Academic literature on the topic 'Rocket (Eruca sativa L.)'

Rocket (Eruca spp. and Diplotaxis spp.) is widely cultivated as a green vegetable in Mediterranean countries, Europe, United States and Brazil, but few rocket cultivars are available and limited variety selection has taken place. Plant genetic resources and germplasm are fundamental sources for plant breeding, and the assessment of the genetic diversity among germplasm accessions is useful to facilitate the more efficient use of plant genetic resources. The objective of this study was to characterize phenotypic diversity and relationships among genotypes of Eruca and Diplotaxis originating from 11 countries across three regions (Europe, Africa and Asia). Principal component analyses explained over 85% of total variation for 51 qualitative and quantitative agromorphological traits. Cluster analyses divided the accessions into five major clusters according to plant traits, siliqua properties and geographical origin of genotype with a few exceptions. These findings indicate a number of useful traits in the gene pool and a wide range of phenotypic variation that provides a good source of diversity for use in modern Eruca breeding programmes.

Plants exposed to stress use the variety of gene regulatory mechanisms to achieve cellular homeostasis, including posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression where microRNAs (miRNAs) play a pivotal role. Since various environmental stress factors such as nanoparticles affect crop productivity and quality, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the genotoxicity level and to estimate miRNA expression level and chlorophyll a level in the magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticle-stressed rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) seedlings grown in hydroponics. Rocket seedlings were exposed to 1 mg/L, 2 mg/L, and 4 mg/L Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and after 5 weeks, seed germination rate, root-shoot elongation, genotoxicity, chlorophyll a, and miRNA expression levels were evaluated. The obtained results indicated that 1 mg/L, 2 mg/L, and 4 mg/L concentrations of Fe3O4 nanoparticles induce low genotoxicity and have a positive effect on the growth and development of rocket seedlings and that nanoparticles may improve the ability of plants to stand against environmental stresses.

Energy demand of greenhouses is an important factor for their economics and photovoltaics can be considered an alternative solution to cover their electrical and heating needs. On the other hand, plants cultivated under different solar radiation intensities usually appear different physiological adaptations. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of photovoltaic panels’ induced partial shading on growth and physiological characteristics of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) plants. Our results indicate that lettuce productivity and the corresponding photosynthetic rate were not affected under the photovoltaic cultivation in comparison with the reference one. On the other hand, the rocket cultivation was less productive and showed lower photosynthetic rate under photovoltaic panels than in the reference greenhouse. The different physiological response between lettuce and rocket seems to be associated with the effect of environmental factors such as solar radiation intensity, temperature and humidity apart from the possible inherent characteristics of each plant species.

The hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of an ethanolic extract of 'Rocket' Eruca sativa L. (EER), on liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride ( CCl4 ) was investigated. Wistar albino rats were administered 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight extract orally for 10 consecutive days. Marker enzymes GOT, GPT, ALP, GGT and bilirubin were estimated in serum. Whereas, non-protein sulfhydryl (NP-SH), total protein (TP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were estimated in liver tissue as markers for oxidative stress. Histopathological assessment was also done on liver tissue. CCl4 induced liver poisoning in all treated animals was evident by elevated serum GOT, GPT, ALP, GGT and bilirubin levels. Induction of oxidative stress in the liver tissue by CCl4 was evidenced by a fall in the levels of NP-SH and TP; and an increased level of MDA concentration. EER administration for 10 days prevented the CCl4 induced hepatic injury and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the extract also reduced the pentobarbital-induced prolongation of sleeping time in mice. The ability of rocket extract to protect the liver toxicity in rats was further confirmed by histological findings in the liver tissue. In conclusion, it was observed that Eruca sativa L. extract protects the liver against CCl4 induced hepatic injury through its potent antioxidant activity in rats.

A pot experiment was conducted at Alzaiem Alazhari University during 2020/2021 to study the effect of Amaranthus viridis powder incorporated into the soil on germination and growth of garden rocket (Eruca sativa). The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) with four replicates. Five concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% w/w) on basis of Amaranthus viridis powder incorporated in the soil. Results indicated that Amaranthus viridis powder decreased germination, shoot length, leaf area, shoot and root fresh and dry weight as well as chlorophyll content and some chemical elements (P, Ca, Mg, Fe).

The response of rocket (Eruca sativa L.) to salinity stress was tested for several germination and physiological parameters during seedling development. Two rocket cultivars (Ilıca and Istanbul) and various salinity stresses of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 dS m–1 created by NaCl were used in the study. Germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), germination index (GI), germination stress tolerance index (GSTI), stomata morphology, chlorophyll content (SPAD value), leaf dry matter, relative water content (RWC), cellular injury (CI) and cell membrane stability (CMS) were evaluated. Results showed that high salinity stresses led to a decrease in GP, GI and GSTI index, while MGT increased. Salinity reduced stoma length and pore length. Under saline conditions, leaf dry matter, chlorophyll content and CMS increased, while RWC decreased. Also, CI was enhanced by salinities over 10 dS m–1. It was concluded that lower CMS, CI and RWC, and greater dry matter and chlorophyll were considered as salinity tolerance at the seedling stage of the rocket, and Istanbul was more tolerant to salinity than Ilıca.

Linseed is an important industrial crop cultivated for its edible seeds and fiber linen. Organic fertilizers have beneficial effects on soil properties and quality of crops. Therefore, we conducted two field experiments during 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 to determine the effect of organic fertilizers on soil fertility, yield and fiber quality of linseed varieties Roshni, BL1 and Chandni under low soil moisture conditions. We prepared organic fertilizers from seed cake of Eruca sativa, leaves of Moringa oleifera and chicken peat in various combinations by composting method. The various formulations of organic fertilizers included OF1(1 kg seed cake of Eruca sativa), OF2 (1 kg seed cake of Eruca sativa + 1 kg chicken peat), OF3 (1 kg seed cake of Eruca sativa + 0.5 kg chicken peat + 0.25 kg Moringa oliefera leaves) and OF4 (1 kg seed cake of Eruca sativa + 0.250 kg chicken peat + 0.5 kg Moringa oliefera leaves). Compositional analysis of organic fertilizers indicated that OF3 and OF4 had higher and may potentially sufficient quantities of NPK and organic matter. Both of these fertilizers significantly improved soil total N, available P, K, Zn and Fe contents. Growth response of linseed varieties to organic fertilizers was evaluated under water deficit stress (40% field capacity of soil) at tillering stage for one month. Water stress had significantly adverse effects on plant height, production of tillers per plant, leaf relative water content (LRWC), number of capsules per plant, thousand seed weight, total seed yield, straw yield, fiber length and fiber weight of linseed varieties. However, the application of OF3 and OF4 significantly enhanced plant height, tillers production, LRWC, seed yield, straw yield, fiber length and fiber weight under water deficit stress. Water deficit stress also resulted in a significant increase in the content of phenolics of both the leaves and roots. For each measured quality parameter of linseed varieties, organic fertilizer treatments resulted in higher values than untreated and irrigated control. We concluded that organic fertilizers particularly OF3 and OF4 significantly improved soil fertility and minimized negative effect of water deficit stress on plant height, tillers production, LRWC, seed yield, straw yield, fiber length and fiber weight of linseed varieties.

Rocket is the common designation for two baby-leaf salad crops of the Brassicaceae family: Eruca sativa (L.) Cav., usually referred to as annual garden rocket, and Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. commonly named to as perennial wild rocket. E. sativa is used for human consumption since antiquity. However, the growing consumer preference for D. tenuifolia is being accompanied by the fast increase in its production area and commercialization of new cultivars. Nevertheless, the worldwide number of wild rocket accessions maintained in germplasm collections is very reduced, the solution for which situation the project “REMIRucula” intends to contribute, establishing a germplasm collection at the INIAV, Oeiras, Portugal. Herein, we report on the establishment via next generation sequencing (NGS) of the first genome assembly of D. tenuifolia and the identification of specific single sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) loci for the establishment of specific DNA-markers for this species. A representative set of 87 D. tenuifolia and 3 E. sativa accessions were assessed by 5 SSR and 9 SNP-CAPS markers, allowing a drastic discrimination between both species and the establishment of unequivocal molecular fingerprints for the analyzed accessions. The non-discrimination within six pairs and one trio of D. tenuifolia accessions is discussed.

Hydroponics is an alternative cultivation technique in a protected environment, in which the soil is replaced by a nutrient solution, which contains all the essential nutrients for plant development. This study aimed to evaluate the production of rocket (Eruca sativa L.) under different nutrient solution systems in a passive hydroponic system with static solution under the conditions of Boa Vista-RR. The work was conducted under a protected environment on the Campus Murupu of the Agrotechnical School of the Federal University of Roraima - EAGRO / UFRR. The experimental design used was a randomized block with 4 treatments (I - 25%, II - 50%, III-75%, IV - 100%) and 5 replications, totaling 80 experimental plots. How to sacrifice 100% and 75% with nutrient solution were more efficient in the cultivation of rocket of the Roka variety in a protected environment.

The frequency of foodborne outbreaks epidemiologically associated with Listeria monocytogenes in fresh produce has increased in recent years. Although L. monocytogenes may be transferred from the environment to vegetables during farming, contamination of food products most commonly occurs in food processing facilities, where L. monocytogenes has the ability to establish and persist on processing equipment. The current study was undertaken to collect data on the occurrence of L. monocytogenes and the identity of the endogenous microbiota in a fresh produce processing facility, for which information has remained scarce. L. monocytogenes was not detected in the facility. Experiments simulating conditions in the processing environment were performed, including examination of bacterial growth in nutrients based on vegetables (salad juice) compared to in other types of nutrients (fish, meat). Results showed that the endogenous microbiota (dominated by Pseudomonas) grew well in iceberg lettuce and rocket salad juice at low temperatures, while growth inhibition of L. monocytogenes was observed, particularly in rocket salad juice. The anti-listerial activity in rocket salad juice was retained in a polar chromatographic fraction containing several metabolites. Characterization of this active fraction, using LC-MS/MS, led to identification of 19 compounds including nucleosides and amino acids. Further work is necessary to determine the molecular mechanism responsible for the inhibitory activity of rocket salad constituents. The study nevertheless suggests that the available nutrients, as well as a low temperature (3 °C) and the in-house bacterial flora, may influence the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in fresh produce processing facilities.

Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
In this project the effects of the exposure of rocket (Eruca sativa) to potentially toxic elements (PTE) was analysed. The effects of NaCl were also analysed, with particular interest in its accumulation and its effect in plant growth and development. Different growth parameters were studied such as biomass, dry matter and chlorophyll contents (Hansatech) and mineral composition. The samples were exposed to solutions containing Cd, Cu, As and NaCl during 39 days. It was verified that the plants biomass did not change significantly with time when PTEs and NaCl were applied to them. The content of dry matter, however, showed an increasing trend throughout the experiments when exposed to the same components. Additionally, it was observed a significant decrease in the chlorophyll content, evidenced by the manifestation of chlorosis, mainly in the samples contaminated with Cu. It was observed an accumulation of PTEs in the edible part of the control samples. After 41 days, the contamination levels were higher than the ones established by law for horticulture products, especially for Cd and As. Regarding the samples contaminated with Cu and taking into account that Cu is an essential element to all organisms, it was shown that its concentration also exceeded the limits permitted by law after 41 days of exposure.

A degradação ambiental dos últimos anos tem motivado a preocupação a respeito da sustentabilidade das atividades humanas. O manejo inadequado da irrigação e adubação, e baixas precipitações, para lixiviar o excesso de sais aplicados via água de irrigação, podem acarretar a salinização dos solos. A hidroponia se constitui em uma alternativa, para a conservação do solo e preservação dos mananciais de água. A rúcula (Eruca sativa Mill) foi a cultura escolhida para este estudo, pois a sua produção vem se destacando entre as hortaliças. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a tolerância da rúcula à salinidade da solução nutritiva. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido localizado na área experimental do Setor de Hidráulica do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz - ESALQ/USP, no município de Piracicaba-SP. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso. Avaliaram-se nove níveis de salinidade obtidos com a adição de NaCl sendo estes 1,8; 3,5; 4,5; 5,5; 6,5; 7,5; 8,5; 9,5; 10,5 dS m-1. Os resultado obtidos demonstram que o aumento nos níveis de salinidade proporcionou redução em todos os parâmetros avaliados, exceto o número de folhas que não sofreu influência significativa e a relação raiz/parte aérea foi influenciada de forma crescente. A salinidade limiar encontrada foi de 2,57 dS m-1, com redução de 5,57% na produção para cada aumento unitário na salinidade. A cultura da rúcula foi classificada, como moderadamente sensível à salinidade. É possível obter produções satisfatórias utilizando águas salinas no cultivo hidropônico da rúcula.
The environmental degradation in recent years has motivated the concern about the sustainability of human activities. The inadequate management of irrigation and low rainfall fertilization, to leach the excess salts applied through irrigation water, can lead to soil salinization. Hydroponics constitutes an alternative to soil conservation and preservation of water sources. The rocket (Eruca sativa Mill) was the culture chosen for this study because its production has been increasing among the vegetables. This study aimed to determine the tolerance of the rocket to the salinity of the nutrient solution. The experiment was carried out in protected enviroment on the experimental area of the Hydraulics Section of the University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks. It were evaluated nine levels of salinity obtained with the addition of NaCl and these 1.8, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, 8.5, 9.5, 10.5 dS m-1. The results obtained show that the increased levels of salinity caused a reduction in all parameters except the number of leaves was not affected and the ratio root/shoot was influenced incrementally. The salinity threshold was found to be 2.57 dS m-1, a reduction of 5.57% in production for each unit increase in salinity. The rocket press was classified as moderately sensitive to salinity. It is possible to obtain satisfactory production using saline water for hydroponic cultivation rocket press.

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This work was conducted in the period from August to December 2012 at the Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes of the Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid, Mossoró - RN, with the aim of studying the agroeconomic viability of the bicropping of arugula and lettuce intercropped with carrot in function of different amounts of roostertree incorporated into the soil and the proportions of population densities among the component crops in the semiarid conditions of the State of Rio Grande do Norte. The experimental design was a randomized complete blocks with four replications with treatments arranged in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme. The first factor was composed of the amounts of roostertree incorporated into the soil (10.0, 25, 40 and 55 t ha-1 on a dry basis) and the second factor by the proportions of population densities of the components crops in the polyculture 50R-50C-50A%; 40R-50C-40A%; 30R-50C-30A% and 20R-50C-20A% of populations recommended in the sole crops (PRSC) of: 1.000.000 plants per hectare for arugula, 500.000 plants per hectare for carrot and 250.000 plants per hectare for lettuce. The characteristics evaluated in crops were: plant height, number of leaves per plant, diameter of the lettuce plants, dry and green mass of shoots, total and commercial productivity of the roots, root dry mass and classified productivity of carrot roots. The indices of agronomic/biological efficiency evaluated were: partial land equivalent ratios of crops and of the polyculture. Economic indicators of gross income, net income, rate of return, profit margin and modified monetary advantage and yield efficiency index for DEA were also evaluated. The major agronomic polyculture indexes were obtained when the system was fertilized with the amount of 55 t ha-1 roostertree biomass. The population proportion that resulted in these higher indices was the 50R-50C-50A (%) of the recommended in the sole crops. The economic index that provided better efficiency of polyculture was that obtained with the profit margin of 37.23% in the optimum dosage of 24.25 t ha-1 of roostertree added to the soil. The highest proportions of population densities had an important role in obtaining of these indices. The use of roostertree as green manure proved viable in the polyculture of arugula, carrot and lettuce
O presente trabalho foi realizado no período de agosto a dezembro de 2012, na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró RN, com o objetivo de estudar a viabilidade agroeconômica do bicultivo de rúcula e alface consorciado com cenoura em policultivo em função de diferentes quantidades de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo e de proporções de densidades populacionais entre as culturas componentes nas condições do Semiárido. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4. O primeiro fator foi constituído pelas quantidades de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo (10,0; 25; 40 e 55 t ha-1 em base seca) e o segundo fator pelas proporções de densidades populacionais das culturas componentes em policultivo (50R-50C-50A%; 40R-50C-40A%; 30R-50C-30A% e 20R-50C-20A% das populações recomendadas nos cultivos solteiros: de 1.000.000 por hectare de plantas de rúcula, 250.000 plantas por hectare de alface e 500.000 plantas por hectare de cenoura PRCS). As características avaliadas nas culturas foram: altura de plantas, número de folhas por planta, diâmetro de plantas de alface, massa seca e verde da parte aérea, produtividade de raízes total e comercial, massa seca de raízes e produtividade classificada de raízes de cenoura. Os índices de eficiência agronômico/biológicos avaliados foram: índice de uso eficiente da terra das culturas e do policultivo. Os indicadores econômicos avaliados foram: renda bruta, renda líquida, taxa de retorno, índice de lucratividade, vantagem monetária corrigida e o índice de eficiência produtiva. Os maiores índices agronômico/biológicos do policultivo foram obtidos quando o sistema foi adubado com a quantidade de 55 t ha-1 de flor-de-seda. A proporção de densidade populacional que proporcionou esses maiores índices foi a de 50R-50C-50A (%) das populações recomendadas no cultivo solteiro das culturas componentes. O índice econômico que rendeu a melhor eficiência do policultivo foi aquele obtido com o índice de lucratividade de 37,23 % na dose otimizada de 24,25 t ha-1 de flor-de-seda adicionada ao solo. As maiores proporções de densidades populacionais tiveram um papel importante na obtenção desse índice. O uso da flor-de-seda como adubo verde mostrou-se viável no policultivo de rúcula, cenoura e alface

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With the goal of providing informations on the best growing season and the best spacing between plants and rows, and in order to achieve higher return and quality of arugula cv. Bella, two experiments were led in Unioeste Marechal Cândido Rondon PR. The first experiment was performed in spring 2011 and autumn and winter 2012, aiming of evaluate arugula‟s growth. The second experiment was realized over spring 2011 and summer, autumn and winter 2012, evaluating the productive performance of arugula‟s plant. The experimental delineation used was a randomized block with four replications in a 3x2 factorial arrangement. The first factor was consisted of three spacings‟ row (0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 m) and the second factor was consisted of two spacings between the plants (0.05 and 0.10 m). The cultivar used was Bella arugula. The first experiment: the highest value of leaf area and total leaf dry mass were obtained in the spring and winter seasons with spacing between row of 0.25 and 0.30 m and between plant‟s spacing of 0.10 m, so that on crops of autumn and winter seasons there was only seasonal effect to this feature. The specific leaf area was higher in spacing of plants with 0.10 m in the springtime, so that in autumn and winter there was only seasonal effect and obtained greater value for the variable in autumn. The absolute growth rate was influenced only by the spring season. In the autumn was verified effect of plants‟ spacings, with highest value of 0.10 m. During the winter crop there was effect of row spacings of 0.25 and 0.30 m and between plants of 0.10 m. These treatments have obtained better returns. About the relative growth rate there was effect in the spring and winter. The best results were obtained for the row spacing of 0.20 and 0.30 m during the autumn and presented a significant effect in plants of 0.10 m. Concerning the rate of net assimilation there was seasonal effect of the seasons of autumn and spring, with the greatest rate values obtained in autumn. The highest growth rate was obtained in plant spacing of 0.10 m. The sencond experiment: there was seasonal effect in plants‟ height, so that was verified taller plants in the spring and winter with values that did not differ statistically. The diameter of plants was higher in the winter, differing from the other seasons. The largest leaf area was noticed during the spring. The taller plants were found in plants‟ spacing of 0.05 m whose values differ from those verified in the spacing of 0.10 m. There was no difference in leaf area and diameter for different spacings. There was no difference in leaf area and diameter of plants for different plants‟ spacing. With regard to the row spacing was not found statistically significant differences for leaf area, leaf number and diameter plants. The unfolding of the interaction between seasons and spacings revealed that the highest number of leaves and total leaf fresh weight was obtained in plant spacing of 0.10 m and in the unfolding spacings in seasons, the highest average were obtained in the spring. Regarding productivity, the unfolding in spacings showed that the greater productivity in the spring, summer and winter was obtained in the spacing of 0.20 m, while the better cultivation spacing was 0.25 m in autumn. Unfolding the spacings in seasons, the best productivity results were obtained in the spring. The greatest productivity of arugula‟s cultivation was obtained in plants‟ spacings of 0.05 m
Com o objetivo de fornecer ao horticultor informações sobre a melhor época de cultivo e o melhor espaçamento entre plantas e entre linhas, visando obter maior rendimento e qualidade das plantas de rúcula cv. Bella foram conduzidos dois experimentos na Unioeste, Marechal Cândido Rondon-PR. O primeiro experimento foi conduzido na época de primavera/2011, outono e inverno/ 2012, visando avaliar o crescimento das plantas de rúcula. O segundo experimento foi conduzido durante a primavera/2011, verão, outono e inverno/2012, avaliando o desempenho produtivo da mesma. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3x2, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator constituiu-se de três espaçamentos entre linhas (0,20; 0,25 e 0,30 m) e o segundo de dois espaçamentos entre plantas (0,05 e 0,10 m). A cultivar de rúcula utilizada foi a Bella. Primeiro experimento: os maiores valores de área foliar, massa seca total e foliar foram obtidas nas épocas de primavera e inverno e nos espaçamentos entre linhas de 0,25 e 0,30 m e entre plantas de 0,10 m. A maior razão de área foliar foi obtida no espaçamento entre plantas de 0,10 m na época de primavera, de modo que nos cultivos de outono e inverno houve somente efeito de época para esta característica. A área foliar especifica foi maior no espaçamento entre plantas de 0,10 m na época de primavera, de modo que no outono e inverno houve somente efeito de época, sendo no outono obtido maior valor para a variável. A taxa de crescimento absoluto foi influenciada somente pela época de primavera. No outono verificou-se efeito dos espaçamentos entre plantas, sendo o maior valor obtido no de 0,10 m. Durante o cultivo de inverno houve efeito dos espaçamentos entre linhas de 0,25 e 0,30 m e entre plantas de 0,10 m, sendo estes os tratamentos que obtiveram melhores resultados. Para a taxa de crescimento relativo verificou-se efeito das épocas de primavera e inverno. Na época de outono os melhores resultados foram verificados para os espaçamentos entre linhas de 0,20 e 0,30 m, que apresentou efeito significativo e entre plantas de 0,10 m. Com relação à taxa de assimilação líquida houve efeito das épocas de outono e primavera, sendo que os maiores valores da taxa foram obtidos na época de outono. A maior taxa de crescimento foi obtida no espaçamento entre plantas de 0,10 m. Segundo experimento: houve efeito da época para altura de plantas, sendo verificadas plantas mais altas na primavera e inverno, cujos valores não diferiram estatisticamente. O diâmetro das plantas foi maior no cultivo de inverno, diferindo das demais épocas. A maior área foliar das plantas foi verificada durante a época de primavera. As plantas mais altas foram encontradas no espaçamento entre plantas de 0,05 m, cujos valores diferiram dos observados no espaçamento de 0,10 m. Não houve diferença de área foliar e diâmetro de planta para os diferentes espaçamentos entre plantas. Com relação ao espaçamento entre linhas não foi verificado diferença estatística para área foliar, número de folhas e diâmetro das plantas. O desdobramento de épocas dentro de espaçamentos revelou que o maior número de folhas, massa fresca total e foliar foi obtida no espaçamento entre plantas de 0,10 m, e ao desdobrar os espaçamentos dentro de épocas, as maiores médias foram obtidas na primavera. Com relação à produtividade o desdobramento de épocas dentro de espaçamentos mostrou que a maior produtividade na primavera, verão e inverno foi obtida no espaçamento entre linhas de 0,20 m, enquanto que no cultivo de outono o melhor espaçamento para o cultivo de plantas de rúcula foi no de 0,25 m. Desdobrando espaçamentos dentro de épocas, os melhores resultados de produtividade foram obtidos na primavera. A maior produtividade da cultura de rúcula foi encontrada no espaçamento entre plantas de 0,05 m

Bagged fresh ready-to-eat (RTE) vegetables are rich in nutrients, contain high moisture content, have nearly neutral pH and have exposed wounded tissues, making the produce a perfect media for microbes to proliferate. Breaches of cold temperature along the supply chain, could aggravate the situation, thus increasing the risk of foodborne illness and accelerate the rate of food spoilage. A study to evaluate the effects of handling and storage conditions on microbial loads, volatile organic compounds, distribution of naturally occurring bacteria and formation of biofilms, and types of bacteria and moulds present in fresh RTE rocket was conducted. Antimicrobial capability of rocket leaves obtained from different varieties with different glucosinolate (GLS) profiles in rocket leaves (Eruca sativa and Diplotaxis tenuifolia) was additionally evaluated. The abundance of bacteria was also highly dependent on storage temperature and whether the bag was kept sealed (closed) or if it was opened. The produce kept continuously at 4 oC contained low bacterial loads until the end of the study period (day 6 of storage). As the storage temperature was increased from 4 to 13 oC, the bacterial loads remained low up to 4 days of storage when the bags were kept closed. When the produce are kept at an ambient temperature (20 oC), regardless of bag condition (opened or closed), the produce contained low bacterial loads only up to two days of storage. Fresh RTE rocket leaves exposed to 25 oC for 4 h and ‘consumed’ at 24 h after ‘purchase’ did not cause any significant increase in bacterial loads. In contrast, the bacterial loads in leaves that have never been exposed to high temperature but instead kept at ‘display’ temperature (13 oC) for relatively long duration until the date until display and beyond contained high loads of microbes. Heat shock treatment on winter grown rocket increased respiration rate that occurred concurrently with reduced O2 level in the bagged fresh RTE rocket leaves. Organic volatile compounds (VOCs) associated with off-odour of rocket, such as sulphur containing compounds (dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl trisulfide and dimethyl sulfoxide), alcohols (1-butanol, 1-penten-3-ol, (z)-2-penten-1-ol, 1-hexenol and phenethyl alcohol), acetic acid and furan were detected in bagged fresh RTE rocket leaves held at 13 oC. The abundance of the VOCs increased with time duration. Rocket leaves that were purchased early and kept under 4 oC, regardless of whether the bag is opened or closed, and ‘consumed’ on date until display contained the highest concentration of total GLS. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed the abundance of bacteria on the rocket leaves was higher on dented areas and stomata, especially along the leaf vein. Long term storage leads to the formation of bacterial biofilms. Whole genome and 16S metagenomic DNA sequencing of the bacteria revealed that the types of bacteria that live on bagged fresh RTE rocket were very diverse. DNA sequencing analysis detected 267 types of bacteria present in RTE rocket leaves. Salmonella enterica was detected in leaves that were heat shocked (4h at 25 oC) followed by keeping at moderate temperature (13 oC) up date until display and in leaves that were continuously kept at 13 oC till date until display. Pseudomonas viriflava and Erwnia sp., and lactic acid bacteria (Lactococcus lactis) were detected in fresh RTE rocket held at 13 oC until date until display. Six strains of toxigenic moulds, Fusarium equiseti, F. chlamydosporum, Alternaria alternata, A. tenuissima, and other two species of Alternaria were present in the RTE rocket leaves exposed to moderate (13 oC) and high (25 oC) temperature. There was no clear relationships exist between GLS content and abundance of naturally occurring bacteria present on leaves of rocket varieties with different GLS profiles. The abundance of E.coli K12 was reduced when the bacteria were cultured in extract of leaves obtained from rocket varieties containing high concentration of GLS. The reduction of bacterial loads was correlated negatively with the concentration of dimeric-4-mercaptobutyl (DMB) in the leaf extracts. The results of the study clearly show that bacterial and mould counts, VOC and GLS abundance, distribution of naturally occurrence bacteria and formation of biofilms in bagged fresh RTE rocket leaves were significantly affected by handling and storage/display conditions of the produce. Analysis of DNA sequencing of the microbes revealed that the species and strains of bacteria and moulds detected residing in the RTE rocket leaves were very diverse, ranging from epiphytes, food spoilage, plant pathogens, as well as human pathogen microbes.

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The objective of this research was to evaluate combinations of coriander cultivars, carrot and arugula under polycultures in fertilized strips with roostertree in the conditions of Mossoró-RN. The experiment was carried out from November 2014 to March 2015. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a factorial 2 x 2 x 2, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the combination of two coriander cultivars ('Verdão' and 'Portuguese') with two carrot cultivars ('Brasilia' and 'Esplanada') and two arugula cultivars ('Cultivada' and 'Folha Larga') in strip-intercropping. The characteristics evaluated in coriander and arugula were: plant height, number of stems or leaves per plant, yield of green mass and dry mass of shoots. In the carrot were analyzed: plant height, number of stems per plant, fresh and dry mass of shoot, dry mass of roots, total production of roots, commercial production of roots and productivity of classified roots (long, medium, short and scrap). In the intercropping system was determined the agronomic efficiency indices and economic indicators: land equivalent ratio, productive efficiency index, score of the canonical variable, gross income, net income, rate of return, profit margin, monetary advantage and modified advantage monetary. A univariate analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the characteristics analyzed. A multivariate analysis of variance was performed on the productivity of vegetables crops to obtain the score of the canonical variable Z. The Tukey test was used to compare the average of the factors treatments. There was no significant interaction between cultivars of coriander, carrot and arugula in any of the characteristics evaluated in the carrot. The best associations were those that involved coriander cultivar 'Portuguese', carrot cultivar 'Esplanada' and arugula cultivar 'Cultivada'. The sole crop system was more productive than the intercropping
Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar combinações de cultivares de coentro, cenoura e rúcula sob policultivos em faixas adubados com flor-de-seda nas condições de Mossoró-RN. O experimento foi desenvolvido no período de novembro de 2014 a março de 2015. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de duas cultivares de coentro ( Verdão e Português ), com duas cultivares de cenoura ( Brasília e Esplanada ) e duas cultivares de rúcula ( Cultivada e Folha Larga ) em cultivo consorciado em faixas. As características avaliadas no coentro e na rúcula foram: altura de plantas, número de hastes ou folhas por planta, rendimento de massa verde e massa seca da parte aérea. Na cenoura foram analisadas: altura de plantas, número de hastes por planta, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, massa seca de raízes, produção total de raízes, produção comercial de raízes e produtividade classificada de raízes (longas, médias, curtas e refugo). No sistema consorciado determinou-se os índices de eficiência agronômica e indicadores econômicos: índice de uso eficiente da terra, índice de eficiência produtiva, escore da variável canônica, renda bruta, renda líquida, taxa de retorno, índice de lucratividade, vantagem monetária e vantagem monetária corrigida. Uma análise de variância univariada foi realizada para avaliar as características analisadas. Uma análise multivariada de variância foi realizada nas produtividades das hortaliças para obtenção do escore da variável canônica Z. O teste de Tukey foi usado para comparar às médias dos níveis dos fatores tratamentos. Não foi observada interação significativa entre as cultivares de coentro, cenoura e rúcula em nenhuma das características avaliadas na cenoura. As melhores associações foram as que envolveram a cultivar de coentro Português , a cultivar de cenoura Esplanada e a cultivar de rúcula Cultivada . O sistema de cultivo solteiro foi mais produtivo que o consorciado

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The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm 'Rafael Fernandes' of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), located in the district of Alagoinha, from August 2012 to February 2013 with the objective of evaluating the agrieconomic performance of the beet and arugula intercropped as a function of roostertree amounts incorporated into the soil and spatial arrangements of the component crops. The experimental design was of randomized complete blocks with five replications, with the treatments arranged in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme. The treatments consisted of the combinations of four amounts of roostertree incorporated into the soil (10, 25, 40 and 55 t ha-1 of dry matter) and three spatial arrangements (2B:2A, 3B:3A and 4B:4A), corresponding rows of beet (B) alternated with rows of arugula (A). The characteristics evaluated in the beet were: plant height, number of leaves per plant, total and commercial productivity, productivity of classified roots, fresh and dry mass of shoot; in the arugula were: plant height, number of leaves per plant, dry mass of shoot and yield of green mass; in the diagnostic leaves of beet and arugula were evaluated the contents of N, P, K; in the soil were assessed the amounts of bacterial and fungal colonies present before and after planting, as well as, the nutrient contents: N, P, K, pH, CEC and soil organic matter before and after sowing. In the intercropping systems were evaluated the productive efficiency index, the canonical variable score, gross income, net income, rate of return and profit margin. The highest agrieconomic performance of the intercropping beet and arugula was obtained in the amount of 55 t ha-¹ of roostertree incorporated into the soil and in the spatial arrangement of 2B: 2A. The amount of fungi and bacteria of the soil increased with increasing amounts of roostertree added to the soil in the arrangement of 2B: 2A. The multivariate method compared to the univariate method applied to the productive efficiency index was quite effective in determining the best arrangement 2B: 2A of the bicropping of arugula intercropped with beet. It is economically viable for the farmer to use the roostertree as green manure in the beet production intercropped with arugula
O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), localizada no distrito de Alagoinha, no período de agosto de 2012 a fevereiro de 2013, com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho agroeconômico da beterraba e rúcula consorciadas em função de quantidades de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo e arranjos espaciais das culturas componentes. O delineamento experimental usado foi de blocos completos casualizados com cinco repetições, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 3. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro quantidades de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo (10; 25; 40 e 55 t ha-1 de matéria seca) e três arranjos espaciais (2B:2R, 3B:3R e 4B:4R), que corresponderam a fileiras de beterraba (B) alternadas com fileiras de rúcula (R). As características avaliadas na beterraba foram: altura de plantas, número de folhas por planta, produtividade total e comercial, produtividade classificada de raízes, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea. Já na rúcula foram: altura de plantas, número de folhas por planta, massa seca da parte aérea e rendimento de massa verde. Nas folhas diagnósticas de beterraba e rúcula foram avaliados os níveis de N, P, K. Por sua vez, no solo foram avaliadas as quantidades de colônias de bactérias e fungos presentes antes e após o plantio, bem como os teores nutrientes: N, P, K, pH, CTC e matéria orgânica do solo antes e depois do plantio. Índices de eficiência agronômica e econômica de sistemas consorciados, tais como: índice de eficiência produtiva, escore da variável canônica, renda bruta, renda líquida, taxa de retorno e índice de lucratividade também foram avaliados. O maior desempenho agroeconômico para o consórcio de beterraba e rúcula foi obtido na quantidade de 55 t ha-¹ de flor-de-seda incorporada ao solo e no arranjo 2B:2R. A quantidade de fungos e bactérias do solo aumentou com as quantidades crescentes da flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo no arranjo 2B:2R. O método multivariado quando comparado com o univariado aplicado ao índice de eficiência produtiva foi bastante eficaz na determinação do melhor arranjo 2B:2R do bicultivo de rúcula com beterraba. Nas condições do experimento, é economicamente viável para o agricultor o uso da flor-de-seda como adubo verde na produção beterraba consorciada com rúcula

As rizobactérias promotoras de crescimento (PGPR) são microrganismos que ocorrem naturalmente no solo, são conhecidas por proporcionar melhorias no desenvolvimento das plantas atuando de diversas formas. Bacillus subtilis (cepa GB03) é uma PGPR disponível para comercialização como fungicida biológico concentrado, utilizada no tratamento de sementes de diversas culturas como algodão, soja, amendoim, trigo e cevada. Destaca-se pela capacidade de promover o crescimento de plantas por meio da emissão de voláteis. Vários estudos com Arabidopsis thaliana já comprovaram que B. subtilis (GB03) é capaz de auxiliar no desenvolvimento da planta por meio da promoção de crescimento e pela supressão de patógenos habitantes de solo. No entanto, o seu papel na proteção de plantas contra a herbivoria de insetos ainda não é bem caracterizado. Deste modo, buscou-se avaliar os efeitos da interação de B. subtilis (GB03) com plantas de rúcula (Eruca sativa) e Plutella xylostella (traça-das-crucíferas). Este inseto pertence à ordem Lepidoptera, considerado praga de maior importância no cultivo de Brassicaceae ao redor do mundo. Devido à sua alta prolificidade e capacidade de adaptação e ao seu curto ciclo de vida, tornou-se uma das pragas mais resistentes e de difícil controle da agricultura. Atualmente, os custos em escala mundial com o controle da praga anualmente chegam em torno de US $ 4 a 5 bilhões. Foram utilizados dois tratamentos, plantas inoculadas com B. subtilis (GB03) e controle (plantas não inoculadas). Avaliou-se o crescimento de plantas de rúcula e o peso seco de parte aérea. Para avaliar o desempenho e dano de P. xylostella em ambos tratamentos, previamente foram pesados grupos de quinze lagartas e submetidas a alimentação de plantas de rúcula durante 24 horas. Posteriormente, as lagartas foram retiradas e pesadas novamente e a área foliar consumida foi calculada por meio do software editor de imagens ImageJ®. A preferência de oviposição do inseto foi testada por meio de olfatometria, composta apenas de pistas olfativas e em arenas contendo tanto pistas olfativas quanto visuais. A emissão de voláteis foi caracterizada quantitativamente e qualitativamente por cromatografia gasosa e analisada por espectrometria de massas. A inoculação com GB03 em plantas de rúcula promoveu melhor crescimento das plantas em relação ao tratamento controle, ao mesmo tempo em que diminuiu os danos pelo consumo alimentar do inseto na planta. P. xylostella não apresentou distinção entre os odores das plantas nos testes de olfatometria. Entretanto, observou-se menor número de ovos em plantas com GB03 nos bioensaios de arena. Não foram constatadas diferenças significativas na emissão total de voláteis entre os tratamentos com e sem GB03, no entanto, foram encontradas concentrações diferentes dos compostos (Z)-3-hexenol e 2-ethyl-1-decanol. Outros testes devem ser realizados com a finalidade de estabelecer o papel desempenhado por GB03 na indução de defesas de plantas contra insetos.
The plant growth promoting rhizobateria (PGPR) are microorganisms that naturaly live in the soil, known by improving the plants\' development in many ways. Bacillus subtilis (strain GB03) is a comercial available PGPR, sold as a concentrated biological fungicide, applied in seed treatment of different cultures as cotton, soybean, peanut, wheat and barley. Moreover, it stands out by its capacity of plant growth promoting via volatiles emission. Several studies with Arabidopsis thaliana showed that B. subtilis (GB03) can help the plant development via growth promotion and by soil pathogens supression. However, its role in plant protection against insect herbivory has not been characterized yet. Thus, it aimed to evaluate the interaction effects among B. subtilis (GB03), arugula plants (Eruca sativa) and Plutella xylostella (Diamondback moth). This insect belongs to the order Lepidoptera and have been considered the main pest in Brassicaceae fields around the world. Due to its high prolificacy and plasticity in field survival, and its short life cycle, it has become one of the most resistant and hard control pest in agriculture. Currently, the annualy world costs with this pest control is about US $ 4-5 bilions. Here, it was used two treatments, innoculated plants with B. subtilis (GB03) and control (non-innoculated plants). The arugula plants growth and dry mass of shoots were evaluated. To analyze the performance and damage by P. xylostella in both treatments, it was previously weighed groups with fifteen caterpillars and submitted to feeding on arugula plants during 24 hours. After that, the caterpillars were removed and weighed again and the consumed leaf area was calculated by the image editor software ImageJ®. The insect oviposition preference was tested by olfactometry, with only olfactory cues and in arenas containing both, olfactory and visual cues. Volatiles emission was quantitatively and qualitatively characterized by gas chromatography and analyzed by mass spectrometry. GB03 innoculation in arugula plants promoted a better growth when compared to control, and, at the same time, there was an increasing in the plant damage by insect food consumption. P. xylostella did not show distinction between odors of the plants in olfactometry tests. Although, it was observed less number of eggs in plants with GB03 in arena bioassays. It was not found significant differences in total volatile emission between the treatments with and without GB03, even though different concentrations of (Z)-3-hexenol and 2-ethyl-1-decanol were observed. Other tests must be performed in order to estabilish the role played by GB03 in plant induction defense against insects.

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A berinjela e a rúcula são hortaliças exigentes em nitrogênio (N) para uma produção adequada, fazendo com que o N encontre-se como o nutriente mais aplicado na agricultura na forma de fertilizantes minerais e, o que apresenta menor eficiência, devido suas perdas por diversos processos. Entretanto, uma das formas de evitar tais perdas em solos de elevada CTC, é inibir o processo de nitrificação. Desta forma o fornecimento adequado de N associados a produtos que retardem esse processo podem reduzir os impactos negativos causados por tais perdas. Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de extratos e folhas de Nim sobre a mineralização e nitrificação do nitrogênio no solo, bem como seu efeito no crescimento e nutrição nitrogenada da berinjela e rúcula. Três experimentos, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, foram conduzidos com amostras de um solo de textura franco arenosa. No primeiro experimento, os tratamentos foram constituídos por um arranjo fatorial 4 x 2, compreendendo 4 tratamentos referentes a inibição da nitrificação à base de nim (extratos de folhas; extrato de sementes; folhas secas e sem inibidor) e duas doses de N (0 e 320 mg dm-3), com cinco repetições. No primeiro experimento, durante 28 dias, a cada sete dias, foram avaliados, os teores de nitrato (NO3-), amônio (NH4+), N-mineral e a relação amônio/nitrato presente no solo. O segundo, foi realizado com plantas de berinjela, da cultivar “Embú”, onde os tratamentos foram constituídos por um arranjo fatorial 4 x 4, sendo quatro tratamentos da inibição da nitrificação (extratos de folhas; extrato de sementes; folhas secas e sem inibidor) e quatro doses de N (20; 120; 220 e 320 mg dm-3), com três repetições. Na fase de préflorescimento, foram determinados as variáveis de crescimento; os teores foliares e os acúmulos das de nitrogênio. No terceiro experimento, utilizou-se plantas de rúcula, da cultivar “rúcula cultivada” onde os tratamentos foram constituídos por um arranjo fatorial 4 x 4, compreendendo quatro tratamentos da inibição da nitrificação (extratos de folhas; extrato de sementes; folhas secas e sem inibidor) e quatro doses de N (10; 120; 220 e 320 mg dm-3), com três repetições. No ponto de colheita da rúcula, avaliou-se o crescimento; teores foliares e acúmulos das frações de nitrogênio. Durante os 28 dias de incubação, os produtos à base de nim não inibiram claramente o processo de mineração ou nitrificação do N aplicado ao solo, houve apenas uma retardação da mineração deste N quando esteve associado a extratos de folhas ou de sementes. A adubação nitrogenada influenciou no crescimento da berinjela e da rúcula, proporcionando incremento na produção e nos teores e acúmulos de N nas folhas. A resposta da rúcula a adubação nitrogenada, foi dependente dos produtos à base de nim.
The eggplant and arugula are demanding vegetables in nitrogen (N) to a suitable production, making the N meet as the nutrient usually applied in agriculture in the form of mineral fertilizer and which has lower efficiency, because their losses various processes. However, one way to avoid such loss in high CTC soils isinhibit nitrification. Thus, the adequate supply of N associated with products that retard this process can reduce the negative impacts caused by such losses. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of extracts and leaves of neem on the mineralization and nitrification of nitrogen in the soil and its effect on growth and nitrogen nutrition eggplant and arugula. Three experiments in completely randomized design were conducted with samples of soil sandy loam texture. In the first experiment, the treatments were factorial arrangement 4 x 2, comprising 4 treatments related to nitrification inhibition based on neem (leaf extracts; seed extract, dried leaves and without inhibitor) and two N rates (0 and 320 mg dm-3), with five repetitions. In the first experiment for 28 days, every seven days, were evaluated the levels of nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+), N-mineral and ammonium relationship/nitrate in the soil. The second was made with eggplants, cultivar "Embu" where treatments were factorial arrangement 4 x 4, with four treatments of nitrification inhibition (leaf extracts; seed extract, dried leaves and without inhibitor) and four nitrogen rates (20, 120, 220 and 320 mg dm-3) with three replications. In the pre-flowering stage, they were determined growth variables; leaf contents and accumulations of nitrogen. In the third experiment, used rocket plants, cultivar "grown arugula" where treatments were factorial arrangement 4 x 4, comprising four treatments of nitrification inhibition (leaf extracts; seed extract, dried leaves and without inhibitor) and four nitrogen rates (10, 120, 220 and 320 mg dm-3) with three replications. At the point of picking arugula, was evaluated growth; foliar and accumulations of nitrogen fractions. During the 28 days of incubation, the neem-based products not clearly inhibited the process of mining or nitrification of N applied to the soil, there was only a deceleration of mining this when N was associated with extracts of leaves or seeds. Nitrogen fertilization influenced the growth of eggplant and arugula, providing an increase in production and content and accumulation of N in the leaves. The Arugula response to nitrogen fertilization was dependent on the products of neem

Abstract Strong acids and chlorinated products are widely utilised for the maintenance of drip irrigation facilities worldwide. This research evaluated low concentration (10 ppm) of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) products, in drip irrigation water, sourced from H2O2 containing high concentration (30,000 ppm) of an organic stabilizer (H2O2 High) and from H2O2 containing a low concentration (30 ppm) of the same stabiliser (H2O2 Low), evaluated in laboratory and field for effect on drip emitters, seed germination, seedling and crop growth, soil and water parameters. Findings from this research showed that seed germination was not impacted by H2O2 up to 5000 ppm. Positive effects on seed germination were noted for mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), egg plant (Solanum melongena L.), okra (Abelmoshus esculentus L.), chive (Allium porrum L.) and rocket (Eruca sativa L.) treated with 100 ppm H2O2. H2O2 High up to 1000 ppm did not negatively impact seed germination in other species tested. Root and shoot growth were enhanced in some species at lower concentration of H2O2 High, but were negatively impacted by higher H2O2 High concentrations for all crops except for corn. The negative effects on root and shoot growth were generally noted at higher concentrations (>1000 ppm). Therefore, continuous injection of H2O2 at low concentration (<100 ppm) in irrigation is unlikely to affect the seed germination and seedling growth. The impact of continuous injection of 10 ppm H2O2 on drip irrigation performance was evaluated in field trials. The emitter flowrates for surface drip single use tape on a chili (Capsicum frutescens L.) crop was not affected after 6 months of irrigation in either the control or H2O2 treatments. However, for above ground drip for table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) and in subsurface drip for sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) installations over four years, the emitter flow rate remained higher (2-16%) for H2O2 Low compared to H2O2 High and control. In aboveground drip, emitter clogging was reduced by 50% in H2O2 Low compared to the control and H2O2 High. The yield increases of 25, 10 and 4% in the sugarcane, chilli, and grape respectively probably due to H2O2 delivery proximal to root mass. H2O2 breakdown in soil was rapid, hence no residual H2O2 was found 10 minutes post irrigation. In tertiary treated wastewater (effluent), a single dose of H2O2 20 ppm was effective for suppression of algal blooms, whereas complete elimination was achieved by 2000 ppm by both products. In a circulating irrigation system, the emitter flow ceased after 900 hours due to biofouling in H2O2 High. In a bamboo (Bambusa spp. L) field trial using 20 ppm of products in non-circulating irrigation over 1966 hours, emitter flowrates were reduced by 50%. Drip emitter clogging was significantly reduced to19% for the H2O2 Low and 28% for H2O2 High compared to control (37%) of algae for effluent irrigation water. H2O2 High, unlike H2O2 Low, caused rapid emitter clogging in recirculating hard water irrigation, suggesting that HEDP in the presence of H2O2 caused Ca precipitation resulting in sudden emitter clogging. The degree of Ca precipitation in hard water increased with increasing HEDP inputs in irrigation. pH buffering of hard water delayed Ca precipitation. In the non-circulating irrigation higher concentration HEDP treatment in the hard water irrigation caused rapid emitters clogging. Low pH (≤6) increased solubility of Ca ions whereas higher pH led to precipitation causing crystal and amorphous Ca deposits. Continuous injection of H2O2 (10-20 ppm) in irrigation over a longer term did not show decline of soil biological functions (soil respiration, soil microbial biomass carbon and soil microbial diversity). H2O2 increased corn (Zea mays L.) yield by 9.2 and 70%, and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) yield by 2.3 and 15% for plants grown in vertisol and ferrosol, respectively, suggesting interaction effects, due to disproportionally greater decomposition of H2O2 to oxygen in ferrosol. In general, H2O2 Low injection in irrigation resulted not only in improved emitter performance, but also positive effects of crop growth, without noticeable negative impacts on soil. H2O2 High can acidify the rhizosphere, which may be of advantage in alkaline soil and/or irrigation water.

Rocket salad (Eruca sativa), a member of the Brassicaceae family, is an important vegetable for human health because of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiproliferative, and antiangiogenesis properties, as well as its rich chemical composition. Important phytochemical substances in rocket salad, including flavonoids and glucosinolates, have an important function in human health protection. These components can scavenge free radicals, reduce lipid peroxidation, and have anticancer effects by activating apoptosis in cancer cells. As a result, in terms of defending human health, it is believed that the consumption of this vegetable has a significant role in protecting against diseases caused by numerous factors and in the healthy functioning of the body's immune system.