To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Rock and Pillar Range.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Rock and Pillar Range'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 46 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Rock and Pillar Range.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Rate, Stephen R., and n/a. "Invertebrate diversity and vegetation heterogeneity : plant-invertebrate relationships in indigenous New Zealand grasslands." University of Otago. Department of Botany, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20061025.144447.
Full textAbstract:
Spatial heterogeneity of the environment, as measured by floral diversity, composition and structure, is known to influence the distribution and diversity of invertebrates. Heterogeneity brought about by anthropogenic disturbance may be a threat to invertebrate diversity. This thesis investigates the impacts of vegetation heterogeneity at a range of scales on the diversity of invertebrate populations in modified high-altitude indigenous grasslands on the Rock and Pillar Range, Central Otago.
Invertebrates were sampled in and on the edges of snow tussock fragments to assess whether species richness increased systematically with fragment area. Invertebrate composition was poorly related to fragment area, plant composition and environmental variables. Taxon richness, abundance and/or diversity for three invertebrate groups increased as fragment area decreased, perhaps reflecting an influx of species from the surrounding matrix. For snow tussock leaf invertebrates in autumn, richness and abundance were at least two times lower in tussocks exposed to the wind than those in the centre of fragments, suggesting selection of habitat may be based on microclimatic characteristics.
Invertebrates were sampled from the bases of tussocks after they were clipped to simulate three levels of vertebrate grazing. Invertebrate community composition differed between sites and sampling dates but was unaffected by clipping treatment. At the higher altitude site invertebrate abundance was 1.45 times greater and Shannon-Wiener diversity (H�) 1.22 times lower than at the lower altitude site. The latter sampling date had higher abundance (2.12 times) and taxon richness (1.14 times) than the earlier date.
Pitfall-trapped invertebrates in cushionfield, herbfield and snow tussock differed in community composition and often by taxon richness, abundance and diversity. Across habitats, plant composition, plant diversity and some environmental variables were correlated with invertebrate variables, but could not be separated from vegetation type.
The invertebrates collected in the course of the study are listed. Four Phyla, eight Classes, 24 orders and over 300 taxa were recorded. Almost all taxa are endemic and many have limited distributions and/or are undescribed. A species list is provided with collection altitude, method and habitat type.
Invertebrate assemblages from sites differing in altitude, vegetation type and level of habitat modification on the Rock and Pillar Range are compared. Sites differed in species composition and rank orders of abundance and richness. At lower elevations, invertebrate richness was at least 25% less, and standardised trap abundance at least 44% less, than that at the highest elevation. Richness and abundance of exotic invertebrates decreased with increasing altitude.
This thesis highlights several points concerning the study of grassland invertebrates and heterogeneity on the Rock and Pillar Range. First, there are differences in invertebrate assemblages at a range of scales. Conserving invertebrate diversity will therefore require altitudinal sequences and different habitat types, including disturbed areas. At high elevations, tussock habitat may be disproportionately important due to its relative rarity. Second, the effects of disturbance on invertebrates were only visible at large spatial scales. Third, there is a paucity of research on New Zealand invertebrates, especially in regard to terrestrial disturbance, which has resulted in a shortfall of biological, distributional, taxonomic and ecological knowledge.
2
Lönnies, Viktor. "Evaluation of roof-pillar interface and its effect on pillar stability in mine #101." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geoteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-62105.
Full textAbstract:
The company Rio Deserto is currently mining the famous Barro Branco coal seam in the state of Santa Catarina located in the south of Brazil. One of their coal mines, #101, is experiencing problems related to the pillars in one panel. The coal seam is slightly inclined and several pillars have developed damages on the down-slope side with focus in the top corner. Damage inspections revealed a thin clay layer located between the coal pillar and the overlying siltstone. The clay layer is believed to affect the pillar strength and possibly be a source for the observed damages. Aim of this report has been to evaluate different theories behind the damages, focusing on the clay interface using numerical modelling with FLAC. Using convergence data, a calibration of the model is initially done before evaluating the combination of different interface and coal strength while observing the pillar. In addition is an evaluation of influence from structures such as cleats/joints. The results clearly show that with a small shear displacement (1-4 mm) the pillar damages are almost symmetrical on the up-slope and down-slope side of the pillar. Structures can influence and contribute to non-symmetrical pillar damages although not perfectly matching the field observations. Furthermore, the results show that a forced shear movement (8-25 mm) best reproduce the observed damages. A shear movement along the interface is therefore believed to be source mechanism behind the pillar damages. The forced shearing can potentially be explained by factors not considered in the model such as horizontal stresses, disturbances by mining and presence of water within the clay.
3
Taylor, J. A. "Potential stability and subsidence issues arising from abandoned bord-and-pillar coal workings." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275437.
Full text
4
Eksi, M. "Rock mass characterisation for stability evaluation of room and pillar mine workings." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381206.
Full text
5
Andersson, J. Christer. "Rock mass response to coupled mechanical thermal loading : Äspö pillar stability experiment, Sweden /." Stockholm : Division of Soil and Rock Mechanics, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4287.
Full text
6
Andersson, J. Christer. "Rock Mass Response to Coupled Mechanical Thermal Loading : Äspö Pillar Stability Experiment, Sweden." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Jord- och bergmekanik, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4287.
Full textAbstract:
The geological disposal of nuclear waste, in underground openings and the long-term performance of these openings demand a detailed understanding of fundamental rock mechanics. A full scale field experiment: Äspö Pillar Stability Experiment was conducted at a depth of 450 m in sparsely fractured granitic rock to examine the rock mass response between two deposition holes. An oval shaped tunnel was excavated parallel to the σ3 direction to provide access to the experiment and also provide elevated stress magnitudes in the floor. In the tunnel floor two 1.75-m diameter 6-m deep boreholes were excavated so that a 1-m thick pillar was created between them. In one of the holes a confinement pressure of 700 kPa was applied and in the other displacement transducers were installed. The pillar volume was monitored by an Acoustic Emission System. Spatially distributed thermocouples were used to monitor the temperature development as the pillar was heated by electrical heaters. The excavation-induced stress together with the thermal-induced stress was sufficient to cause the wall of the open borehole to yield. The temperature-induced stress was increased slowly to enable detailed studies of the rock mass yielding process. Once the rock mass loading response was observed, the rock mass was unloaded using a de-stress slotting technique. This thesis focuses on the in-situ study of the rock mass response to coupled mechanical thermal loading and thermal-mechanical unloading. The experiment, its design, monitoring and observations are thoroughly described. An estimate of the yielding strength of the rock mass is presented and compared with laboratory test and results from other rock mass conditions reported elsewhere in the open literature. General conclusions about the effect of the confining pressure and the observations from the unloading of the pillar are also presented. Important findings are that the yielding strength of the rock mass has been successfully determined, low confinement pressures significantly affects the onset of yielding, the primary mode of fracture initiation and propagation is extensional, no significant time dependency of the yielding process was observed. The unloading studies also indicated that what appeared to be shear bands likely was a propagating zone of extensile failure that weakened the rock so that displacements in the shear direction could occur.QC 20100622
7
Raffaldi, Michael J. "Static and Dynamic Discrete Element Modelling of Slender Coal Pillars." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/mng_etds/21.
Full textAbstract:
Highwall mining is a mining method used in surface coal operations that involves driving a series of parallel entries into the exposed coal seam at the highwall face under an unsupported roof leaving behind a series of long, but very slender coal pillars. Highwall mining often occurs simultaneously with production blasting taking place in other areas of the mine. Although no failures of highwall pillars have been attributed to nearby blasting, numerical modelling presents an inexpensive means of investigating the possible effects of strong ground motion on the stability of these pillars. This thesis documents the development of a discrete element rock mass model and its application to the simulation of both static and fully dynamic highwall pillar simulations. The approach is geared toward parameter analysis and mechanism identification rather than exact prediction. Some conclusions are made regarding the potential effects of blast vibration on highwall coal pillars and general excavations in rock. The limitations of the modelling approach are discussed and suggestions for future research are proposed.
8
Cheung, William K. W. (Kwok Wai). "Inferring surface structure of rock piles from range images." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56767.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis deals with the problem of applying computer vision techniques in an underground mine environment. In particular, the problem of the localization and identification of oversized rock fragments prior to secondary breakage, following the initial drilling and blasting operation is addressed. The strategy employed is based on the methodologies developed for reconstruction and interpretation of range image data. Discrete rock pile images acquired using the NRCC/McGill laser rangefinder were used in this study. The main contribution of this thesis is the complete study of the paradigm which involves: range data acquisition, surface reconstruction, segmentation, and fitting of parametric shape models. The final representation obtained from the model, describing the spatial and geometric properties of each rock fragment and can be used to control an automated rock-breaking mechanism. To support the strategy developed, a number of experimental results at different processing stages are presented.
9
Zhang, Chun. "Rock Displacement Measurement by Precise Close Range Photogrammetric System." Kyoto University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/180948.
Full text
10
Kostecki, Todd. "The Instrumentation of Primary Roof Bolts in a Room-and-Pillar Mine and the Modeling of their Performance." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1120.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is directed towards the comparison of active and passive bolts systems to reveal which system shows the most favorable behavior for improved performance, safety and cost. This was achieved through the incorporation of new technologies, field data, numerical modeling and established theories in ground control analysis. All in all, a better understanding of the quasi-static behavior of underground coal mine roofs has been attained. Over the summer of 2010, the Department of Mining and Mineral Resource Engineering at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, in conjunction with Andy Hyett of YieldPoint Inc., Peabody and the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), installed over one hundred and seventy instrumented extensometers, closure meters, shear-meters, passive rebar roof bolts, tension rebar roof bolts, and double lock rebar roof bolts at three coal mines. Two of the three coal mines were room-and-pillar mines and the other a longwall mine. Data was routinely collected over a nine-month period to analyze shearing, dilation, and axial bolt loading occurring within the rock mass, and entry closure occurring between the excavation hanging-wall and foot-wall. Based on bolt loadings, shear, axial behavior and statistical analysis, initial results indicate that active roof bolts do not show superior performance for the added cost. Active bolts seem to show no difference from passive bolts in the initial loading phase either, indicating that tension bleed-off is a concern soon after installation; however, this observation was not captured, as the data loggers were not intrinsically safe. Considering the modeling results, the trends in axial loading seem to be calibrated but the magnitudes are not. Computer modeling also shows the potential to accurately model in situ bolt performance; however, challenges remain in obtaining a good match between numerical modeling and field observations.
11
Singh, Rajendra. "CCD based active triangulation for automatic close range monitoring of rock movement." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243595.
Full text
12
Wald, Laura Cardon. "Structural Analysis of Rock Canyon Near Provo, Utah." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2007. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/844.
Full textAbstract:
A detailed structural study of Rock Canyon (near Provo, Utah) provides insight into Wasatch Range tectonics and fold-thrust belt kinematics. Excellent exposures along the E-W trending canyon allow the use of digital photography in conjunction with traditional field methods for a thorough analysis of Rock Canyon's structural features. Detailed photomontages and geometric and kinematic analyses of some structural features help to pinpoint deformation mechanisms active during the canyon's tectonic history. Large-scale images and these structural data are synthesized in a balanced cross section, which is used to reconstruct the structural evolution of this portion of the range. Projection of surficial features into the subsurface produces geometrical relationships that correlate well with a fault-bend fold model involving one or more subsurface imbrications. Kinematic data (e.g. slickenlines, fractures, fold axes) indicate that the maximum stress direction during formation of the fault-bend fold trended at approximately 120°. Following initial thrusting, uplift and development of a thrust splay produced by duplexing may have caused a shift in local stresses in the forelimb of the Rock Canyon anticline leading to late-stage normal faulting during Sevier compression. These normal faults may have activated deformed zones previously caused by Sevier folding, and reactivated early-stage decollements found in the folded weak shale units and shaly limestones. Movement on most of these normal faults roughly parallels stress directions found during initial thrusting indicating that these extensional features may be coeval with thrusting. Other zones of extension and brittle failure produced by lower ramp geometry appear to have been activated during Tertiary Basin and Range extension along the Wasatch Fault Zone. Slickenline data on these later normal faults suggest a transport direction of nearly E-W distinguishing it from earlier events.
13
Rougvie, James Russell. "Metamorphism in the northern Park Range of Colorado : fluid-rock interactions and thermobarometry /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
Full text
14
van, der Wielen Klaas Peter. "Application of high voltage breakage to a range of rock types of varying physical properties." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14522.
Full textAbstract:
High voltage breakage is a relatively novel comminution technology that uses highly energetic electrical discharges to induce electrical breakdown in rocks. Advantages of the technology in terms of weakening of rocks to ease comminution, as well as improved liberation compared to mechanical fragmentation methods have been demonstrated. However, a detailed understanding of the fragmentation mechanism and its selectivity, as well as how to optimise the process in terms of efficiency and treatment outcomes was still lacking prior to this thesis. The focus of this study was on how process variables and rock properties interact with high voltage breakage to enable more tailored treatment depending on the desired processing result. Twenty different rock types were extensively characterised in terms of geomechanical, mineralogical and electrical properties and treated at different voltages, number of pulses and discharges, electrode gaps and pulse rates. The resulting particle size distribution was investigated in detail, as well as liberation and weakening of selected rock types. In addition, process mineralogical aspects of the treatment were investigated using QEMSCAN® and a scanning electron microscope. Data in this thesis suggest total spark energy input is the main variable determining fragmentation and liberation outcomes of high voltage treatment. Some materials were found to exhibit a threshold voltage below which less fragmentation than expected occurred, but the main controlling factor for spark energy input is the number of discharges applied to a sample. The process efficiency was found to be strongly dependent on the discharge ratio, but also exhibited a strong rock-specific aspect. In general, low energy inputs and process water conductivity combined with a high voltage gradient and pulse rate were found to be most conducive to efficient high voltage processing. Based on fragmentation and weakening results, as well as liberation and process efficiency it is suggested that treatments in the 1 – 5 kWh t 1 range are most suitable for weakening and liberation applications of the technology. Voltages above 140 kV should be sufficient for most purposes, but this depends on the minimum voltage gradient required to reliably develop discharges in a rock type. Furthermore, feed sizes above 14 mm were found to be more suited to high voltage breakage, which is likely the result of the number of discharges available relative to the number of particles being treated. The voltage of a discharge dictates how many discharges are required to achieve a given energy input, and therefore the exact voltage chosen for a high voltage treatment is a function of feed size as well as efficiency and fragmentation considerations. The evolution of P80 of a high voltage treatment product with energy can be estimated with reasonable accuracy from a relationship incorporating porosity and acoustic impedance. Additionally, the decrease of the mass percentage of feed size material after a given energy input was found to be strongly correlated to a function including tensile strength and relative bulk permittivity. Other rock properties that were found to correlate significantly to high voltage breakage include mica and quartz content. Based on correlations between high voltage breakage indicators, tensile strength and acoustic impedance, as well as imaging of the alteration left by several plasma streamers it is concluded that shock waves are the dominant fragmentation mechanism, and that fragmentation occurs predominantly in a tensile stress regime. There is evidence that the selective fragmentation observed during high voltage breakage is a result of both fracturing along grain boundaries (inter-granular fragmentation) and preferential fracturing of certain mineral phases (intra-granular fragmentation). Intra-granular breakage behaviour is clearly evident from some of the data presented in this thesis. Quartz seems to respond strongly to high voltage treatment-induced stresses, which may be favourable from a process mineralogical perspective. Direct imaging of fractures has also yielded evidence for inter-granular selective fracturing, and strong enrichment of sulphides after treatment at low energy inputs also indicates selective, inter-granular breakage. In addition to the selective fragmentation there is also a selective component to the electrical efficiency of the process. Consequently, the selective nature of high voltage breakage is a feature that recurs in several aspects of the technology.
15
Shabanimashcool, Mahdi. "Numerical modelling of the longwall mining and the stress state in Svea Nord Coal Mine." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for geologi og bergteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-20255.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents numerical and analytical investigation of the geomechanics underlying longwall mining. It was tried out to study the disturbances induced by longwall mining in nearby rocks and their influence on the stability of the gates, pillars and main tunnels of longwall mines. The thesis consists of two major parts: numerical and analytical investigations. The study site is the Svea Nord coalmine, Svalbard, Norway. A novel algorithm was proposed for numerical simulation of the longwall mining process. In the proposed algorithm progressive cave-in and fracturing of the roof strata, consolidation of the cave-in materials and stress changes are simulated in detail. In order to outline the caved-in roof rocks a criterion based on maximum principal strain (in tension) was used. The critical tensile strain of roof cave-in was determined through back-calculation of the surface subsidence above a longwall panel at the mine. The results of the simulations were then used to analyse stress changes induced by longwall mining and the stability of gates. The simulations revealed that the stability of the gates and the loading to the rock bolts are closely related to the width of the chain pillars. With slender pillars, shear displacements along weak interlayers and bedding planes result in heavy loading to the rock bolts. Therefore, the locations of weakness zones should be taken into account in rock bolt design. The developed algorithm was implemented to study the loading and stability of the barrier pillar of the mine. The barrier pillars protect the main tunnels and border area of the mine from disturbances induced by longwall mining in the panels. The simulations show that the stresses in the barrier pillars fluctuate up and down during mining because of periodic cave-in events behind the longwall face. A failure zone of about 12 m exists in the wall of the barrier pillars. A large portion of the barrier pillar is still intact and is, thus, capable of protecting the border area. The results of the detailed simulations of longwall mining via the developed algorithm were, also, implemented in a large-scale numerical model. The model consists of all of the longwall panels and the border area of the mine. It is intended that the coal in the border area on the other side of the longwall panels will be mined after completion of the longwall mining. There is concern about how the longwall mining affects the stress state in the border area and how stress changes would affect future mining in the border area. A failure zone of about 20 m developed in the wall of the main tunnels on the side of the border area after all the longwall panels were mined out. The stress state in the remaining portion of the border area remains unchanged. Therefore, it will be possible to mine the border area in the future. In order to investigate the roof strata cave-in mechanism in detail a discontinuous numerical simulation of roof cave-in process was conducted by UDEC code. The block size in the roof strata and the mechanical parameters of the discontinuities were obtained through back-calculations. The back-calculations were conducted with a statistical method, Design of Experiment (DOE). Numerical simulations revealed that jointed voussoir beams formed in the roof strata before the first cave-in. Beam bending results in stress fluctuations in the roof strata. The maximum deflection of a roof stratum at the study site before the first cave-in is about 70% of the stratum thickness. The simulations and field measurements show no periodic weighting on the longwall shields in this mine. Numerical sensitivity analyses show, however, that periodic weighting may occur in strong roof strata. Roof strata with a high Young’s modulus and large joint spacing are not suitable for longwall mining. The maximum sustainable deflection of the roof strata before cave-in depends upon the horizontal in-situ stress state. It slightly increases with the in-situ horizontal stress in the stratum beams, but the horizontal stress would increase the possibility of rock-crushing in deflected roof beams. The implemented numerical method would be useful in assessment of the cavability of the roof strata and in selection of longwall shields with adequate load capacity. As shown through discontinuous numerical simulations, the roof strata above the underground opening constructed in the stratified rocks form voussoir beams. The stability of those beams is the major concern in the study of the gate stability and roof cave-in assessment in the longwall panels. Two different analytical methods were developed for cases with and without the in-situ horizontal stress acting along the beams. In the analytical model for the beams without horizontal stress a bilinear shape was assumed for the compression arch generated within the voussoir beams. The stability of the compression arch is governed by the energy method. The model requires an iterative procedure for convergence, and an algorithm was proposed for it. The analytical method was verified with numerical simulations by means of a discrete element code, UDEC. For the beams subjected to in-situ horizontal stress, the classic beam theory was employed to drive the analytical solution for it. The superposition method was used to obtain bending/deflection equations of the beam. The validity of both the assumptions and the developed method were, also, investigated by numerical simulations. The developed analytical method revealed that high Young’s modulus of a beam rock increases the stability of the beams against buckling but it causes higher stress within the compression arch which increases the probability of crushing failures in the beam abutments and midspan. In-situ horizontal stress along beams increases their stability against buckling and abutment sliding failure, but it raises the possibility of crushing failure at the abutments and the midspan.
16
James, Heidi. "The rock engravings of several portions of the farm Doornkloof 393 JQ along the Magaliesberg Range /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2000. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05052005-1110000/.
Full text
17
Franklin, Rebecca Sara. "Climatic and Ecological Implications of Shrub-Chronologies at Rock Glacier Sites of the Eastern Sierra Nevada Range, California, U.S.A." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/242393.
Full textAbstract:
Herb- or shrub-chronology, a technique adapted from dendrochronology, is the study of the annual growth rings in roots of certain perennial dicotyledonous plants. The presence of annual growth increments in high-elevation plants is significant as it highlights the applicability of herbchronology for climatic, ecological and geomorphologic applications in alpine and other extra-arboreal regions. For alpine sites along the eastern crest of the Sierra Nevada range I present the first shrub-ring chronologies of the species Linanthus pungens (Torr.) J.M. Porter & L.A. Johnson. L. pungens individuals were collected at, and are especially ubiquitous at rock glacier sites in north-east trending glacial-cirque valleys. Rock glaciers are an increasingly recognized and studied feature on the alpine landscape, supporting floristically diverse plant populations, distinct thermal regimes decoupled from the external air and perennial water sources fed by interstitial ice. These landforms are expected to be refugia for alpine flora and fauna in some regions for projected warmer and drier climates. To evaluate plant growth on rock glaciers as compared to adjacent talus slopes in the central Sierra Nevada range of California, USA, a series of five cirque basins were selected as sites for paired rock glacier- talus slope vegetation comparisons. Vegetation cover, species richness, diversity measures and plant functional traits were recorded at ten sites (five rock glaciers, five talus slopes) along a 100-kilometer latitudinal span of the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada range. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to evaluate general patterns in cover, diversity and functional traits for the 10 sites and inform subsequent statistical analyses. Both vegetation cover and species richness were significantly greater on rock glacier sites than on adjacent talus slopes even though mean slope values for the rock glacier sites were higher. Significantly, for the present study, rock glaciers support a higher number of the species Linanthus pungens, a climatically sensitive, long-lived alpine sub-shrub, showing that these periglacial landforms are not only floristically distinct but are also habitats containing natural climate archives useful to the field of herbchronology. L. pungens shrub-ring chronologies are determined to be distinct from Pinus albicaulis chronologies growing at the same five sets of sites in the Sierra Nevada study location. P. albicaulis (PIAL) tree-ring chronologies and L. pungens (LIPU) shrub-ring chronologies were constructed for four cirque basin sites. Comparisons were made between chronologies based on growth form (shrub or tree) and site, and on chronology response to average monthly temperature, total monthly precipitation and April 1 snowpack values. Chronologies are significantly more similar to other chronologies of the same growth form (PIAL-PIAL or LIPU-LIPU) than are same-site chronologies of different growth form (i.e. PIAL-LIPU chronologies) (p < 0.05). This holds true for comparisons based on Pearson’s correlation coefficients or Gleichläufigkeit (GLK) values. Growth response to monthly temperature and precipitation values is highly variable for same-site chronologies and also for same growth form chronologies. Topographical position and proximity to treeline was held constant at all sites so differences in climate-growth response within sites and within species may be attributed to factors that are unrealized in the sampling design. Based on composite climate anomaly maps, wide ring widths in PIAL chronologies occur after average winter and spring precipitation and with warm growing seasons while narrow PIAL rings fall after wet springs and with average summer temperatures. Years in which all LIPU rings are wide are found to occur during warm dry springs and growing seasons while years in which all LIPU rings are narrow occur in conjunction with wet winters and springs. Investigation into the longest and most replicated chronology at the Barney Lake (BL) site allowed a climate-growth comparison over a longer period of time (the BL chronology is 112 years in length with sufficient sample replication (EPS > 0.85) to capture a robust common signal from 1952 through 2007). Marker years in the BL chronology correspond to drought (wide rings) and persistent snowpack (narrow rings). Response function analysis indicates significant correlations with July minimum temperatures and the previous year's November precipitation. Increase in the radial growth of the taproot of L. pungens at BL has not decreased over the past century and is more highly correlated to temperature (positively) and snowpack and precipitation (negatively) during the latter half of the chronology period. Predictions of decreasing snowpack and warming temperatures for the alpine Sierra Nevada could indicate increased shrub growth over the next century and possible shrub range expansion if unprecedented drought does not prove to limit growth in the future. Work at BL and the other four alpine L. pungens chronology locations demonstrate a potential for additional research on climate-shrub growth interactions and in particular for investigations into climate controls on upper shrubline growth and movement in the Sierra Nevada range in California.
18
Koger, Jace. "Spatio-temporal History of Fluid-rock Interaction in the Hurricane Fault Zone." DigitalCommons@USU, 2017. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5911.
Full textAbstract:
The Hurricane Fault is a 250-km long, west dipping, Basin and Range-bounding normal fault in SW Utah and NW Arizona that initiated in the mid-Miocene to Pliocene. It has been primarily active in the Quaternary, with slip rates of 0.2 – 0.6 mm/yr. There are multiple hot springs along its 250-km length and multiple late Tertiary-Quaternary basaltic centers broadly parallel the fault. Possible sources of hot spring fluids include deeply-circulated meteoric water that experienced water-rock exchange at high temperatures (>100 °C) and deep-seated crustal fluids. Aside from the source of modern hot spring fluids and heat, questions about the spatio-temporal history of fluid flow along the Hurricane Fault remain unaddressed. Abundant damage zone veins, cements, and host rock alteration are present, indicative of past fluid flow. Carbonate veining and cementation is a key feature of the Hurricane Fault zone, and is the primary feature exploited to characterize the thermochemical history of fault-related paleofluids. A combination of macroscopic and microscopic carbonate observations, chemical composition, and precipitation temperature of calcite veins was used to determine past water-rock diagenetic interaction and vein evolution in the Hurricane Fault zone. Calcite iv in concretions and veins from the damage zone of the fault shows a wide range of carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios, with δ13CPDB from -4.5 to 3.8 ‰ and δ18OPDB from -17.7 to -1.1‰. Fluid inclusion microthermometry homogenization temperatures range from 45 to 160 °C, with fluid salinities of 0 to 15 wt% NaCl calculated from melting temperatures. Combining the two datasets, two main fluids that interacted with the fault zone are inferred: (1) basin brines with a δ 18OSMOW of 9.2 ‰ and (2) altered meteoric fluids with a δ 18OSMOW of -11.9 to -8.3 ‰. Calculated dissolved CO2 δ 13CPDB (-8.5 to -1.3 ‰) indicates mixed marine carbonate and organic or magmatic sources. Fault zone diagenesis was caused by meteoric water infiltration and interaction with carbonate-rich rocks, mixed with upwelling basin brines. Fluid-rock interaction is concentrated in the damage zone, where fracture-related permeability was utilized for fluid flow. A distinct mineralization event punctuated this history, associated with basin brines that were chemically influenced by nearby basaltic magmatism. This implies a hydrologic connection between the fault and regional magmatism.
19
Tranel, Lisa Marie. "Evaluation of Coupled Erosional Processes and Landscape Evolution in the Teton Range, Wyoming." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38693.
Full textAbstract:
The evolution of mountain landscapes is controlled by complex interactions between large-scale tectonic, surficial and climate conditions. Dominant processes are attributed to creating characteristic features of the landscape, but topographic features are the cumulative result of coupled surficial processes, each locally effective in a different climate or elevation regime. The focus of erosion by glacial, fluvial, or mass wasting processes is highly sensitive to small changes in boundary conditions, therefore spatial and temporal variability can be high when observed over short time scales. This work evaluated methods for dissecting the history of complex alpine landscapes to understand the role of individual processes influenced by changing climate and underlying bedrock. It also investigated how individual and combined mechanisms of surficial processes influenced the evolution of topography in the Teton Range in Wyoming. Detrital apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronology and cosmogenic radionuclide erosion rates were applied to determine spatial and temporal variability of erosion in the central catchments of the range. Spatial variability existed between the glacial and fluvial systems, indicating that sediment erosion and deposition by these processes was controlled by short-term variability in climate conditions. Effective glacial incision also controlled other processes, specifically enhancing rock fall activity and inhibiting fluvial incision. Short-term erosion rates were highly variable and were controlled by stochastic processes, particularly hillslope failures in response to slope oversteepening due to glacial incision and orientation and spacing of bedrock fractures. Erosion rates averaged over 10 ky time scales were comparable to long-term exhumation rates measured in the Teton Range. The similarity of spatial erosion patterns to predicted uniform erosion and the balance between intermediate and long-term erosion rates suggests the landscape of the Teton Range is approaching steady-state, but frequent stochastic processes, short-term erosional variability and coupled processes maintain rugged topographic relief.Ph. D.
20
Koleini, Mehran. "Engineering geological assessment and rock mass characterization of the Asmari formation (Zagros range) as large dam foundation rocks in southwestern Iran." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24303.
Full textAbstract:
The Zagros fold-thrust belt results from the continent-continent collision between the Arabian margin and the Eurasian plate following the closure of the Neo-Tethys Ocean during the Tertiary. Despite some ongoing controversies about the timing of the onset of the collision there is little doubt that the main episode of the cover shortening in the Zagros folded belt occurred since about 10 Ma as suggested by the youngest folded strata of the Agha Jari red marls. Shortening by about 70 km derived from balanced sections across the Zagros folded belt, yields shortening rates of 7 km Ma-1 consistent with the present-day rates of 0.7 cm yr-1 based on GPS studies. A major unconformity between the Agha Jari formation and the Bakhtyari conglomerates indicates that cover shortening decreased or ceased 5 Ma ago. During or since the deposition of the Bakhtyari Formation, the Zagros fold belt underwent a regional uplift whose origin still remains enigmatic. The deformation is characterized by periodic folding with axial lengths sometimes greater than 200 km. This fold geometry is outlined by the limestone beds of the Asmari Formation, which is one of the main oil reservoirs in the Zagros. The Zagros also serves as the main originating headspring of the rivers running into the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea watersheds. Among all these rivers, the major ones are: Arvand Rud, Gamasb, Karun, Rajah, Zaal and Marun join and form Jarahi, Seymareh, Qareh Aqhaj, Zohreh, Dalaki, Mend, Shur, Minab, Mehran and Naband. Therefore, the Zagros region has high potential for dam construction to control surface water for electric energy, water supply for irrigation of agricultural lands and land reclamation. Among various formations in the Zagros region, the Asmari Formation limestone with relatively exclusive characteristics such as rigidity and morphology is a suitable rock foundation for dams in the Zagros range. It should be considered that the Asmari limestones constitute a series of double plunging, asymmetrical folds with northwest-southeast trend and that the southern flanks are steeper than the north-eastern ones (70° to 90º, locally reversed). Due to varying inclinations, there are much more curvatures of strata in the southwestern flanks of folded structures, with different characteristics of the rock mass in the two flanks of the anticlines. The anticlines, particularly in the Asmari Formation, contain tension-induced, open fracturing which has introduced significant secondary permeability. Engineering geological investigations indicate that there is a clear relationship between rock mass characteristics of the Asmari Formation and tectonic activities such as various tilting and curvature rates of strata at folded structures in the Zagros Mountain range. In this regard it should be considered that the upper and middle units of the Asmari Formation that constituted the main dam foundation rock mass on the northern flanks are influenced by karstification processes which have resulted from aggressive mineral waters. Thus huge karst features and cavities can be observed, where the Gachsaran evaporites stratigraphically overlie Asmari Formation succession limestones. The aggressive mineral waters originating from the Gachsaran Formation play the main role in karstification of the Asmari Formation limestones, whereas the lower Asmari is less influenced by these solutions and karstification processes as it is restricted to where the Karun-3 and Karun-4 dams are situated. Reassessment of available data and geological investigations during this research, lead to a new proposed configuration of engineering characterization of the rock mass for the Asmari formation limestones in the Zagros Region.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Geology
unrestricted
21
Ryskamp, Elizabeth Balls. "Petrogenesis of Eocene-Oligocene magmatism of the Sulphur Springs Range, central Nevada: The role of magma mixing." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1607.pdf.
Full text
22
Jackson, Keith Michael. "Spatial and morphological change of Eliot Glacier, Mount Hood, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2007. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4126.
Full textAbstract:
Eliot Glacier is a small (1.6 km2), relatively well-studied glacier on Mount Hood, Oregon. Since 1901, glacier area decreased from 2.03 ± 0.16 km2 to 1.64 ± 0.05 km2 by 2004, a loss of 19%, and the terminus retreated about 600 m. Mount Hood's glaciers as a whole have lost 34% of their area. During the first part of the 20th century the glacier thinned and retreated, then thickened and advanced between the 1940s and 1960s because of cooler temperatures and increased winter precipitation and has since accelerated its retreat, averaging about 1.0 m a-1 thinning and a 20 m a-1 retreat rate by 2004. Surface velocities at a transverse profile reflect ice thickness over time, reaching a low of 1.4 m a-1 in 1949 before increasing to 6.9 ± 1.7 m a-1 from the 1960s to the 1980s. Velocities have since slowed to about 2.3 m a-1 , about the 1940 speed.
23
Ferry, Nicholas. "Role of a Rigid Bedrock Substrate on Emplacement of the Blue Diamond Landslide, Basin and Range Province, Eastern Spring Mountains, Southern Nevada." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1595848435400303.
Full text
24
Thurley, Matthew J. (Matthew John) 1971. "Three dimensional data analysis for the separation and sizing of rock piles in mining." Monash University, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Systems, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7855.
Full text
25
Feng, Quanhong. "Novel methods for 3-D semi-automatic mapping of fracture geometry at exposed rock faces." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Tekniska högsk, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3181.
Full text
26
Dodson, Zoey. "Linking glacial erosion and rock type via spectral roughness and spatial patterns of fractures on glaciated bedrock in the Teton Range, Wyoming, USA." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1539080658075619.
Full text
27
Karademir, Salahaddin Mirac. "A Parametric Study On Three Dimensional Modeling Of Parallel Tunnel Interactions." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612462/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
A parametric study is performed to investigate the parallel tunnel interaction. Three dimensional finite element analyses were performed to determine the effects of soil stiffness, pillar width and advancement level of the second tunnel on the behaviour of displacement, bending moment and shear force of the previously constructed tunnel. In the analysis PLAXIS 3D Tunnel geotechnical finite element package was used. This program allows the user to define the actual construction stages of a NATM tunnel construction. In the analysis, construction stages are defined in such a way that firstly one of the tunnels is constructed and the construction of the second tunnel starts after the construction of the first tunnel. The mid-length section of the first tunnel is investigated in six different locations and at seven different advancement levels in terms of displacement, bending moment and shear forces. It is found that, displacement and bending moment behaviour are more related with soil stiffness and pillar width than the behaviour of shear forces. While the level of advancement of the second tunnel causes different type of responses on the shear force behaviour, level of advancement does not affect the type of behaviour of displacements and bending moments. Another finding of the research is that pillar width has an evident influence on the behaviour of displacements and bending moment than the soil stiffness. It is also found that the interaction effect may be eliminated by increasing the pillar width equal or larger than an approximate value of 2.5 &ndash3.0 D (diameter) for an average soil stiffness value.
28
Gabrielsson, Gustav. "Tissue Compression Flossing - A systematic review." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för idrottsvetenskap (ID), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104249.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Compression Tissue Flossing (CTF) is getting more and more popular. However, it is still unclear about the usability and function of CTF. Objective: The main objective was to investigate the current evidence on the function and usability of CTF by doing a systematic review. Methods: A PRISMA checklist was used to write this systematic review. Inclusion criteria; studies that examined CTF and its different effects published 2013-2021. The exclusion criteria were studies that were not published in English. The information sources used in this systematic review was done on PubMed and EBSCO (MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus) and as hand research. The methodological quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale and the AMSTAR. The method used to present the results is by organized tables where the study results are shown. Results: A total of 25 articles was included in the review. A total of 509 participants (mean age 22,6) was included. The average physiotherapy database score was 56% (range= 18,1%-81,8%). 15 studies were considered as high quality, 10 as low quality. Compression Tissue Flossing showed many different significant effects as increased range of motion, countermovement jump, rate of force development, increased torque, jump height, jump velocity, reduced muscle contraction time, and perception of flexibility. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that compression tissue flossing has a good potential to be used in different contexts of sports performance/medicine. More studies are needed to validate the use of different floss bands and use them in bigger epidemiological settings as it right now seems to lack in its consistency depending on the pressure and application.
29
Adamson, Thomas Keeley. "Structural development of the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt in the Permian, Bryneira Range, western Otago, New Zealand : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geological Science at the University of Canterbury /." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1587.
Full textAbstract:
The deformed Permian Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt (DMOB) forms the basement of the Dun Mountain-Maitai terrane and is traceable through the entire length of New Zealand. The DMOB contains a variably serpentinised mantle portion and a crustal portion containing gabbros, dolerites, cross cutting dikes and extrusives, together they are similar to oceanic crust. The initial crustal portion, however, is atypical when compared to other ophiolites, being thin and lacking a sheeted dike complex, but has well spaced inclined intrusive sheets and sills. At least four post-Permian deformation periods affect the DMOB; collision and rotation during emplacement of the DMOB on the Gondwana margin, compression during Mesozoic orogenies, extensional deformation during the Gondwana break-up and transpressive deformation related to the modern plate boundary through New Zealand. Structural work in the Northern Bryneira Range focused on well preserved outcrops to investigate crustal growth and contemporaneous deformation during the Permian. Structural evidence of Permian deformation was determined by examination of pseudostratigraphy, structures constrainable to the Permian, and the geometric relationships with the overlying Maitai sedimentary sequence. Crosscutting by intrusive phases was used to determine a chronological order of crustal growth and deformation episodes. It was concluded that all deformation was extensional and that two major phases of magmatism were separated by a period of deformation and were followed by ongoing syn-sedimentary deformation during the deposition of the Maitai Group. After removal of Mesozoic rotation, the resulting orientations of paleo-horizontal markers and diverse orientations of intrusive sheets were analysed. Two hypothesises were tested to assess the origin of inclined intrusive sheets: a) that the diverse orientations were the result of tectonic rotation coeval with the intrusion of dikes. b) that primary orientations of the sheets had been diverse. Results show that the sheets were intruded with diverse orientations, probably related to variation in the principle horizontal stress over time. Further rotation of the assemblage of sheets occurred during the last stages of magmatism and during the subsequent period of sedimentation. The last stage probably relates to large scale normal faulting during the development of the sedimentary basin. iii
30
Main, Joel. "Using Travertine-Cemented Fault Breccias to Understand the Architecture and History of the Gunnison Fault Zone, eastern Basin and Range, Utah." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1440176868.
Full text
31
Nováková, Zuzana. "Podzemní garáže v Brně." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225514.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis focuses on the design of the underground garage in the centre of Brno under the Petrov hill. The main target of the thesis is to design spatial arrangement of the underground space and its feasibility study. In the following parts the design of the structural solution and its check calculation is carried out.
32
Aarts, Geert. "Modelling space-use and habitat preference from wildlife telemetry data." Thesis, St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/327.
Full text
33
Echeverria, Moreno Ana. "GPS present-day kinematics of the eastern Betics, Spain." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/366265.
Full textAbstract:
The eastern Betic Cordillera, south-eastern Spain, is one of the most seismically active area within the Iberian Peninsula. The Eastern Betic Shear Zone (EBSZ) in the Betic Cordillera absorbs part of the convergence between the Eurasia and African (Nubia) plates, stretching for aprox. 250 km from Alicante to Almeria. The EBSZ is a NE-SW transpressive left-lateral trending fault-system that is composed by several individual faults. Listed from south to north: Carboneras, Palomares, Alhama de Murcia, Carrascoy and Bajo-Segura. The CuaTeNeo GPS network was installed in 1996 in the eastern Betics with the main goal of determining the ongoing activity of the EBSZ (specifically of the Carboneras, Palomares and Alhama de Murcia faults). The network consists of 15 highly stable monuments, covering an area of 120x50 km in Murcia and Almeria. The network has been observed five times in 1997, 2002, 2006, 2009 and 2011. The results presented here are based on the analysis of the data of these five campaigns, spanning 15 year long time period and the data from continuous GPS stations of various public networks, such as REGAM, MERISTEMUM, IGN and RAP. In addition, several stations specially designed to detect tectonic crustal deformations have also been included: GATA station from Cabo de Gata and four Topo-Iberia network stations located within the study area.
The most prominent feature of the GPS velocity field is the NW oriented motion of the majority of the stations at rates ranging from 0.5 to 3 mm/yr in a western Europe reference frame. This type of deformation indicates that the main driving force responsible for the observed velocities is related to the on-going convergence between Nubia and Eurasia plates.
The calculated deformation field shows evidence for localized deformation related to active faults within the area. Most of the observed deformation is concentrated in the area delimited by the Alhama de Murcia (AMF) and Palomares (PF) faults. Here the maximum shear strain rates are observed. An estimated geodetic slip rate of the AMF-PF fault system is 1.5±0.3 mm/yr, oriented obliquely to the strike of the fault and indicating a combination of reverse and sinistral type of motion. We attribute this maximum slip rate to AMF since PF is currently either inactive or is slipping very slowly, at rates that are undetectable by the current GPS station spatial-temporal coverage. The installation of the GATA GPS station at Cabo de Gata has enabled us to obtain continuous observations from both sides of the Carboneras fault zone (CFZ) in the southern part of the study area. For the first time, it was possible to quantify the slip rate of the CFZ: a maximum left-lateral strike slip motion of 1.3±0.2 mm/yr. The coincidence of the geologic and geodetic strike-slip rates along the CFZ, illustrate that during Quaternary the northern segment of the CFZ has been tectonically active and has been slipping at a constant rate ranging from 1.1 to 1.5 mm/yr.
GPS velocities and the derived strain rate field suggest a dominant NW-SE oriented compression, with a SW-NE extension in the south-western part of the study area, west of Almeria. In this SW sector the dominance of Erna., indicate a presence of a thinning or extensional kinematics, related to the block escape tectonics and possibly a slab rollback.
This work demonstrates the current continuing tectonic activity of the eastern Betics and determines that Alhama de Murcia and Carboneras left-lateral faults are the most active faults. These two faults play an important role in the regional plate convergence kinematics.La serralada de les Bètiques orientals, al sud-est d'Espanya, és una de les àrees sísmicament més actives de la península ibèrica. El sistema de Cisalla de les Bètiques orientals (EBSZ) absorbeix part de la convergència entre les plaques Eurasiàtiques i Africana (Nubia). L'EBSZ és un sistema de falles transpressives senestres format per diverses falles, que de sud a nord són: Carboneras, Palomares, Alhama de Murcia, Carrascoy i Bajo-Segura. La xarxa de GPS CuaTeNeo es va instal•lar l'any 1996 a les Bètiques orientals amb l'objectiu de determinar l'activitat tectònica de l'EBSZ (específicament de les falles de Carboneras, Palomares i Alhama de Murcia). La xarxa està formada per 15 monuments altament estables localitzats a les províncies de Murcia i Almeria. La xarxa s'ha observat cinc vegades: en el 1997, 2002, 2006, 2009 i 2011. Els resultats presentats en aquesta tesi es basen en l'anàlisi de les mesures d'aquestes cinc campanyes (per un període de 15 anys) així com mesures d'estacions GPS contínues de diverses xarxes públiques com la xarxa REGAM, MERISTEMUM, IGN i RAP. A més, s'han inclòs algunes estacions dissenyades especialment per a la detecció de deformacions corticals: l'estació GATA, emplaçada al Cabo de Gata i quatre estacions de la xarxa Topo-Iberia. El tret més important del camp de velocitats GPS obtingut és l'orientació cap al NW de la majoria d'estacions, amb unes taxes de desplaçament de 0,5 a 3 mm/a (respecte Europa occidental). Aquest tipus de deformació indica que la principal força responsable de les velocitats obtingudes està relacionada amb l'actual convergència entre les plaques de Nubia i Euràsia. El camp de deformació obtingut mostra evidències de deformació relacionada amb falles actives dins l'àrea d'estudi. La major part de la deformació es concentra en l'àrea delimitada per les falles d'Alhama de Murcia (AMF) i Palomares (PF), on s'han observat les màximes deformacions per cisalla. La taxa de lliscament horitzontal geodèsica estimada d'1,5±0,3 mm/a pel sistema AMF-PF i orientat oblic a la traça de la falla, indica una combinació de moviment invers i levògir. Aquesta taxa de lliscament màxima s'atribueix a AMF degut a que PF és actualment inactiva o presenta taxes de lliscament molt lentes, imperceptibles en aquest estudi GPS. La instal•lació de l'estació GATA ens ha permès disposar d'observacions continues als dos costats de la zona de falla de Carboneras (CFZ). Per primera vegada, ha estat possible la quantificació geodèsica de la taxa de lliscament de CFZ: una taxa màxima en direcció senestra d'1,3±0,2 mm/a. La coincidència de les taxes geològiques i geodèsiques al llarg de la CFZ, posen de manifest que durant el Quaternari el segment nord de la CFZ ha estat tectònicament actiu i ha estat lliscant a una taxa constant d'1,1 a 1,5 mm/a. Les velocitats GPS obtingudes i el camp de deformació derivat d'aquestes suggereixen una compressió dominant orientada NW-SE, amb una extensió SW-NE en la part SW de l'àrea d'estudi. En aquest sector del SW, prop d'Almeria, la predominança d'émax indica la presència d'una cinemàtica d'aprimament o extensional, relacionada a una tectònica d'escapament de blocs i possiblement a un slab rollback. Aquest treball posa de manifest l'activitat tectònica continua en l'actualitat a les Bètiques orientals i determina que les falles senestres d'Alhama de Murcia i Carboneras són les més actives. Ambdues falles juguen un paper important en la cinemàtica de la convergència de plaques regional.
34
Lunder, Per John. "Hard rock pillar strength estimation an applied empirical approach." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5391.
Full textAbstract:
Pillars are present in all hard rock mining operations and in order to effectively design these pillars, an
estimate of the pillar strength is required. Two new pillar strength estimation methods for hard rock mine
pillars are presented in this thesis. 31 pillar case histories of the database that was used to develop these new
formulae were acquired during a cooperative study, entitled “Ground Stability Guidelines for the Extraction of
Barrier Pillars in Hard Rock Mines”, between Westmin Resources Ltd. and The Canadian Centre for Mineral
and Energy Technology (CANMET). 147 additional case histories were acquired from six documented hard
rock pillar case studies in the literature, resulting in a combined database of 178 case histories.
The combined database is comprised mainly of massive sulphide pillars with rock mass ratings of
between 60% and 85%. Major structural features were not deemed to be an influence in pillar instability.
Pillar stressess were calculated using either tributary area theory or numerical modelling methods. The factors
determined to influence pillar strength for the combined database therefore are:
• the average pillar confinement (which is a function of pillar geometry)
• the unconfined compressive strength of the intact pillar material
• the stresses that a pillar is subjected to
The degree to which a pillar has failed is quantifiable using a pillar stability classification index which
ranges from “1” (stable) to “5” (failed). The estimation of pillar stresses is preferably determined using threedimensional
numerical modelling, but in some situations two-dimensional numerical modelling or tributary
area theory may provide adequate results. It was concluded that the full size unconfined compressive strength
of a pillar can be approximated by a strength size factor of 44 percent of the small scale unconfined
compressive strength of intact pillar material.
Two pillar strength formulae have been developed from the combined pillar database: “The Log-Power
Shape Effect Formula” and “The Confinement Formula”. Both of the methods utilize the average pillar
confinement. “The Log-Power Shape Effect Formula” is a refined shape effect formula which has a form
similar to that proposed by researchers in the past. “The Confinement Formula” has a form that resembles the
Mohr-Coulomb shear strength formula.
The combined database was analyzed and the predicted strengths from “The Confinement Formula”
was compared to the results for existing pillar strength methods (Hedley & Grant (1972), Bieniawski (1975),
Salamon & Munro (1967), Obert & Duvall (1967), Hoek & Brown (1980)). “The Confinement Formula” is
shown statistically to be the most reliable method of estimating the strength of the pillars that make up the
combined database.
35
Lau, Linda I. Hein. "Performance of Pillars in Rock Salt Mines." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/5566.
Full textAbstract:
The viscoelastic and creep properties of salt create challenges in the design of salt mines. Salt undergoes steady state creep for a long period of time, and the time of failure is not easily predicted. Developing functions for creep behavior is important in predicting the deformation of salt pillars. Through literature reviews, it was found that there are many relationships to determine the deformation rate of salt specimens through constitutive models. Mine panels have also been modeled to understand the stress and deformational behavior of the pillars. The purpose of this was project was to develop a relationship that determines the convergence rate from knowing the pillar width to pillar height ratio and thickness of the salt strata immediately above and below the mine.
The third power law was adopted in the modeling of salt pillars, which is applicable to low stresses of less than 10 MPa that is typical of salt mine conditions. The finite difference software, FLAC3D was used for the simulations of salt pillar models. A square pillar was modeled using four pillar width to pillar height ratios from 1.5 to 4.6. In mining practices, the pillar width to pillar height ratios are designed to be 1.0 to 5.0. Three sets of pillar dimensions were used for each pillar width to pillar height ratio, this was done to determine whether different room and pillar dimensions for each pillar width to pillar height ratio resulted in different convergence rates. Eight salt thicknesses of 0 m to 26 m were modeled for each set of pillar dimensions, which was sufficient to determine the effect of salt thickness on convergence rate.
From the modeled results, general trends among the various pillar width to pillar height ratios were observed. The convergence rate increased as the pillar width to pillar height ratio decreased. In addition, an exponential relationship was found between the convergence rate and the pillar width to pillar height ratio. There was a strong correlation between convergence values calculated from the developed function and the modeled values for the power law exponent of three. The developed expression can be used to estimate the convergence rate due to pillar compression and room convergence.
36
Mandingaisa, Omberai. "Quantification of the impacts of rock mass quality on stope width control and pillar stability in a hard rock narrow reef mine." Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/26770.
Full textAbstract:
A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering, 2018In bord and pillar mining, pillar stability is a key element of the mining process. This is usually underpinned by successful adherence to planned mining stope width. Stope width control is the backbone to the grade control process in platinum mines on the great Dyke of Zimbabwe. Poor rock mass has always been used to explain the failures by mining personnel to meet the requisite stoping width. A quantification process for this risk in monetary terms is tested and proves that geotechnical risk at times does less damage to the business value stream than malpractices. A review process followed in this research shows the vital path to value preservation and reduction of unnecessary dilution of the ore. A robust pillar support system is critical in a bord and pillar setup in shallow mines. These pillars are designed not to yield nor crush. Despite meeting design criteria, however, pillars are still found to fail. A tool to quantify this risk in monetary terms is an unparalleled advantage. A classical case is presented in this research illustrating the critical steps that can be followed to scientifically provide management with the financial information on which to base decisions. Poor rock mass conditions will always require to be adequately supported for sustainability of the mining business. This normally requires the installation of longer tendons, a time-consuming process. A slightly more expensive support product (the Flexibolt) was tested in this research to optimise the support process resulting in great value addition to the business. A case study is presented in this research report. Proposals for inclusion of a geotechnical risk quantification process to assist management to make value-based mining layout and operational decisions are also presented in this report.
XL2019
37
Baillie, Michael W. "Scourability of weak rock in the Oregon Coast Range." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/33686.
Full textAbstract:
The undermining of bridge foundations can lead to either costly repairs or a bridge
collapse. These foundations must be designed to counter the effects of scour. Current
practice does not allow for accurate estimates of scour in erodible rock. Scour in rock can be related to geotechnical and hydraulic properties. A field study of eleven bridge sites provided samples of the bedrock where the abrasive resistance of the rock was determined and hydraulic properties of the channel were calculated. Laboratory abrasion resistance values from a modified slake durability test and hydraulic variables such as stream power were compared to recent and past stream channel cross-sections. A preliminary model has been proposed wherein the degradation of the stream channel is related to the abrasive resistance of the bedrock and the area under the daily stream power. This method provides an estimate of the degradation of the stream bed due to abrasion by bedload and flood events, not necessarily local or contraction scour.Graduation date: 1998
38
Leathers, Michael R. "Balanced structural cross section of the western Salt Range and Potwar Plateau, Pakistan : deformation near the strike-slip terminus of an overthrust sheet /." 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/13150.
Full text
39
Jadoon, Ishtiaq Ahmad Khan. "Thin-skinned tectonics on continent/ocean transitional crust, Sulaiman Range, Pakistan." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/36541.
Full textAbstract:
Surface and subsurface data from the Sulaiman thrust belt show that nearly all
the 10 km thick sequence of dominantly platform (>7 km) and molasse strata is detached
at the deformation front. These strata thicken tectonically to a minimum of 20 km in the
hinterland of the Sulaiman fold belt without significant thrust faults at the surface. The
balanced structural cross-:section suggests that the tectonic uplift in the Sulaiman fold belt
is a result of thin-skinned, passive-roof duplex style of deformation. The duplex
sequence of Jurassic and older rocks is separated from the roof sequence by a passive-back
thrust in thick Cretaceous shales. The passive-roof sequence remains intact for
about 150 km and becomes emergent along a passive-back thrust in the hinterland. The
structures are expressed at the surface by fault-related folds in the foreland and out-of-sequence
structures (secondary faults and related pop-ups) in the interior. The duplex
structure varies from fault-bend folds to anticlinal stacks, and hinterland dipping
duplexes. Progressive deformation reveals a series of structural and geometrical features
including: (1) broad concentric folding at the fault tip; (2) development of a passive-roof
and duplex sequence; (2) forward propagation of the duplex as critical taper is achieved;
(4) tear faults and extensional normal faults within the overthrust wedge; and (5) out of
sequence (secondary) thrusting. The 349 km long balanced cross-section from the
Sulaiman fold belt restores to an original length of 727 km that provides 378 km of
shortening in the cover strata of the Indian subcontinent. Minimum estimate of
shortening is 328 km. Modelling of the Bouguer gravity profile from the Sulaiman
foredeep across the Indian/ Afghan collision zone suggests the depth to the Moho at the
Sulaiman deformation front is about 36 km. Depth to Moho increases northward with a
gentle gradient of 1.1° (20 m/km) for 280 km to the hinterland where the depth to the
Moho is about 42 km. About 150 km north across the Khojak flysch the Moho gradient
steepens abruptly to about 7.8° (136 m/km) to attain an average depth of about 57 km in
eastern Afghanistan. This suggests that the Sulaiman fold belt is underlain by transitional
crust associated with the western passive margin of the Indian subcontinent.Graduation date: 1992
40
Qayyum, Mazhar. "Crustal shortening and tectonic evolution of the Salt Range in Northwest Himalaya, Pakistan /." 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/9504.
Full text
41
James, Heidi Nicole. "The rock engravings of several portions of the farm Doornkloof 393 JQ along the Magaliesberg Range." Diss., 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24331.
Full text
42
Durapraj, Shyandra. "An investigation of Westonaria formation lavas (WAF) and it's influence on the rock engineering design at Goldfield's No.4 (Ya Rona) shaft pillar extraction." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/17545.
Full textAbstract:
Geological complexity has always been a large contributor to instabilities at the mines on the Far West Rand. Part of the problem lies in the unknown nature of many of the rock types and formations that overlie or underlie the conglomerate reef bands within the rockmass. One of these little known rock types is the highly altered Westonaria Formation Lavas (WAF), which has impacted significantly on the stability, production sustainability and the rock engineering designs at many of the mines in the area.
The Ya Rona Shaft Pillar Extraction is one of the mining operations where WAF has determined the course of many interventions. Failure of the WAF has occurred at mines that had not identified it as a potential hazard, which has led to large-scale fall-outs, significant damage to excavations, particularly shafts, and more importantly, operational downtime. Under this risk profile, Ya Rona shaft would not be able to sustain a profitable production profile should failure of the WAF occur.
This research report investigates the WAF rock type, why it poses such a threat to stability, and how it influences rock engineering design where it is encountered. Using the available literature, rockmass rating systems and numerical modelling of the Ya Rona Shaft Pillar Extraction, classification of WAF will be attempted. Moreover, the research report will show what mitigation measures may be required to achieve stability under the WAF conditions, and also provide a guideline for rock engineering design under WAF conditions within a shaft pillar extraction.
43
Tsao, Han-Yun, and 曹菡芸. "A Study of the Relationship between the Tayuling Synclinorium and Rock Cleavage in the Central Range of Taiwan." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zxrmuc.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
資源工程研究所
99
Rock cleavage is a set of closely spaced secondary planar parallel fabric element, which developed during the deformation and metamorphism. Because of rock cleavage is also the most common secondary, planar structure in the metamorphic rock of Central Range of Taiwan. So, rock cleavage is the very important key to study the relationship between the rock deformation and the regional structure evolution in the Central Range of Taiwan. This study focuses on the morphology, textures, and microstructures of the rock cleavage on the Tayuling area. The Tayuling area is located at the Central Range Slate Belt of Taiwan and the regional geology has been study clearly. There is a synclinorium structure in this area. According to the analysis of the lithologic units, attitude of cleavage, morphology of cleavage and microstructures, showed that the rock cleavage developed during different evolution stages of the Tayuling synclinorium.
44
JANG, JI YAN, and 紀延璋. "Study on using Close-Range Handhold Laser Scanner to simulate the measurement for volumes of Earth and rock Variation." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98312700000140720579.
Full textAbstract:
碩士逢甲大學
土木工程學系
104
The scanner has been widely used. With the development of science and technology, it is increasingly diversification. For instance, Contact 3D scanner, Non-contact 3D scanner, and Handhold Laser Scanner. In the Handhold Laser Scanner, it has high convenience and easy to carry. Because the operation isn’t complicated, the accuracy will not be reduced. This research through the simulation experiment, it can use the Handhold Laser Scanner go against earth and rocks change to do the scanning measurement. An application software programs－Rapidform XOR3 scan the point cloud data and establish the DEM to investigate the earth and rocks volume differences. Thence, we utilize the above method to come to a data and the actual rocky amount. Final, we do relative error analysis of the scan data and actual values precision. Keywords: Handhold Laser Scanner, Rapidform XOR3, Earth and rocks change Measurement, Relative error.
45
Kuo, Ren-Wei, and 郭人瑋. "The relationship between Styles of Rock Cleavage and Illite Crystallinity along the structure section across the Central Range through Nengkuo Pass,Taiwan." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/hmk46g.
Full text
46
Parker-Wood, Marlene Margaret. "Significance of the Rosslyn pillars and pillars known to have been incorporated in ANE temples." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1936.
Full textAbstract:
From Ancient Near Eastern texts, the Bible and archaeological artefacts, we are able to glimpse an over arching belief in a feminine deity. During the occupation of the Temple Mount by the Knights Templars, earlier traditions were ”re-discovered” and accepted as a de facto tradition.
William St Clair at the threshold of the Renaissance, mindful of the danger of heresy, was intellectually able to bring together many traditions into a broad Biblically-based theology that recognised the early Israelite traditions as the foundation of Christian belief. All this is evident in Rosslyn Chapel.OLD TESTAMENT & ANCIENT NE
MA (BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY)