Journal articles on the topic 'Rock tower'

Abstract We acquired a unique ambient vibration dataset from Castleton Tower, a 120 m high bedrock monolith located near Moab, Utah, to resolve dynamic and material properties of the landform. We identified the first two resonant modes at 0.8 and 1.0 Hz, which consist of mutually perpendicular, linearly polarized horizontal ground motion at the top of the tower. Damping ratios for these modes were low at ∼1%. We successfully reproduced field data in 3D numerical eigenfrequency simulation implementing a Young’s modulus of 7 GPa, a value ∼30% lower than measured on core samples. Our analysis confirms that modal deformation at the first resonant frequencies closely resembles that of a cantilever beam. The outcome is that with basic estimates of geometry and material properties, the resonant frequencies of other freestanding rock monoliths can be estimated a priori. Such estimates are crucial to evaluate the response of rock towers to external vibration inputs.

The article deals with morphological classification of the sandstone rocks in the Ukrainian Carpathians Beskids. By the methods of field measurements and mathematical computations the rock peaks heights, their shape, basement lengths and strata thickness have been calculated. The highest rock peaks in the Beskids amounts 32–37 m. The classification from the morphological point of view on the base of rock forms studying has been done. All rocks are divided in two classes: the rocks-outliers and the rocks-outcrops. Among the rocks-outliers 4 types are defined: spire-shaped, chain-shaped, arc-shaped and combined. Spire-shaped rocks are divided into subtypes: tower, spoke and needle. Among the chain-shaped rocks 3 subtypes are defined: wall, bloc and slab. The rocks of combined form are divided into subtypes: 1) with defined form – those of the rocks which are similar to certain objects and 2) undefined forms (cliffs). Among the rocks-outcrops three types are defined: cliff-shaped, canyon-shaped and angular ones. The class of rocks-outliers occurs most often. Among the types the rocks-towers occur most often. They dominate in the rock formations of Urych, Yamelnytsia and Bubnyshche. Many bloc-shaped and plate-shaped rocks are located on the Kliuch Ridge, in Bubnys’ki Rocks, Yamelnytsia. There are rocks-walls of 50–60 m in Urych and Yamelnytsia. The longest rock-wall in Danylov tract near Yamelnytsia has been investigated. Its length is 150 m and height is 17 m. Some needle and spoke rocks are situated in Bubnys’ki Rocks (Odinets’ Rock, Golets’ Rock) and Urych (Hostryi Kamin’ (Sharp Stone) Rock. Unique types are very rare. For instance: Bronenosets’ Rock in Bubnys’ki Rocks (this rock has shape of sail), Sokil (Falcon) Rock in the Kliuch Ridge, mushroom-shaped rock in Yamelnytsia. There is also unique arc-rock in the Kliuch Ridge. In the class of rocks-outcrops the types of cliff and canyon occur equally. The angular-shaped rocks are rarer. The cliff-shaped rocks are situated near Sokolova Mountain, Pozhernytsia Mountain and Kniazhi (Princes) Rocks near Tyshivnytsia. Unique rocks-canyons, the effects of tectonic breaking and gravity-erosion processes, occur on the Kliuch Ridge. The worked out morphological classification of rocks can be used by ascertaining features of rock morphogenesis with education and scientific purposes as well as by assessment of safety level and protection possibilities. Morphological types of the rocks can be considered as valuable objects of geomorphologic heritage and attractions for geo-tourism. Key words: rocks; morphology type of the rock; rock shape; Beskids of Ukrainian Carpathians.

Zhangjiaba-Enshi 500kV Transmission Line is a backbone network in the West to East Power Transmission Project of China, which passes through the factory area of Chongqing Sanxing Iron Mine Factory. According to solving the additional stress on foundation rock produced by tower load based on the Boussinesq theory and the redistribution of surrounding rock stress resulting from iron mining computed by using the calculation formula for redistribution stress on circular chamber in rock mass, this paper analyzes and demonstrates the impact of Zhangjiaba-Enshi Line N327 tower footing pressure mine on mining within the range of mining scheme, and determines that there is no mutual impact between the Zhangjiaba-Enshi Line N327 tower and exploitation of Sanxing ore horizon.

For difference of elevation of mountain slope, four legs of iron tower are not in the same plane.In order to reduce the excavation of the base surface and damage to the environment, several foundation types are widely used to adapt with the terrain changes,such as comprehensive unequal legs,unequal Foundation, outfitting extra legs and so on.When the tower is located in steep slope of rocky area,common foundation types in use will bring a large area of ​​earth and rock excavation, construction difficulties, high-risk, poor basic indicators, greater damage to the environment.Consideratiing engineering practice, a new foundation type is proposed in this paper supplemented by theoretical analysis and economic analysis, which takes full advantage of the terrain and rock properties and provides a new choice for foundation design on steep slope in mountains areas.

The transmission distance of transmission lines is long, the line affected by the diversity of climate and topography of the corridors of transmission lines, differences in regional geological structure conditions, variability of rock and soil types, and the complexity of groundwater. Under the influence of extreme weather conditions (ice-covered, strong wind, etc.) and sudden geological disasters (such as mudslides, flash floods, earthquakes, etc.), catastrophic damage and basic deformation problems of the tower foundations are prone, and even tower collapse accidents occur in severe cases, which affect the safe operation of transmission lines. Monitoring the deformation of power transmission towers and surrounding grounds, it is critical to ensuring the normal operation of transmission lines by assessing and controlling potential risks in advance. In this paper, using ALOS-2 PALSAR radar satellite data, differential interferometry was used to monitor surface deformation near the Sichuan Jinsu line transmission channel. The analysis found that a significant landslide hazard was found near the transmission channel tower in Yibin-Zhaotong section of Jinsu, Sichuan Province, the cumulative deformation reaches 9cm. The results of this paper can provide new monitoring means for safety monitoring of transmission towers.

Dry hot rock power generation is an important part of geothermal energy application, and condenser has become an important part of the system because it can provide a lower outlet back pressure for steam turbine, and improve the power generation of the system. Engineering Equation Solver is applied to assess the performance of cooling towers for organic Rankine cycle power generation systems. In the present study, two models with different cooling towers are considered: In the first model, the predicted performance of the opening cooling tower for organic Rankine cycle systems is studied and compared with the experimental measurement for a 500 kW system. In the second model, because of the high mass flow of the cooling water and high energy consumption of the cooling water pump for the opening cooling tower, the predicted performance of the closed wet cooling tower to replace the opening cooling tower for organic Rankine cycle systems is studied. The models are capable of predicting the variation of evaporation and condensation temperatures, the pressure loss of heat exchangers. R123, R227ea, R245fa, R600 and R600a are tested as working fluids. The results show that the second model reduces the energy consumption of the cooling water pump, and it also improves the net power generation and net generation efficiency for using R227ea, R600, R600a. However, with the increase of the closed wet cooling tower pressure loss, both the net power generation and net generation efficiency decrease. Therefore, different working fluids are suitable for different pressure loss.

Wolf Rock lighthouse (1870) is an isolated offshore rock tower off the Southwest tip of England, built on a steep pinnacle. It is surrounded by relatively deep water, i.e. 60-70m. The lighthouse is battered by Atlantic winter storms, which result in dramatic wave impacts and exceptional runup, even reaching to its 41m high lantern level. New experimental and numerical modelling campaigns are carried out to understand the structural response of this engineering marvel. This paper will present the main results of the hydrodynamic investigations, highlighting the main issues and achievements of the first-ever attempted model of a rock lighthouse with the ambitious scale of 1:40.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/n5L5TcBiWvo

The uneven stacking of waste rock materials caused by the dynamic instability of rock spreaders cannot be ignored for geological subsidence and local collapse in reclamation areas. Based on the dynamic stability of the existing rock spreader, combined with the actual application conditions, the load conditions of the rock spreader are analyzed. The static and dynamic analysis and optimization of the key structures such as the receiving arm, the discharging arm, and the main tower are carried out by using the topology optimization method. The optimized virtual prototype of the whole machine is established to verify its rationality. The research results show that the total weight of key parts such as receiving boom, discharging boom, and the main tower is reduced by about 4.5% (4650 kg), the lower-order vibration frequencies below the fifth order of those parts are not within the resonance range, and the stability of the whole machine is greatly improved, which fundamentally solves the problem of uneven rock stacking caused by impact stability. And, the maximum stress and deflection of the whole machine under the worst working conditions meet the actual requirements. The research ideas and conclusions can provide solutions to prevent the subsidence or local collapse of reclamation areas caused by uneven stacking materials.

Remote sensing techniques are leading methodologies for landslide characterization and monitoring. However, they may be limited in highly vegetated areas and do not allow for continuously tracking the evolution to failure in an early warning perspective. Alternative or complementary methods should be designed for potentially unstable sites in these environments. The results of a six-month passive seismic monitoring experiment on a prone-to-fall quartzite tower are here presented. Ambient seismic noise and microseismicity analyses were carried out on the continuously recorded seismic traces to characterize site stability and monitor its possible irreversible and reversible modifications driven by meteorological factors, in comparison with displacement measured on site. No irreversible modifications in the measured seismic parameters (i.e., natural resonance frequencies of the tower, seismic velocity changes, rupture-related microseismic signals) were detected in the monitored period, and no permanent displacement was observed at the tower top. Results highlighted, however, a strong temperature control on these parameters and unusual preferential vibration directions with respect to the literature case studies on nearly 2D rock columns, likely due the tower geometric constraints, as confirmed by 3D numerical modeling. A clear correlation with the tower displacement rate was found in the results, supporting the suitability of passive seismic monitoring systems for site characterization and early waning purposes.

In order to fully prevent flying rocks casting to surrounding constructions in blasting demolition project, fault tree analysis was used for safety evaluation. The analysis and calculation of minimal cut sets and structure importance indicates that the highest probability of flying rock accidents is caused by large quantity of maximum priming charge. And other events come second but cannot be ignored. Thus, several measures were adopted according to the analysis result and the final blasting result showed that no flying accidents happened in the whole process.

Lighthouses situated on exposed rocky outcrops warn mariners of the dangers that lurk beneath the waves. They were first constructed when approaches to wave loading and structural response were relatively unsophisticated, essentially learning from previous failures. Here, we chart the evolution of lighthouses on the Wolf Rock, situated between Land's End and the Isles of Scilly in the UK. The first empirical approaches are described, followed by design aspects of the present tower, informed by innovations developed on other rocky outcrops. We focus on a particular development associated with the automation of lighthouses: the helideck platform. The design concept is described and the structure then scrutinized for future survivability, using the latest structural modelling techniques of the entire lighthouse and helideck. Model validation data were obtained through a complex logistical field operation and experimental modal analysis. Extreme wave loading for the model required the identification of the 250-year return period wave using a Bayesian method with informative prior distributions, for two different scenarios (2017 and 2067). The structural models predict responses of the helideck to wave loading which is characterized by differential displacements of 0.093 m (2017) and 0.115 m (2067) with associated high tension forces and plastic strain. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Environmental loading of heritage structures’.

A main span of 500m of rock tunnel anchor steel truss single span suspension bridge, Structure of the tower across the bridge, cross a large, soft, weak damping characteristics, and the bridge site at the complex terrain, the actual wind field is more disordered, so be checking the stability of the structure of the wind. Wind stability checking showed that the torsional flutter and torsional flutter separated flow is less than the critical velocity self-excited vibration of the main beam test wind speed, wind does not meet safety requirements. Therefore, an additional level of rigidity with the wind the cable, set the cross-slope index, increased truss width, the main cable using a single triangle boom, the use of space for the main cable, etc. to increase the stability of the bridge on wind resistance. After considering the construction of economic and structural terms, the final choice of the main cable space, the top cable from 1m, the main tower for the A-type tower program. The study on the stability of the same type of calculation of the bridge with the reference wind.

The Mount Pleasant granite-related polymetallic deposit, located on the southwestern margin of the Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous Mount Pleasant Caldera Complex in southwestern New Brunswick, contains a significant resource of tin, tungsten, molybdenum, zinc, indium, and bismuth. The Caldera Complex comprises Intracaldera, Exocaldera, and Late Caldera-Fill sequences and associated subvolcanic granitic rocks. Three granitic phases of the Mount Pleasant Granitic Suite (Granite I, II, and III) are recognized in the vicinity of the Mount Pleasant deposit and are interpreted to be fractionates of the more regionally exposed McDougall Brook Granitic Suite. Granite I and Granite II are associated with tungsten-molybdenum-bismuth, and tin-zinc-indium mineralization, respectively. Despite extensive research within the Caldera Complex, the exact age of mineralization at Mount Pleasant has never been firmly established. An inferred age of 363 ± 2 Ma was based on the proposed synchronicity of the U-Pb dated Bailey Rock Rhyolite of the Exocaldera Sequence with that of the undated McDougall Brook Granitic Suite, which intrudes the Intracaldera Sequence. Here, we present Re-Os dating of two molybdenite samples associated with the tungsten mineralization related to Granite I at the Fire Tower Zone, that constrain the initial onset of mineralization at Mount Pleasant to be between 369.7±1.6 Ma and 370.1±1.7 Ma. The new Re-Os ages clearly indicate that the McDougall Brook Granitic Suite, which pre-dates mineralization, must be at least seven million years older than the Bailey Rock Rhyolite, whose type-section is located within the Exocaldera Sequence. A re-examination of the gradational relationship between the McDougall Brook Granitic Suite and purported rocks of Bailey Rock Rhyolite within the Intracaldera Sequence revealed that the latter should instead be assigned to the Seelys Formation. Thus, deposition of the polymetallic mineralization likely took place contemporaneously with caldera collapse and an early phase of resurgent doming in response to degassing of the magma chamber rather than being coincident with erosion of the volcanic edifice as inferred from previous modeling of the eruptive history at Mount Pleasant.

We describe and illustrate the new species Primulina mabaensis from northern Guangdong, China. Its generic placement in the recently recircumscribed Primulina is confirmed by phylogenetic analyses of ITS and trnL-F intron-spacer DNA sequences. Primulina mabaensis is similar to P. repanda var. guilinensis, differing from the latter by its much larger flowers with corollas 2.5–3.0 cm (vs. 8–10 mm) long and corolla tubes 2.0–2.5 cm (vs. 6–8 mm) long and ca. 7 mm (vs. ca. 3 mm) in diameter at the corolla mouth. Primulina mabaensis is currently only known from limestone caves and rock surfaces of a karst tower in the Maba Man Archeology Site.

The crusher station of the Qi Dashan mine is the semi-mobile crushing station. The crusher station has three parts. They are a heavy plate type material feeder having a receptacle trough, a crusher having a tower for controlling and a blowdown equipment. The hazard rate of the heavy plate type material feeder having a receptacle trough is hign and it operating cost is costly. So the heavy plate type material feeder having a receptacle trough will be thrown off. A new feeding system will take the place of it. And new steel structure beams will be designed. The weight of the new feeding system will be born by the steel structure beams. The ore or rock will be pured into the crusher directly.

Dongjiang Lichuan Bridge in Dongguan City is a curved tower curved beam cable-stayed bridge with a main span of 138m and no back cable. The main pier cap is located on the bank slope of Dongguan Waterway on one side of Nandi Road. The cushion cap is dumbbell type, and the left and right cushion caps are connected by tie beams. In most areas, the top of rock stratum is above the bottom of bearing platform. The rock stratum within the buried depth of bearing platform is moderately to strongly weathered argillaceous siltstone. The geological conditions are complex and the construction is difficult. In line with the principles of speeding up the construction process and improving economic benefits, comprehensive analysis and weighing advantages and disadvantages, the main pier cap adopts a composite cofferdam of filling soil to build an island and combining bored pile rows and steel sheet piles. The construction task of bearing platform of main pier has been completed with high quality. Compared with other cushion cap construction methods, this construction method has the advantages of fast construction, high quality, simple safety, energy saving and environmental protection. This paper briefly introduces the design scheme of composite cofferdam, expounds in detail the operation steps of steel sheet pile construction and the problems needing attention in construction, and provides good reference experience for similar pile cap construction.

AbstractThis article argues that we need to question the Orientalist ideology that draws boundaries between the study of crusader art and that of the neighboring Muslim states. Two unusual Ayyubid glass beakers, now in the Walters Art Gallery in Baltimore, are shown to contain Christian images. These images are placed within a landscape showcasing the major monuments in Jerusalem: the Dome of the Rock, the Holy Sepulchre, and the Tower of David, to highlight the significance of the sites for the viewer/patron. When these two beakers are compared with rnetalwork made in an Islamic style but depicting Christian scenes, it becomes clear that they were not as rare as we may think. Indeed, they prompt us to rethink our preconsumptions about daily life in the crusader kingdoms and to reassess the workings of the multiethnic market spaces of the Levant. The beakers may have served a foreign clicntele, but most probably were made for local Christian communities. Furthermore, these pieces allow us to study the processes of transference of tastes and techniques to the West.

Abstract The Danube Bend is the site of the proposed Nagymaros dam, part of the Gabčikovo–Nagymaros hydropower complex in Slovakia and Hungary. The dam was designed in the 1970s to resist intensity VI seismic events. We present historical and archaeological evidence for an intensity IX earthquake on 21 August 1541, which destroyed buildings of the royal town of Visegrád. Evidence includes vertical fissures cutting through the 30-m-high, thirteenth-century donjon Salamon Tower, built on hard rock. Some parts of the adjacent fifteenth-century Franciscan friary, built on the alluvial plain, collapsed because of liquefaction of the subsoil. The date of a potentially responsible earthquake on 21 August 1541 was recorded in a sermon of the eyewitness Lutheran minister Péter Bornemisza, living at Pest-Buda, 35 km away. Taken by the Ottoman army in 1544, the royal town and the fortress lost strategic importance, never to be rebuilt. Photographs and drawings of the donjon made three centuries later faithfully reflect the status of sixteenth-century seismic damage, corroborated by modern archaeological excavations in the ecclesiastic complex.

A number of concrete tower foundations that support power lines over the St. Lawrence River in the Quebec City area were showing deterioration related to alkali–aggregate reactions. The aggregates involved are siliceous limestones commonly exploited in the area. Many foundations have been cored down to the rock basement and samples were taken all along the cores for petrographic examination and mechanical testing. These studies show that the concrete presents some mechanical weaknesses but only in the first decimeters close to the surface, even if the entire mass of the concrete foundations is affected by alkali–aggregate reactions. The results also suggest that the deterioration is isotropic in the concrete and that the compressive strength is affected as much as the tensile (Brasilian) strength. Various types of corrective measures were applied to the deteriorated components: sealing of cracks, removing of the deteriorated concrete and replacement with a new concrete containing silica fumes in addition to a low alkali cement, insertion and posttensioning of steel rods in some components, application of water-tight elastomer liners on the exposed concrete surface, etc. Key words: concrete, aggregate, cement, alkali–aggregate reaction, expansion, mechanical strength, repair, protection.

The ski resort town of St Moritz, Switzerland, is partially constructed on a large creeping landslide, which has been causing damage to buildings and infrastructure. At the town centre, the landslide is constrained by a rock outcrop, creating a compression zone in the sliding mass. After decades of gradual slowing down,s in the beginning of 1990s the landslide started to accelerate, in spite of the fact that the average yearly precipitation and the pore water pressure on the sliding surface remained fairly constant. The paper shows that a constrained creeping landslide experiences progressive failure caused by the propagation of a zone of intense shearing along the slip surface resulting in significant earth pressure increase and visco-plastic yielding of soil in the compression zone. This basic physical mechanism, relying on extensive laboratory and field tests and long-term displacement monitoring, explains the paradox of the St Moritz landslide acceleration. Although the model predicts that the landslide could eventually slow down, its displacements may become excessive for some buildings, requiring an early warning system and further stabilization of the historic Leaning Tower. In general, by predicting the onset of yielding, the model can provide an important timeframe for stabilization of constrained landslides.

The existence of various monuments and buildings built since the early 1900s needs to be preserved as heritage tourist attractions. Taiping is one of the cities that has the potential to be promoted as a popular heritage tourism destination in Perak. To that end, the purpose of this study was to identify the types and categories of various buildings and monuments that have the potential to be used as heritage tourism attractions in the city; by examining the perceptions of local people on the potential of Taiping and to suggest strategies and measures preserve and conserve the heritage of the city. This study uses a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods. The results show that there are various monuments and old buildings being the potential to be heritage tourist attractions, including Rock Garden, Chinese Pagoda, F.M.S Station, Peking Hotel, railway station, Rest House 1894, clock tower, Silver Museum, and First Galeria. Among the things that need to be given attention in order to make Taiping a heritage tourist attraction are the level of cleanliness and cheerfulness of the environment, provision of basic facilities, maintenance and conservation of heritage site structure, promotional aspect, and security level in the area. Various strategies and measures are proposed to make Taiping a popular heritage tourism destination in Perak in particular and Malaysia in general.

The article presents the history of the Katowice Hard Coal Mine and the concept of revitalisation taking into consideration the historical development of the mine which today is closed. The concept accepted for realisation assumes adaptation of the post-mining area with its historical infrastructure for cultural functions, and namely for the construction of the New Silesian Museum. Basing the concept on the idea of minimum interference into the existing spatial layout of the former mine has had the result that the museum areas and garages have been designed under the surface of the area adjacent to the historic facilities of the mine. In relation therewith, it was necessary to carry out the works aimed at reinforcing foundations of the historic buildings and protecting the geotechnical pit slopes. The article presents the technological solutions applied to protect the historic buildings, the lift tower, and the excavations for new facilities of the Silesian Museum. Attention was drawn to the instability of the subsoil and of the rock mass due to previous mining operations conducted in the area, the need to adapt the protection technology to the existing conditions as well as the need of constant monitoring of geotechnical works underway.> It is emphasised that the presented investment is part of an ongoing process aimed at preserving the industrial part of the material cultural heritage of Upper Silesia, for centuries connected with hard coal mining and as such it stands a chance to become a showcase not only for Katowice but for the entire region of Silesia.

This paper presents a comparative analysis of different earthing designs’ performances, with particular interest on the use of earthing enhancing compound (EEC) for a selected earthing design of 500 kV transmission towers in a rocky soil, using the SESCAD tool of the Current distribution, electromagnetic field grounding and soil structure analysis (CDEGS) software. The simulation included the interpretation of soil profile and comparison between designs A, B and C, which are currently used for the 500 kV tower footing resistance (TFR) improvement. Results showed each design had reduced the TFR by 66%, 54.7% and 63.2% for the towers T42, T48 and T50, respectively. In some cases, further improvement of TFR is required, especially in the rocky area where the soil resistivity (SR) value is of more than 500 Ω⋅m. In this case, EEC was used in Design C, encasing both the vertical and horizontal electrodes, and it reduced the TFR further by 16% to 20%. The characteristics of the soil and earthing arrangement design play an important role in achieving a low TFR value, which is directly proportional to the backflashover occurrence and thus to the transmission line performance.

The behaviour of concrete slabs under dynamic load such as rock fall or vehicle impact isinvestigated in this work. The aim of this study is to enlarge the knowledge concerning thesubsequent reinforcing of concrete slabs and its inuence on their behaviour under impact load.Therefore, the results of the drop tower experiments with standard concrete, high performanceconcrete (HPC) and ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) are compared and interpreted.The analysis of the test results focuses on the qualitative evaluation of the protective e ectand on the quantitative evaluation of measurement results. Regarding the protective e ect, theinuence of the additional steel stirrup reinforcement is rather small. In contrast, the subsequentfabric reinforcement prevents the perforation of the concrete slabs. The behaviour of steel fabricand carbon fabric is compared. Although particular di erences in fracture behaviour are seen,both types of fabric reinforcement obviate total punch-through and, hence, vastly enhance theprotective performance. Comparing the stamping cones and analysing the extent of damage, theprotective capacity of di erent concrete slabs is evaluated. Within the quantitative evaluationof the measurement results, the evolution of strains and strain rates is being considered. Onthe top side of the concrete slabs, the strain is measured as tensile strain in the rst spellafter load application, turning into compressive strain later on. The evolution of strains andstrain rates indicates wave propagation. Beside the strain results, special attention is paid tothe correlation of di erent measurement techniques. The results of strain gauges, accelerometer,load cells and photogrammetry are contextualised and therefore show the change from the localmaterial behaviour to the global structure response in temporal sequence.

Ecotourism is a growing arena of tourism industry and is a potential tool for sustainable development. This study focuses identifying potentials of ecotourism in Tinjure-Milke-Jaljale (TMJ) area in Eastern Nepal via assessing flow of tourists, purpose for visits, major natural attractions, physical infrastructures and human resources available in the region. Direct interviews were conducted with respondents purposively selected from 50 households using structured questionnaires. Demographic variables and visit purpose were expressed in numbers and percentage using MS-Excel soft ware. A descriptive analysis was performed for the natural features, human resource, physical infrastructures and cultural entities which were collected using standard checklist. Results showed that TMJ was visited by approximately 1, 00,000 internal and 600 international tourists throughout the year in 2018.Th e main purpose of visit to TMJ was to adhere the beauty of rhododendron or landscape followed by religious, study and recreational purposes respectively. While 80% percent of the respondents were aware of the need towards biodiversity conservation focusing Rhododendron forests which listed as a major attraction in the region and 78% agreed to impacts of tourism the area, 75% were unfamiliar with the concept ecotourism. The region with more than 80% forest coverage harbors natural and cultural attractions such as Deurali Bhulke picnic spot, Rock and Rhododendron Garden, Basantapur Botanical garden and view Tower, Tinjure Dada Pathivara Temple, Gupha Pokhari, Singhabahini Devi Temple, Gaunkhuridham, Siddhakali, Sabhapokhari. The present natural and culturally important areas in TMJ show good prospects for ecotourism. However, a detailed study focusing number of seasonal flow of tourists and services provided addressing visitor’s perception is seen important to improve ecotourism.

Abstract. The Arctic marine environment plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. However, there remain large uncertainties in how sea ice affects air–sea fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), partially due to disagreement between the two main methods (enclosure and eddy covariance) for measuring CO2 flux (FCO2). The enclosure method has appeared to produce more credible FCO2 than eddy covariance (EC), but is not suited for collecting long-term, ecosystem-scale flux datasets in such remote regions. Here we describe the design and performance of an EC system to measure FCO2 over landfast sea ice that addresses the shortcomings of previous EC systems. The system was installed on a 10 m tower on Qikirtaarjuk Island – a small rock outcrop in Dease Strait located roughly 35 km west of Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The system incorporates recent developments in the field of air–sea gas exchange by measuring atmospheric CO2 using a closed-path infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) with a dried sample airstream, thus avoiding the known water vapor issues associated with using open-path IRGAs in low-flux environments. A description of the methods and the results from 4 months of continuous flux measurements from May through August 2017 are presented, highlighting the winter to summer transition from ice cover to open water. We show that the dried, closed-path EC system greatly reduces the magnitude of measured FCO2 compared to simultaneous open-path EC measurements, and for the first time reconciles EC and enclosure flux measurements over sea ice. This novel EC installation is capable of operating year-round on solar and wind power, and therefore promises to deliver new insights into the magnitude of CO2 fluxes and their driving processes through the annual sea ice cycle.

It is widely recognised that the use of fixed diurnal shelters by rock-wallabies greatly affects their ecology. However, the details of how shelters and surrounding habitats are used, and how similar these characteristics are across rock-wallaby species, remain scarcely understood. The dry season home range, and use of habitats and den sites, of the short-eared rock wallaby (Petrogale brachyotis) were examined at Litchfield National Park, Northern Territory, Australia. We radio-tracked 10 individuals on foot to locate diurnal shelters, and with fixed towers to determine their nocturnal positions. P. brachyotis used a range of rock piles and outcrops for dens, and showed a strong preference for rocky habitats and adjacent woodland. On average, animals used four dens within outcrops, as well as more exposed resting sites. Individual rock-wallabies sometimes shared dens, but there appeared to be male–male intolerance of simultaneous use of dens. Mean home range in the dry season was 18.3 ha, and there was no significant difference in home-range area between sexes. Use of space by P. brachyotis was very similar to that reported for another tropical rock-wallaby species, P. assimilis, and many behavioural traits were also similar to those found in other species of Petrogale.

The Steep Rock Group of northwest Ontario's Wabigoon subprovince is one of the world's thickest Archean carbonate platform successions. It was deposited unconformably over a 3001-2928 Ma gneissic terrane, and contains a remarkable group of biogenic and oolitic limestones, dolostones, micrites, and karst breccias capped by a thick paleosol developed between and over karst towers. The presence of aragonite fans, herringbone calcite, and rare gypsum molds suggests that the carbonate platform experienced at least local anaerobic and hypersaline depositional conditions. This sequence shows that a combination of chemical and biological processes was able to build a carbonate platform 500 m thick by 3 billion years ago. The carbonate platform is structurally overlain by a mixture of complexly deformed rocks of the Dismal Ashrock forming a mélange with blocks of ultramafic volcaniclastic rocks, mafic volcanics, carbonate, tonalite, lenses of Fe-ore rock, and metasedimentary rocks, in a shaly, serpentinitic, and fragmental ultramafic volcaniclastic matrix. The mélange shows evidence of polyphase deformation, with early high-strain fabrics formed at amphibolite facies, and later superimposed brittle fabrics related to the final emplacement of the mélange over the carbonate platform. An amphibolite- through greenschist-grade shear zone marks the upper contact of the mélange with overlying mafic volcanic and tuffaceous rocks of the ca. 2932 Ma Witch Bay allochthon, interpreted as a primitive island arc sequence. We suggest an evolutionary model for the area that begins with rifting of an arc sequence (Marmion Complex of the Wabigoon arc) that initiated subsidence and sedimentation on the Steep Rock platform and its correlatives that extend for a restored strike length exceeding 1000 km. Shallow water carbonate sedimentation continued until the platform was uplifted on the flanks of a flexural bulge related to the approach of the Witch Bay allochthon, representing collision of the rifted arc margin of the Wabigoon subprovince with the Witch Bay arc. Mélange of the Dismal Ashrock was formed as off-axis volcanic rocks were accreted to the base of the Witch Bay allochthon prior to its collision with the Steep Rock platform.

The research sets out to investigate positive evaluation in the English ВіЬІе text. We focus on lexicо-semantic peculiarities of evaluative sentences with the deictic markers of the third person being used to manifest "alien" space. For this we consider the category of "one’s own" / "alien", which is closely related to deixis and evaluation, single out the main features of the phenomenon and determine the rate of third person’s positive evaluation in the text. As a result of the lexicо-semantic analysis we can assert that positive qualities of the "alien" world and manifestation of the speaker’s positive attitude to it are in the focus in the English Bible text. Other varieties of onomasiological features (negative state, status) are characterized by a low frequency of manifestation, which suggests the idea that the most important parameters that determine positive evaluation are positive actions and qualities corresponding to the universally accepted ethical norms. In a number of cases the personal pronoun he is used to indicate a certain referent (God), as a result, acquires positive evaluation. In this case he develops the expression of amplification and positive evaluation and means "the one". On the other hand, the personal pronoun they in most cases refers to strangers, people of other religions having negative evaluation. The positive evaluation of the third-person world can be verbalized metaphorically. Thus, the Lord God in the text is referred to such positive notions with the meaning of protection and salvation as "Salvation", "The Rock", "our help and our shield", "my defense", "the horn of my salvation", "my high tower", "a restorer of thy life", "a buckler". We see prospects for further study in the research of syntactic and communicative-pragmatic characteristics of "one's own"/ "alien" space as well as in the study of local and temporal markers of evaluation. Special consideration can also be given to analyzing this problem in texts of other functional styles, as well as shifting the focus of research to the field of cognitive linguistics.

Until today, the biggest solar updraft tower power plant ever built and tested was the 50 kW Spain plant in Manzanares. Since then no real plant has been built, whilst many grand plans have been drawn and given up. Solar Wind Power (SWP) is an energy form in search of its destiny: it is time to find a real market for SWP. This market is currently forming and we call it ‘evening power’. SWP transforms sunlight into heat, heat into hot artificial wind, and this wind into electricity. The three steps of transformation allow SWP to delay the generation of electricity from the daily peak of solar radiation into the evening. In the evening, the greater power demand cannot be met with other renewable CO2-free energies like wind and photovoltaic. SWP has been tested once, thirty years ago - it is time for a second trial: the Intermediate Solar Wind Power Plant (ISWiPP). The goal is to develop, test and measure SWP’s potential for heat-storage and evening power output. The technology for constructing a light steel-tower with a concrete base will be tested under real-life conditions and technologies for heat storage will be developed. The ISWiPP will enable investors to prepare for large SWiPP with hybrid (concrete and steel) towers of 1000 m height or more. This development growth path is realistic and adequate to overcome the current impasse. Like all CO2-free energy forms SWP depends very much on the location chosen. Locations with strong winds, or sand- and dust-storms, are inadequate for SWP. A good location for a SWiPP is a hot, flat and rocky desert, not too far from a city with a demand for evening power.

Книга Валентина Степашкина «Преподобный Серафим Саровский», посвящённая жизни великого святого, вышла в 2018 году в серии ЖЗЛ и вызвала много споров. Игумен Пётр (Мещеринов) сформулировал её основные результаты кратко и броско: «1) колокольни не было, 2) камня не было, 3) кормления медведей не было, 4) разбойников не было, 5) беседы с Мотовиловым не было»1. Неужели правда ничего не было? — Нет! были, были! И медведи, и колокольни, и камни, и беседы, и разбойники. Но были и десятилетия богословских спекуляций без попыток опоры на факты и архивные данные, были неумеренные почитатели, были талантливые фантазёры, была даже политическая конъюнктура и личное соперничество. Valentin Stepashkin's book, The Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, on the life of the great saint, was published in 2018 in the ZHZL series and caused much controversy. Hegumen Pyotr (Meshcherinov) summed up its main results succinctly and catchily: "1) there was no bell tower, 2) no stone, 3) no bear feeding, 4) no robbers, 5) no conversation with Motovilov "1. Was it really all right? - No! There were, there were! And bears, and bell towers, and rocks, and conversations, and robbers. But there were also decades of theological speculation without any attempt to rely on facts and archival data, there were immoderate admirers, there were talented dreamers, there was even political conjuncture and personal rivalry.

We examined the extent to which the 2000 Pacific Fishery Management Council footrope restriction shifted and reduced trawl fishing effort on Oregon fishing grounds, related these changes to the seafloor habitat type over which they occurred, and developed methods for enhancing spatial review of fishing effort. Density analysis of trawl start locations demonstrated how fishing efforts increased and decreased in relation to habitat distribution and fishery management actions between 1995 and 2002. Trawl effort patterns exhibited significant interannual variability and were patchy in distribution. Tow end-point locations from 1998 to 2001 were retrieved from manual logbooks for five reference sites located in proximity to rocky habitat. Trawl towlines were mapped and demonstrated a marked enhancement of fine-scale fishing effort resolution. Spatial shifts in fishing intensity (measured as kilometres towed) away from rock habitat were evident at all reference sites after the footrope restriction, with an average reduction of 86%. Some slight shifts into surrounding unconsolidated sediments also occurred. Our results indicate that the footrope restriction, in conjunction with associated landing limits, was effective in protecting rocky habitats from trawl fishing impacts. Continued spatial monitoring of trawl data would assist in fishery management assessment of conservation objectives for depleted groundfish and essential fish habitat protection.

The stability of two electrical energy transmission towers is discussed in this work. They are located in the south side of "Cerro da Terência" between the towns of Faxinal do Soturno and Dona Francisca.The local geology is represented by a red sedimentary rocks with a texture-range from silt to clay and impermeability. Overloaded it is also observed a coluvionar material with blocs of volcanic rocks together presenting outstanding permeability.The towers casts are settled over coluvionar material, leading to possible instabilities, as a consequence of the high permeability and breakup and further slinding of the colluvio-rocks contact.

Kudryavtseva and Mazorchuk exhibited Schur–Weyl duality between the rook monoid algebra [Formula: see text] and the subalgebra [Formula: see text] of the partition algebra [Formula: see text] acting on [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we consider a subalgebra [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] such that there is Schur–Weyl duality between the actions of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] on [Formula: see text]. This paper studies the representation theory of partition algebras [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for rook monoids inductively by considering the multiplicity free tower [Formula: see text] Furthermore, this inductive approach is established as a spectral approach by describing the Jucys–Murphy elements and their actions on the canonical Gelfand–Tsetlin bases, determined by the aforementioned multiplicity free tower, of irreducible representations of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Also, we describe the Jucys–Murphy elements of [Formula: see text] which play a central role in the demonstration of the actions of Jucys–Murphy elements of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text].

One of the critical problems in the interpretation of marine controlled-source electromagnetic geophysical data is taking into account the anisotropy of the rock formations. We evaluated a 3D anisotropic inversion method based on the integral equation method. We applied this method to the full 3D anisotropic inversion of towed-streamer electromagnetic (EM) data. The towed-streamer EM system makes it possible to collect EM data with a high production rate and over very large survey areas. At the same time, 3D inversion of towed-streamer EM data has become a very challenging problem because of the huge number of transmitter positions of the moving towed-streamer EM system, and, correspondingly, the huge number of forward and inverse problems needed to be solved for every transmitter position over the large areas of the survey. We overcame this problem by exploiting the fact that a towed-streamer EM system’s sensitivity domain is significantly smaller than the area of the towed-streamer EM survey. This approach makes it possible to invert entire towed-streamer EM surveys with no approximations into high-resolution 3D geoelectrical sea-bottom models. We present an actual case study for the 3D anisotropic inversion of towed-streamer EM data from the Troll field in the North Sea.

Abstract In 2008, a coordinated census of Jackdaw Corvus monedula was carried out to assess breeding population, distribution and nest site selection in Slovenia. Data collection continued for unsurveyed areas in the 2009-2011 period, including information on former colonies and threats. A total of 663-794 Jackdaw pairs were recorded at 86 sites, while total Slovene breeding population was estimated to be in the range of 700-900 pairs. Over one third of pairs were recorded in Central Slovenia, notably the largest city Ljubljana (20.8%), followed by almost a quarter in the Podravje region. Most colonies numbered between 2 and 5 pairs, the largest occupying the Bežigrad district of Ljubljana (82-87 pairs). Large-scale density in geographically more or less uniform areas ranged from 3.65 pairs/10 km2 in the Sava plain to 0.15 pairs/10 km2 in mostly mountainous area in northern Slovenia. The majority of Jackdaws selected buildings for nesting (82.2% of pairs), while nesting in trees occurred less frequently (14.7%) and was almost entirely confined to the two easternmost regions of Slovenia. Nesting in cliffs was recorded at just two sites in Slovene Istria (3.1%). Average colony size differed significantly in relation to nest site type, with colonies in rock walls being on average the largest (median = 9.5 pairs), followed by colonies on buildings (6) and those in trees the smallest (3). Among pairs nesting on buildings, multi-storey residential buildings predominated (34.2%). A substantial percentage of population nested also on churches and tower blocks (14.4% and 13.5%, respectively). The highest percentage of pairs utilised holes in roofs (26.9%), followed by eaves (18.0%) and chimney pots (14.7%). Tree-nesting pairs occupied mostly small woods situated in open agricultural landscape. The most commonly used tree species was Beech Fagus sylvatica (53.1% of pairs) which hosted 14 of the total 16 forest colonies. For Jackdaws nesting in urban parks and avenues, plane trees Platanus sp. were the most important (30.6% of pairs). Their population stronghold was in lowlands, with 88.1% of pairs recorded at elevations under 400 m and the highest living colony in Slovenia at 578 m a.s.l. Jackdaws occurred on at least 54 specific sites in the past but became extinct there or declined severely by the time of this study. A minimum of 217-254 pairs were estimated lost at these sites, constituting a decline of 24% in c. 10-20 years. According to the IUCN criteria, Jackdaw would qualify as Vulnerable (VU) on the Red List of Slovenia. The commonest known cause of extinction/decline is renovation of buildings, a threat that is projected to escalate in the near future.

Foundation is a part of an engineering changes system that continuing load supported by the load itself into the land/ground and rocks that located underneath. High level building are usually built using deep foundation likely : bore pile or stake pile, but there are also high level building that are built on raft foundation that is one of shallow foundation. Function of Raft foundation is to spread out the load from land structure underneath that consist of widespread single plate, and support structure load upward (Aratus, 2004). Building are usually have tower and podium side which the load is different. The aims of this study are for comparison the settlement happen on flecible raft pile foundation in accordance with the load that are borne by themselves. If the load that are borne bigger than tower, therefore the settlement which happen are also bigger compared with the settlement on podium area. the reduction in the length of the pile obtained also differ between the tower and the podium so that savings can be made in terms of cost.AbstrakFondasi merupakan bagian dari suatu sistem rekayasa yang meneruskan beban yang ditopang serta beratnya sendiri ke dalam tanah dan batuan yang terletak di bawahnya. Bangunan bertingkat tinggi biasanya dibangun menggunakan fondasi dalam seperti tiang bor atau tiang pancang, tetapi ada juga bangunan bertingkat tinggi yang dibangun di atas fondasi rakit yang merupakan salah satu dari fondasi dangkal. Fondasi rakit berfungsi untuk menyebarkan beban dari struktur tanah di bawahnya yang terdiri dari pelat tunggal yang meluas, yang mendukung beban struktur di atasnya. Bangunan gedung biasanya memiliki bagian tower dan podium yang bebannya berbeda. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk membandingkan penurunan yang terjadi pada fondasi tiang rakit fleksibel sesuai dengan beban yang dipikulnya. Apabila beban yang di pikul lebih besar seperti tower maka penurunan yang terjadi juga lebih besar, dibangdingkan dengan penurunan pada daerah podium. Selain dibandingkan penurunannya panjang tiang yang didapat juga berbeda antara bagian tower dan podium sehingga dapat dilakukan penghematan dari segi biaya.

Caricin Grad, Justiniana Prima, urban planning, fortification, settlement, aerial photography, geophysical surveys, LiDAR, photogrammetry, excavations, GIS. Thanks to the application of modern non-destructive sensing and detection methods, in recent years a series of new data on urban planning in Caricin Grad was obtained. For the most part, the current research programme studies the Upper Town?s northern plateau, wooded until recently and hence the only previously unexplored unit of the city. In the course of this programme, the classical research method - the excavations started in 2009 - is for the first time combined with the systematic application of airborne and terrestrial sensing and detection techniques. The analysis of historic aerial photographs and topographic plans proved to be very useful as well. Along with them, LiDAR-derived DTMs, photogrammetric DEMs, different geophysical and orthophotographic plans are stored in the GIS database for Caricin Grad and the Leskovac Basin. In this way almost 80 percent of the plateau area was defined, and the obtained plan is hypothetical only to a small extent, which particularly refers to the unexcavated northern rampart of the Upper Town. Each source provided relevant information for the reconstruction of both the rampart and the settlement, which points to the value of a holistic approach to documentation from various dates. The first source to be studied were archival aerial photographs of Caricin Grad from 1938 and 1947 (Figs. 1, 2.1). The latter one was originally processed by Aleksandar Deroko and Svetozar Radojci}, who drew the plan of the town after it, labelling the unexplored Upper Town?s northern plateau as ?a probable habitation area?. The route of the northern rampart was aslo rather precisely determined by the authors (Fig. 2.2). Recently, these photographs were rectified and georeferenced in the GIS. The 1938 shot reveals the position of some towers as well, and it is also indicative of the way of construction of certain buildings. From the spatial layout of whitish zones, originating from mortar scattered along the slope, it can be deduced which buildings were constructed in opus mixtum - the horreum and the so-called Building with Pillars east of it. Traces of mortar can be observed along the route of the rampart too. These archival images are particularly important because they record the topography of the site before it was filled with heaps of earth from the excavations. The topographic mappings of this area were conducted in 1981 and 2006 (Fig. 3). The first plan was drawn after an airborne stereophotogrammetric survey of Caricin Grad, and in 2006, after the wood was cut down, this whole area was surveyed with the total station, with a density of nine points per square meter. This survey also resulted in a 3D terrain model (Fig. 3.2) indicating the layout of the buildings, which was to be proved by geophysical surveys and archaeological excavations. In the course of the Serbian-French reaearch programme, in 2007 geomagnetic surveys were carried out by Alain Kermorvan of the University of Tours. Thanks to the application of this method the remains of collapsed stone structures could be observed, and in 2015, in cooperation with the Roman-Germanic Central Museum, Mainz, and the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute from Vienna, the middle and eastern parts of the plateau were scanned with GPR (Fig. 4.2). Precise plans of the buildings were obtained in the areas in which LiDAR scanning and photogrammetric and geomagnetic surveys failed to produce clear images. Within the framework of the ArchaeoLandscapes Europe project, in 2011 we managed to organise an airborne LiDAR survey of the wider area of Caricin Grad. With its density of some 20 points per square meter, this scanning proved to be crucial for our comprehension of the town. The standard DTM provided numerous important data, especially its version calculated in the focal statistics function of the ArcGIS software package (Fig. 5. 1-2). These models show not only the route of the Upper Town?s northern rampart, the position of its towers and the layout of the buildings, but also the line of the Outer Town?s western rampart. Visible only in the DTM, this entirely new aspect of the Caricin Grad fortification has been attested by the excavations. Highly important plans of the town, and of the northern plateau of the Upper Town in particular, were obtained by UAV photogrammetric surveys. The first drone survey was conducted in 2014 within the scope of the same project. It resulted in a cloud with up to 1,600 points per square meter (Fig. 6.1-2). Unlike the LiDAR technology, photogrammetry cannot penetrate vegetation; therefore the preliminary clearing of the ground proved to be a most important step. After the 2015 campaign was finished, the excavation area in the Upper Town was documented again in the same manner. Regular photogrammetric surveys make possible the control of the works and reliable visual monitoring of the progress of exploration (Fig. 9). After the wood was cut down in 2006 and enormous heaps of earth from twentieth-century excavations and restoration works were carefully removed by machinery in 2008 and 2010, without disturbing the original layers of debris, wide excavations could begin. At first only the humus layer was removed from fifteen-meter squares, which was followed by technical drawing. In 2009 and 2010 we did not explore the debris or the cultural layers (Fig. 7.1-2). The additional two squares were opened and documented in the same fashion in 2011, when previously recorded buildings 11 and 15C were explored in detail, together with the part of the corridor between them where a bread oven was found. These buildings were oriented south-north, cascading along the mild slope towards the northern rampart of the Upper Town. Fragments of pithoi and carbonised fruits were found in the buildings, allowing for an economic interpretation. Judging by coinfinds, the buildings ended in fire after the year 602. Some of the buildings on the northern plateau were oriented differently, following the route of the northern rampart of the Acropolis in the east-west direction. In 2012 building 18 was excavated, leaning on the rampart. Rectangular in plan and some 12 by 7.5 meters large, it had a storey and a 7 by 5.5 meters spacious paved atrium in the west. Parallel to building 18 is building 20, the only one on the northern plateau constructed in opus mixtum. The two buildings are separated by a four-meter-wide street, running from east to west. This street, corridor 4, was partly cut in the rock. In some sections it had a substructure of fragmented debris. Building 20 has been carefully excavated for several years now. After the initial documenting, the surface layer of debris was removed, but not the collapsed structures with characteristic construction details; to the east of the building a collapsed wall was uncovered, containing as many as eight successive rows of stone and brick. Beneath these layers are the occupation ones, so far investigated only to a small extent. Building 20 is rectangular in plan, covering 25 by 12.5 meters. In its central axis there is a row of masonry pillars, dividing the building into two naves. On its western side there was a vestibule with a pair of doors matching the main entrances to the building. In the back of the vestibule, between these entrances and in axis with the pillars, there was a staircase. Adetailed analysis of these features led us to conclude that building 20 was a horreum, the first such edifice to be discovered in Caricin Grad. Taking into account the details of its ground plan, pillars, parts of collapsed walls and especially arches, it will be possible to reconstruct the original form of the horreum. Judging by the existing estimate, although somewhat rough, it was 13.5 meters high. It could be observed that in its later phases the horreum was partitioned into several rooms, and some of its entrances were walled up. In the vestibule only these later occupation phases were documented, as the original brick pavement was removed from its northern part. This was followed by a significant accumulation of cultural layers, which were sealed by the debris stratum. South of the horreum there is a spacious courtyard connected with the western street of the Upper Town. The Upper Town?s northern rampart has never been graphically reconstructed, despite the fact that Aleksandar Deroko and Svetozar Radojci} published its accurate (although schematic) ground plan as early as 1950 (Fig. 2.2). This part of the town has gradually been left out of the research focus, mainly due to the vegetation growth. Upon employing all the methods described above, however, it is possible to undertake such an effort. The ideal reconstruction suggested here includes the rampart route, the disposition and the form of the towers, and the possible locations of the posterns. The line of the rampart can be traced following the trenches left by the locals dismantling the walls. Only the section of the northwestern rampart in front of the western postern of the Acropolis cannot be presented, being still covered by massive earth deposits. On the other hand, the recently discovered western rampart of the Outer Town can be traced to its full length in the LiDAR-derived DTM. Its form can be easily reconstructed on the basis of the results of the 2012 excavations and the section of the same rampart uncovered east of the main fortifications in 1955-56 (Fig. 8). Having studied the microtopography of the terrain, we were able to determine the position of a number of towers. They were clearly indicated by bumps, regularly distributed along the northern and northeastern sections of the rampart. The position of the tower below the Acropolis? western postern could be easily determined as well, unlike the position of the tower opposite to the horseshoe-shaped one of the Acropolis fortification. Yet, it is hard to imagine that a hundred-meter-long section of the rampart was left unprotected. The rectangular shape of the towers is suggested because almost all the towers of the town?s outer fortification were constructed in that way. On the other hand, at present we cannot exclude the possibility that some towers were different, horseshoe-shaped in plan, like the ones on the Acropolis rampart. The disposition of the towers along the northeastern rampart of the Upper Town, in the area where the northern street presumably met the fortification, is not clear. This part of the site still lies under massive heaps of earth, and even the 1938 and 1947 aerial photographs are not indicative enough in this regard. However, the tower(s) might have been erected there, not only because the eighty-meter-long stretch of the rampart would be left without protection in an opposite scenario, but because it is likely that the northern street ended in a gate, or at least a postern. It is already known that some of the posterns on the Caric in Grad fortifications were defended by towers. The average distance between the towers of the town?s main fortification extends from 20 meters on the southern to 40 meters on the western rampart of the Lower Town; in our reconstruction the average interval on the Upper Town?s northern rampart is 44 meters. Another argument is that this gate might have connected the Upper and the Outer Towns. The position of the second postern is determined thanks to a depression in the terrain following the axis of another communication route in the Upper Town, leading from corridor 4 and running towards the north along the rows of buildings. Finally, the 3.8 meter width of the rampart in the section adjoining the northern tower of the Upper Town?s eastern gate may only indicate a staircase, the last reconstructed fortification element. On the plateau stretching between the northern ramparts of the Acropolis and the Upper Town fortifications a settlement developed with its radially distributed rows of buildings cascading down the slope. In the eastern part of the plateau there is the horreum, adjoined from the east by another building - the storage called Building with Pillars. Larger than the other buildings and constructed in opus mixtum, the two buildings follow the route of the Upper Town?s northern street, all of which indicates that they belong to the initial construction phase. One should not exclude the possibility that this part of the town was originally conceived as an economic district with storages and similar edifices. By all appearances, the original concept was soon abandoned. Already at the time of Justinian a settlement of numerous smaller buildings was created. With their walls of stone and wattle and daub, the buildings were roofed with tiles. Yet one should underscore that this construction phase, although less sophisticated than the first one, was accomplished according to a previously prepared plan; the spread of the buildings speaks to that effect. Shortly afterwards, if not at the same time, buildings were erected along the outer face of the Acropolis rampart - a clear indication of abandoning urban planning (Fig. 9). Public space was turned into private, in spite of the legal proscriptions of that time. During the last phase of the town?s life the buildings described, whether public or private, were partitioned into small rooms, often with fireplaces and with some of their entrances walled up. Just like the edifices constructed in opus mixtum, some of the more modest buildings from the second construction phase were used to store food - namely buildings 11 and 15C. The plan of this part of the site points to an organised settlement, most probably inhabited by persons servicing a significant clergy and administration. On the other hand, except for some houses - such as building 18 - small buildings along the Acropolis fortification, facing the main street, corridor 4, might have served as shops and workshops. Traces of furnaces, slag and bone working were also encountered in this area. The parallel application of classical research methods and modern techniques of sensing and detection enabled the reconstruction of the northern rampart and the urban matrix of the Upper Town?s northern plateau. Until recently among the least known parts of the town, this unit can now be regarded as one of the best defined. This is important not only for our understanding of Caricin Grad (Justiniana Prima), but also for the study of Early Byzantine urban planning in general.

Ovid,Metamorphoses8.18, in which Scylla throws a tiny pebble against Megara's famous sounding tower, contains an exact, unique but unnoticed verbal echo of Helenus' description of the sea-monster Scylla's lair atAeneid3.432:resonantia saxa. The allusion tropes its own intertextual status as an ‘echo’ and contributes to the ludic confusion of the two Scyllas in this episode and elsewhere. The collision of the ‘tiny pebble’ with the Virgilian rocks further tropes the episode's elegiac and Callimachean recasting of epic material. The childishness of the game is also part of the self-conscious puerility of theMetamorphoses' poetics.

The paper reviews the main causes and factors affecting the rock mass movement processes. Based on instrumental surveys performed by specialized organizations it was established that the rock mass movement develops slowly and evenly without sinkholes and large cracks on the ground surface. The protection measures for buildings and facilities can be divided into two types: mine protection measures and structural measures. The main facilities at the Talnakh deposits that are subject to protection are generally located within the service sites for auxiliary ventilation, rock and material shafts. These facilities are used mainly for industrial purposes. Industrial buildings include, first of all, surface shaft facilities (buildings and the winding towers), hoist engine buildings, stowage facilities, large ventilation and compressor units, mechanical repair shops, electrical substations, administrative and amenity buildings, etc. Currently, the main protection measure for the above mentioned facilities is backfilling of the mined-out space with solidifying compounds, which drastically reduces the amount of deformations in the rock mass and on the ground surface and, as many years of experience have shown, ensures uninterrupted operation of most of the facilities within the mine impact zone without applying additional mining and structural protection measures.

The west Florida shelf (WFS; Gulf of Mexico, USA) is an important area for commercial and recreational fishing, yet much of it remains unmapped and unexplored, hindering effective monitoring of fish stocks. The goals of this study were to map the habitat at an intensively fished area on the WFS known as “The Elbow”, assess the differences in fish communities among different habitat types, and estimate the abundance of each fish taxa within the study area. High-resolution multibeam bathymetric and backscatter data were combined with high-definition (HD) video data collected from a near-bottom towed vehicle to characterize benthic habitat as well as identify and enumerate fishes. Two semi-automated statistical classifiers were implemented for obtaining substrate maps. The supervised classification (random forest) performed significantly better (p = 0.001; α = 0.05) than the unsupervised classification (k-means clustering). Additionally, we found it was important to include predictors at a range of spatial scales. Significant differences were found in the fish community composition among the different habitat types, with both substrate and vertical relief found to be important with rock substrate and higher relief areas generally associated with greater fish density. Our results are consistent with the idea that offshore hard-bottom habitats, particularly those of higher vertical relief, serve as “essential fish habitat”, as these rocky habitats account for just 4% of the study area but 65% of the estimated total fish abundance. However, sand contributes 35% to total fish abundance despite comparably low densities due to its large area, indicating the importance of including these habitats in estimates of abundance as well. This work demonstrates the utility of combining towed underwater video sampling and multibeam echosounder maps for habitat mapping and estimation of fish abundance.