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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rock deformation'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Student, James John. "The Box Ankle and Ocmulgee shear zones of central Georgia: a study of geochemical response to Southern Appalachian deformation events." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09192009-040411/.

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2

Dorner, Dorothée. "Indentation methods in experimental rock deformation." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=970154216.

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3

Dewhurst, David Neil. "Noble gas behaviour during rock deformation." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1991. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315589.

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4

Holyoke, Caleb W. "Strain weakening in crustal and upper mantle lithologies : processes and consequences /." View online version; access limited to Brown University users, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3174620.

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5

Van, Alst Laura Jane. "Laboratory Experiments in Cold Temperature Rock Deformation." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12191.

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ix, 44 p. : ill. (some col.)<br>The physical weathering of rock in cryogenic regions through a process called ice segregation is important for understanding subglacial processes, landscape evolution and cold region engineering. Ice segregation was examined by freezing water-saturated cores of Eugene Formation sandstone at temperatures between -15° and -2°C. Cores between -8° and -5°C took 30-45 minutes to crack, while cores at warmer or cooler temperatures took either more than 90 minutes or did not crack at all. Numerical modeling shows that cores break under isothermal conditions. The results of this study suggest that previous models in which temperature gradients are held responsible for driving flow towards growing cracks are incomplete. I introduce a new model of ice segregation to explain how premelted liquids from smaller pores can migrate and contribute to the growth of large cracks. This dissertation includes unpublished material.<br>Committee in charge: Alan Rempel, Chairperson; Joshua Roering, Member; Rebecca Dorsey, Member

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6

Morgan, Sven S. "Strain path partitioning during forceful emplacement of the Papoose Flat pluton, Inyo Mountains, CA /." This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06302009-040224/.

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7

Yun, Xiaoyou 1965. "Geomechanical behaviour of biaxially loaded rock." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115913.

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The stress state at the boundary of any underground mine opening is that of plane stress. This planar state of stress can be simulated in laboratory by subjecting a cubic rock specimen to a biaxial loading condition. Thus, research on the behaviour of biaxially loaded rock is important for better understanding of the stability of mining fronts such as crown pillar skin, drift face or shaft floor.<br>The objective of this research is to study the geomechanical behaviour of biaxially loaded rock. Three rock types were selected, namely limestone, granite and sandstone.<br>The laboratory work was conducted using a newly developed, 500-tonne biaxial loading frame, that is equipped with a servo-controlled load and displacement system. Recently patented in China, the new biaxial loading frame is spatially symmetric and equally rigid in both directions. Steel brush platens and solid platens with and without MoS2 were developed to help examine the end friction effect on biaxial strength. It is found that the biaxial strength can decrease up to 26.7% with the increase of cubic specimen size from 75 mm to 150 mm. The biaxial strength increases by 29.3% with the increase of loading rate from 1 MPa/s to 10 MPa/s, for granite. The biaxial strength of granite specimen decreases by nearly 6% when either solid platens with MoS 2 lubricant or brush platens are used. A comparison of the sigma 1-sigma2 failure envelopes reveals that the shape of the envelope and the location of the peak biaxial strength are dependent on the rock type.<br>Varying intensities of rock spalling generally initiate at the free faces of the specimen when sigma1 and sigma2 exceed sigma c/2. Ultimate failure occurs in the form of an out-of-plane shear failure, which splits the rock specimen into two or more wedges.<br>It is shown that both Mohr-Coulomb and Hoek-Brown criteria underestimate the biaxial strength of the rock. The Drucker-Prager failure criterion appears to provide poor correlation with experimental results. A new empirical biaxial rock failure criterion for intact rock is derived and another, accounting for rock mass characteristics through the Geological Strength Index (GSI), is then proposed.

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8

Kalaghan, Theresa A. "Deformation in the striped rock pluton, southwest Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56190.

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The Striped Rock pluton of the late-Proterozoic Crossnore Plutonic-Volcanic suite is located beneath the Fries Thrust zone in the Blue Ridge province of southwest Virginia. The multiphase granite pluton has been affected by episodes of brittle and crystal plastic deformation at both the microscopic and mesoscopic scales. Brittle deformation preceded and postdated crystal plastic deformation. The pluton is cut by pervasive centimeter-scale cataclasite zones and ductile shear zones that vary in width from a few millimeters to several hundred meters. The majority of mylonite zones in the pluton strike east and northeast and are inclined moderately southeast. Cataclasite zones strike northeast and northwest. Deformation is most intense along the southern contact with the Cranberry gneiss where both pluton and country rock are deformed into a northeast-striking zone of mylonitic augen gneiss. The intensity of deformation decreases northwestward. Southeastdirected normal fault displacement is common to east and northeast-trending shear zones. A minor group of northwest-oriented shear zones dip moderately southwest and northeast and show sinistral, strike-slip displacement. Quartz-, chlorite- and stilpnomelane-filled cracks and veins with northeast and northwest trend uniformly overprint mylonite and cataclasite zones of all scales. Microstructure changes progressively with increasing strain. Feldspar grains are cut by at least two generations of mineralized, dilatant microcracks. Minerals precipitated in the early set of microcracks have undergone extensive crystal plastic deformation. Late-stage microcracks are filled with completely undeformed minerals. The spatial distribution of normal fault mylonite zones is geometrically consistent with generation during 1) late-Proterozoic extension, 2) Mesozoic extension, 3) rigid-body rotation during Paleozoic thrusting, or 4) "gravitational collapse" during Paleozoic thrusting. Field and microstructural evidence favor (4). The exact timing of deformation is not, however, well-constrained.<br>Master of Science

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9

Stormont, John Charles. "Gas permeability changes in rock salt during deformation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185159.

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A laboratory, field and numerical study of the changes in gas permeability which rock salt experiences during deformation is given. The laboratory tests involves gas permeability and porosity measurements coincident with hydrostatic and triaxial quasi-static, stress-rate controlled compression tests. The permeability and porosity of the as-received samples decrease significantly as a result of hydrostatic loading. These changes are largely irreversible, and are believed to "heal" or return the rock to a condition comparable to its undisturbed state. Deviatoric loading induces a dramatic change in pore structure. The permeability can increase more than 5 orders of magnitude over the initial (healed) state as the samples are loaded. The gas permeability changes are consistent with flow paths initially developing along the grain boundaries and then along axial secondary tensile cracks. The results from two sets of in situ gas permeability measurements from the underground workings of the WIPP Facility are given. The results consistently indicate that there is no measurable gas permeability prior to disturbing the rock by excavation. In the immediate vicinity of an excavation, the gas permeability can be 5 orders of magnitude greater than the undisturbed permeability. A numerical procedure to predict the in situ permeability is developed based on the results of the laboratory tests. The stress and strain fields surrounding excavations in rock salt, predicted with an elastoplastic model, are used in a model of gas permeability based on the equivalent channel model. The zone of the gas permeable rock is predicted well, but the magnitude of the gas permeability is underpredicted very near excavations. The gas permeability which develops in situ is principally a result of flow along dilated grain boundaries.

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10

Attfield, Peter Richard. "Mechanisms of shear zone deformation." Thesis, Keele University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253688.

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11

Rehermann, Pablo F. Sanz. "Modeling rock folding with large deformation frictional contact mechanics /." May be available electronically:, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.

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12

Arriagada, César. "Rotations tectoniques et déformation de l'avant arc des Andes centrales au cours du Cénozoïque = Rotaciones tectónicas y deformación del antearco en los Andes centrales durante el cenozoico /." Rennes : Géosciences Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb392302035.

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Th. doct.--Sci. de la terre--Rennes 1, 2003. Th. doct.--Ciencias, mention Geologia--Universidad de Chile, 2003.<br>Mention parallèle de titre ou de responsabilité : Rotaciones tectónicas y deformación del antearco en los Andes centrales durante el cenozoico. Textes en français et en anglais. Bibliogr. p. 301-308. Notes bibliogr. Résumé en français, en anglais et en espagnol.

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13

Brocka, Christopher G. "Laramide stress conditions and deformation mechanisms during the formation of Derby and Dallas Domes, Weiser Pass Quadrangle, Wind River Mountains, Wyoming." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4922.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on April 15, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.

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14

Drescher, Karsten. "An investigation into the mechanisms of time dependent deformation of hard rocks." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2002. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07082005-141037/.

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15

Bowler, S. "Deformation processes and strain in thrust systems." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379086.

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16

Li, Song. "Modeling fracture and deformation of brittle rock under compressive loading." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0014/NQ41619.pdf.

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17

Obee, Howard Kevin. "Fault rock and deformation studies of major continental fault system." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37804.

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18

Oden, M. I. "Studies of carbonate rock deformation Moine Thrust Zone, N.W. Scotland." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37806.

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19

Wu, Jian-Hong. "Numerical analysis of discontinuous rock masses using discontinuous deformation analysis." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149459.

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20

Roko, Raoul Olatounbossoun. "Roughness influence on strength and deformation behavior of rock discontinuities." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185322.

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The influence of discontinuity roughness on the shear strength and deformation behavior of rock joint is analyzed. The study is divided into three parts: laboratory direct shear test on rock samples having different roughness characteristics, characterization of roughness profiles using variogram and probability density distribution and the application of dynamical systems theory to analyze the stability condition of the sliding motion. The relative motion along the rough joint is erratic particularly at a low normal load. A steady motion develops as the normal load increases. The kinematics of translational motion has two distinct characteristics: the translation occurs as a result of a gross and uniform motion (sliding) and/or through localized inhomogeneous motion (slipping). Three modes of volumetric changes are observed during the tangential motion: a dilatant-contractant behavior with the overall volumetric change being strictly dilatant, a dilatant-contractant behavior with the overall volumetric change varying from dilatant to contractant and the strictly contractant behavior. The size of the sheared zones is a function of the distribution of the asperities and of the interface strength. The coefficient of friction decreases as the normal load increases. It may or may not increase when the normal load is decreased. The probability density distribution of the height of the interface asperities is not always Gaussian. The variation of the experimental distribution (histogram) indicates that the asperities are not necessarily sheared off in order of decreasing height but rather on the basis of the condition underlying the existence of contact. The slope of the initial portion of the variogram and the sill, when it exists, are used to characterize the surface morphology of the discontinuity. The lower the slope, the smoother the surface. Two types of anisotropy are observed: geometic anisotropy (elliptic shape) and zonal anisotropy. The rate of collapse of the boundary of the loop describing the roughness of the interface describes the deformation of the discontinuity. The location of the orbit with respect to the stagnation line depends on the normalized stiffness. As the normalized shear stiffness increases, the orbit tends to collapse towards the stagnation axis.

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21

Nyman, Matthew W. "The interaction between chemical and mechanical processes during metamorphism : a microstructural and petrologic study of amphibolite shear zones, Cheyenne Belt, Southeastern Wyoming /." Diss., This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10032007-171544/.

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22

Prior, D. J. "Deformation processes in the Alpine Fault mylonites, South Island, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384072.

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23

Murphy, Justin James. "Kinematics, partitioning and the relationship between velocity and strain in shear zones." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Summer2007/j_murphy_061907.pdf.

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24

Wallis, Simon Richard. "The structural and kinematic development of the Austroalpine-Pennine boundary, S.E. Tauern, Eastern Alps." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:853651c5-a746-41d0-9986-d288cf84fe29.

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The Eastern Alps are a belt of major deformation formed by the convergence and collision of Europe with the Adriatic microcontinent. A major tectonic boundary can be defined between the dominantly continental Austroalpine domain, which represents the northerly fringe of Adria; and the Pennine oceanic domain, which once lay between the Austroalpine domain and Europe. This boundary is one of the key areas for unravelling the convergent tectonic history of the Eastern Alps. The main emphasis of this thesis is on the deformational behaviour of the Austroalpine domain and its implications for the regional tectonic processes that were instrumental in forming the structure of the Eastern Alps. The data for this work are derived from structural and metamorphic studies in the S.E. Tauern in profiles straddling the boundary, and a review of the published regional geology. The first manifestation of convergence is the development of a broad zone of thickened crust, including both Pennine and Austroalpine units, which underwent Cretaceous burial metamorphism. Postdating this thermal event in the Austroalpine domain, there was a further phase of regional deformation, which caused substantial reduction in the structural thickness. To the south of the Tauern Window, a study of the associated kinematic development gives a minimum estimate of 10km for this thinning, which radiometric dating suggests took place while convergence was still active. A comparable 10km post-metamorphic thinning is suggested throughout the Austroalpine domain in the Eastern Alps by the shortfall in the overburden compared to the depth of burial indicated by the Cretaceous metamorphic conditions. Major extension in a dominantly convergent tectonic setting cannot be accounted for by the paradigm of plate tectonics and implies that body forces acting on the thickened crust of the destructive margin were a major driving force for deformation.

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25

Taron, Joshua Elsworth Derek. "Geophysical and geochemical analyses of flow and deformation in fractured rock." [University Park, Pa.] : Pennsylvania State University, 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-4552/index.html.

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26

Mortazavi, Ali. "Modelling of rock blasting in jointed media using discontinuous deformation analysis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0018/NQ45266.pdf.

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27

Erer, K. D. "Rock stress and deformation studies around longwall face-ends and roadways." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373803.

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28

Labadie, Julia E. Schermer Elizabeth. "The structural and tectonic history of the Mt. Formidable region, North Cascades, Washington /." Online version, 2010. http://content.wwu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/theses&CISOPTR=333&CISOBOX=1&REC=14.

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29

Schwaiger, Hans Frederick. "An implementation of smoothed particle hydrodynamics for large deformation, history dependent geomaterials with applications to tectonic deformation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6807.

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30

Sun, Ning. "Development and validation of a design method coupling block theory and three-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31789122.

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31

Sun, Ning, and 孫宁. "Development and validation of a design method coupling block theory and three-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31789122.

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32

Luo, Gang Liu Mian. "Dynamic links between short-term deformation and long-term tectonics a finite element study /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6966.

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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 26, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr. Mian Liu. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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33

Jupe, Andrew John. "Induced microseismicity and the mechanical behaviour of jointed rock during the development of an HDR geothermal reservoir." Thesis, Open University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254252.

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34

Kafritsas, John C. "Coupled flow/deformation analysis of jointed rock with the distinct-element method." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17210.

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35

Chapman, James Benjamin. "Structural relationships and crustal deformation in the Saint Elias Orogen, Alaska." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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36

Keighley, Bradbury Kelly. "Rock Properties and Structure Within the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) Borehold, Northwest of Parkfield, California: In Situ Observations of Rock Deformation Processes and Fluid-Rock Interactions of the San Andreas Fault Zone at ~ 3 km Depth." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1410.

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This project examines the composition, structure, and geophysical properties of rocks sampled within the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) borehole drilling experiment near Parkfield, California. Cuttings, sidewall cores, spot-core, and whole-rock core are examined from the meso- to micro-scale to characterize the nearfault environment at shallow crustal levels (0-4 km) along the central segment of the San Andreas fault. The central segment deforms by contiuous aseismic creep and microseismicity. An integrated approach utilizing core-logging, detailed structural core mapping, petrology, microstructural analyses, whole-rock geochemistry, borehole geophysics, and analog field studies is followed. At SAFOD, fractured granitic rocks and arkosic sediments are identified west of the San Andreas fault zone on the Pacific Plate; whereas sheared fine-grained sediments, ultrafine black fault-related rocks, and serpentinite-bearing fault gouge are present within and northeast of the fault zone on the North American Plate. Here, the fault consists of a broad zone of variably damaged rock containing localized zones of highly concentrated shear that often juxtapose distinct rock-types. Two zones of serpentinite-bearing clay gouge, each meters-thick are found in two locations where active aseismic creep was identified in the borehole. The gouge is composed of Mg-rich clays, serpentinite (lizardite ± chrysotile) with notable increases in magnetite, and Fe-, Ni-, and Cr-oxides/hydroxides and Fe-sulfides relative to the surrounding host rock. Organic carbon is locally high within fractures and bounding slip surfaces. The rocks adjacent to and within the two gouge zones display a range of deformation including intensely fractured regions, blockin- matrix fabrics, and foliated cataclasite structure. The blocks and clasts predominately consist of competent sandstone and siltstone embedded in a clay-rich matrix that displays a penetrative scaly fabric. Mineral alteration, veins, fracture-surface coatings, and slickelined surfaces are present throughout the core, and reflect a long history of syndeformation and fluid-rock reaction that contributes to the low-strength and creep in the meters-thick gouge zones. Evaluation of borehole geophysical data and elastic modulii for the lithologic and structural units identified in the SAFOD Phase 3 core reveal a correlation between composition and textures and the structural and/or permeability architecture of the SAF at SAFOD. Highly reduced velocity and elastic modulii surround the two serpentinitev bearing gouge zones, the Buzzard Canyon fault to the southwest, and another bounding fault to the northeast. Velocity and elastic moduli values on the Pacific Plate or southeast of the active fault trace intersected by SAFOD are much higher relative to the values measured on the North American Plate, or northeast of the fault trace. Within and adjacent to the two active gouge zones, the rock properties are highly variable over short distances, however, they are significantly lower relative to material outside of the fault zones. This research contributes critical evidence for rock properties and slip behavior within an active plate boundary fault. Results from this research and the SAFOD experiment help to constrain numerous hypotheses related to fault zone behavior and earthquake generation within central California.

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37

Imber, Jonathan. "Deformation and fluid-rock interaction along then reactivated Outer Hebrides fault zone, Scotland." Thesis, Durham University, 1998. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2022/.

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The Outer Hebrides Fault Zone (OHFZ) is a major, moderately E- to ESE-dipping long-lived reactivated fault zone which is developed in, and cross-cuts, crystalline amphibolite to granulite grade Lewisian basement gneisses, NW Scotland. A complex assemblage of different fault rocks and structures is presently exposed along the OHFZ, which reflects deformation at a range of crustal depths and metamorphic (temperature, pressure, fluid activity) conditions. Detailed field and microstructural observations have demonstrated that segments of the fault zone which display evidence of repeated reactivation over long periods of geological time (movements range from late Laxfordian / Grenvillian to Oligocene in age) are characterised by intense, localised greenschist facies retrogression and the development of sericite- and chlorite-bearing phyllonitic shear zones. In contrast, phyllonite is absent from segments of the fault zone which have not suffered extensive reactivation. These observations are consistent with phyllonitisation at mid-crustal depths having caused profound long-term mechanical weakening of the OHFZ,Two phases of retrogression and phyllonitisation have been recognised along the OHFZ:Upper greenschist facies, Late Laxfordian / Grenvillian phyllonitisation, which occurred at between 15 and 17km depth (Lewis and Harris only), and Lower greenschist facies, Caledonian phyllonitisation, which occurred at between 8 and 9km depth (Lewis, Harris and the Uists).Microstructural and geochemical studies of selected phyllonites from reactivated segments of the OHFZ demonstrate that greenschist facies retrogression and phyllonitisation were promoted by the influx of warm (c.250 to 450 C), hydrous iron^ and magnesium-bearing, oxidising fluids into the fault zone. Fluid flow during upper greenschist facies phyllonitisation was focused into pre-existing bands of highly strained quartzo-feldspathic mylonite, whilst fluid flow during lower greenschist facies phyllonitisation was focused predominantly into pre-existing brittle fractures and cataclastic crush zones. Thus, the distribution and intensity of fluid flow, and hence the distribution and intensity of retrogression and phyllonitisation were ultimately governed by the nature of pre-existing permeability pathways through the fault zone. It is therefore concluded that the long-term rheological evolution of reactivated basement fault zones is inexorably linked to the mid-crustal permeability evolution of such structures

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38

Keulen, Nynke Thera. "Grain scale processes in fault rock : a comparison between experimental and natural deformation /." Basel : Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut, 2006. http://edoc.unibas.ch/diss/DissB_8490.

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39

Mourgues, Régis. "Surpressions de fluide et décollements : modélisations analogique et numérique /." Rennes : Éd. de Géosciences-Rennes, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39955647q.

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40

Çelik, Cahit Tăgi. "Crustal deformation monitoring by the Kalman filter method." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11438/.

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The Earth's crust is deforming continuously due to plate tectonics. Deformation at plate boundaries causes volcanoes and most destructive earthquakes. Monitoring such deformation is essential to gaining an insight into the mechanisms of plate tectonics. Deformation analysis is one of the most important aspects of geodetic research. Space geodesy, with which long baselines can be measured to millimetre accuracy, plays an important role in determining crustal deformation parameters, since deformation in general, means a change in geometric configuration. The main deformation monitoring problem is to determine the spatial relationship of a set of object points relative to a number of reference points. Ideally reference and object point observations are made at regular intervals. After mathematical adjustment of each epoch's observations, which includes 'data snooping', a displacement vector is obtained by simply differencing the estimated coordinates at consecutive epochs. The use of thismethod also however, increases the noise level. In this thesis, the author proposes a deformation analysis technique which mainly uses a Kalman Filter. However, Kalman filter estimation may not be optimal if local movement occurs between observation epochs. To overcome this kind of deficiency, two sub-optimal filters have been proposed: Fading Memory Filter and Adaptive Kalman Filter for a System with Unknown Measurement Bias. These two filtering techniques have been used in this research and tested on real/simulated data based on the EASTMED project. In addition to this, data from the EUREF Permanent GPS Network, and from the UK Tide Gauge Monitoring C Project are also processed and the result presented.

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41

Sullivan, Walter A. "L tectonites." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1400957201&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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42

Banks, Joanna Mary. "Nucleation of magma-driven fractures in the asthenospheric mantle." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309901.

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Poston, Edward J. "Experimental Deformation of O+ Oriented Synthetic Quartz Single Crystals." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1491569717148234.

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Zhang, Lianyang. "Determination and applications of rock quality designation (RQD)." Elsevier/SCIENCE PRESS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622156.

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Characterization of rock masses and evaluation of their mechanical properties are important and challenging tasks in rock mechanics and rock engineering. Since in many cases rock quality designation (RQD) is the only rock mass classification index available, this paper outlines the key aspects on determination of RQD and evaluates the empirical methods based on RQD for determining the deformation modulus and unconfined compressive strength of rock masses. First, various methods for determining RQD are presented and the effects of different factors on determination of RQD are highlighted. Then, the empirical methods based on RQD for determining the deformation modulus and unconfined compressive strength of rock masses are briefly reviewed. Finally, the empirical methods based on RQD are used to determine the deformation modulus and unconfined compressive strength of rock masses at five different sites including 13 cases, and the results are compared with those obtained by other empirical methods based on rock mass classification indices such as rock mass rating (RMR), Q-system (Q) and geological strength index (GSI). It is shown that the empirical methods based on RQD tend to give deformation modulus values close to the lower bound (conservative) and unconfined compressive strength values in the middle of the corresponding values from different empirical methods based on RMR, Q and GSI. The empirical methods based on RQD provide a convenient way for estimating the mechanical properties of rock masses but, whenever possible, they should be used together with other empirical methods based on RMR, Q and GSI. (C) 2016 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.

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Smithyman, Megan. "Distinct-element modelling of intermittent deformation behaviour and fatigue in two large rock slides." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27482.

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This thesis reports the assessment of two large, slow moving landslides. The Campo Vallemaggia slide is located in the southern Swiss Alps, and has a recorded history of movements dating back hundreds of years. The other slide, Little Chief, is located in British Columbia, and is affected by toe submergence due to the presence of a dam. These slides have well developed sliding surfaces along which the majority of the movement takes place. A process of modelling the effects of time, involving different water tables to represent the wet and dry seasons of the year, was undertaken using UDEC (Universal Distinct Element Code, Itasca, 2009). The models were run with first the high, then low water tables, alternating repeatedly to represent model years. They were analyzed for signs of fatigue, internal deformations and long term movement trends. The Little Chief Slide was also analyzed using this method to verify the positions and existence of the sliding surface. Mohr-Coulomb plasticity was applied to both slides, and found to be sufficient for representing the Campo Vallemaggia slide, and developing fatigue indications. A sharp drop in the number of yielded elements in the model was seen at approximately 1300 years. This coincided with a slowing of the model movement and a change in the rate of opening of a fault. This was concluded to be similar to the fatigue effect commonly seen in metal. However the Little Chief slide did not develop as desired under this constitutive model, therefore the strain softening plasticity criterion was applied to this slide for models that investigated internal deformation of the sliding mass, and those focussing on development of the sliding surface. Initial strain softening models using the properties expected for the site did not give satisfactory results, likely due to geologic and geometric complications not captured in a two dimensional model using a homogeneous rockmass. Instead, lowerbound properties were applied to the slide, resulting in the development of a sliding surface similar to that interpreted at the site. As well, significant internal deformation was found using these properties, including some suggestive of a fatigue effect.

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Min, An. "The combined effect of joints and bedding plane parallel discontinuities on rock mass deformation." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/601.

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Bedford, J. D. "The kinetics and mechanics of a dehydrating system and the deformation of porous rock." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2017. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3009159/.

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This thesis aims to address two distinct areas of Earth Sciences that are linked by common processes. The first is dehydration reactions at intermediate depths that lead to seismicity, and the second is the mechanics of the deformation of porous sandstones which is important for the development of sub-surface reservoirs. The breakdown of hydrous minerals in subduction zones is often invoked as the cause of seismicity at intermediate depths (50-200 km). The release of high pressure fluid is thought to reduce effective stress allowing brittle deformation at pressures where instabilities are typically supressed. Pore fluid pressure (Pf) evolution is dependent on the feedback between reaction rate, fluid flow and deformation. Reaction generates fluid which, if unable to drain, will lead to an increase in Pf. However dehydration reactions are also typically associated with (i) solid volume reduction which produces porosity, enhancing fluid flow and allowing high Pf to dissipate, and (ii) compaction of this pore space that can restrict fluid flow enabling Pf to build up. This thesis aims to constrain the processes that control the reaction rate, and hence the fluid production rate, and also determine the deformation behaviour of the porous reaction product. This is done by investigating experimentally the reaction gypsum → bassanite + H₂O. Reaction processes are investigated by imaging a dehydrating gypsum sample using real time 4D X-ray synchrotron microtomography. The datasets acquired allow the evolving pore structure and connectivity to be analyzed during reaction. The growth of bassanite grains is tracked and the kinetics are shown to be intimately linked to the spatial evolution of porosity. New pores wrap around bassanite grains producing moat-like structures; generating diffusion pathways along which the transport of chemical constituents to the growing grains occurs. As the moats grow in width, diffusion and hence reaction rate slow down. Individual moats become interconnected early in the reaction allowing efficient drainage and dissipation of locally high Pf. Identifying the dominant chemical transport pathway is important for modelling of dehydrating systems to constrain better the feedback between reaction, fluid flow and deformation. The mechanical behaviour of the porous reaction product bassanite is investigated by mapping the yield curve evolution along different loading paths. Yield curves are typically plotted in P-Q space where P is the effective mean stress and Q is the differential stress. They are typically considered to be elliptical in shape with the low pressure side being associated with localized brittle faulting (dilation) and the high pressure side with distributed ductile deformation (compaction). A new stress-probing methodology is used to map in high resolution the yield curve and its evolution with continued deformation. This reveals that the yield curve is not perfectly elliptical with the high pressure side comprised partly of a near vertical limb. The yield curve evolution is dependent on the nature of inelastic strain, with deviatorically compacted samples having considerably larger yield curves than hydrostatically compacted samples of similar porosity. This is associated with the formation of a heterogeneous microstructure during deviatoric loading, showing sets of conjugate shear fractures. The same stress-probing methodology is applied to two high porosity sandstones to see if the yield curve evolution observed for porous bassanite is applicable. Both sandstones show a similar near vertical limb on the high pressure side of the curve as observed with bassanite. The yield curve evolution for sandstone is also more sensitive to deviatoric loading, like bassanite, although no localized deformation features are observed. The data highlight that future studies of porous rock deformation should consider the effect of the nature of inelastic strain on the mechanical and microstructural evolution of porous rock.

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Potter, Jamie S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "The effects of fluid pressure changes on fractured rock elastic moduli and surface deformation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113791.

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Thesis: S.M. in Geophysics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2017.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 65-69).<br>Reservoir models use the elastic moduli of rock, both bulk and shear, to compute deformation. These moduli may change with pressure and fracture density, but this effect is usually left out of models. This work shows effective elastic moduli of fluid-filled fractured rock through a self consistent method. The calculated effective elastic moduli for a penny-shaped crack are compared to literature values. Effective moduli values for rocks containing rough fractures with asperities are presented. The bulk and shear moduli increase with external stress. Increases in pore pressure cause an increase in bulk modulus but a decrease in shear modulus. The effect of using these determined effective moduli of fractured rock in modeling is investigated through a model of surface deformation over the In Salah gas reservoir in Algeria where carbon sequestration was performed. The In Salah CO₂ storage project is commonly studied due to the unexpected surface deformation observed. Surface deformation of less than a millimeter occurs from changing the material properties in this reservoir to that of saturated fractured rock containing 25 square rough fractures per cubic meter of 0.2 m side length and 0.22 m aperture, as determined in this study.<br>by Jamie Potter.<br>S.M. in Geophysics

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Puttiwongrak, Avirut. "Geomechanical Studies on Fluid Flow Behaviour Influencing Rock Deformation Mechanisms of Mudstones and Sandstones." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/180488.

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Campbell, Heather, and n/a. "Partitioning of plate boundary deformation in South Westland, New Zealand : controls from reactivated structures." University of Otago. Department of Geology, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20060705.150820.

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The Australian-Pacific plate boundary is an uncomplicated structure along most of its length in the South Island, New Zealand. In South Westland, south of the Arawata River, however, several terranes converge onto the Alpine fault. Inherent anisotropies arising from the position of pre-existing fault structures, lithological contacts and rheological heterogeneities within these give rise to an atypically diffuse and complex zone, the overall geometry of which resembles a regional scale transpressive flower structure. The flower structure is a broad deformation zone 60 km in length extending approximately 7 km from the Alpine fault to its eastern limit, the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt. Integral parts of the structure are the Hollyford Fault System and the Livingstone Fault System. The area is characterised by an array of left-stepping, subparallel faults with an average 060� strike linked by 020� striking structures. All fault traces offset Quaternary features. Fractions of the total interplate slip are partitioned across the reactivated structures. Additionally, kinematic indicators reveal partitioning of strike-slip and oblique/dip-slip deformation across the related secondary fault zones. The behaviour of the plate boundary zone in South Westland is fundamentally controlled by reactivation of the Hollyford Fault System and the Livingstone Fault System which partition slip away from the Alpine fault. As a consequence, the eastward transferral of slip onto the curved geometry of the converging fault systems has ultimately created a left-stepping contractional regime, the equivalent of a restraining bend in the plate boundary zone. The competent Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt controls the geometry and evolution of the reactivated structures. It also acts as an indenter and imposes additional boundary conditions adding to the shortening component in the region and the onset of complex transpressional strain patterns. The geometry and kinematics of the flower structure in the upper crust is mimicked in the ductile mid to lower crust. Upper greenschist facies mylonites reveal a complex fold pattern developed in response to contemporaneous non-coaxial and coaxial deformation. The folding formed during a continuation of deformation associated with mylonitisation at depths within the fault system. The fact that strain localisation and transpressive strain patterns in the brittle crust continue into the ductile zones suggests there is a feedback relationship between the two regimes. The reactivation of pre-existing structures and the influence of rheological factors are considered as first order factors controlling strain partitioning in the plate boundary zone. Recognition of local strain partitioning is important for assessing slip rates and earthquake recurrence. Similarly, the faults extend down below the seismogenic zone so that interaction of the different structures with each other may produce changes in fault behaviour which affects earthquake nucleation. Although the Alpine fault is a major structure in the South Island of New Zealand with over 400 km of dextral movement, the reactivated structures still exert a degree of control locally on the structure and kinematics of the plate boundary zone. Reactivation of inherent fault structures has important implications for the initiation of plate boundary faults and the alteration of the plate boundary geometry with evolving deformation.

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