Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Roche ultrabasique'
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Kane, Mustapha. "Sur les caractères ophiolitiques du complexe ultrabasique-basique du proterozoïque supérieur des Mauritanides centrales : Métallogénèse et géochimie des indices de métaux de base associés et guides de prospection (pour une ophiolitisation au Précambrien)." Nancy 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN1A027.
Full textRemond, Sylvie. "Diversité des cumulats ophiolitiques du Massif de Limassol Forest (Chypre)." Nancy 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN10359.
Full textDaval, Damien. "Processus de carbonation de basaltes et de roches ultrabasiques en conditions de subsurface." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077136.
Full textMineral trapping of co2 by carbonation is possibly a way to store co2 permanently. However, little is known aboutthe reaction kinetics and mechanisms of this process. Our work aimed at identifying the main parameters/dontrolling the weathering and carbonation rates of model silicates of (ultra)basic rocks. The influence of secondary phases on silicate weathering rates received detailed attention. Whereas the formation of thick and mesoporous coatings of amorphous silica onto the surface of wollastonite weakly affects wollastonite dissolution, forsterite dissolution is inhibited by a passivating silica layer. In this latter case, the reaction continues through solid-state diffusion, a process which is ~ 5 orders of magnitude slower than an interfacial dissolution mechanism. Another parameter which controls the weathering rate of silicates (r) is the distance from equilibrium (Δgr) at which it takes place. We showed that the law implemented into geochemical codes and which links r to Δgr overestimates diopside dissolution rate by one order of magnitude on a wide range of Δgr. This difference is responsible for a substantial error on the modeling of carbonation rate of diopside, which we calculated and corrected. A third factor which affects the weathering rate of minerals is due to the c02 itself: its effect (apart from that of ph) intrinsically promûtes lizardite dissolution kinetics, presumably because of the formation of surface complexes involving hco3" species. Finally, co2-h2o-fe-silicates interactions can lead to the reduction of co2, a flux which could compete with that of carbonation. Preliminary experiments of fayalite dissolution will help to resolve this question
Pens, Maria. "Etude expérimentale de l’altération hydrothermale des roches ultrabasiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1107/document.
Full textPeridotites, Earth's mantle rocks, are unstable in the presence of water and can be transformed into a hydrated mineral, serpentine, which has the remarkable ability to generate hydrogen H2; this reaction is called serpentinization. At the mid-ocean ridges, the circulation of water in these rocks leads to the formation of large hydrothermal systems. They show great variability of temperature and fluids’pH conditions, although they all lead to the abiotic formation of H2, methane CH4 and eventually other light hydrocarbons. This PhD thesis is dedicated to the study of the chemical composition role of the hydrothermal fluid on the kinetics and mechanisms of serpentinization of ultramafic rocks to different conditions of P-T. The interaction between olivine and/or orthopyroxene was analyzed with an aqueous solution to simulate sea water which is rich in aluminum and/or bicarbonate ions, with different pH values. A first series of experiments was carried out at 200, 340 °C and 200 MPa in lp-DAC at the ESRF in France. It was used to quantify the kinetic parameters of the reaction, to determine an opposite effect of aluminum on the kinetics these two minerals and the acceleration of the reaction under alkaline conditions. Other experiments were performed in glass bottles at Pamb and 80 °C. They led, for the first time, to the formation of serpentine, as well as to the formation of H2 and CH4. These results show that the slightly more complex chemistry of the hydrothermal fluid can have a major impact on the kinetics of serpentinization to speed and make it more accessible to industrial time scale
Ratié, Gildas. "Fractionnement isotopique naturel et anthropique du nickel en contexte ultrabasique : le cas des massifs de Niquelândia et Barro Alto (Etat du Goiás, Brésil)." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112229/document.
Full textThe Centre region the West of Brazil possesses ultramafic massifs (UM) with coats lateritic representatives of the reserves and so the important economic resources of Ni. These nickelifere massifs allow to study the cycle of Ni under anthropological constraints by a multidisciplinary approach, associating chemical characterizations, physical measures, solid speciation, and the isotopic drawing of sources and the processes affecting the nickel. This work focused on the use of the isotopes of Ni as tracer aimed at identifying the isotopic signature within several compartments in interactions some with the others (source rock, saprolite, laterite, soil and plants) and to associate the fractionation observed in the biogeochemical processes. Furthermore, because of their economic resources, the studied massifs, Barro Alto and Niquelândia, undergo an important, mining and metallurgical anthropological pressure. So, they offer an opportunity to study the isotopic fractionation of the nickel associated with its anthropological cycle, and to see if it is possible to identify the anthropological contribution in the natural cycle of Ni by its isotopic signature. The results showed that the weathering of rocks UB leads to an isotopic fractionation of Ni, being translated by a loss in heavy isotopes of the solid phase with a Δ⁶⁰Ni of - 0,47 ‰ between the bedrock and the top-soil. This division seems associated at least partially with the incorporation and with the sorption of the light isotopes in iron oxides during the remobilization of Ni. This enrichment in light isotopes in the solid part leads to a heavier isotopic composition in the dissolved phase (waters of massifs: 0.50 ‰ < δ⁶⁰Ni < 0,70 ‰). The saprolitic zone presents an important variation of isotopic signature (δ⁶⁰Ni) from -0,04 ‰ to 1,41 ‰. For samples presenting a heavy isotopic signature, Ni is mainly within the serpentine strongly substituted, when the lighter signatures are in connection with a proportion of Ni more important within the goethite. In a system as this one with a significant number of Ni-bearing phases, it is however very difficult to establish a link between the solid speciation and the isotopic composition. The role of plants in the cycle of Ni was approached by studying the isotopic fractionation of Ni in three species of hyperaccumulating plants of Ni and two species of tolerant plants. There is an isotopic fractionation during the transfer of Ni between the stem and the leaf, which is systematically enriched in heavy isotopes of Ni. The leaves are the compartments of the plants where the Ni contents are the most important. The enrichment in heavy isotopes of Ni in leaves with regard to soils (- 1,05 ± 0,03 ‰ < Δ⁶⁰Ni_sol-feuilles < - 0,06 ± 0,12 ‰) seems to indicate that the return and the decomposition of this organic matter at soil level will come along with a contribution in heavy isotopes of Ni in the soil. The pyrometallurgical activity lead to an isotopic fractionation during the smelting process in reducing conditions which leads to the formaton of the reduction slag. These slags present an enrichment in heavy isotopes (δ⁶⁰Ni = 0,18 ± 0,05 ‰) compared with the feeding material (δ⁶⁰Ni = 0,08 ± 0,08 ‰) and the end product, the FeNi (δ⁶⁰Ni = 0,06 ± 0,02 ‰). Finally, this study shows that the use of the isotopes of Ni to decipher the Ni anthropogenic and natural is limited because of the low fractionation induced by the pyrometallurgical processes in the looks of the big variability of the natural samples within the literature (-1.03 ‰ < δ⁶⁰Ni < 2.50 ‰)
Maillet, Nathalie. "Dualité d'origine des massifs ultrabasiques limousins : implications géodynamiques." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10109.
Full textDublet, Gabrielle. "Relation entre spéciation et distribution du nickel dans les couvertures d'altération latéritique des roches ultrabasiques de Nouvelle-Calédonie." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066035.
Full textThree weathering profiles, 43 to 67 m thick, of the peridotitic regolith of New Caledonia, were studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. This allowed confirming the redistribution of Ni from the primary minerals (olivine, pyroxene and serpentine) into neoformed phases such as secondary phyllosilicates, goethites and manganese oxides, during the formation of the lateritic covers of ultramafic rocks. The crystal-chemistry of phyllosilicates was investigated in more details, with samples either from the saprolite of the profiles or from serpentinized veins in rock fractures. This lead to propose a mineralization model according to which Ni would have been massively redistributed among the regolith as soon as the ophiolite obducted, and this from poorly nickeliferous serpentines to talcs very enriched in nickel. The analysis of goethite mineralogy and crystal-chemistry along the profiles showed that ageing of this mineral species, through dissolution and crystallization, yield to an upward increase of its crystallinity and a decrease of its Ni content. This process was proposed to explain the upward Ni depletion that is classically observed in lateritic covers of ultramafic rocks. The occurrence of high amounts of differentiated goethites, yielded by this ageing process and by reshuffle of the differentiated lateritic materials, is also proposed to explain some of the lateral heterogeneities of Ni contents that are observed in New Caledonian laterites. Finally, a XAS analysis showed that siderite secondary phases can hold significant proportions of Ni, if reductive environments set by organic matters develop among these nickeliferous lateritic covers
Lageat, Yannick. "Géomorphologie des roches basiques et ultrabasiques le relief du Bushveld (Afrique du sud) /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37606854z.
Full textLageat, Yannick. "Géomorphologie des roches basiques et ultrabasiques : le relief du Bushveld (Afrique du Sud)." Paris 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA010547.
Full textLatham, Marc. "Altération et pédogenèse sur roches ultrabasiques en Nouvelle-Calédonie : genèse et évolution des accumulations de fer et de silice en relation avec la formation du modelé /." Paris : Éd. de l'ORSTOM, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34868238q.
Full textMichaux, Laurent. "Altérations supergènes et hydrothermales des roches basiques et ultrabasiques pétrologie, géochimie et modélisations thermodynamiques /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37616368g.
Full textMichaux, Laurent. "Altérations supergènes et hydrothermales des roches basiques et ultrabasiques : pétrologie, géochimie et modélisations thermodynamiques." Aix-Marseille 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX30058.
Full textDufaud, Fabien. "Etude expérimentale des réactions de carbonatation minérale du C02 dans les roches basiques et ultrabasiques." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GLOB0010.
Full textMineral storage of carbon dioxide in the form of geologically stable carbonates is an option for mitigating the atmospheric CO2 increase. The purpose of this thesis has been to study carbonate formation in basic and ultrabasic rocks under high pressure high temperature possible CO2 injection conditions. First, data on siderite dissolution, a reaction limiting CO2 mineral storage, have been acquired by x-ray absorption spectroscopy under high pressures and high temperatures. A dissolution rate law, an activation energy and solution speciation data are given. These experiments have allowed to test the potential for these kinds of studies of batch microreactors mounted on synchrotron beamlines. Then, a laboratory experiment aimed at mimicking CO2 injection in basic and ultrabasic rocks at 90°C and 280 bar CO2 pressure is shown. Carbonatation by dissolution/precipitation of peridotites, basalts and serpentinites yields zoned siderites/ankerites/magnesites with mineral storage rates, depending on the substrate rock, of few percents per year. Finally, in order to study cases with high carbonatation rates, an experimental study on olivines, pyroxenes and serpentines has been relalized at 400-500°C and 1-1. 7 kbar. Mineral storage rates of several percents per hour have been measured. The importances of water fugacities and salinities have been evidenced and a stoichiometric coupling between carbonate production and olivine serpentinization has been shown. A methodology based on carbon isotopic analyses has been developed for establishing mass balances. It suggests that small but significant quantities of reduced carbon are formed in these experiments
Picazo, Suzanne. "Déformation des roches ultramafiques liée à l'exhumation dans les dorsales et les transitions océan continent." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GLOB0010.
Full textThe exhumation of mantle-derived rocks is widespread in slow and ultraslow Mid-Ocean Ridges and in passive continental margins. This process is done by means of detachment faults. The thermo-mechanical models predict an extreme softening of ultramafic rocks along the detachment fault but the deformation process leading to this weakening are not yet constrained. This work is focused on the understanding of the deformation process during exhumation in extensive domains as ridges or ocean continent transitions (OCT) and the mineral assemblages associated with it. The study is based on petro-structural analysis of rocks sampled in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (Serpentine cruise, 2007) around the hydrothermal sites of Ashadze (13°N) and Logatchev (15°N), in the relict of the Totalp OCT (Swiss Alps) and drilled on the Iberian margin (ODP Leg 173 Hole 1070). Our study shows that the ultramafic rocks in the upper levels of the footwall of the detachment fault undergo a series of plastic to semi-brittle deformations and brittle deformations. In samples from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, we observe deformations prior to serpentinization that are clearly favored by the products of hydrothermal alteration of gabbroic injections in the peridotite (tremolite, chlorite). We show experimentally that the friction coefficient of tremolite between 500° and 600°C (0. 4 to 0. 65) is comparable to that of serpentine. After serpentinization, the deformation of our ridge sample set is favored by talc which crystallized after hydrothermal alteration of serpentine by fluids Si-rich (probably due to an interaction with mafic rocks). It therefore appears that the detachments in the Atlantic ridge is largely influenced by the injection of magma near the fault. These features are not found in our samples from OCT. These samples show a cataclasites gougessequence that affects the serpentinized peridotites and in the most deformed levels, that brings out to a plastic deformation of serpentine. In this case the rheology (brittle and then plastic) of serpentine controls the detachment fault. This sequence of serpentinite gouges and cataclasites is found in certain facies sampled at the axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and thus contributes to the deformation near the detachment after serpentinization of peridotites. Finally we note that samples of OCT have been replaced by a strong static carbonatation of serpentinite, probably after their emplacement in the paleo-seafloor. We do not find the carbonatation in our samples from MAR. Instead in these samples, there is the crystallization of carbonates in veins associated with a fracture of the serpentinite, probably near the detachment fault at the end of the exhumation
Ould, Souelim Moktar. "Les roches mafiques et ultramafiques de Guidimaka (Mauritanie) et les gisements de chromite associés." Nice, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NICE4438.
Full textFaure, François. "Les textures de croissance rapide dans les roches magmatiques basiques et ultrabasiques : étude expérimentale et nanoscopique." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CLF21251.
Full textCaillaud, Jacinthe. "Localisation et distribution des Eléments Traces Métalliques (ETM) naturels au cours de l'altération supergène d'une serpentinite : rôle des microsystèmes et des minéraux argileux associés." Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT2345.
Full textThe pedogeochemical background from a serpentinite was studied at the scales of a weathering profile and its related weathering microsystems and clay minerals. The serpentinite weathering is rapid and intense and show early magnesium leaching from serpentine minerals. A detailed mineralogical study indicates that rock weathering is controled by three microsystems : the primary plasma (weathering sequences), secondary plasma (homogeneization of clay mineralogy and oxides) and the fissural systems. Chemical potential of magnesium in solution appears to control these microsystems ; the decreasing of such potential will generate, from bottom to top, an evolutive sequence from magnesian trioctahedral to dioctahedral, iron rich clay minerals, and then aluminous clay minerals. MTE trapped in primary mineral are relatively concentrated in secondary phases from weathering levels. When compared to their concentrations in rock, chromium, nickel, zinc and copper are strongly enriched in the clay minerals from lower alteration levels. In contrary, upper alteration levels show decreasing MTE concentrations. Cobalt and manganese behaviours are more independant on the clay phases and mainly trapped into oxy-hydroxides. However, manganese can be found as exchangeable state in these upper levels. The secondary oxy-hydroxides generated by iron segregation at the top of the profile are the newly MTE bearing phases to the detriment of clay minerals
Fandeur, Dik Stefano. "Géochimie et cristallochimie du chrome au cours de l'altération de roches ultrabasiques en Nouvelle-calédonie (Massif du Koniambo)." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077035.
Full textIn New-Caledonia, 35 Ma of deep weathering of ultramafic rocks yield soils strongly enriched in metallic trace elements (Ni, Co, Cr, Mn). In these soils, these large amounts of metallic trace elements constitute a significant risk for the environmental quality of this peculiar environment. Among these metallic trace elements, chromium is the most problematic because it is the most abundant (up to 3,8 wt% of Cr₂O₃), but also that showing the largest toxicity potential, depending on its redox state. After studying the redistribution of major and trace elements upon the formation of a 64 meters depth regolith in the Koniambo outcrop, a detailed study of the crystal-chemistry of chromium allowed to better understand thé behavior of this element along the weathering sequence. Initially as Cr(III), Cr is partially oxidized to Cr(VI) after redox reactions with Mn-oxyhydroxydes which accumulate at the boundary between the saprolitic and lateritic levels of the sequence. These Mn-oxyhydroxydes are also suspected to significantly increase the solubility of chromite, a mineral species usually considered as almost insoluble Regarding the very large solubility of Cr(VI), such an oxidation of Cr(III) should significantly increase the leaching of chromium along the sequence. However, mass balance with the Brimhall method indicate a quite restricted mobility for chromium, although slightly larger in the Mn-enriched levels. These observations are explained by the results of spatially-resolved analyses which show that, once oxidized by the Mn-oxyhydroxydes, Cr(VI) is re-adsorbed by the Fe-oxyhydroxydes (mainly goethite), abundant in these lateritic environments, underlying the importance of Fe-oxyhydroxydes to mitigate this leaching
Ohnenstetter, Daniel. "Minéralisations associées aux complexes mafiques-ultramafiques en domaine océanique et continental." Nancy 1, 1990. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1990_0539_OHNENSTETTER.pdf.
Full textLar, Alexander Uriah. "Etude géochimique de massifs basiques et ultrabasiques (Apa, Todasana, TINAQUILLO) de la chaîne tertiaire Carai͏̈be du Vénézuela : genèse de magmas mantelliques et interaction manteau-croûte." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30008.
Full textBen, Jamaa Néjib. "Les peridotites de bay-of-islands (terre neuve) et de cap ortegal (espagne) : approche petro-structurale." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077010.
Full textPorokhovoï, Evgueni. "Stabilité à long terme des talus de mines à ciel ouvert dans les massifs de roches basiques et ultrabasiques." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529344.
Full textSissman, Olivier. "Séquestration minérale du CO2 dans les basaltes et les roches ultrabasiques : impact des phases secondaires silicatées sur le processus de carbonatation." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GLOB0001.
Full textOuangrawa, Mariam. "Etude des composés du fer dans l'altération latéritique de roches ultrabasiques : exemples de Nouvelle-Calédonie et du Burkina Faso (Ton-Brédié)." Poitiers, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990POIT2304.
Full textEvrard, Catherine. "Processus métallogéniques associés aux interactions hydrothermales entre l'eau de mer et les roches ultrabasiques du manteau, exemple de la ride Médio-Atlantique." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00927274.
Full textLatham, Marc. "Altération et pédogénèse sur roches ultrabasiques en Nouvelle-Calédonie : Genèse et évolution des accumulations de fer et de silice en relation avec la formation du modèle." Dijon, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985DIJOS009.
Full textRichard, Maryannick. "Géologie et pétrologie d'un jalon de l'arc Taïwan-Luzon : l'île de Batan (Philippines) : étude des nodules mantelliques métasomatisés en enclaves dans les laves calco-alcalines potassiques." Brest, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BRES0001.
Full textHorswill, Micha. "Minéralisation du carbone dans une halde à résidus miniers ultramafiques : une approche pétrophysique et géophysique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30789.
Full textEntezari, Zarandi Ali. "Dynamics of passive minerals carbonation in ultramafic mining wastes and tailings." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27833.
Full textDeveloping economically feasible strategies for long-term storage of carbon dioxide has become over the past few years a major stake in response to the concerns over global warming. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is widely believed to be one of the possible scenarios aimed in challenging the global warming phenomenon by targeting the atmospheric CO₂ content. Mineral carbonation – in the platform of CCS – is anticipated to be a premium option for permanent carbon capture and storage owing to the known reactivity of alkaline materials such as magnesium silicates and brucite with carbon dioxide to form stable and environmentally benign carbonates. Passive mineral carbonation of ultramafic mine waste and tailing minerals could be considered as an economically attractive option owing the availability of large amounts of magnesium-rich mining wastes, which are regarded to be virtually free, typically fine grained and highly reactive. Moreover, the energy input of nature is employed in passive mineral carbonation which is likewise free. In this way, CO₂ is mainly dissolved in water resulting from rain and snow season. Metal ions such as Mg²⁺ and Ca⁺ are also leached into the water allowing the formation of metal bicarbonate and consequently formation of metal carbonates. Laboratory experimental works were done in order to identify the dynamics of passive mineral carbonation under environmental conditions prevailing the Quebec region, Canada. A differential diffusion carbonation cell was developed to monitor the kinetics of mineral carbonation under ambient conditions. The kinetic measurements revealed the complex role of water both as reacting medium and moiety in the carbonation pathway. Time-dependent X-ray powder diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy reveal formation of transitional, metastable porous, flaky magnesium carbonates which subsequently evolved into less porous nesquehonite layers, which are shown to be responsible for surface passivation despite availability of unreacted brucite. However, surface abrasion was shown to liberate previously carbonated NIMT particles resulting in further carbonation on freshly exposed surfaces. Temperature dependent carbonation tests were performed in the ranges of hot (35 ± 1 °C), laboratory (23 ± 2 °C), low (5 ± 1 °C), and freezing (-5 ± 2 °C) to mimic different seasonal conditions. Temperature had a notable effect on the carbonation kinetics and lowering temperature caused a reaction slowdown despite carbonation is thermodynamically defined as an exothermic reaction. Moreover, it was observed that drying and freeze/thaw cycles were at the origin of a thermomechanical “peel-off” effect which inflicted micro–fractures to the carbonate product layers enabling water and gas to engulf beneath and react with freshly unearthed Mg donor sites. FTIR spectroscopy analysis revealed that hydrated magnesium carbonates such as nesquehonite are being formed parallel to brucite dissolution during mineral carbonation of brucite-rich nickel mining tailings. However, it was observed that nesquehonite is not the ultimate hydrated magnesium carbonate product. Long–term monitoring over 2 years of an already carbonated material revealed that the initial nesquehonite has evolved into dypingite and hydromagnesite depending on age, wetting/drying history and the depth where initial carbonate has been formed. Nonetheless, nesquehonite could maintain its stability over prolonged times if not being subjected to wet/ humid environmental conditions.
Boukhalfa, Lakhdar. "Diversité et signification géodynamique des complexes ultrabasiques/basiques d'âge proterozoïque supérieur du rameau oriental pharusien de la chaîne panafricaine (Hoggar, Algérie)." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10040.
Full textTraoré, Daouda. "Serpentinisation hydrothermale et altération latéritique des roches ultrabasiques en milieu tropical : Evolution géochimique et minéralogique de la minéralisation en platine de la Rivière des Pirogues (Nouvelle-Calédonie)." Phd thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2005. http://portail-documentaire.univ-nc.nc/files/public/bu/theses_unc/TheseDaoudaTraore2005.pdf.
Full textGaudin, Anne. "Cristallochimie des smectites du gisement latéritique nickélifère de Murrin Murrin (Australie Occidentale)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX30028.
Full textSmectites are the main nickeliferous minerals ( ̃0. 15 atom by ư unit cell) from the lateritic deposit of Murrin Murrin (Western Australia). In order to locate nickel in the structure of the smectites and to improve the knowledge about the crystal chemistry of the smectites formed in eathering of ultrabasic rocks, we studied accurately their mineralogy and crystal chemistry. The "smectites of plasma", iron-rich, present an octahedral charge often predominant. They are intermediate between a nontronite and a montmorillonite Fe. The "smectites of crack" show a continuous range of Al for Fe octahedral substitutions,and, a tetrahedral and an octahedral charge. Four end-members are necessary to represent them : beidellite-Al, montmorillonite-Al, nontronite-Fe, montmorillonite-Fe. In the octahedral sheets, the distribution of the cations is not random and the atoms of nickel are segregated in small trioctahedral clusters
Couturier, Marc. "Rétromorphoses hydratées des péridotites : exemple du massif de la Bessenoits (Massif central français)." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30195.
Full textEl, Atrassi Fatima. "Les pyroxénites à grenat du massif de péridotites de Beni Bousera (Rif, Maroc) : marqueurs de l'évolution magmatique et métamorphique d'un corps mantellique en voie d'exhumation." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066183.
Full textThe petrological study of garnet pyroxenites from the orogenic Beni Bousera massif (Rif, Morocco) brings important constraints on the conditions of its uplift. The garnet pyroxenites which contain graphite aggregates formed at asthenospheric levels, as indicated by the preservation of submicrometric diamonds in these aggregates. The original macrodiamonds belonged to the primary paragenesis along with garnet and pyroxenes as indicated by the composition of silicate inclusions now included in the aggregates. The primary silicates record temperatures in the order of 1200°C but could have formed at higher temperature. A first stage of uplift in the asthenosphere probably led to the graphitization of diamond. Further on, within a thinned and hot lithosphere (80-100 km thick), primary clinopyroxene first decomposed into lamellar Cpx and Opx before garnets were further exsolved. The growth of these secondary garnets took place below the blocking temperature of Mg-Fe exchanges between garnet and pyroxenes (ca. 1050°C at 15-20 kbar). Symplectite rims formed around garnet while the massif reached the lower crustal levels composed of kinzigite, at a depth of around 30-40 km. A late heating event led to partial melting of the pyroxenites as evidenced by the presence of silicate films preserved in the graphite aggregates and the occurrence of interstitial amphibole and plagioclase. Previous events of mantle metasomatism are testified by the presence of amphibole and phlogopite in a garnet websterite and in a spinel peridotite
Gueddari, Khalid. "Approche géochimique et physico-chimique de la différenciation des éléments du groupe du platine (PGE) et de l'or dans le manteau supèrieur bético-rifain et dans les xénolites de péridotites sous continentales." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10031.
Full textSevin, Brice. "Cartographie du régolithe sur formation ultrabasique de Nouvelle-Calédonie : Localisation dans l’espace et le temps des gisements nickélifères." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NCAL0067/document.
Full textThis work deals with regolith development on ultramafic rocks in New Caledonia. From the Oligocene on, the peridotite Nappe is subject to supergene weathering under wet tropical climate. The weathering mantle (regolith) that develops, led to geological phenomena of which the most remarkable are economie concentrations of Ni and Co. This particular regolith developed on ultramafic rocks, has been extensively studied in the past, especially for its economie interest. A lmowledge synthesis is presented. Data acquired during this work helps identifying the mineralogical, geochemical and geologicalevolution of weathering profiles. An important contribution to the knowledge of the Jess known fine saprolite (or laterite), has been done. Mapping ultramafic units and their weathering mantle (1/50, 000) is based on usual field observations, geomorphology, structural analysis, alterology, hydrogeology, etc. To improve mapping in remote areas, new tools were assessed. The first tool, hyperspectral remote sensing, has been successful used on areas of bare sail, but also to performmineralogical mapping having an interest in mineral exploration (mapping of distribution of iron oxy-hydroxides and of serpentinisation grade). The second method used is the gamma spectrometry to map the late-intrusive dyke network of the ophiolite. The age of formation of the regolith remains difficult to establish. The use of an indirect method by paleomagnetic dating allows for the first time to assign an age to the top-most ferricrete of the weathering profiles. The oldest age obtained (25 Ma) shows that weathering began during Late Oligocene at Thiébaghi and Goro, at both ends of the Grande Terre, butceased at Thiébagi while continuing up to the present period in the south of Massif du Sud (Goro). The paleomagnetic and petrographie study of ferricretes from the West Coast klippen, show the difficulty of finding remnants of the Oligocene surface on these units. Geomorphological observations show evidences of an early dismantling of the regolith onthese units due to large vertical movements. An overview of "post-abduction" events may be proposed by the further study of (i) post-abduction Oligocene sediments (Népoui series) and (ii) Late Oligocene granitoids. The recent discovery of an Early Miocene limestone unit of younger age below the Pindaï conglomerate (Népoui Group) allows to reassess precisely the time of deposition of this torrential conglomerate, consisting mainly of Oligocene regolith elements. Age obtained is very close to that of the Koum granite that has undergone a rapid exhumation (new apatite fission tracks data). A tectonic rather than eustatic cause explains better the large vertical movements responsible for the present geomorphology of the Norfolk Ridge. Slab break off of the overridden plate, responsible for the abduction, allowed the intrusion of Koum granitoid and the uplift of the ridge, du ring the opening of an asthenospheric window. The different rate of uplift between the North and the South of Grande Terre is responsible for the present configuration of peridotite massifs. In the northern part of Massif du Sud, the West Coast and the North of Grande Terre, the ultramafic units are in a mountainous context and nickel deposits are of the saproiite silicate type (a few plateaus have also laterite deposits). In the southern part of Massif du Sud, in a context of basins, nickel deposits are of the oxide lateritic type
Zongo, Charly Sagite. "Données biologiques et physiologiques sur les semences de quelques espèces de milieux ultramafiques néo-calédoniens." Nouvelle Calédonie, 2010. http://portail-documentaire.univ-nc.nc/files/public/bu/theses_unc/TheseCharlyZongo2010.pdf.
Full textOngen, Sinan. "Les échanges métasomatiques entre granitoïdes et encaissants particuliers (calcaires, dolomies, ultrabasites, séries manganésifères) : l’exemple de la péninsule de Biga, Anatolie nord-ouest, Turquie." Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN10349.
Full textBegou, Patrick. "Distribution des éléments du groupe du platine et de l'or dans les roches basiques et ultrabasiques : approche de leur comportement géochimique orthomagmatique pendant les phénomènes de fusion partielle et de cristallisation fractionnée." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1989. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00682743.
Full textGrégoire, Michel. "Pétrologie des enclaves ultrabasiques et basiques des îles Kerguelen (TAAF) : les contraintes minéralogiques et thermobarométriques et leurs implications géodynamiques." Saint-Etienne, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STET4001.
Full textSeveral occurences of ultrabasic and basic xenoliths, uplifted by peralkaline lavas, lay in the South-East province of the Kerguelen Islands. They display all types of both continental and oceanic UB-B inclusions, except eclogites. Such a wide diversity leads to a typology which is hierarchically classified by textural criteria (1st class) and by mineralogical ones (2nd class). Three main types and seven subtypes are proposed. The type I has mantle tectonite textures and it is divided in a subtype Iα (harzburgites) and in a subtype Iβ (dunites). The type II presents metamorphic textures with relicts of magmatic ones. It presents three subtypes : IIa (cpx + opx + sp), IIb (cpx + ilm + sp) et IIc (ilmenite bearing metagabbros). The type III has purely magmatic textures and it is represented by hornblenditic and biotitic inclusions. The present study focuses mainly on types I and II which are related to the lower crust and to the upper mantle. Inclusions of type I belong to the upper mantle and have been reequilibrated in the "spinel perioditic" stability field. They indicate the role of several mantle processes : partial melting, metasomatism, and magma-mantle interactions. The presence of a clinopyroxene in one of the two harzburgite types clearly expresses the interactions between mantle and magmas. A similar process plays a major role int he origin of the dunites and of the dunite-bearing composite xenoliths. The inclusions of type II were initially magmatic cumulates and segregates. The type IIa consists of a complete series of rocks, from ultrabasic peridotites to basic metagabbros, and may be related to the tholeiitic-transtional magmatism of the archipelago. Some of the sympletitic and coronitic reactions lead to mineral associations with sapphirine ± garnet which expresses reequilibrations in the granulite facies conditions, from 0. 5 to 1. 6 GPa and from 900 to 1000°C. The type IIb differs in that it corrsponds to mineral segregates, occuring fromalkaline magmas in the upper mantle layers (0. 7 to 1. 35 GPa, 850 to 1000°C). The type IIc is an homogeneous group of rocks, of which the composition is close to the tholeiitic-transitional volcanic liquids and have been reequilibrated in the granulite facies conditions. Discussion supporetd by geochronological and geophysical data argues and explains the crustal thickeneing which was previously deduced from the deep seismic velocity variations. The Northern end of the Kerguelen plateau was formed when the junction occured between the India/Antarctic ridge and of the Australia/Antarctic one, at 56 to 43 Ma. The synergy of the young East-Indian Ridge and of the Kerguelen hot spot was at the origin of a very voluminous production of tholeiitic-transtional magmas of which many cumulates and segregates were underplated in the viscinity of the Moho. This process of crustal thickening by underplating was later amplified by the volcanic overload related to the logevity of the hot spot. Then, while their temperature slowly decreased, the UB-B cumulates were sunk to depths at which they were reequilibrated into granulite facies conditions. The younger alkaline magmas then uplifted pieces of these deep rocks. Such a crustal thickening, as well as some specific features of the magmatic complexes of the archipelago, allow the assumption of an anomalous weak density of the lithosphere, and consequently leads one to propose the unsubductability of Kerguelen islands which may be considered then as a continental protolith
Tremblay, Joniel. "Optimisation de la carbonatation minérale de divers résidus miniers ultramafiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30117/30117.pdf.
Full textAssima, Gnouyaro Palla. "Ambient carbonation of mining residues - Understanding the mechanisms and optimization of direct carbon dioxide mineral sequestration." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30373/30373.pdf.
Full textThe huge amounts of ultramafic (ultrabasic) mining residues (UMR) produced by mining activities around the world, which accumulate as multi-square kilometer stockpiles, are leading to a growing interest regarding their possible use as stable and permanent sinks for atmospheric CO2. Virtually costless and often found crushed and / or ground, UMR can be exploited in various technologies and methods for CO2 mineral sequestration. Consequently, UMR is ubiquitous at the heart of several post / pre-combustion CO2 capture processes, often paired with various enhancers/accelerators such as chemical reagents, high temperatures and / or high pressures. The carbonation reaction rate using UMR is relatively lower than the rate of CO2 emission from plant exhaust and therefore, many studies revolving around this CO2 capture alternative were gradually abandoned. The necessity of more thorough and systematic investigation of the reactivity of UMR obliges us to identify and decode the various bottlenecks of the carbonation reaction and eventually provide the best possible conditions to improve their reactivity under less constraining conditions. This thesis, therefore, explores the potential of UMR sources available in Quebec (Thetford Mines, Asbestos, Nunavik, Amos, Otish Mountain), under ambient conditions, as a cost-effective alternative to remove CO2 from the atmosphere and mitigate the consequences directly associated to its increase, such as global warming and its associated problems. All experiments were performed on a laboratory scale fixed bed using a small samples (3-200 g) of UMR with the goal to mimic as closely as possible, mining residue piles existing or abandoned on mine sites. The gas volume characteristics (CO2 and oxygen contents, relative humidity and temperature) and UMR fixed-bed characteristics (liquid saturation, ionic conductivity, pressure drop and temperature) were continually monitored in order to unveil the underlying mechanisms of the reaction. In order to carry out our studies, several reactors were built specifically to simulate various modes of climatic change. The impact of various environmental conditions to which the residues are subjected in their storage location, such as temperature fluctuations, precipitation, flooding, drought, oxygen gradients and CO2 diffusion has been thoroughly studied. Dry and heavy rain periods were categorized as unsuitable for CO2 sequestration. Conversely, low liquid saturation within the UMR pores is suitable for carbonation by combining a fast dissemination of CO2 dissolved species and creation of highly reactive sites throughout the mining residue pile. Warm periods substantially accelerate the rate of CO2 uptake as compared to cold periods, which in contrast, are characterized by a substantial heat generation possibly retrievable by low temperature geothermal systems. The presence of oxygen in the reaction medium induces rapid UMR particle passivation by iron (III) hydroxide, promptly inhibiting the reaction. The implementation of techniques such as chelation, draining and venting was also investigated with the aim of improving and sustaining the carbonation reaction under ambient conditions.
BENOIT, VINCENT. "Etat d'equilibre de peridotites du manteau superieur : application au plateau du colorado." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077186.
Full textBerger, Julien. "Les associations de roches basiques-ultrabasiques néoprotérozoïques d'Amalaoulaou (Gourma, Mali), du Tassendjanet (Hoggar occidental, Algérie) et cénozoïques du Saghro (Anti-Atlas, Maroc) : témoins de l'évolution géodynamique de la ceinture péri-cratonique ouest-africaine." La Rochelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LAROS236.
Full textThis study focuses on the Neoproterozoic to Cenozoic evolution of the eastern and northern border of the West African Craton. Four massifs, characterised by a basic-ultrabasic association located in Gourma (Mali), Western Hoggar (Algeria) and Anti-Atlas (Morocco) are investigated in order to constrain the evolution of the peri-cratonic suture from the Neoproterozoic to the Cenozoic. The Amalaoulaou massif (Gourma, Mali) represents the root of a Neoproterozoic intra-oceanic island arc. Its evolution begun with the emplacement (800-790 Ma) of tholeiitic basic magmas (now recrystallised in metagabbros) that have a source only slightly enriched by slab-derived components. This event corresponds to the beginning of the subduction, when the arc is still immature. Quartz and hornblende gabbros from the upper unit (~720 Ma) represent chilled melts that have a more pronounced arc signature, thus reflecting a higher degree of enrichment by slab-derived components in the mantle source. The syn- to late-magmatic evolution is marked by recrystallisation and localised melting in the deep arc crust, forming anorthositic to tonalitic melts (660 Ma) and garnet-clinopyroxene-rutile residues. The arc root is exhumed at low T conditions (550°C, 6-9 kbar), probably at the same time as the UHP eclogite exhumation. Oceanic slab subduction is rapidly followed by continental subduction. The Tiléouine/Tin Zebbane eclogites/amphibolites are intracontinetal tholeiitic metabasalts recrystallised under HP conditions (600°C, 17 kbar) during subduction of the Tassendjanet terrane. The eclogites were subject to chemical differentiation during HP recrystallisation due to interaction with fluids derived from the dehydration of continental sediments. Eclogites were subject to thermal reequilibration during the first steps of exhumation (750°C, ~10 kbar) and these conditions were progressively overprinted by low-T conditions (660°C, 7-8 kbar) just before the collision stage. The basic-ultrabasic intrusion of Tiléouine (Western Hoggar) is emplaced just after the collision stage (600-590 Ma). The parental magma of the series is most probably a continental tholeiitic basalt having a lithospheric mantle source. It has crystallised ultramafic cumulates dominated by olivine, spinel and pyroxenes and progressively followed by plagioclase-rich gabbros. Magma emplacement at 10-20 km depth is coeval with transtensional tectonics that probably induced lithospheric thinning. Reactivation of the peri-cratonic suture in intraplate anorogenic setting is marked by the emplacement of Cenozoic alkaline lavas in the Anti-Atlas (Saghro volcanic field, Morocco). The mantle-derived nephelinites are low degree partial melts products of a HIMU-bearing mantle source that was probably located close the asthenosphere/lithosphere boundary. Fractional crystallisation of K-feldspar, nepheline, apatite and titanite lead the parental magma towards phonolitic composition. Late-stage magmatic evolution of the phonolites is responsible for the development of accessory minerals that are usually found in agpaitic systems (hainite and lorenzenite). The magmas were emplaced along tension gashes or open fractures that have the same orientation as the principal stress in the southern Atlas system during Mio-Pliocene times
Berger, Julien. "Les associations de roches basiques - ultrabasiques néoprotérozoïques d'Amalaoulou (Gourma, Mali), du Tassendjanet (Hoggar occidental, Algérie) et cénozoïques du Saghro (Anti-Atlas, Maroc): témoins de l'évolution géodynamique de la ceinture péri-cratonique ouest-africaine." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210499.
Full textLe massif d’Amalaoulaou (Gourma, Mali) est interprété comme la racine d’un arc intra-océanique ayant enregistré la mise en place de magmas basiques (unité des métagabbros) à un stade immature de l’évolution de l’arc (subduction naissante) vers 800-790 Ma. Les gabbros quartziques (~720 Ma) et les gabbros à hornblende de l’unité supérieure ont des signatures de magmas d’arc plus franche, témoins d’une source mantellique plus enrichie par l’apport de la plaque océanique plongeante. Les métagabbros sont ensuite affectés par une recristallisation et localement par une anatexie en conditions du faciès granulitique. De nombreuses veines leucocrates se développent à ce stade, ce sont principalement des anorthosites et des tonalites (mises en place vers 660 Ma) provenant de la fusion partielle des métagabbros (850°C-1000°C, P>10 kbar). Cette fusion génère également des résidus denses à grenat-clinopyroxène-rutile, associations fréquemment présentes dans les racines d’arcs plus récents et reflétant la maturation de l’arc. L’arc d’Amalaoulaou est ensuite exhumé et charrié sur le craton ouest-africain dans des conditions de basse température et moyenne pression (550°C, 6-9 kbar), probablement au même moment que l’exhumation des éclogites du Gourma (~620 Ma).
L ‘épisode de subduction océanique est suivi par la subduction continentale dans le Gourma et le Hoggar occidental. Les éclogites/amphibolites de Tiléouine et Tin Zebbane (Hoggar occidental) sont des métabasaltes tholéiitiques enrichis et alcalins intracontinentaux ayant plongé à 60 km de profondeur (600°C, 17 kbar) lors de la subduction d’une partie du terrane du Tassendjanet. Même si la nature géochimique du protolithe est encore reconnaissable, ces métabasaltes ont subi une différenciation chimique lors de la recristallisation à haute pression par interaction avec les fluides issus de la déshydratation des métasédiments. L’exhumation (615-600 Ma) se fait relativement lentement, ce qui induit un rééquilibrage thermique (750°C, ~10 kbar) avant l’exhumation à basse température (660 °C, 7-8 kbar) précédant de peu voire synchrone à la phase collisionnelle.
L’intrusion basique-ultrabasique de Tiléouine marque la fin de la collision panafricaine dans le Hoggar occidental (600-590 Ma). C’est une ancienne chambre magmatique différenciée, mise en place entre 10 et 20 km de profondeur, et montrant une évolution magmatique depuis des cumulats ultramafiques riches en olivine, spinelle et pyroxène vers des gabbros riches en plagioclase. Le magma parental est d’affinité tholéiitique enrichie et tire probablement sa source de la lithosphère sous-continentale. La mise en place de cette intrusion est contemporaine d’un contexte tectonique transtensif induisant un amincissement lithosphérique au niveau du Tassendjanet.
Cette suture péri-cratonique est réactivée au Cénozoïque, lors de la convergence Afrique-Europe, ce qui se marque par la mise en place de laves alcalines, notamment dans l'Est de l’Anti-Atlas marocain (Saghro :10-3 Ma). Les néphélinites du Saghro sont issues de faibles taux de fusion partielle d’une source mantellique contenant un composant HIMU et localisée à la limite asthénosphère/lithosphère (70-100 km sous l’Anti-Atlas). La cristallisation fractionnée de ces magmas génère des phonolites, par fractionnement de feldspath, néphéline, apatite et sphène, principalement. L’étape finale de différenciation se marque par la formation de phases peu communes comme la hainite et la lorenzenite. Ces magmas se sont mis en place à la faveur de fentes de tension et de fractures ouvertes ayant la même orientation que la contrainte principale au Mio-Pliocène.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Lagrange, Alexandre. "Etudes écologique et microbiologique des espèces du genre Costularia (Cyperaceae), pionnières des sols ultramafiques en Nouvelle-Calédonie : application à la restauration écologique." Nouvelle Calédonie, 2009. http://portail-documentaire.univ-nc.nc/files/public/bu/theses_unc/TheseAlexandreLagrange2009.pdf.
Full textIn New Caledonia, soils developed on ultramafic rocks (5. 500 km2) are constituted of more than 65 % iron oxi-hydroxide. They present very low contents in nitrogen and phosphor (only 1/10 to 1/100 of average contents); besides their Ca / Mg ratio is unbalanced and they contain very high heavy metals concentrations (nickel, manganese, cobalt, chromium). Nowadays the nickel open mines which exploit such soils must consider both economic interests and ecological preoccupations, as these soils are associated to particularly original and diversified ecosystems. Within these, several endemic pioneer plant species have been identified. Among them, some Costularia (Cyperaceae) are recommended in revegetation programmes of mining sites, after their exploitation. Ecological restoration requires a multidisciplinary approach integrating soil sciences, physiological and microbiological data of ultramafic scrubland ecosystems. Analysis of soils / plant’s relations along a topo-sequence, including various types of scrubland, clearly shows there is a direct relationship between the concentrations of soil available elements and the variety and organization of the vegetation, in particular for the herbaceous stratum. This work, coupled with the creation of an experimental Cyperaceae seed orchard, in association with SIRAS Pacifique Company, indicates that the growth of Costularia comosa answers positively the nitrogenous and phosphated fertilization. The experiment also underlines the fact that vigour, growth speed, rate of mycorhization and fruiting of plants are stimulated by moderate doses of these elements. Other assays enabled to improve our knowledge of the role of the microorganisms associated to Costularia roots. Thus, we shows that nine pioneer species of Cyperaceae, studied in situ, develop arbuscular mycorhizal symbioses. An experiment of controlled mycorhization on Costularia comosa shows that mycorhization by Glomus etunicatum is functional, with an increase of the plants’ biomass of 2,8 times compared to the control. Furthermore, such a mycorhization of C. Comosa reduces the nickel concentration in the plant, suggesting the mycorhize acts as a barrier towards nickel. In this study, we also present a description of the aerobic, heterotrophic and nickel resistant bacterial populations isolated from roots of two Costularia species associated to ultramafic scrublands. The density of these bacterial populations is low and Protéobactéria dominate. Some of the isolated strains present a tolerance to 15 mM of soluble nickel and the capacity to solubilize phosphates. The progresses in both our knowledge of Cyperaceae mineral nutrition and the role of associated microorganisms brought by this study, allow to envisage the implementation of productive seed orchards and the use of the microorganisms associated to Costularia, in the technical routes for optimised ecological restoration plans
Tabit, Adelhalim. "Equilibre orthopyroxene-spinelle : etude experimentale et theorique, application aux roches issues du manteau superieur." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986CLF21025.
Full textGeorgiou, Elena. "Geologie, petrologie et petrochimie du complexe plutonique de la foret d'akapnou, chypre, et des gites de chromite associes." Orléans, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ORLE2033.
Full textPeuble, Steve. "Caractérisation expérimentale des processus d’hydratation et de carbonatation des roches basiques et ultra-basiques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20017/document.
Full textSince the mid-90s, in situ mineralization of CO2 has been considered as a safe and efficient solution to mitigate its anthropogenic emissions to the atmosphere. It is to recover the CO2 emitted by some industries and trap it in the mineral form (carbonates) in mafic and ultramafic aquifers (e.g. basalts and peridotites). The carbonation of CO2 has been widely described in natural systems where it occurs through a series of complex chemical reactions coupled to the transport of reactive species in the fluid. Numerous experiments have been conducted in batch reactors over the past fifteen years to better understand the physico-chemical parameters controlling the carbonation of (ultra-)mafic rocks. But few studies have further characterized the coupling reactive-transport processes during the injection and in situ mineralization of CO2 in these rocks.This work aims to meet 3 main objectives: (i) characterize changes in reaction paths during the injection of CO2 in (ultra-)mafic systems, (ii) measure the feedbacks effects of chemical reactions on the hydrodynamic rock properties and (iii) quantify the efficiency and sustainability of such processes over long time periods. It is based on the development of experimental protocols to (i) reproduce the injection of CO2 into (ultra-)mafic rocks and (ii) characterize the reactions using a series of geochemical and analytical tools from the atomic to the centimetric scale. Three series of reactive percolation experiments have been performed on (ultra-)mafic aggregates from relatively simple (olivines from San Carlos and Hawaii) to more complex samples (basalts from Stapafell) under in situ P-T-containment conditions (Ptot=10-25 MPa; T=180-185°C; Pcont=15-28 MPa).The results allowed us to differentiate several reactions paths in these systems depending on the fluid transport, rock porosity, local hydrodynamic properties, mineralogy and/or local changes in the fluid composition. Mass balance calculations have revealed an efficient mineralization of CO2 in the samples. It is controlled by the chemical and the hydrodynamic properties of the rock at the pore scale. But some reactions associated with the alteration of (ultra-)mafic rocks (e.g. hydration) have negative feedbacks effects on the reservoir rock properties (porosity and permeability) that may compromise the sustainability of CO2 storage in natural aquifers in the long term.These new supporting data will allow numerical models to better simulate the carbonation of (ultra-)mafic rocks knowing the hydrodynamic properties and the structural heterogeneities of the reservoir. They also suggest that a better control of some injection parameters, such as the flow injection rate and the injected fluid composition (e.g. pCO2), would improve the rate and yield of CO2 mineralization in these systems
Gras, Antoine. "Séquestration du CO₂ associée aux phénomènes de minéralisation passive du carbone dans les résidus miniers du Projet Dumont Nickel (Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Québec, Canada)." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30265.
Full textThe implication of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in climate change is now widely accepted and solutions are emerging in order to limit the accumulation of CO2. Carbon mineralization, which allows the sequestration of CO2 through carbonate precipitation, stable minerals over geological time scales, is one of the options considered. Among the proposed carbon mineralization pathways, passive carbon mineralization in ultramafic mining residues can potentially lead to developing carbon-neutral mines. However, the impacts on leachate water quality and evolution of sequestration capacity in natural conditions, on medium and large scales, are still poorly documented. RNC Minerals plans to mine a nickel deposit located in the northwestern part of Quebec. The operation at the Dumont Nickel Project (DNP) would produce approximately 1.7 Gt of ultramafic mining residues. Several factors which influence the carbon sequestration capacity of the DNP residues have been studied in the laboratory, at variable CO2 concentrations. In this study, the processes of passive carbon mineralization in the DNP mining residues are described and the atmospheric CO2 sequestration capacity is estimated, at the experimental cell scale, under natural conditions. In order to study the impacts of meteoric weathering of the DNP residues, two experimental cells were built and instrumented. The first cell EC-1, contains the ultramafic waste rock, and the second EC-2, was filled with milling residues (Tailings). The hydrogeological properties and surface area of the residues contained in the two cells are different whereas the mineralogy is similar. The main minerals in the residues are chrysotile, lizardite, brucite, chlorite and magnetite. Between 2011 and 2015, changes in CO2 concentrations, mineralogy, and chemical composition of leachate waters were recorded. Monitoring of CO2 concentrations showed a decrease in CO2 concentration from the surface (~ 390 ppmv) to the bottom of the cells (~ 100 ppmv). At the same time, the carbon content in the weathered residues increased and the mineralogical analyses revealed precipitation of several magnesium carbonates such as hydromagnesite. These observations indicate that passive mineral carbonation of the mining residues is occurring within the experimental cells, for which three potential sources of CO2 can be identified : (1) the atmosphere, (2) the CO2(g) produced from organic matter oxydation, and (3) CO2(g) produced from carbonate dissolution. The isotopic compositions of CO2(g) and newly formed carbonates were measured. Using these isotopic compositions it was possible to demonstrate that dissolution of CO2(g) in interstitial water limits the sequestration capacity and that atmospheric CO2 is the main source of the CO2 sequestered. Despite the differences between the two experimental cells the same processes control CO2 sequestration. A conceptual model of the carbon mineralization reactions, including evolution of the isotopic compositions, is proposed. The leachate water sampled at the bottom of the experimental cells, between May and November since 2011, is characterized by an alkaline pH (~9.5), a high alkalinity (~90 to ~750 mg/L CaCO3) and a high concentration of magnesium (~50 at ~750 mg/L). This composition is consistent with weathering of ultramafic rocks in a system open to CO2. Since 2012, the chemical composition of the leachate water was evolved seasonnaly. These seasonal variations are explained by: (1) recharge and temeprature variations over the year and (2) increased carbonate precipitation between May and July. The seasonal decrease of alkalinity and magnesium concentrations, caused by increased carbonate precipitation, induces undersaturation of carbonate minerals. Therefore carbonate precipitation self-limits carbon sequestration through a negative feed-back loop. Since 2011, an estimated 13 kg of atmospheric CO2 was sequestered in the milling residues from EC-2, which corresponds to a mean rate of 1,4 (+/- 0.3) kgCO2/tonne/year. Using this mean rate, during the mining operation the milling residues will sequester about 21 kt of atmospheric CO2 each year, which will represents one quarter of the 127,700 tonnes of CO2 emitted. Using MIN3P, a numerical model which allow to simulate multi-component and multiphase reactive transport in unsaturated porous media, the carbon mineralization reactions were simulated in 1D at the center of cell EC-2. The data collected during the 4 years of monitoring were used to calibrate the numerical model. However, none of the simulations allowed to reproduce the evolution of the leachate water geochemistry and the CO2 concentrations observed in the experimental cell. Several simplifications of the conceptual model could explain the differences with the observed data.