Academic literature on the topic 'Robots – Travail'
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Journal articles on the topic "Robots – Travail"
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Saint-Paul, Gilles. "Robots : vers la fin du travail ?" Archives de philosophie du droit Tome 59, no. 1 (May 20, 2017): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/apd.591.0286.
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Chabaud-Rychter, Danielle. "L’innovation industrielle dans l’électroménager : conception pour l’usage et conception pour la production." Articles 9, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/057866ar.
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Cet article s'inscrit dans un travail mené, à partir d'une enquête dans une entreprise française de petit électroménager, sur les relations entre l'innovation industrielle et le monde domestique. Au cours de l'enquête, nous avons suivi en temps réel le processus de conception et de mise en fabrication de robots de cuisine multifonctions. Deux aspects du travail d'innovation sont analysés ici. Dans une première partie, nous montrons comment les innovateurs conçoivent les robots pour l'usage, comment, au cours de ce travail, ils prennent en considération les usagers et usagères des appareils et comment ils en construisent des représentations hétérogènes. À la conception des appareils est liée celle des actions des femmes lorsqu'elles les utilisent, et donc se pose la question des modes de prescription de l'usage que les innovateurs inscrivent dans les objets. Une deuxième partie traite de la conception des produits pour l'appareil de production ainsi que de la modification des postes de travail, des outillages et des modes opératoires des ouvrières pour la fabrication d'une nouvelle gamme de robots. D'autres formes de prescription de l'activité des femmes sont aussi mises en œuvre par les innovateurs; nous tentons d'analyser ce qu'en font les opératrices.
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Verdugo, Gregory. "L’impact des robots sur les inégalités." Questions internationales 91-92, no. 3 (June 27, 2018): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/quin.091.0102.
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Les progrès technologiques bousculent en permanence le marché du travail. Les innovations nous enrichissent en permettant de produire moins cher et de consommer de nouveaux produits. Dans le même temps, elles détruisent toutefois des emplois et déprécient des connaissances. Les plus qualifiés sont pour l’instant comblés par une économie de plus en plus gourmande en compétences qui a vu les inégalités de salaire se renforcer à leur profit. Le resteront-ils face au développement de l’intelligence artificielle ?
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Colin, Thierry, and Benoît Grasser. "Travailler avec des cobots dans l’usine du futur : vers une évolution du rapport de prescription ?" Annales des Mines - Gérer et comprendre N° 153, no. 3 (September 13, 2023): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/geco1.153.0021.
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Alors que les robots industriels fonctionnent dans des cages pour éviter tout contact, les robots collaboratifs ou cobots partagent les mêmes espaces physiques que les opérateurs humains. Ils peuvent être redéployés facilement, sont aisément programmables et peuvent s’utiliser avec une grande variété d’outils. Dans cet article, basé sur une recherche qualitative, nous cherchons à comprendre dans quelle mesure la robotique collaborative remet en cause l’organisation du travail dans l’usine du futur. Après avoir défini ce qu’est un robot collaboratif et analysé les limites de la notion de collaboration humain-cobot, nous montrons l’intérêt du concept de rapport de prescription pour comprendre les évolutions en cours. Les résultats empiriques que nous avons recueillis permettent de proposer une typologie des formes émergentes d’utilisation des cobots, et de la discuter en termes d’évolution du rapport de prescription. Enfin, trois défis importants pour envisager la place des cobots dans l’usine du futur sont pointés.
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Lemoine, Claude. "Évolutions en psychologie du travail et des organisations." Le travail humain Vol. 86, no. 4 (March 6, 2024): 329–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/th.864.0329.
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Le travail est ancien, bien plus que la Psychologie du Travail et des Organisations (PTO). Celle-ci, tendue entre les réalités du travail et l’essor de la psychologie scientifique, n’a pas plus d’un siècle. On donne un aperçu de ses prémisses au xix siècle, au temps des premières usines, puis on passe à l’époque de sa constitution en psychologie technique pour mesurer les capacités humaines. Un tournant important s’opère en France à partir des années 1970 avec l’apport du courant des relations humaines, le projet humaniste et les notions constitutives liées au milieu social en évolution. Ce début de siècle, marqué par le néolibéralisme, les robots et le numérique, appelle à de nouveaux défis, tant pour la recherche que pour les métiers des psychologues du travail et des organisations.
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Glassey, Olivier. "Repenser la sociologie du numérique à l’aune de notre vie commune avec les robots sociaux." Sociologie et sociétés 49, no. 2 (December 4, 2018): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1054274ar.
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L’article se concentre sur les implications théoriques et empiriques de la coprésence d’humains et de robots sociaux au sein des espaces de sociabilité numériques. Il explore les modalités de cette coprésence en examinant deux types de situations que sont les discours médiatiques relativement au trouble occasionné par les robots et la manière dont les chercheurs des computer studies analysent cette présence en ligne. L’article montre que ces processus d’identification et de catégorisation des robots sociaux participent simultanément d’un travail de redéfinition de ce qui est le propre de l’humain. Sur cette base, il défend la thèse qu’il devient difficile d’envisager une sociologie des usages du numérique qui s’exonère de l’examen de ces entités non humaines anthropomorphes.
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George, Éric. "Sur En attendant les robots. Enquête sur le travail du clic d'Antonio Casilli." Questions de communication, no. 39 (December 10, 2021): 403–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/questionsdecommunication.25972.
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Picard, Hélène. "Book Review: En attendant les robots. Enquête sur le travail du clic [Waiting for Robots: An inquiry into click work]." Organization Studies 41, no. 12 (November 21, 2019): 1752–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840619885071.
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Al Dahdah, Marine. "Antonio A. CASILLI, En attendant les robots. Enquête sur le travail du clic, Paris, Seuil, 2019." Réseaux N°224, no. 6 (2020): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/res.224.0263.
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ABAKAR MOUSSA, Moustapha. "industrie 4.0 et la transformation numérique de la comptabilité." Journal of Academic Finance 12, no. 1 (June 23, 2021): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.59051/joaf.v12i1.400.
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Objectif : Des simulations de production permettant l'intégration de l'industrie 4.0 ont été réalisées et des rapports ont été générés qui iraient au système d'information comptable sans l'utilisation de personnel. Méthode : L'étude a examiné les informations obtenues grâce à des dispositifs connectés à Internet dans les unités de production, d'emballage et de transfert conformément à la simulation réalisée sur une entreprise manufacturière dont l'intégration a été réalisée à l'aide des méthodes de l'Industrie 4.0. Résultats : Le système Industrie 4.0 permet l'intégration des fonctions commerciales et améliore considérablement les performances commerciales. Cependant, l'installation de ce système représente des coûts élevés pour le moment où il est examiné en termes de logiciels, de matériel et d'infrastructure. Originalité : La quatrième révolution industrielle, appelée Industrie 4.0, affecte également la fonction comptable de l'entreprise et modifie les descriptions de travail des professionnels de la comptabilité. En particulier, la création instantanée des fonctions d'enregistrement, de classification et de synthèse grâce au flux de données fourni par des robots autonomes permet aux professionnels de la comptabilité de gagner du temps dans l'analyse et l'interprétation des rapports obtenus, ce qui permettra d’aider considérablement les décideurs. Le changement des descriptions du travail, l’enseignement de la comptabilité et de nouveaux cours et méthodes devraient être ajoutés au programme d’études.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Robots – Travail"
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Lu, Yu. "Etude du volume de travail des robots : enveloppe, atteignabilite." Paris, ENSAM, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ENAM0002.
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Proposition d'une methode geometrique de construction de l'enveloppe atteignable d'un robot. En effet, la connaisance des volumes atteignables d'un robot permet de determiner la faisabilite d'une trajectoire, de faciliter le positionnement du robot dans sa cellule de travail et l'optimisation des parametres geometriques de conception du manipulateur. Creation d'un outil de simulation a partir d'une base graphique
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Lu, Yu. "Etude du volume de travail des robots enveloppe, atteignabilité /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37615349z.
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Le, Nagard Éric. "Poste de travail pour la programmation de robots autour de "RCCL"." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112327.
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Cette thèse est le fruit des réflexions effectuées sur le thème de la réalisation d'un poste de programmation de robots. Son but est de prouver la faisabilité d'un système intégrant la modélisation des robots, l'aide à l'écriture de programmes et la simulation et la validation des programmes écrits. Cette recherche nous a conduits à réaliser un système de type CAO spécialisé dans la modélisation des systèmes articulés que sont les manipulateurs. Les données recueillies par ce système sont exploitées dans le cadre d'une base de données pour permettre la visualisation des mouvements programmés du robot sous forme de dessins animés (fonction du simulateur). Ces données sont aussi utilisées pour générer automatiquement les modèles géométriques direct et inverse d'une large gamme de manipulateurs. La réalisation des principaux modules d'un poste "type" de programmation de robots a permis de faire disparaître les points d'achoppement d'un tel système et de prouver sa faisabilitéThis thesis is the result of reflections on the theme of the realisation of a workstation for robot programming. Its aim is to prove the feasibility of a system which integrates the modelling of robots, the assistance on program writing and the simulation and validation of written programs. This lead us to make a CAD type system dedicated to the modelling of articulated systems as the manipulators are. The data collected by the system are exploited within the context of a data base to enable the visualization of the robot computerized movements in the form of an animated image (by means of a simulator). These data are also used to generate automatically the direct and inverse kinematic models of a large range of manipulators. The realisation of the main modulus of a typical robot computer programming workstation enabled us to suppress the stumbling points of such a system
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Noreils, Fabrice. "Contrôle d'éxécution de plans d'actions et architecture pour robots mobiles." Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU30213.
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Cette these de la problematique de l'execution de plans d'actions par des robots mobiles. L'execution de plans est controlee par une entite independante de celle qui a produit le plan (generateur de plans). Le generateur de plans manipule en effet des connaissances globales sur le monde, mais son fonctionnement est incompatible avec une reactivite suffisante. Pour executer ces plans, nous avons developpe et mis en uvre sur un, puis plusieurs robots un systeme compose i: d'une architecture distribuee dont le but est de fournir un ensemble de fonctions elementaires que le robot peut realiser ii: d'un controle ayant des composantes distribuees et centralisees qui va executer des plans en manipulant cette architecture. Notre systeme est de plus capable de reconnaitre les problemes pouvant se produire durant l'execution d'une mission, d'en identifier la cause et eventuellement d'y remedier. Cette structure sera consideree comme un "noyau car au fur et a mesure des nouvelles evolutions que nous avons consideres, nous avons developpe un ensemble de couches autour de celui-ci sans le remettre en cause. Ainsi, nous avons developpe un formalisme permettant d'ecrire des missions, ainsi qu'une interface graphique pour faciliter l'interaction avec le systeme et suivre de la mission. Nous avons egalement realise une nouvelle couche a la fois au niveau du controle et du formalisme qui permet de coordonner l'activite de plusieurs robots. Nous avons utilise les reseaux de petri pour valider cette approche. Plusieurs experimentations dans un environnement reel sont decrites dans le memoire
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Schreiber, Louis Thomas. "La redondance cinématique dans les robots parallèles pour l'augmentation de l'espace de travail en orientation." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67932.
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Cette thèse traite de la mise à profit de la redondance cinématique dans les robots parallèles pour l'augmentation de leur espace de travail en orientation. Plusieurs nouvelles architectures y sont présentées et analysées. L'accent est mis sur les agencements purement parallèles des actionneurs étant donné que les agencements hybrides et sériels sont déjà bien plus connus. En premier lieu, un article de revue de littérature positionne le projet dans le contexte actuel. Cet article permet de voir comment la redondance cinématique se compare à la redondance d'actionnement et aux autres architectures hybrides. Les avantages et inconvénients de chacune y sont mis en évidence. Cet article met aussi la lumière sur le type d'agencement (sériel ou parallèle) des actionneurs pour les différents types de redondance. Les bases mathématiques pour la modélisation cinématique de plusieurs architectures y sont aussi données. Dans le second article, deux mécanismes plans sont présentés et analysés (problème géométrique inverse et direct, analyse des singularités, espace de travail). Les architectures planes sont utilisées pour introduire la gestion de la redondance avec un cas simple (un seul degré de liberté redondant). L'algorithme de gestion de la redondance doit définir la meilleure configuration du degré de liberté redondant tout en respectant les limites physiques du mécanisme (vitesses, interférences). Une architecture à quatre degrés de liberté (mouvement de type SCARA) et un degré de liberté redondant est ensuite introduite dans le troisième article. Cette architecture a la particularité de ne pas être limitée (ni par les interférences mécaniques ni par les singularités) au niveau de la rotation. L'analyse cinématique ainsi que l'espace de travail sont présentés et un prototype démontre des résultats expérimentaux convaincants. Ensuite, le quatrième article introduit une architecture à six degrés de liberté avec trois degrés de liberté redondants. Cette architecture occupe une grande partie des travaux présentés dans cette thèse. Elle est dérivée directement de la plateforme de Gough-Stewart. Le modèle cinématique ainsi qu'une analyse des singularités du mécanisme y sont présentés. Une analyse géométrique démontre les capacités d'évitement des singularités et une analyse de l'espace de travail montre de très grandes capacités d'inclinaison et de rotation de la plateforme. Le cinquième article présente deux articulations sphériques qui ont été développées spécifiquement pour l'architecture à six degrés de liberté. Le principe de fonctionnement de ces deux articulations sphériques est expliqué et les performances en débattement sont démontrées. Deux prototypes sont présentés. Le sixième article introduit différentes méthodes pour exploiter la redondance du manipulateur à 6+3 degrés de liberté tout en respectant les limites physiques du mécanisme (interférences mécaniques ainsi que les limites en vitesse des actionneurs). Une première méthode tente d'utiliser une expression analytique du déterminant de la matrice Jacobienne. La deuxième est purement géométrique et s'inspire de la géométrie de Grassmann. La troisième utilise une discrétisation complète des trajectoires cartésiennes et de l'espace des degrés de liberté redondants. Finalement, la quatrième méthode utilise une optimisation locale. Les résultats des différentes méthodes sont ensuite comparés.This thesis deals with the use of kinematic redundancy in parallel robots to increase their orientational workspace. Multiple new architectures are introduced and analysed. The emphasis is on purely parallel architectures since serial and hybrid arrangements are already much better known. First, a literature review article positions the project in the current context. This article shows how kinematic redundancy compares to actuation redundancy and other hybrid architectures. The advantages and disadvantages of each are highlighted. This article also sheds light on the type of layout (serial or parallel) of the actuators for the different types of redundancy. The mathematical bases for kinematic modeling of several architectures are also given. In the second article, two architectures of planar mechanisms are presented and analyzed (inverse and forward kinematic problem, singularity analysis, workspace). Planar architectures are used to introduce redundancy management with a simple case (a single redundant degree of freedom). The redundancy management algorithm must define the best configuration of the redundant degree of freedom while respecting the physical limits of the mechanism (speeds, interferences). A four-degree-of-freedom architecture (SCARA movement) with one redundant degree of freedom is then introduced in the third article. This architecture has the particularity of not being limited (neither by mechanical interferences nor by singularities) in terms of rotation. Kinematic and workspace analyses are presented and a prototype demonstrates convincing experimental results. Then, the fourth article introduces a six-degree-of-freedom architecture with three redundant degrees of freedom. This architecture occupies a large part of the work presented in this thesis. It is derived directly from the Gough-Stewart platform. The kinematic model and an analysis of the singularities of the mechanism are presented. A geometric analysis shows the singularity avoidance capabilities and a workspace analysis shows very high platform tilting and twisting capabilities. The fifth article presents two spherical joints that have been developed specifically for the six-degree-of-freedom architecture. The operating principle of these two spherical joints is explained and the large range of motion (tilting angle) is demonstrated. Two prototypes are presented. The sixth article introduces different methods to exploit the redundancy of the six-degreeof- freedom manipulator while respecting the physical limits of the mechanism (mechanical interference as well as the speed limits of the actuators). A first method attempts to use an analytical expression of the determinant of the Jacobian matrix. The second is purely geometric and is inspired from Grassmann geometry. The third uses a complete discretization of the Cartesian trajectories and the space of the redundant degrees of freedom. Finally, the fourth method uses local optimization. The results of the different methods are then compared.
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Le, Nagard Eric. "Poste de travail pour la programmation de robots autour de "RCCL"." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376151978.
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Marquand, Marie-Laurence. "Contribution à l'étude et à la réalisation d'un logiciel de programmation graphique de l'environnement de travail d'un robot industriel." Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30071.
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Saenz, Jose. "Méthodologie pour la conception d'espaces de travail sûrs, avec la collaboration de robot humain." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENAM0070.
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Cette thèse propose le développement scientifique d'une méthode permettantde prendre en compte les aspects de sécurité pour les applicationsindustrielles faisant intervenir la collaboration homme-robot (applicationshrc). cette méthodologie propose de prendre en compte ces enjeux desécurité des la phase de conception, sur la base des concepts d'ingénierie dessystèmes, d'ontologies et d'industrie 4.0. les exigences relatives a unenouvelle approche de la prise en compte de la sécurité basée sur les besoinsdu concepteur et de l'expert en sécurité ont été formulées et ont guide lesprocessus de spécification d'architecture et de modélisation des composantsqui sont au centre de cette thèse. une architecture utilisant les outils decad / simulation existants utilises par les concepteurs a été spécifiée.l'approche a été mise en œuvre sous la forme d'un outil de sécurité assiste parordinateur nomme cas tool. les résultats de la conception ont été comparesaux méthodes traditionnelles sur deux exemples d'utilisation. avec notreoutil cas, il est possible de modifier rapidement la conception, en particulierles composants tels que le robot et les capteurs de sécurité. les zones desécurité calculées a l'aide de l'outil cas sont réduites jusqu’à 66% parrapport aux méthodes traditionnelles les plus défavorablesThis thesis focuses on the development of a method for considering the safetyaspects of industrial applications featuring human-robot collaboration(hrc applications) during the design phase based on systems engineering,ontologies, an industry 4.0 concepts. requirements on a new approach to theconsideration of safety based upon the needs of the designer and safetyexpert were formulated and guided the processes of architecturespecification and component modelling that are the focus of this thesis. anarchitecture that utilizes existing cad/simulation tools that designerscurrently use was specified. the approach was implemented as a computeraidedsafety tool (cas tool) and the design results were compared withtraditional methods with two exemplary use-cases. with the cas tool, itwas possible to quickly make changes to the design, particularly thecomponents such as the robot and safety sensors. the safety zonescalculated with the cas tool are up to 66% smaller than with traditional,worst-case methods
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Delignieres, Serge. "Choix de morphologie de robots." Nantes, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NANT2057.
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Dans le but de resoudre le probleme de trouver une ou plusieurs morphologies permettant d'atteindre un espace de travail fixe (espace vise) dans un environnement encombre d'obstacles, avec une dynamique et un chargement de donnees, on developpe certains outils pour le choix automatique de morphologie de robot
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Balayn, Philippe. "Conception et réalisation d'un scrutateur spatial dédié à la sécurité des sites robotises." Lyon, INSA, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ISAL0091.
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Le travail de recherche présenté dans ce mémoire concerne la conception et la réalisation d'un dispositif dédié à la sécurité des sites robotisés, élaboré à partir d'un principe de scrutation spatiale supportant des fonctions de détection et de localisation. Le premier chapitre est consacré à une analyse globale de la problématique liée à L'exploitation des sites de production et à la prise en compte des contraintes de sûreté de fonctionnement, il conduit ainsi à la formalisation du concept de La Sécurité Opérationnelle. Le second chapitre propose une classification originale des systèmes de sécurité visant à mettre l'accent sur Leurs caractéristiques de flexibilité et de décision afin de s'intégrer au mieux aux exigences actuelles des outils interactifs de production. Les spécifications fonctionnelles du scrutateur spatial sont décrites dans Le troisième chapitre. L'algorithme d'Euclide est Le principe retenu qui a permis La construction d'une structure mécanique tournante engendrant dans L'espace une trajectoire sphéro-trochoïdale dont l'une des propriétés remarquables est de posséder une résolution qui s'améliore au cours du cycle de rotation. Un prototype est élaboré à partir de ces études et les résultats sont présentés en fin de chapitre. Le quatrième chapitre soumet dans le cadre des perspectives d'intégration du scrutateur, différentes approches de surveillance d'espace et propose une véritable gestion des stratégies d'arrêtThis research deals with the design and the realization of a device dedicated to safety on a robot cell. This system is based on a three dimensional scanning principle and two functions of detection and localization. The first chapter introduces the general problems of manufacturing and leads to the operational safety concept. The second chapter proposes an original classification of safety devices which takes into account their flexibility and their "intelligence". The specifications of the 3D scanner are presented in chapter three. The mechanical structure using some properties of the Euclidean Algorithm, generates a sphero-trochoidal trajectory. The designed prototype is described at the end of this chapter. The last chapter proposes several 3D scanning approaches, and a real management of the stop strategies
Books on the topic "Robots – Travail"
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illustrateur, Germain Philippe 1963, Gravel François, and Gravel François, eds. L'invention du siècle. Québec: Éditions FouLire, 2015.
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Adriaans, Pieter. Robot op zee. Amsterdam: Boom, 2003.
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Robot op zee. Amsterdam: Boom, 2003.
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Crash course on the anatomy of robots. South Orange, NJ: Pangea Books, 2012.
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Fabio, Bourbon, ed. David Roberts' Egypt. Cairo: The American University of Cairo Press, 2011.
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Campbell, Jeff. Terminator 2, judgment day. San Francisco, Calif: Chronicle Books, 1998.
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Nigel, Prince, and Ikon Gallery, eds. Transition: Perry Roberts. Birmingham: Ikon Gallery, 2006.
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Superhero. New York: Scholastic Press, 2005.
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Wu, William F. Warrior. New York: AvoNova, 1993.
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Gray, Claudia. Defy the Stars. London, UK: Hot Key Books, 2017.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Robots – Travail"
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Mori, Hideo, and Shinji Kotani. "A Robotic Travel Aid for the Blind." In Robotics Research, 237–45. London: Springer London, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1580-9_22.
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Wang, Yang, Honghai Liu, Patrick Beullens, and David Brown. "Travel Speed Prediction Using Fuzzy Reasoning." In Intelligent Robotics and Applications, 446–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88513-9_48.
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Haynes, G. C., and D. E. Koditschek. "On the Comparative Analysis of Locomotory Systems with Vertical Travel." In Experimental Robotics, 389–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28572-1_27.
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Tjostheim, Ingvar, and John A. Waterworth. "When the Virtual Becomes Real?" In The Psychosocial Reality of Digital Travel, 129–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91272-7_6.
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AbstractIn the first part of this final chapter, we look at several current trends in technologies used to enable various forms of digital travel, and some recent innovations—including social telepresence robots, drones, holograms and immersive VR. We briefly describe the approach and evaluate the pros and cons and potential of each, then move on to speculations about future directions and new possibilities. We present a method of stimulating new design ideas for digital travel, based on metaphors and blending theory. We illustrate the method using the metaphor: “To use my device is to travel”. In the second part of the chapter, we recap and finalise our journey through the book.
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Wang, Peng, and Jun Shao. "Escaping Loneliness Through Tourist-Chatbot Interactions." In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2022, 473–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94751-4_44.
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AbstractSocial robots such as chatbots are regarded as a practical approach to alleviate loneliness. Few studies in the tourism field have focused on loneliness and its impact on the acceptance of chatbots used by the tourism industry. This paper explores the factors influencing tourists’ willingness to use chatbots from the perspective of loneliness by combining theories related to anthropomorphism and the uncanny valley effect. This paper adopts a qualitative research method by taking a semi-structured interview with 15 tourists who have used travel chatbots before. The results show that in addition to perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, there are three factors (tourist loneliness, perceived anthropomorphism, and user anxiety) that directly influence tourists’ acceptance of travel chatbots. Moreover, tourist loneliness positively influences user anxiety through perceived anthropomorphism. User anxiety has a negative effect on perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. This research then proposed an extended TAM model from the perspective of tourist loneliness. This paper enriches the research on loneliness as well as chatbots in the tourism field. The results provide suggestions for the practical application of travel chatbots.
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Li, Yunqin, Nobuyoshi Yabuki, and Tomohiro Fukuda. "A Virtual Reality-Based Tool with Human Behavior Measurement and Analysis for Feedback Design of the Indoor Light Environment." In Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication, 187–96. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8637-6_16.
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AbstractHuman behavior data provides essential feedback information for architects to improve a human-centered indoor light environment design. However, architects have difficulty capturing the complex, multidimensional, and unpredictable behavior of humans, often struggle to get users’ feedback on time in the schematic phase. This paper proposes a new virtual reality-based behavioral measurement and assessment tool that quantitatively collects and analyzes individual behavioral data, including travel trajectory, travel time, and gaze points, to reveal user experience and interaction of light, aiming to better help architects get timely feedback from users and create human-centered indoor light environment designs in the scheme optimization phase. To showcase this tool, we utilize an exhibition hall of a museum design as an illustrative example. The experiment demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed tool, and its results suggest that different lighting schemes influence human behavior patterns and that the introduction of natural light usually stimulates more movement. The developed virtual reality tool prototype provides valuable visual information and statistics for analyzing human behavior and evaluating indoor light environment design schemes.
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Lin, Jianyu, Xu Zhang, and Yijun Shen. "The Calibration of Pre-travel Error and Installation Eccentricity Error for On-Machine Probes." In Intelligent Robotics and Applications, 785–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13822-5_70.
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Li, Suyun, and Liping Lai. "Personalized Recommendation Algorithm for Intelligent Travel Service Robot Based on Big Data." In 2021 International Conference on Big Data Analytics for Cyber-Physical System in Smart City, 1149–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7469-3_134.
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Barauskas, Andrius, Agnė Brilingaitė, Linas Bukauskas, Vaida Čeikutė, Alminas Čivilis, and Simonas Šaltenis. "Semi-synthetic Data and Testbed for Long-Distance E-Vehicle Routing." In New Trends in Database and Information Systems, 61–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85082-1_6.
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AbstractElectric and autonomous mobility will increasingly rely on advanced route planning algorithms. Robust testing of these algorithms is dependent on the availability of large realistic data sets. Such data sets should capture realistic time-varying traffic patterns and corresponding travel-time and energy-use predictions. Ideally, time-varying availability of charging infrastructure and vehicle-specific charging-power curves should be included in the data to support advanced planning.We contribute with a modular testbed architecture including a semi-synthetic data generator that uses a state-of-the-art traffic simulator, real traffic distribution patterns, EV-specific data, and elevation data to generate time-dependent travel-time and energy-use weights in a road-network graph. The experimental study demonstrates that the testbed can reproduce travel-time and energy-use patterns for long-distance trips similar to commercially available services.
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Gil-Gala, Francisco J., Marko Đurasević, María R. Sierra, and Ramiro Varela. "Building Heuristics and Ensembles for the Travel Salesman Problem." In Bio-inspired Systems and Applications: from Robotics to Ambient Intelligence, 130–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06527-9_13.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Robots – Travail"
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Quarnstrom, Joel, and Yujiang Xiang. "Design and Control of a Bio-Inspired Inchworm Robot Using a Novel Helical Artificial Muscle Actuator." In ASME 2023 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2023-115207.
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Abstract Bio-inspired robots provide solutions in many applications. Robots that can traverse and transport materials through confined areas are useful in disaster response, mining, mapping, and tunneling. The proposed robot is an inchworm-inspired robot that contracts and expands its body segments to move. It has spiky feet that are angled to only allow each foot to slide forward. It has a small frontal area compared to its length, and this allows it to travel through tight gaps or tunnels. Each segment uses two helical actuators as prismatic linkages to drive both forward movement and turning movement. These helical actuators transform the rotation of stepper motors into linear motion. Many linkage configurations were considered in designing this robot, and one without continuous singularities was selected. The robot stride consists of an extension phase and a contraction phase. In each phase, one foot is stationary, and one foot is moving. When each of the feet is in motion, the ground reaction force is assumed to be zero. The motion planning of the robot is designed so that the velocity and acceleration of each of the robot’s rigid bodies is zero at the beginning and end of each movement phase. In the future, this robot will be prototyped using mostly 3D printed components, and its control algorithm will be refined during testing.
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Ren, Ping, and Clément Gosselin. "Trajectory Planning of Cable-Suspended Parallel Robots Using Interval Positive-Definite Polynomials." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-71205.
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In this paper, the dynamic point-to-point trajectory planning of cable-suspended robots is investigated. A simple planar two-degree-of-freedom (2-dof) robot is used to demonstrate the technique. In order to maintain the cables’ positive tension, a set of algebraic inequalities is derived from the dynamic model of the 2-dof robot. The trajectories are defined using parametric polynomials with the coefficients determined by the prescribed initial and final states, and the variable time duration. With the polynomials substituted into the inequality constraints, the planning problem is then converted into an algebraic investigation on how the coefficients of the polynomials will affect the number of real roots over a given interval. An analytical approach based on a polynomial’s Discrimination Matrix and Discriminant Sequence is proposed to solve the problem. It is shown that, by adjusting the time duration within appropriate ranges, it is possible to find positive-definite polynomials such that the polynomial-based trajectories always satisfy the inequality constraints of the dynamic system. Feasible dynamic trajectories that are able to travel both beyond and within the static workspace will exploit more potential of the cable-suspended robotic platform.
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Morris, Cameron, and Vedang Chauhan. "Design of a Low-Cost Autonomous Mobile Robot for Outdoor Applications." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-96093.
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Abstract In today’s world, many companies are looking for low-cost automated alternatives to industrial processes that can save time and money. Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMR’s) are an appealing new alternative to complete tasks with base chassis and interchangeable tops that allow for standardization along with multifunctionality. With improvements in motors, motor controllers, location technology, vision, and IR sensors and a variety of other sensors, many complex tasks are attainable and simpler to complete. AMR’s can also be adapted to the operating environment whether it is on a manufacturing floor or in the field exposed to different elements. Using this equipment and implementing an odometry positioning method, an AMR can be designed to travel to pre-planned coordinates and perform desired tasks at each target point. Calculations to select hardware that satisfies requirements for this application are discussed. Strategies for motion control and positioning are also shown along with their advantages and disadvantages. Other subsystems are designed and attached to the robot to allow the robot to operate with awareness of its environment. To test the AMR’s abilities, a series of experiments are designed to analyze the robot’s strengths and identify sources of error. With these tests, data is collected to compare the position calculation accuracy and analyze the speed and orientation of the robot. Based on these results, there will be suggested adjustments for future work of AMRs in this field.
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Mansouri, Masoumeh, Bruno Lacerda, Nick Hawes, and Federico Pecora. "Multi-Robot Planning Under Uncertain Travel Times and Safety Constraints." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/68.
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We present a novel modelling and planning approach for multi-robot systems under uncertain travel times. The approach uses generalised stochastic Petri nets (GSPNs) to model desired team behaviour, and allows to specify safety constraints and rewards. The GSPN is interpreted as a Markov decision process (MDP) for which we can generate policies that optimise the requirements. This representation is more compact than the equivalent multi-agent MDP, allowing us to scale better. Furthermore, it naturally allows for asynchronous execution of the generated policies across the robots, yielding smoother team behaviour. We also describe how the integration of the GSPN with a lower-level team controller allows for accurate expectations on team performance. We evaluate our approach on an industrial scenario, showing that it outperforms hand-crafted policies used in current practice.
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Muhida, Riza, Muhammad Riza, Bambang Pratowo, Zein Muhamad, Ahmad Cucus, Taqwan Thamrin, Agus Geter Edy Sutjipto, et al. "Development of the Obstacle Avoider of Fish Robot." In International Conference on Industrial Sciences, Engineering and Technology toward Digital Era 2023. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-e5az8j.
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The extraordinary swimming capacity of fish in nature makes them unique among Allah's creations. It is extremely difficult for a robotic system to achieve fish-like swimming behaviors, especially in terms of swimming performance. Many fish use their pectoral fins to provide thrust over a wide speed range and to carry out tricky maneuvers. In this paper, we report a robotic fish that can travel forward and backward using its propulsion system. In this report, the creation of a conceptual design for an interactive fish robot took into account a number of factors, including swimming ability, leakage testing, and motion controller. This needed considerable mechanical design work, and the result is a quick-return mechanism for the fish's body. We made the decision to divide the body into the head, body, and tail. In order to create the propulsion system, we employed five servo motors. Finally, controlling the robot's motion is absolutely essential, especially if there is an obstruction in its path. The servo controller, which is located at the fish's head, serves as the primary controller for all of the motors and sensors.
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Su, Jian, Xin Zhi, Sha Lu, Qichun Zhang, and Janet Dong. "Design of a Lightweight Robotic Mule." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69715.
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Abstract Off road terrain poses a continual challenge to military movement. To meet this challenge, a robotic mule is designed to be a personal mobility device that can carry a soldier or that a soldier can carry. This paper will discuss the design process of such novel robotic mule, including overall structure, cargo/soldier platform, driving system, power system, and stress analysis and simulation. This robotic mule provides a new approach for army soldiers or soldiers’ equipment to move across field effortlessly and efficiently. The movement of the robot can be guided by GPS system or follow a soldier who carries emitter with sensor. The robot is designed to operate in nature terrain, which is standard nature trail in a boreal forest and may have a few roots and rocks but free from climbing obstacles. The robotic mechanism is suitable for one-man lift, with weight not to exceed 20 kg. The robot is capable of moving through a standard door width 80 cm while fully loaded. The system can support 100 kg payload. It also provides soldier following capability and be able to perform with or without the operator on board. The system controls balance of the vehicle, while avoiding obstacles, and negotiating narrow urban or off-road terrain. The speed on flat terrain is 5–7 m/s with a range of 30 km. The robot mule consists of a robust chassis platform, a driving system, a power system, a chair system for soldier, and GPS and vision system for autonomous control. For chassis platform, its structure is designed to be both light and sturdy. Stress analysis of the structure is applied to verify the safety of carrying objective payload. The width of the chassis platform is designed to access standard handicap door. For driving system, considering both terrain and weight limits, a four-wheel driving system is designed to overcome nature terrain which may have a few roots and rocks. Next, based on calculation of traction need and travel range, motor and lithium battery kit are selected to maintain target speed on flat terrain with target mileage. Power for extra functional features needed, such as sensors for navigation and surrounding detection etc. is also considered in calculation of battery capacity. Cargo/soldier platform is designed to provide proper space for carrying the soldier and/or equipment. Security fixtures are designed and added to the cargo/soldier platform which avoid swaying and falling of equipment. Also, ergonomics research is conducted to make a comfortable and hazards free platform for soldiers. Moreover, two handles are designed and will be mounted on each side of the robot mule, which makes the robot be lifted easily by a soldier and helps guard cargo payload in place.
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Oliveira, Felipe, Mario F. Campos, and Douglas Macharet. "Three-dimensional Mapping with Augmented Navigation Cost through Deep Learning." In VIII Workshop de Teses e Dissertações em Robótica/Concurso de Teses e Dissertações em Robótica. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wtdr_ctdr.2020.14958.
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This work addresses the problem of mapping terrain features based on inertial and LiDAR measurements to estimate the navigation cost for an autonomous ground robot. Unlike most indoor applications, where surfaces are usually human-made, flat, and structured, external environments may be unpredictable regarding the types and conditions of the travel surfaces, such as traction characteristics and inclination. Attaining full autonomy in outdoor environments requires a mobile ground robot to perform the fundamental localization and mapping tasks in unfamiliar environments, but with the added challenge of unknown terrain conditions. A fuller representation of the environment is undamental to increase confidence and to reduce navigation costs. To this end, we propose a methodology composed of five main steps: i) speed-invariant inertial transformation; ii) roughness level classification; iii) navigation cost estimation; iv) sensor fusion through Deep Learning; and v) estimation of navigation costs for untraveled regions. To validate the methodology, we carried out experiments using ground robots in different outdoor environments with different terrain characteristics. Results show that the terrain maps thus obtained are a faithful representation of outdoor environments allowing for accurate and reliable path planning.
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"Travel Information." In 2008 IEEE Conference on Robotics, Automation and Mechatronics. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ramech.2008.4681314.
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Nakagawa, Chihiro, Kimihiko Nakano, Yoshihiro Suda, and Ryuzo Hayashi. "Stability of the Controlled Inverted Pendulum With Vertical Oscillations." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41743.
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These days, inverted pendulum robots, like a two-wheeled robot or vehicle, are seen as a form of dynamically stabilized vehicle. Stability characteristics and moving performances of these vehicles have been studied through many examinations and demonstrations. Considering their practical usage, however, these vehicles travel on rough roads, as well as the flat surface in a laboratory. Therefore it is important to investigate the stability of the dynamically stabilized vehicle under vertical vibration. In this study, the authors investigate the responses of the inverted pendulum, which is stabilized by an optimal controller, to vertical vibrations. With theoretical analysis, numerical simulations and experiments using a large scale vibration exciter, stability to vertical vibration is examined. The results show the system dynamics are governed by the Mathieu equation, thus the amplitude ratio reaches its peak when the frequency of the forced vibration is twice the natural frequency of the controlled inverted pendulum system.
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Jia, Zhenchao, Hongbin Ma, Chenguang Yang, and Meiling Wang. "Three-robot minimax travel-distance optimal formation." In 2011 50th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control and European Control Conference (CDC-ECC 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2011.6161535.
Full textReports on the topic "Robots – Travail"
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Maier, David. Improving Travel Information Products via Robust Estimation Techniques. Portland State University Library, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/trec.97.
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Fox, Dieter. 2013 Robotics Science & Systems Conference Travel Support. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada623631.
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Konaev, Margarita, and Sara Abdulla. Trends in Robotics Patents. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20210012.
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Advances in robotics technology are having a transformative effect on how people work, travel, communicate, and fight wars. This data brief provides an overview of global trends in robotics patents between 2005 and 2019, focusing in particular on the state of robotics patenting in Russia, as well as developments in military robotics patents both in Russia and across the globe.
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Hovakimyan, Naira, Hunmin Kim, Wenbin Wan, and Chuyuan Tao. Safe Operation of Connected Vehicles in Complex and Unforeseen Environments. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-016.
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Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have a great potential to transform the way we live and work, significantly reducing traffic accidents and harmful emissions on the one hand and enhancing travel efficiency and fuel economy on the other. Nevertheless, the safe and efficient control of AVs is still challenging because AVs operate in dynamic environments with unforeseen challenges. This project aimed to advance the state-of-the-art by designing a proactive/reactive adaptation and learning architecture for connected vehicles, unifying techniques in spatiotemporal data fusion, machine learning, and robust adaptive control. By leveraging data shared over a cloud network available to all entities, vehicles proactively adapted to new environments on the proactive level, thus coping with large-scale environmental changes. On the reactive level, control-barrier-function-based robust adaptive control with machine learning improved the performance around nominal models, providing performance and control certificates. The proposed research shaped a robust foundation for autonomous driving on cloud-connected highways of the future.
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Lenhardt, Amanda. Evidence on the Effectiveness of Covid-19 International Travel Measures. Institute of Development Studies, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.054.
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Evidence on the effectiveness of travel measures to prevent or slow the spread of Covid-19 and guidance on how and when to apply these measures is limited and the results are mixed. Given the social and economic disruptions that these measures can have, and their potential adverse effects on preventing the spread of the disease, WHO among others have cautioned implementing measures that are not supported by robust evidence. The scope of the search for this report was broad, covering all reported international travel restrictions to contain or slow the spread of Covid-19 and without geographical limitations. The results are therefore more general than restriction- or country-specific and more targeted studies may be omitted from the search due to these wide search parameters. There is general agreement across the literature that some form of travel restriction in the early stages of a disease or variant spread can lead to a slowing of the rate of infections in countries yet to be affected. The majority of studies conducted on travel restrictions adopt a modelling approach, and a systematic review conducted in December 2020 concluded that the quality of observational studies was low to very low (Bou-Karroum et al., 2021). Determining the specific effects of different travel measures is difficult as many studies examine the effects of combined measures. Few studies separate different types of restrictions and much of the modelling on international transmission rates uses data on the movements of people as a proxy for travel restrictions, therefore limiting the ability to observe how measures were implemented except for the timing of measures at different points in the pandemic. Limited country-level evidence was identified for this report and few global studies examine contextual factors that might affect the effectiveness of travel restriction measures. A targeted search for evidence on the effects of travel restrictions on different variants of Covid-19 did not reveal any studies making this distinction.
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Shaheen, Susan, Elliot Shaheen, Adam Cohen, Jacquelyn Broader, and Richard Davis. Managing the Curb: Understanding the Impacts of On-Demand Mobility on Public Transit, Micromobility, and Pedestrians. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.1904.
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In recent years, innovative mobility and shifts in travel and consumption behavior are changing how people access and use the curb. Shared mobility—the shared use of a vehicle, bicycle, scooter, or other mode—coupled with outdoor dining, curbside pick-up, and robotic delivery are creating new needs related to the planning, management, and enforcement of curb access. This study examines curb planning and management from several angles, such as safety, social equity, and multimodal connections. This research employs a multi-method approach to identify the changing needs for curb space management and how to meet these needs through new planning and implementation policies and strategies. As part of this study, the authors conducted 23 interviews. Respondents were chosen to represent public, private, and non-profit sector perspectives. Additionally, the authors employed a survey of 1,033 curb users and 241 taxi, transportation network company (TNC), and public transportation drivers. The study finds that changes in mode choice and curbside use can result in a variety of impacts on access, social equity, congestion, device management, pick-up and drop-off, and goods delivery, to name a few. The curb also has the potential to be disrupted by emerging modes, such as robotic delivery vehicles (also known as personal delivery devices) and automated vehicles. As these emerging developments continue to impact the curb, it is becoming increasingly important for policymakers to have an appropriate framework for planning and managing curb space in urban areas.
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Chandra, Shailesh, Mehran Rahmani, Timothy Thai, Vivek Mishra, and Jacqueline Camacho. Evaluating Financing Mechanisms and Economic Benefits to Fund Grade Separation Projects. Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1926.
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Investment in transportation infrastructure projects generates benefits, both direct and indirect. While emissions reductions, crash reductions, and travel time savings are prominent direct benefits, there are indirect benefits in the form of real estate enhancements that could pay off debt or loan incurred in the improvement of the infrastructure itself. Studies have shown that improvements associated with rail transportation (such as station upgrades) trigger an increase in the surrounding real estate values, increasing both the opportunity for monetary gains and, ultimately, property tax collections. There is plenty of available guidance that provides blueprints for benefits calculations for operational improvements in rail transportation. However, resources are quite limited in the analysis of benefits that accrue from the separation of railroad at-grade crossings. Understanding the impact of separation in a neighborhood with high employment or population could generate revenues through increased tax collections. In California, the research need is further amplified by a lack of guidance from the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) on at-grade crossing for separation based on revenue generated. There is a critical need to understand whether grade separation projects could impact neighboring real estate values that could potentially be used to fund such separations. With COVID-19, as current infrastructure spending in California is experiencing a reboot, an approach more oriented to benefits and costs for railroad at-grade separation should be explored. Thus, this research uses a robust benefits-to-cost analysis (BCA) to probe the economic impacts of railroad at-grade separation projects. The investigation is carried out across twelve railroad-highway at-grade crossings in California. These crossings are located at Francisquito Ave., Willowbrook/Rosa Parks Station, Sassafras St., Palm St., Civic Center Dr., L St., Spring St. (North), J St., E St., H St., Parkmoor West, and Nursery Ave. The authors found that a majority of the selected at-grade crossings analyzed accrue high benefits-to-cost (BC) ratios from travel time savings, safety improvements, emissions reductions, and potential revenue generated if property taxes are collected and used to fund such separation projects. The analysis shows that with the estimated BC ratios, the railroad crossing at Nursery Ave. in Fremont, Palm St. in San Diego, and H St. in Chula Vista could be ideal candidates for separation. The methodology presented in this research could serve as a handy reference for decision-makers selecting one or more at-grade crossings for the separation considering economic outputs and costs.
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Zharare, Sydney, and Nestor Mashingaidze. Impact of COVID-19 on agribusinesses for investors. Commercial Agriculture for Smallholders and Agribusiness (CASA), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240191154.
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Evidence from this assessment indicates that, without deliberate support from impact investors, banks and development finance institutions (DFIs), large numbers of agricultural small and medium enterprises (agri-SMEs) will not be able to continue operations following the lockdowns imposed in response to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 pandemic has had significant negative effects on the operations of agri-SMEs. It has made capital less available, as impact investors and financial institutions take a more cautious approach to extending credit and making investment decisions. Supply chains have been disrupted, resulting in delayed access to inputs (such as seed and fertiliser for smallholder farmers) and in fewer or no deliveries for agri-SMEs. The closure of restaurants and schools has decreased consumer demand. Some agri-SMEs have experienced labour shortages due to restrictions in the movement of people, although some have benefited from family labour as people moved back to their rural homes. The disruptions have created uncertainty for impact investors and financial institutions, which have been compounded by their inability to conduct in-person due diligence assessments for new investments. This evidence report seeks to assess the impact of COVID-19 on agri-SME operations by analysing emerging global evidence and insights from six countries. These are Commercial Agriculture for Smallholders and Agribusiness (CASA)'s three focus countries (Malawi, Nepal and Uganda), as well as Ethiopia, Ghana and Nigeria, which (along with Malawi) formed part of a rapid market assessment (RMA) between April and May 2020. This was carried out by Agricultural Policy Research in Africa (APRA), a research programme funded by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO). APRA seeks to understand which pathways to agricultural commercialisation are the most effective at empowering women, reducing rural poverty and improving food and nutrition security in Sub-Saharan Africa. The report uses a market system lens to analyse impacts and craft recommendations for intervention, as agri-SMEs are linked to other value chain actors - such as farmers, impact investors and regulatory authorities - that govern the functioning of the system. The report focuses on the effects of COVID-19 on impact investment and especially on agribusiness impact investors, given their key role in supporting the growth of these enterprises. While the profit motive is paramount for impact investors, the current consolidation and recovery phase calls for investors to take a longer view on returns: they should shore up their investees and build a robust pipeline for after the recovery. A business-as-usual approach to activities such as due diligence will not work given current travel restrictions. Digital and drone technologies, however, offer alternatives and could be ramped up to close the face-to-face gap created by the pandemic.
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Lewis, Dustin, Radhika Kapoor, and Naz Modirzadeh. Advancing Humanitarian Commitments in Connection with Countering Terrorism: Exploring a Foundational Reframing concerning the Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/uzav2714.
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The imperative to provide humanitarian and medical services on an urgent basis in armed conflicts is anchored in moral tenets, shared values, and international rules. States spend tens of billions of dollars each year to help implement humanitarian programs in conflicts across the world. Yet, in practice, counterterrorism objectives increasingly prevail over humanitarian concerns, often resulting in devastating effects for civilian populations in need of aid and protection in war. Not least, confusion and misapprehensions about the power and authority of States relative to the United Nations Security Council to set policy preferences and configure legal obligations contribute significantly to this trajectory. In this guide for States, we present a framework to reconfigure relations between these core commitments by assessing the counterterrorism architecture through the lens of impartial humanitarianism. We aim in particular to provide an evidence base and analytical frame for States to better grasp key legal and policy issues related to upholding respect for principled humanitarian action in connection with carrying out the Security Council’s counterterrorism decisions. We do so because the lack of knowledge regarding interpretation and implementation of counterterrorism resolutions matters for the coherence, integrity, and comprehensiveness of humanitarian policymaking and protection of the humanitarian imperative. In addition to analyzing foundational concerns and evaluating discernible behaviors and attitudes, we identify avenues that States may take to help achieve pro-humanitarian objectives. We also endeavor to help disseminate indications of, and catalyze, States’ legally relevant positions and practices on these issues. In section 1, we introduce the guide’s impetus, objectives, target audience, and structure. We also describe the methods that we relied on and articulate definitions for key terms. In section 2, we introduce key legal actors, sources of law, and the notion of international legal responsibility, as well as the relations between international and national law. Notably, Security Council resolutions require incorporation into national law in order to become effective and enforceable by internal administrative and judicial authorities. In section 3, we explain international legal rules relevant to advancing the humanitarian imperative and upholding respect for principled humanitarian action, and we sketch the corresponding roles of humanitarian policies, programs, and donor practices. International humanitarian law (IHL) seeks to ensure — for people who are not, or are no longer, actively participating in hostilities and whose needs are unmet — certain essential supplies, as well as medical care and attention for the wounded and sick. States have also developed and implemented a range of humanitarian policy frameworks to administer principled humanitarian action effectively. Further, States may rely on a number of channels to hold other international actors to account for safeguarding the humanitarian imperative. In section 4, we set out key theoretical and doctrinal elements related to accepting and carrying out the Security Council’s decisions. Decisions of the Security Council may contain (binding) obligations, (non-binding) recommendations, or a combination of the two. UN members are obliged to carry out the Council’s decisions. Member States retain considerable interpretive latitude to implement counterterrorism resolutions. With respect to advancing the humanitarian imperative, we argue that IHL should represent a legal floor for interpreting the Security Council’s decisions and recommendations. In section 5, we describe relevant conduct of the Security Council and States. Under the Resolution 1267 (1999), Resolution 1989 (2011), and Resolution 2253 (2015) line of resolutions, the Security Council has established targeted sanctions as counterterrorism measures. Under the Resolution 1373 (2001) line of resolutions, the Security Council has adopted quasi-“legislative” requirements for how States must counter terrorism in their national systems. Implementation of these sets of resolutions may adversely affect principled humanitarian action in several ways. Meanwhile, for its part, the Security Council has sought to restrict the margin of appreciation of States to determine how to implement these decisions. Yet international law does not demand that these resolutions be interpreted and implemented at the national level by elevating security rationales over policy preferences for principled humanitarian action. Indeed, not least where other fields of international law, such as IHL, may be implicated, States retain significant discretion to interpret and implement these counterterrorism decisions in a manner that advances the humanitarian imperative. States have espoused a range of views on the intersections between safeguarding principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. Some voice robust support for such action in relation to counterterrorism contexts. A handful call for a “balancing” of the concerns. And some frame respect for the humanitarian imperative in terms of not contradicting counterterrorism objectives. In terms of measures, we identify five categories of potentially relevant national counterterrorism approaches: measures to prevent and suppress support to the people and entities involved in terrorist acts; actions to implement targeted sanctions; measures to prevent and suppress the financing of terrorism; measures to prohibit or restrict terrorism-related travel; and measures that criminalize or impede medical care. Further, through a number of “control dials” that we detect, States calibrate the functional relations between respect for principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. The bulk of the identified counterterrorism measures and related “control dials” suggests that, to date, States have by and large not prioritized advancing respect for the humanitarian imperative at the national level. Finally, in section 6, we conclude by enumerating core questions that a State may answer to help formulate and instantiate its values, policy commitments, and legal positions to secure respect for principled humanitarian action in relation to counterterrorism contexts.
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Time of travel and dispersion in a selected reach of Roberts Creek, Clayton County, Iowa. US Geological Survey, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri914145.
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