as belonging to Crocodyliformes. The teeth of Theropodomorpho can be distinguished from those to be the first Crocodyliformes as they are more flattened laterally, besides having serrations. It was found that fourteen of the eighteen specimens classified within the suborder Theropoda fit the characteristics belonging to Ceratosauria, family Abelisauridae and Maniraptora, family Dromaeosauridae. The collection of Crocodyliformes teeth collected from the outcrop Santa Irene consists of eight copies generally conical, with streaking along the keel, presenting or not serrated edges and rounded basal section, being possible to classify them within the family Trematochampsidae. The articulated and with little wear fossils of Aeolosaurus indicate a burial soon after death or during the destruction of its non-skeletal elements. The observation of the outcrop and its surroundings allow deducing that the region had braided rivers with seasonal sediment deposition and periods of stability with the formation of incipient soils. During no deposicional intervals periods and soil formation, can be noted the occurrence of precipitation of minerals, giving rise to the formation of calcrete, result of striking dry periods. The outcrop of St. Irene was formed by rivers that formed sand bars, in which various groups of animals tried to find food and water. It can be deduced that these animals lived or transited through that environment, because there is no evidence that the fossils were transported to the location in which they were collected, but that the Aeolosaurus remains served as food for other animals at his death location. Thus, the analyzed material allowed the reconstitution of an unique portrait of an ecosystem to long extinct
Mestrado
Geologia e Recursos Naturais
Mestre em Geociências
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Malik, Qamar Mehboob. "Electrical and transport properties of sedimentary reservoir rocks." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266398.

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Hattum, Marco Willem Alexander van. "Provenance of Cenozoic sedimentary rocks of northern Borneo." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423143.

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Lofts, Jeremy C. "Integrated geochemical-geophysical studies of sedimentary reservoir rocks." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35058.

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Chernoff, Carlotta. "Origin and redistribution of metals in sedimentary rocks." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289837.

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Integrated analysis of whole-rock and mineral geochemical data from black shale and metamorphosed black shale demonstrates the importance of sulfides as trace-element hosts and reveals the influence of depositional environment on whole-rock and mineral chemistries. Detailed analysis of Fe-sulfide contents provides evidence of considerable elemental redistribution during diagenesis and metamorphism, indicating that such sulfides plausibly serve as a source of metals and other elements to epigenetic fluids. Spatial and temporal analysis of the distribution of Phanerozoic black shale, phosphorite, and ironstone suggests a related geologic origin coupled to marine upwelling. Organic-rich sedimentary rocks from diverse geologic settings in China, Canada, US Great Basin, and US Mid-Continent were studied along with regionally metamorphosed black shale (Maine) and contact metamorphosed carbonaceous argillite (Nevada). Assessment of whole-rock geochemistry in these samples was supplemented with analysis of a large geochemical database compiled from published sources. Both the studied sample suite and literature database reveal systematic elemental enrichments and depletions that can be related to depositional environment. Regionally metamorphosed black shale demonstrates trace-element loss with metamorphism (Au, As, and Sb), an observation that fits well with models proposing black-shale-derived mineralizing fluids. Compositional and textural features of sedimentary and metamorphic sulfides were investigated utilizing petrographic and in situ analysis methods. Concentrations of As, Se, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, V, Cr, and Mo in sulfides were acquired by electron microprobe. Au, Pt, and sulfur isotope contents were measured in Fe-sulfide by SIMS. Fe-sulfide data demonstrate a complex history of pyrite growth due to diagenetic, metamorphic and hydrothermal processes. Sulfur isotopes reflect bacterially mediated growth of framboidal pyrite and redistribution of this sulfur with advanced diagenesis and metamorphism. Early framboidal pyrites are enriched in many trace metals. Later diagenetic and metamorphic pyrites are typically lower in trace metal content and demonstrate recrystallization to coarser crystals. Comparison of trace elements in framboidal and coarse overgrowth pyrites shows systematic elemental changes (losses: Au, Pt, Ni, Cu, Zn, V and Cr; gains: Se; variable: As and Mo). This pattern is found in many black shales, regardless of bulk chemistry or depositional environment. Metamorphic replacement of pyrite by pyrrhotite results in similar losses from the sulfide fraction of the rock. Mass balance of the whole-rock trace inventory indicates that Fe-sulfide is an important host for As, Se, Ni, Co, and Au. These mass balance results, combined with evidence of trace element redistribution during diagenesis and metamorphism, point to a possible sourcing of metals, sulfur and other elements from black shale.
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Putz-Perrier, Martin W. "Distribution and scaling of extensional strain in sedimentary rocks." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/1293.

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For this study, spatial and size distributions of normal faults and associated tensile fractures were directly measured in deformed sedimentary rocks in three extensional regions: Kimmeridge Bay and Kilve in the UK and the Maltese Islands. The collected data allow i) quantifcation of regional extension at different scales, ii) determination of the relative importance of large and small structures, iii) quan- tifcation of the spatial heterogeneity of brittle extension, iv) comparison of scaling laws for veins and faults belonging to the same extension event, and v) analysis of the evolution of brittle damage in space and time. Multiple scan-lines of different length and resolution were collected in each study area to record the entire extension-related deformation. In order to quantify the heterogeneity of fracture and strain distributions, a new method of spatial analysis has been developed. The method is based on a non-parametric comparison of the cumulative frequency and extension with that for a uniform distribution and pro- vides a measure of heterogeneity based on both the position and the displacement of individual fractures sampled along a linear traverse. Seismically observable extension is found to scale with total extension in the three study areas, obeying a power-law relationship. The proportion of the total extension that is resolved in seismic refl ection data systematically increases with increasing strain. This means that seismic data signifcantly underestimate the total extension at low strains but record most of the total extension in higher strain regions. Heterogeneity analysis carried out for the three study areas shows that i) hetero- geneities of the distributions of fractures and strain in an area can differ signifcantly, ii) heterogeneities are strongly dependent on lithology and mechanical heterogeneity, and iii) heterogeneities evolve with increasing strain. At Kimmeridge Bay, both veins and faults display power-law scaling, but do not form part of the same distribution. Veins and faults along the Kilve-Lilstock section conform to a single power-law distribution. At the Maltese Islands fault-frequencies conform to power-law scaling, but yield a higher scaling exponent in lower-strain zones than in higher-strain (damage) zones. The platform carbonates at the Maltese Islands take up early extension by randomly distributed small-scale faulting. The layered and mudstone-rich rocks around Kim- meridge Bay respond to low strain by distributed ("ductile") deformation in the shales and by randomly distributed or anti-clustered veining in the stiffer carbonate beds. In inter-bedded carbonates and shales along the Kilve-Lilstock section, early extension is highly localised in narrow zones of faults and associated damage, pre- serving large portions of virtually unfractured rock in between. A tensor method has been developed which permits three-dimensional strain analy- sis from line-data. The results of this analysis show that one-dimensional estimates of extension generally are good approximations of the maximum principal strain and that deformation in most sampled sections conforms to pure-shear, plane-strain conditions. Fold-structures associated with normal faults are explained as due to superimposed "normal drag" within the process zone and slip-related "reverse drag" within the damage zone of a (propagating) normal fault.
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Ruiz, Penã Franklin J. (Franklin José) 1962. "Elastic properties of sedimentary anisotropic rocks : (measurements and applications)." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58361.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, February 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-78).
In multidisciplinary studies carried out in the Budare Oil Field of the Great Oficina Oil Field, there was difficulty matching well log synthetic seismograms with 2D and 3D seismic data. In addition, the seismically determined depths of reservoir horizons are greater than the well sonic log depths. To examine this discrepancy we conducted an experimental study of dynamic elastic parameters of the rocks in the oil field. We chose core representative samples of the lower Oficina Formation, the main reservoir of the field. The rocks selected were sandstones, sandy shales and dolomitized shales. For the velocity measurements, we used the ultrasonic transmission method to measure P-, Sh- and Sv-wave travel times as a function of orientation, and pore and confining pressures to 60 and 65 MPa, respectively. We found that, in room dry condition, most of the rocks studied are transversely isotropic. The stiffnesses constants, Young's moduli, Poisson's ratios, and bulk moduli of these rocks, were also calculated. The velocity anisotropies, together with the behavior of the elastic constants for dry rocks, indicate that: (1) the elastic anisotropy of the sandstones and sandy shales is due to the combined effects of pores, cracks, mineral grain orientation, lamination and foliation. The velocity anisotropies caused by the preferred oriented cracks decrease with increasing confining pressure. (2) For the dolomitized shales, the elastic anisotropy is due to mineral orientation and microlamination. In these cases the very high intrinsic anisotropy does not decrease with increasing confining pressure. (3) The velocities of compressional waves are greater in sandstones saturated with water than in the dry specimens, but the opposite behavior was found for shear waves. (4) The P-wave velocity anisotropy decreases after saturation; the magnitude of the decrease depends on the crack density and on the abundance and distribution of clay. (5) The Vsh-anisotropy does not show a pronounced change after saturation, and it is only slightly affected by confining pressure. Visual description, petrography and mineralogical analyses from thin sections and x-ray diffraction revealed the vertical and lateral heterogeneous nature of sandstones and sandy shales, whereas the dolomitized shale specimens looked homogeneous. The results of the laboratory measurements are consistent with an elastic model, using the equivalent medium theory for fine-layered isotropic and anisotropic media. However, in order to do reliable seismic migration and solve the problem of thickness calculations and time-to-depth conversion of surface seismic data, the ultrasonic data need to be extrapolated to low frequencies. Determining rock mechanical properties in situ is important in many applications in the oil industry such as reservoir production, hydraulic fracturing, estimation of recoverable reserves, and subsidence. Direct measurement of mechanical properties in situ is difficult. Nevertheless, experimental methods exist to obtain these properties, such as measurements of the stress-strain relationships (static) and elastic wave velocities (dynamic). We investigate the static and dynamic elastic behavior of sedimentary, anisotropic rock specimens over a range of confining and pore pressures up to 70 MPa, the original reservoir conditions. The static and dynamic properties are simultaneously measured for room dry shales, room dry sandstones, and brine saturated sandstones ...
by Franklin J. Ruiz Peña.
S.M.
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Dalrymple, Mark. "Sedimentological evolution of the Statfjord Formation fluvial hydrocarbon reservoirs of the northern North Sea." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302647.

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The sedimentological evolution of the Statfjord Formation of the Viking Graben at the Triassic - Jurassic transition is detailed by integration of studies of mineral assemblages, isotope age data, sedimentological core analysis, palaeosol / mineralogical wireline analysis and regional correlation of subsurface wireline information, combined with theories on basin evolution in continental settings. The aim of this study is to enhance the description of, and correlation within, hydrocarbon reservoirs developed within intra-continental alluvial sediments which have been deposited in areas above the knickpoints of coastline attached incised valleys, where there is a paucity of biostratigraphical information. Sedimentological analysis of core, wireline suites and production data, allow a stratigraphic framework to be erected which can delineate reservoir flow units. In the absence of palynological datums, chronostratigraphic correlation is done by heavy mineral and geochemical analysis, distinguishing between individual flow units allowing a more genetic correlation between related sands to be made. These analytical studies also point the stratigrapher to a more accurate regional geomorphic interpretation of the core by defining units which have the same provenance, thus allowing comparison of differing sedimentological criteria within single fluvial or floodplain units. At a smaller scale, a short outcrop study of the Castisent Formation of the Spanish Pyrenees was done to illustrate the intra-alluvial sheet sand complexity present in subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs of alluvial origin. Using data mainly from the Brent Field, Statfjord Field and Snorre Field a model for the regional evolution of the Statfjord Formation is developed. Regional correlation of the reservoir units within the Statfjord Formation, using the methods discussed above, demonstrates basic geomorphic principles which are specifically concerned with the regional development of aggradational and erosive alluvial suites in settings inland from coastal areas.
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Andrea, Martijn. "The anisotropic elastic properties of clay-rich rocks." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243413.

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Books on the topic "Rocks, Sedimentary"

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Stokes, William Lee. Sedimentary rocks. [s.l: s.n.], 1985.

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Oxlade, Chris. Sedimentary rocks. Chicago: Heinemann Library, 2011.

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Stewart, Melissa. Sedimentary rocks. Oxford: Heinemann Library, 2003.

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Sedimentary rocks. New York: Gareth Stevens Pub., 2014.

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Oxlade, Chris. Sedimentary rocks. Chicago: Heinemann Library, 2011.

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Unearthing sedimentary rocks. New York: PowerKids Press, 2014.

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Investigating sedimentary rocks. New York: PowerKids Press, 2016.

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Sedimentary petrography. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: PTR Prentice Hall, 1993.

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Sedimentary rock. Oxford: Raintree, 2007.

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Sedimentary petrology. 2nd ed. New York: Freeman, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rocks, Sedimentary"

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Boggiani, Paulo César. "Sedimentary Rocks." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12127-7_253-1.

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Fernandes, Isabel, Maarten A. T. M. Broekmans, Maria dos Anjos Ribeiro, and Ian Sims. "Sedimentary Rocks." In Petrographic Atlas: Characterisation of Aggregates Regarding Potential Reactivity to Alkalis, 43–101. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7383-6_3.

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Boggiani, Paulo César. "Sedimentary Rocks." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 816–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_253.

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McCann, Tom. "Sedimentary Rocks." In Pocket Guide Geology in the Field, 119–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63082-2_5.

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Sen, Gautam. "Sedimentary Rocks." In Petrology, 299–310. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38800-2_14.

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Stack, Kathryn M. "Sedimentary Rocks (Mars)." In Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms, 1–9. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9213-9_386-1.

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Stack, Kathryn M. "Sedimentary Rocks (Mars)." In Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms, 1900–1907. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3_386.

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Greensmith, J. T. "Sedimentary structures." In Petrology of the Sedimentary Rocks, 14–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9640-6_3.

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Rivard, Lambert A. "Sedimentary Rocks and Duricrusts." In Geohazard-associated Geounits, 1–130. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b93844_5.

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Okrusch, Martin, and Hartwig E. Frimmel. "Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks." In Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment, 417–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57316-7_25.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rocks, Sedimentary"

1

Takahashi, Toru, and Soichi Tanaka. "Rock physics modeling of soft sedimentary rocks." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2009. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3255249.

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Borja, Ronaldo I., Pablo F. Sanz, and David D. Pollard. "Ductile Folding of Sedimentary Rocks." In GeoCongress 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40803(187)187.

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Wang, Zhijing (Zee). "Seismic anisotropy in sedimentary rocks." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2001. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1816460.

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Jin, Guodong, Tad W. Patzek, and Dmitry B. Silin. "Physics-based Reconstruction of Sedimentary Rocks." In SPE Western Regional/AAPG Pacific Section Joint Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/83587-ms.

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Cohen, Morrel H. "The morphology of porous sedimentary rocks." In AIP Conference Proceedings Vol. 154. AIP, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.36385.

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Labus, M., and A. Lorek. "CO2-rock Interaction on the Example of Permian Sedimentary Rocks." In 77th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2015. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201413369.

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Takahashi, Toru, and Soichi Tanaka. "Rock physics modeling of soft sedimentary and hard crystalline rocks." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2008. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3059253.

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Alomari, Esraa M., Lokendra Khatri, and Kam Ng. "Mechanical and Fracture Behavior of Sedimentary Rocks Under Uniaxial Compression." In 56th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2022-2297.

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ABSTRACT: Energy-related characterizations can provide important information regarding mechanical behavior of rocks. A series of uniaxial compression tests were carried out on intact rock samples obtained from Wyoming, USA. The physical properties of the samples (i.e., porosity and grain size) were first examined. To investigate the fracture behavior of sedimentary rocks, a compilation of published dataset and our experimental data were employed to develop a new approach for estimating uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) based on the amount of energy released during rock deformation, which is known as the rock toughness. The energy release is calculated as the area under the stress-strain curve until the peak stress is reached. This energy shows a strong correlation with the density of the rock. Moreover, a predictive empirical model was proposed to estimate the rock UCS based on the rock toughness. The proposed empirical model was validated by comparing the predicted and measured UCS values of experimentally tested rocks, and the comparison showed a good agreement with a mean bias (the ratio of measured to the predicted compressive strength) of 1.002. 1. INTRODUCTION During rock deformation process, energy is released and dissipated according to the law of energy conservation. Released energy is significant in rock engineering designs to improve the effectiveness of their efforts. Moreover, understanding the amount of energy released during deformation under different loadings is important to mitigate slope failures consequences since this energy can facilitate the estimation of the degree of rock damage under compression because fracture development is directly proportional to the amount of the energy released during deformation. From a practical point of view, energy released known as toughness is significantly related to the mechanical behavior of the rock. The total energy is the sum of the elastic strain energy and the dissipated energy. The dissipated energy causes internal damage which reflects new microcracks development and cause strength weakening of the rock, whereas the elastic energy causes overall rock failure. Internal microcracks can expand during deformation process causing the elastic energy stored inside the rock to be released resulting in acoustic emissions. Therefore, a fundamental feature of fracture mechanism lies in developing a relationship between the energy released and the compressive strength of the rock under loading. Also, it is significantly acknowledged to develop a simplified cracking description from which the mechanical and fracture behavior can be derived. In this study, traditional stress-strain curves obtained from uniaxial compression tests are used to estimate the energy released at failure, which is quantified as the area under the stress-strain curve of the rock under compression prior to failure. Also, empirical predictive model that correlates the toughness with the rock UCS was developed to provide a better understanding of the effect of mechanical properties on the fracture behavior. Most failure criteria and theories deal with rocks compressive strength and do not deal directly with fracture processes. Therefore, to fill the gap of knowledge, we herein present a combination of the results of uniaxial compression tests conducted at the University of Wyoming on several sedimentary rocks obtained from Wyoming formations as well as experimental data collected from published literature. Strength and fracture parameters were measured and the stress-strain behavior was examined based on test results. The rock toughness was calculated based on the mechanical response of the rock, and then these values were employed to develop an empirical model to estimate the rock compressive strength. This model was validated by comparing the measured UCS with that estimated based on stress-strain curves. Comparison showed a good agreement with a mean bias (ratio of measured to predicted UCS) of 1.002 indicating that this model can be well used to estimate the UCS. Such results can improve stability analysis of rock structures, where fracture and mechanical behavior play a significant role in rock stability.
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Helz, George. "Interpreting Re/Mo Ratios in Sedimentary Rocks." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.1020.

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Meridith, Philip G., Irina O. Bayuk, Colin Jones, and Evgeni M. Chesnokov. "Experimental and theoretical modelling of sedimentary rocks." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1997. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1886187.

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Reports on the topic "Rocks, Sedimentary"

1

Aitken, J. D. Proterozoic Sedimentary Rocks [Chapter 4: Stratigraphy]. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/192359.

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Jarrett, A. J. M., D. C. Champion, S. McLennan, J. R. Anderson, J. Byass, S. Webber, and S. Gilmore. Whole-rock inorganic geochemistry of sedimentary rocks from northern Australia. Geoscience Australia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2020.039.

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Dumurdzanov, Nikola, Todor Serafimovski, and B. C. Burchfiel. Cenozoic Sedimentary and Volcanic Rocks of Macedonia. Geological Society of America, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2004-dumurdzanov-macedonia.

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Lydon, J. W. The leachability of metals from sedimentary rocks. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/296329.

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Mayr, U. Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary and intrusive rocks. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/209774.

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Schlueter, E. M. Predicting the permeability of sedimentary rocks from microstructure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/70737.

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Peter, J. M., and M. G. Gadd. Introduction to the volcanic- and sediment-hosted base-metal ore systems synthesis volume, with a summary of findings. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328015.

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This volume presents results of research conducted during phase 5 of the Volcanic- and Sedimentary-hosted Base Metals Ore Systems project of the Geological Survey of Canada's Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI) program. The papers in this volume include syntheses and primary scientific reports. We present here a synopsis of the findings during this TGI project. Research activities have addressed several mineral deposit types hosted in sedimentary rocks: polymetallic hyper-enriched black shale, sedimentary exhalative Pb-Zn, carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn (Mississippi Valley-type; MVT), and fracture-controlled replacement Zn-Pb. Other carbonate-hosted deposits studied include a magnesite deposit at Mount Brussilof and a rare-earth element-F-Ba deposit at Rock Canyon Creek, both of which lack base metals but are spatially associated with the MVT deposits in the southern Rocky Mountains. Volcanogenic massive-sulfide deposits hosted in volcanic and mixed volcanic-sedimentary host rock settings were also examined. Through field geology, geochemical (lithogeochemistry, stable and radiogenic isotopes, fluid inclusions, and mineral chemistry), and geophysical (rock properties, magnetotelluric, and seismic) tools, the TGI research contributions have advanced genetic and exploration models for volcanic- and sedimentary-hosted base-metal deposits and developed new laboratory, geophysical, and field techniques to support exploration.
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Fowler, M. G., M. Obermajer, and L. D. Stasiuk. Rock-Eval/TOC data for Devonian potential source rocks, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/214440.

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Thorsteinsson, R., and U. Mayr. The sedimentary rocks of Devon island, canadian arctic archipelago. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/122451.

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Schlueter, Erika M. Predicting the transport properties of sedimentary rocks from microstructure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/79095.

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