Academic literature on the topic 'Rock-ice avalanches'
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Journal articles on the topic "Rock-ice avalanches"
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Caplan-Auerbach, Jacqueline, and Christian Huggel. "Precursory seismicity associated with frequent, large ice avalanches on Iliamna volcano, Alaska, USA." Journal of Glaciology 53, no. 180 (2007): 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756507781833866.
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AbstractSince 1994, at least six major (volume >106m3) ice and rock avalanches have occurred on Iliamna volcano, Alaska, USA. Each of the avalanches was preceded by up to 2 hours of seismicity believed to represent the initial stages of failure. Each seismic sequence begins with a series of repeating earthquakes thought to represent slip on an ice–rock interface, or between layers of ice. This stage is followed by a prolonged period of continuous ground-shaking that reflects constant slip accommodated by deformation at the glacier base. Finally the glacier fails in a large avalanche. Some of the events appear to have entrained large amounts of rock, while others comprise mostly snow and ice. Several avalanches initiated from the same source region, suggesting that this part of the volcano is particularly susceptible to failure, possibly due to the presence of nearby fumaroles. Although thermal conditions at the time of failure are not well constrained, it is likely that geothermal energy causes melting at the glacier base, promoting slip and culminating in failure. The frequent nature and predictable failure sequence of Iliamna avalanches makes the volcano an excellent laboratory for the study of ice avalanches. The prolonged nature of the seismic signal suggests that warning may one day be given for similar events occurring in populated regions.
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Aaron, Jordan, and Oldrich Hungr. "Dynamic analysis of an extraordinarily mobile rock avalanche in the Northwest Territories, Canada." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 53, no. 6 (June 2016): 899–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0371.
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The pre-historic rock avalanche at Avalanche Lake was a spectacularly mobile rock avalanche that resulted in the largest documented runup of any landslide on earth. The runout of the 200 Mm3 event was a complex and three-dimensional process that created three distinct depositional lobes. There is some controversy as to whether the presence of glacial ice played an important role in the dynamics of this event. To investigate this hypothesis an advanced, three-dimensional numerical landslide runout model was used to reconstruct the dynamics of this event. It was found that a conventional runout model is able to reproduce the bulk characteristics of this event, including its spectacular runup, without accounting for glacial ice. A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the factors that control the mobility of this event. It was found that low strength in the source zone, as well as the presence of significant internal strength, is required to reproduce the 600 m runup. This has important implications for the hazard analysis of rock avalanches. It appears as though large-volume rock avalanches can move with a friction angle lower than that expected for dry fragmented rock, and the runout process can be strongly influenced by internal strength. These important factors must be accounted for when performing forward analyses of this type of natural disaster.
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Kaiser, P. K., and J. V. Simmons. "A reassessment of transport mechanisms of some rock avalanches in the Mackenzie Mountains, Yukon and Northwest Territories, Canada." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 27, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t90-012.
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The transport mechanism of some rock avalanches of the Mackenzie Mountains in the Yukon and Northwest Territories of Canada is reassessed on the basis of evidence collected during fieldwork and by comparison with results from numerical simulations of the debris flow mechanism. A new hypothesis of glaciation-related transport is advanced as an alternate explanation of apparently very mobile rock avalanches with anomalous travel distances. By the example of the Avalanche Lake slide, it is demonstrated that the debris was most likely not deposited on the current topography but on valley glacier ice at an elevation of about 400–500 m above the valley bottom. This conclusion is supported by field evidence, an empirical runup relationship, and the results from numerical flow simulations. A qualitative interpretation of other debris deposits suggests that several events in the Mackenzie Mountains can be interpreted in the same manner. Key words: rock avalanches, rock slides, debris transport, debris flow modelling, Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories.
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Bhardwaj, Anshuman, and Lydia Sam. "Reconstruction and Characterisation of Past and the Most Recent Slope Failure Events at the 2021 Rock-Ice Avalanche Site in Chamoli, Indian Himalaya." Remote Sensing 14, no. 4 (February 16, 2022): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14040949.
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Frequent ice avalanche events are being reported across the globe in recent years. On the 7 February 2021, a flash flood triggered by a rock-ice avalanche with an unusually long runout distance, caused significant damage of life and property in the Tapovan region of the Indian Himalaya. Using multi-temporal satellite datasets, digital terrain models (DTMs) and simulations, here we report the pre-event and during-event flow characteristics of two large-scale avalanches within a 5-year interval at the slope failure site. Prior to both the events, we observed short-term and long-term changes in surface velocity (SV) with maximum SVs increasing up to over 5 times the normal values. We further simulated the events to understand their mechanical characteristics leading to long runouts. In addition to its massive volume, the extraordinary magnitude of the 2021 event can partly be attributed to the possible remobilisation and entrainment of the colluvial deposits from previous ice and snow avalanches. The anomalous SVs should be explored further for their suitability as a possible remotely observable precursor of ice avalanches from hanging glaciers. This sequence of events highlights that there is a need to take into account the antecedent conditions, while making a holistic assessment of the hazard.
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Agatova, Anna, Roman Nepop, Dmitry Ganyushkin, Demberel Otgonbayar, Semen Griga, and Ivan Ovchinnikov. "Specific Effects of the 1988 Earthquake on Topography and Glaciation of the Tsambagarav Ridge (Mongolian Altai) Based on Remote Sensing and Field Data." Remote Sensing 14, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14040917.
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Strong earthquakes could serve as a trigger for glacier detachment and associated ice–rock avalanches. The 1988 Tsambagarav earthquake (M = 6.4) initiated collapse of part of the glacier tongue and a further ice–rock avalanche with an abnormal 5 km long path in Zuslan valley, Tsambagarav ridge (Mongolian Altai). Early documentation of surface effects in 1988, remote sensing and field data gathered 16 and 30 years after this event allowed for the assessment of the seismic impact on a reduction of “damaged” glacier under conditions of global warming as well as estimating topography changes in this arid and seismically active area. Because of the earthquake, the glacier immediately lost 10.4 % of its area (0.1 km2 of tongue surface). Additionally, 56% of its area was lost during 1988–2015, shrinking much faster than neighboring glaciers of similar size and exposition. Collapse of snow–ice cornice in the accumulation zone could play a key role in rapid acceleration of the detached ice block and abnormally long path of the ice–rock avalanche. A large amount of debris material provided more than 16 years of ice melting. Downstream, the valley avalanche debris cover repeats the topography of underlying Pleistocene moraines, which should be considered in regional paleogeographical reconstructions.
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Hewitt, Kenneth. "Quaternary Moraines vs Catastrophic Rock Avalanches in the Karakoram Himalaya, Northern Pakistan." Quaternary Research 51, no. 3 (May 1999): 220–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1999.2033.
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AbstractA history and conception of glacial events for the central Karakoram Himalaya, proposed some 80 years ago by Giotto Dainelli, are largely accepted today. However, certain deposits identified as terminal moraine complexes marking glacial episodes were actually emplaced by rock avalanches. In the Skardu and Shigar intermontane basins of Baltistan, at least 15 rock avalanche events were previously mapped as moraine or till. Criteria used for distinguishing these catastrophic landslide deposits emphasize homogeneous lithology of rubble and matrix, clast shape, facies characteristics, the large scale unity of emplacement, and morphological relations to valley topography. The deposits of three events, at Katzarah, Satpura, and the north end of Shigar Valley, have been reconstructed in detail. Thick supraglacial debris does not result in similar deposits. Extensive valley fills, river terraces, large sediment fans, and lacustrine sediments formerly attributed to late-glacial conditions are reinterpreted as postglacial events involving rock avalanches that interrupted fluvial development. Existing reconstructions of glaciations are left in doubt, especially late-glacial events in the central Karakoram, as are the roles assigned to Karakoram, main Indus Valley, and western Himalayan ice.
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Pudasaini, Shiva P., and Michael Krautblatter. "A two-phase mechanical model for rock-ice avalanches." Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 119, no. 10 (October 2014): 2272–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jf003183.
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Toney, Liam, David Fee, Kate E. Allstadt, Matthew M. Haney, and Robin S. Matoza. "Reconstructing the dynamics of the highly similar May 2016 and June 2019 Iliamna Volcano (Alaska) ice–rock avalanches from seismoacoustic data." Earth Surface Dynamics 9, no. 2 (April 8, 2021): 271–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-271-2021.
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Abstract. Surficial mass wasting events are a hazard worldwide. Seismic and acoustic signals from these often remote processes, combined with other geophysical observations, can provide key information for monitoring and rapid response efforts and enhance our understanding of event dynamics. Here, we present seismoacoustic data and analyses for two very large ice–rock avalanches occurring on Iliamna Volcano, Alaska (USA), on 22 May 2016 and 21 June 2019. Iliamna is a glacier-mantled stratovolcano located in the Cook Inlet, ∼200 km from Anchorage, Alaska. The volcano experiences massive, quasi-annual slope failures due to glacial instabilities and hydrothermal alteration of volcanic rocks near its summit. The May 2016 and June 2019 avalanches were particularly large and generated energetic seismic and infrasound signals which were recorded at numerous stations at ranges from ∼9 to over 600 km. Both avalanches initiated in the same location near the head of Iliamna's east-facing Red Glacier, and their ∼8 km long runout shapes are nearly identical. This repeatability – which is rare for large and rapid mass movements – provides an excellent opportunity for comparison and validation of seismoacoustic source characteristics. For both events, we invert long-period (15–80 s) seismic signals to obtain a force-time representation of the source. We model the avalanche as a sliding block which exerts a spatially static point force on the Earth. We use this force-time function to derive constraints on avalanche acceleration, velocity, and directionality, which are compatible with satellite imagery and observed terrain features. Our inversion results suggest that the avalanches reached speeds exceeding 70 m s−1, consistent with numerical modeling from previous Iliamna studies. We lack sufficient local infrasound data to test an acoustic source model for these processes. However, the acoustic data suggest that infrasound from these avalanches is produced after the mass movement regime transitions from cohesive block-type failure to granular and turbulent flow – little to no infrasound is generated by the initial failure. At Iliamna, synthesis of advanced numerical flow models and more detailed ground observations combined with increased geophysical station coverage could yield significant gains in our understanding of these events.
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Leinss, Silvan, Enrico Bernardini, Mylène Jacquemart, and Mikhail Dokukin. "Glacier detachments and rock-ice avalanches in the Petra Pervogo range, Tajikistan (1973–2019)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 5 (May 5, 2021): 1409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1409-2021.
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Abstract. Glacier detachments are a rare, but hazardous, phenomenon of glacier instability, whereof only a handful have been documented to date. Common to all known cases is that many million cubic meters of ice detached from the bed of relatively low-angle valley glaciers and turned into long-runout mass flows. Recently, two such detachments were observed in the Petra Pervogo range in Tajikistan. Using a variety of satellite imagery, including Landsat 1–8, Sentinel-2, ASTER, TanDEM-X, WorldView, and Keyhole, we characterized these events and identified in total 17 mass flows involving glacier ice (detachments, ice, and rock-ice avalanches; rock avalanches falling on glaciers) that clustered in four different catchments between 1973 and 2019. The runout distances range from 2 to 19 km, and the largest detached glacier volume was 8.8×106 m3. A total of 11 out of 13 detachments, ice, or rock-ice avalanches occurred between July and September in years with mean annual air temperatures above the trend of the past 46 years. The relatively large number of locally clustered events indicates that the Petra Pervogo range has particularly favorable conditions for glacier instabilities. The images and geology of the region suggest that easily erodible lithologies are widespread. These soft lithologies may be also one reason for the high density of surging glaciers in the Petra Pervogo range and the wider Pamir region. We conclude that high temperatures, combined with soft, fine-grained sediments, may increase the likelihood of mass wasting events and appear to be critical factors facilitating the detachment of entire valley glaciers, whereas such events appear to be relatively robust against earthquakes for our study area. The observed recurrence of mass wasting events make the Petra Pervogo range a potential candidate to witness glacier detachments by field studies.
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Noetzli, Jeannette, Christian Huggel, Martin Hoelzle, and Wilfried Haeberli. "GIS-based modelling of rock-ice avalanches from Alpine permafrost areas." Computational Geosciences 10, no. 2 (May 9, 2006): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10596-005-9017-z.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Rock-ice avalanches"
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Sansone, Stefania. "One-dimensional modelling of rock-ice avalanches: mathematical features, numerical solutions, and strategies to enlarge the hyperbolic range." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/355223.
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Rock-ice avalanches are three-phase flows composed of rock, ice, and a liquid. As their occurrences might increase in the future due to climate change, constructing mathematical and numerical models able to simulate these flows could be necessary for good hazard assessment and management in cold mountainous regions. With this aim, in this work, a framework of simplified rock-ice avalanche models is derived from a complete three-phase approach by applying two assumptions. Thanks to these two hypotheses, we obtain five classes of simplified mathematical models that simplify the rock- ice avalanche physics with different levels of approximation. Among these simplified approaches, the mathematical model, which simplifies the flow dynamics to a lesser extent, is a new mathematical model for rock-ice avalanches. For numerical purposes, a detailed analysis of the eigenvalues is performed for the one-dimensional depth-integrated version of the proposed model. Results show that the proposed approach loses hyperbolicity for specific ranges of the flow variables. Due to this feature, numerical modelling is performed by maintaining the numerical solutions in the hyperbolic domain of the flow variables. In this way, we consider the uniformly accelerated flow and the small perturbation of the flow depth and ice concentration as test cases. Additionally, we implement three numerical methods to identify the numerical scheme that can solve the proposed model accurately and to compare the obtained numerical results with those associated with the other simplified rock-ice avalanche approaches. Finally, we apply the linear stability theory to the proposed model to investigate its potential ill-posedness in the ranges of the flow variables where hyperbolicity is lost. Since the proposed approach turns out to be ill-posed, the model regularization is performed by trying to recover its hyperbolicity through a strategy suggested for a two- phase gas-liquid model. Although this strategy can enlarge the hyperbolic flow-variable range, hyperbolicity is still lost for specific flow conditions.
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Schleier, Markus T. [Verfasser], Joachim [Akademischer Betreuer] Rohn, and Reginald L. [Akademischer Betreuer] Hermanns. "Rock-slope failures in Innerdalen and Innfjorddalen, western Norway: rock-slope instabilities and rock avalanches in a changing landscape following the melt down of the Scandinavian ice sheet / Markus, T. Schleier. Gutachter: Joachim Rohn ; Reginald, L. Hermanns." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2016. http://d-nb.info/1083259571/34.
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Allen, Simon Keith. "Geomorphic Hazards associated with Glacial Change, Aoraki/Mount Cook region Southern Alps, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3087.
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Glacial floods and mass movements of ice, rock or debris are a significant hazard in many populated mountainous regions, often with devastating impacts upon human settlements and infrastructure. In response to atmospheric warming, glacial retreat and permafrost thaw are expected to alter high mountain geomorphic processes, and related instabilities. In the Aoraki/Mount Cook region of New Zealand's Southern Alps, a first investigation of geomorphic hazards associated with glacial change is undertaken and is based primarily on the use of remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for mapping, modelling, and analysing related processes and terrain. Following a comprehensive review of available techniques, remote sensing methods involving the use Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Radiometer (ASTER) imagery were applied to map glacial ice, lakes and debris accumulations in the Aoraki/Mount Cook region. Glacial lakes were mapped from two separate classification techniques using visible near infrared wavelengths, capturing highly turbid and clearer water bodies. Large volume (10⁶– 10⁸ m³) proglacial lakes have developed rapidly over recent decades, with an overall 20 % increase in lake area recorded between 2002 and 2006, increasing the potential for large mass movement impacts and flooding from displaced water. Where significant long-term glacial recession has occurred, steep moraines have been exposed, and large talus slopes occupy formerly glaciated slopes at higher elevations. At the regional-scale, these potential source areas for debris instabilities were distinguished from surrounding bedrock slopes based on image texture variance. For debris and ice covered slopes, potentially unstable situations were classified using critical slope thresholds established from international studies. GIS-based flow routing was used to explore possible intersections between zones of human use and mass movement or flood events, assuming worst-case, probable maximum runout distances. Where glacial lakes are dammed by steep moraine or outwash gravel, primarily in cirque basins east of the Main Divide, modelled debris flows initiated by potential flood events did not reach any infrastructure. Other potential peri- and para-glacial debris flows from steep moraines or talus slopes can reach main roads and buildings. The direct hazard from ice avalanches is restricted to backcountry huts and walking tracks, but impacts into large glacial lakes are possible, and could produce a far reaching hazard, with modelled clear water flood-waves capable of reaching village infrastructure and main roads both east and west of the Main Divide. A numerical modelling approach for simulating large bedrock failures has been introduced, and offers potential with which to examine possible lake impacts and related scenarios. Over 500 bedrock slope failures were analysed within a GIS inventory, revealing distinct patterns in geological and topographic distribution. Rock avalanches have occurred most frequently from greywacke slopes about and east of the Main Divide, particularly from slopes steeper than 50°, and appear the only large-magnitude failure mechanism above 2500 m. In the schist terrain west of the Main Divide, and at lower elevations, other failure types predominate. The prehistoric distribution of all failure types suggests a preference for slopes facing west to northwest, and is likely to be strongly influenced by earthquake generated failures. Over the past 100 years, seismicity has not been a factor, and the most failures have been as rock avalanches from slopes facing east to southeast, particularly evident from the glaciated, and potentially permafrost affected hangingwall of the Main Divide Fault Zone. An initial estimate of permafrost distribution based on topo-climatic relationships and calibrated locally using mean annual air temperature suggested permafrost may extend down to elevations of 3000 m on sunny slopes, and as low as 2200 m on shaded slopes near the Main Divide. A network of 15 near-surface rock temperature sensors was installed on steep rock walls, revealing marginal permafrost conditions (approaching 0 °C) extending over a much larger elevation range, occurring even where air temperature is likely to remain positive, owing to extreme topographic shading. From 19 rock failures observed over the past 100 years, 13 detachment zones were located on slopes characterized by marginal permafrost conditions, including a sequence of 4 failures that occurred during summer 2007/08, in which modelled bedrock temperatures near the base of the detachments were in the range of 1.4 to +2.5 °C. Ongoing monitoring of glacial and permafrost conditions in the Aoraki/Mount Cook region is encouraged, with more than 45 km2 of extremely steep slopes (>50°) currently ice covered or above modelled permafrost elevation limits. Approaches towards modelling and analysing glacial hazards in this region are considered to be most applicable within other remote mountain regions, where seismicity and steep topography combine with possible destabilizing influences of glacial recession and permafrost degradation.
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Dykstra, Jesse Leif. "The Post-LGM Evolution of Milford Sound, Fiordland, New Zealand: Timing of Ice Retreat, the Role of Mass Wasting & Implications for Hazards." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9282.
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The plate-boundary Alpine Fault runs immediately offshore of the popular tourist destination of Milford Sound, which is visited by more than half a million tourists each year. Glaciers retreated from the fiord between ~24-16 ka, leaving behind a legacy of extreme topography, including some of the world's highest sea cliffs, which tower nearly 2 km above the fiord. Visitors come to view the spectacularly steep and rugged landscape, with many cruising the fiord by boat.
This project utilizes surface exposure dating (TCND) of glacially modified surfaces, to gain further insight into the glacier retreat history of Milford Sound. Exposure dates from strategic locations near the entrance to the fiord indicate that the main trunk glacier had retreated about 9 km from its peak LGM position by ~18 ka. Additional TCND and calibrated Schmidt Hammer data from a range of positions within the Milford catchment provide strong evidence that the main trunk glacier receded rapidly after about 18 ka, retreating a further 16 km to a position near the present-day confluence of the Tutoko and Cleddau rivers, by ~16 ka.
Available seismic reflection data suggest that post-glacial sediment infill has been strongly influenced by massive deposits of rock avalanche debris. New high-resolution bathymetric and seismic reflection data reveals the presence of at least 18 very large post-glacial rock avalanche deposits which blanket ~40% of the fiord bottom. Geomorphic mapping and field investigation reveal the presence of at least ten additional very large to giant terrestrial landslide deposits in the lower Milford catchment; radiocarbon and surface exposure dating indicate that these events occurred during the Holocene, between ~9-1 ka. Ages of six of these deposits are in agreement with published rupture dates on the southern on-shore portion of the Alpine Fault.
Books on the topic "Rock-ice avalanches"
Book chapters on the topic "Rock-ice avalanches"
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Yang, Qingqing, Zhiman Su, Zhihao Li, and Hongwei Liu. "Influence of Ice Content on the Run-Out of Rock-Ice Avalanches." In Advancing Culture of Living with Landslides, 587–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53498-5_68.
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Schleier, Markus, Reginald L. Hermanns, and Joachim Rohn. "Rock Avalanches in a Changing Landscape Following the Melt Down of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet, Norway." In Advancing Culture of Living with Landslides, 369–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53483-1_44.
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Huntley, David, Peter Bobrowsky, Roger MacLeod, Drew Rotheram-Clarke, Robert Cocking, Jamel Joseph, Jessica Holmes, et al. "IPL Project 202: Landslide Monitoring Best Practices for Climate-Resilient Railway Transportation Corridors in Southwestern British Columbia, Canada." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 1, 2022, 249–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16898-7_18.
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AbstractThe paper outlines landslide mapping and change-detection monitoring protocols based on the successes of ICL-IPL Project 202 in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. In this region, ice sheets, glaciers, permafrost, rivers and oceans, high relief, and biogeoclimatic characteristics contribute to produce distinctive landslide assemblages. Bedrock and drift-covered slopes along the transportation corridors are prone to mass-wasting when favourable conditions exist. In high-relief mountainous areas, rapidly moving landslides include rock and debris avalanches, rock and debris falls, debris flows and torrents, and lahars. In areas with moderate to low relief, rapid to slow mass movements include rockslides and slumps, debris or earth slides and slumps, and earth flows. Slow-moving landslides include rock glaciers, rock and soil creep, solifluction, and lateral spreads in bedrock and surficial deposits. Research in the Thompson River Valley aims to gain a better understanding of how geological conditions, extreme weather events and climate change influence landslide activity along the national railway corridor. Remote sensing datasets, consolidated in a geographic information system, capture the spatial relationships between landslide distribution and specific terrain features, at-risk infrastructure, and the environmental conditions expected to correlate with landslide incidence and magnitude. Reliable real-time monitoring solutions for critical railway infrastructure (e.g., ballast, tracks, retaining walls, tunnels and bridges) able to withstand the harsh environmental conditions of Canada are highlighted. The provision of fundamental geoscience and baseline geospatial monitoring allows stakeholders to develop robust risk tolerance, remediation, and mitigation strategies to maintain the resilience and accessibility of critical transportation infrastructure, while also protecting the natural environment, community stakeholders, and the Canadian economy. We conclude by proposing a best-practice solution involving three levels of investigation to describe the form and function of the wide range of rapid and slow-moving landslides occurring across Canada, which is also applicable elsewhere.
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Hermanns, Reginald L., Markus Schleier, Martina Böhme, Lars Harald Blikra, John Gosse, Susan Ivy-Ochs, and Paula Hilger. "Rock-Avalanche Activity in W and S Norway Peaks After the Retreat of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet." In Advancing Culture of Living with Landslides, 331–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53483-1_39.
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Sosio, Rosanna. "Rock–Snow–Ice Avalanches." In Landslide Hazards, Risks and Disasters, 191–240. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-396452-6.00007-0.
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Sosio, Rosanna. "Rock–snow–ice avalanches." In Landslide Hazards, Risks, and Disasters, 199–247. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818464-6.00007-x.
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Louchet, Francois. "Snow and Avalanches in a Climate Warming Context." In Snow Avalanches, 57–60. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866930.003.0007.
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We first show why current climate forecasting techniques, based on continuous extrapolations, are unreliable in the case of complex arrangements of interacting entities like the atmosphere–ocean system. By contrast, according to the well-established theory of dynamical systems, the observed present increase of fluctuations (as heat waves, droughts, tornadoes, forest fires) is a warning signal for an impending discontinuous climate tipping. A comparison with paleoclimatic events suggests that the atmospheric temperature would be likely to increase in this case by 6–9 °C in the next few years. In the transient period, the succession of heavy snow-falls and thawing episodes would favor spontaneous full-depth avalanches with larger run-out distances. After tipping into a new equilibrium, significantly warmer temperatures would shift snow-covered areas towards higher altitudes, probably by more than 1000 m, resulting in closure of a number of ski resorts. Glacier retreat and permafrost thawing would also enhance both ice and rock-fall frequency.
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Bartelt, P., M. Christen, Y. Bühler, and O. Buser. "Thermomechanical modelling of rock avalanches with debris, ice and snow entrainment." In Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering IX, 1047–54. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351003629-132.
Full textReports on the topic "Rock-ice avalanches"
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Huntley, D., D. Rotheram-Clarke, R. Cocking, J. Joseph, and P. Bobrowsky. Current research on slow-moving landslides in the Thompson River valley, British Columbia (IMOU 5170 annual report). Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331175.
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Interdepartmental Memorandum of Understanding (IMOU) 5170 between Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN), the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) and Transport Canada Innovation Centre (TC-IC) aims to gain new insight into slow-moving landslides, and the influence of climate change, through testing conventional and emerging monitoring technologies. IMOU 5107 focuses on strategically important sections of the national railway network in the Thompson River valley, British Columbia (BC), and the Assiniboine River valley along the borders of Manitoba (MN) and Saskatchewan (SK). Results of this research are applicable elsewhere in Canada (e.g., the urban-rural-industrial landscapes of the Okanagan Valley, BC), and around the world where slow-moving landslides and climate change are adversely affecting critical socio-economic infrastructure. Open File 8931 outlines landslide mapping and changedetection monitoring protocols based on the successes of IMOU 5170 and ICL-IPL Project 202 in BC. In this region, ice sheets, glaciers, permafrost, rivers and oceans, high relief, and biogeoclimatic characteristics contribute to produce distinctive rapid and slow-moving landslide assemblages that have the potential to impact railway infrastructure and operations. Bedrock and drift-covered slopes along the transportation corridors are prone to mass wasting when favourable conditions exist. In high-relief mountainous areas, rapidly moving landslides include rock and debris avalanches, rock and debris falls, debris flows and torrents, and lahars. In areas with moderate to low relief, rapid to slow mass movements include rockslides and slumps, debris or earth slides and slumps, and earth flows. Slow-moving landslides include rock glaciers, rock and soil creep, solifluction, and lateral spreads in bedrock and surficial deposits. Research efforts lead to a better understanding of how geological conditions, extreme weather events and climate change influence landslide activity along the national railway corridor. Combining field-based landslide investigation with multi-year geospatial and in-situ time-series monitoring leads to a more resilient railway national transportation network able to meet Canada's future socioeconomic needs, while ensuring protection of the environment and resource-based communities from landslides related to extreme weather events and climate change. InSAR only measures displacement in the east-west orientation, whereas UAV and RTK-GNSS change-detection surveys capture full displacement vectors. RTK-GNSS do not provide spatial coverage, whereas InSAR and UAV surveys do. In addition, InSAR and UAV photogrammetry cannot map underwater, whereas boat-mounted bathymetric surveys reveal information on channel morphology and riverbed composition. Remote sensing datasets, consolidated in a geographic information system, capture the spatial relationships between landslide distribution and specific terrain features, at-risk infrastructure, and the environmental conditions expected to correlate with landslide incidence and magnitude. Reliable real-time monitoring solutions for critical railway infrastructure (e.g., ballast, tracks, retaining walls, tunnels, and bridges) able to withstand the harsh environmental conditions of Canada are highlighted. The provision of fundamental geoscience and baseline geospatial monitoring allows stakeholders to develop robust risk tolerance, remediation, and mitigation strategies to maintain the resilience and accessibility of critical transportation infrastructure, while also protecting the natural environment, community stakeholders, and Canadian economy. We propose a best-practice solution involving three levels of investigation to describe the form and function of the wide range of rapid and slow-moving landslides occurring across Canada that is also applicable elsewhere. Research activities for 2022 to 2025 are presented by way of conclusion.