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Journal articles on the topic 'Robot Soccer'

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1

Khamdi, Nur, Mochamad Susantok, and Antony Darmawan. "Technique of Standing Up From Prone Position of a Soccer Robot." EMITTER International Journal of Engineering Technology 6, no. 1 (July 10, 2018): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24003/emitter.v6i1.300.

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One of the humanoid robots being developed in the field of sports is a soccer robot. A soccer robot is a humanoid robot that can perform activities such as playing football. And a variety method fall down of robot soccer such: falling down toward the front direction, side direction, and rear direction. This paper describes the most stands up methods of a soccer robot from its prone position. The proposed method requires only limited movement with degrees of freedom. The movement standing-up of soccer robot has been implemented on the real robot. Tests we performed showed that reliable standing-up from prone position is possible after a fall and such recovery procedures greatly improve the overall robustness of a Soccer Robot.
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2

Liu, Jing-Sin, Tzu-Chen Liang, and Yi-An Lin. "Realization of a ball passing strategy for a robot soccer game: a case study of integrated planning and control." Robotica 22, no. 3 (May 2004): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574703005654.

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Ball passing is an elementary and frequently employed human soccer skill. This paper examines the realization and visualization of ball passing, a low level move-to-ball behavior of a soccer robot, in a robot soccer game. A case study of three mechanically identical mobile robots with a formation ready to pass a ball cyclically in a zigzag pattern is examined. We build a control command driven mobile robot motion simulator with a controller and dynamics of mobile robots, not only nonholonomic kinematic constraints to simulate the motion of a soccer robot driven by wheels torques to generate wheels accelerations, to update the robot position and orientation at successive time instants. Kick motion follows a physical law, and a simplified collision check and response model is utilized for the efficient detection of the hitting a robot with the ball or other robots. The realization of specific ball passing strategy to drive each soccer robot in a position to receive a pass includes three levels of organization, coordination, and execution: careful integrated design of a dynamic formation and role change scheme, ball position estimation, and coordinated trajectory (i.e. path and velocity) planning and tracking control. Simulations are performed to illustrate the feasibility of the realization of ball passing among three robots, implemented by a software program for coordinated trajectory planning and tracking control in the developed simulator.
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3

Sammut, Claude. "Robot soccer." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 1, no. 6 (July 27, 2010): 824–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcs.86.

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4

Wang, Yu Feng, Li Di Wang, and Ting Zhe Zhou. "The Design of FIRA Based on the Dynamic Role Assignment Strategy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 143-144 (December 2011): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.143-144.274.

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Robot Soccer provides a good experimental platform for the automatic control, artificial intelligence, robotics and other researches. A soccer robot system is also a typical multi-agent systems(MAS). Every robot in a soccer team is an agent,so the collaboration between agents, the rational apportionment of the robots' roles and the capacity for actions of the robots is the key to winning game. We present a strategy which is based on dynamic programming algorithm and genetic algorithm. Every robot has fitness to each role through which to carry out the dynamic role assignment, meanwhile, the parameters of the fitness functions could be optimized by genetic algorithm.
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Xi-Bao Wu, Xi-Bao Wu, Si-Chuan Lv Xi-Bao Wu, Xiao-Hao Wang Si-Chuan Lv, Tian-Xu Tong Xiao-Hao Wang, Zhuo Tang Tian-Xu Tong, Yi-Qun Wang Zhuo Tang, and Wen-bai Chen Yi-Qun Wang. "Action Design of Lobbing Ball for Humanoid Robot Soccer." 電腦學刊 32, no. 5 (October 2021): 210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/199115992021103205018.

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Robot soccer is a classic research direction in the field of robotics. From the appearance of soccer robot, it is mainly divided into wheeled robot and humanoid robot. At present, humanoid robots and small group wheeled robots mainly compete on two-dimensional plane. Because of the small competitive dimension, the offensive and defensive tactics tend to be simple. In order to enhance the competitiveness and appreciation of humanoid. And complex motion devices based on human motion capture data (HMCD) are designed Human simulation has gradually become one of the effective means of robot design. In order to enhance the competitiveness and appreciation of humanoid, this paper innovatively designs a set of consistent kicking actions based on darwin-op2 robot, combined with HMCD method, realizes the effect of actively lobbing ball. Ideally, the robot can basically kick the ball above 35cm. Besides the robot can basically kick the ball above 30cm in practice, and the success rate is as high as 75%. It improves the competitiveness from two-dimensional to three-dimensional, which provides new ideas and schemes for attack and defense tactics and expands the dimension of competition. It also provides a new direction for the development of humanoid robot football in the future.
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Bachtiar, Mochamad Mobed, Fadl Lul Hakim Ihsan, Iwan Kurnianto Wibowo, and Risky Eka Wibowo. "Intercept Algorithm for Predicting the Position of Passing the Ball on Robot Soccer ERSOW." Inform : Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/inform.v6i1.3353.

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ERSOW is the name of a wheeled soccer robot that competes in the Kontes Robot Sepak Bola Indonesia (KRSBI). The soccer robot plays a soccer game based on the rules adapted from the human soccer game. The ERSOW team was formed in 2016. Starting in 2017, ERSOW participated in the KRSBI with the Middle Size League (MSL) type. Research in the field of wheeled soccer robots is mostly carried out on robot intelligence, such as how robots detect and look for balls, dribble, pass the ball, avoid opponents, and communicate in teams. This research focuses on the ability that the robot can pass the ball in KRSBI 2020. There are adjustments to the rules for its implementation online where the robot has to pass the ball and score as many goals as possible. The robot's ability to know the direction of ball movement and cut the ball movement or intercept is needed. By utilizing data processing from vision to obtain ball speed data and speed algorithm calculations, the passing ball method has a small chance of missing. Based on the results of experiments that have been carried out, the success of ERSOW in passing using this method is 94.7%.
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Bachtiar, Mochamad Mobed, Iwan Kurnianto Wibowo, and Rakasiwi Bangun Hamarsudi. "Goalpost Detection Using Omnidirectional Cameras on ERSOW Soccer Robots." Inform : Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi 5, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/inform.v5i2.2744.

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The ERSOW robot is a soccer robot developed by Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya, Indonesia. One important ability of a soccer robot is the ability to find the goal in the field. Goal Post is often used as a sign by soccer robots in a match. The mark is a reference robot in the field to be used in determining the strategy. By knowing the location of the goal in a field, the soccer robot can make the decision to maneuver in the match to get the right goal kick. There are various methods of detecting goal. One of them is to detect goal post using vision. In this study the radial search lines method is used to detect the goalposts as markers. Image input is generated from an omnidirectional camera. The goal area that is detected is the front side of the goal area. With experiments from 10 robot position points in the field, only 1 position point cannot detect the goal. The robot cannot detect the goal because what is seen from the camera is the side of the goal, so the front side of the goal area is not visible.Keywords— omnidirectional camera, vision, radial search lines, goal detection, ersow soccer robot
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8

Xiong, Xiaowei. "Artificial Intelligence Control Algorithm for the Steering Motion of Wheeled Soccer Robot." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 33, no. 10 (September 2019): 1959034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001419590341.

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In this paper, the artificial intelligence control algorithm for steering robot of steering wheel is studied. The steering movement of wheeled soccer robot is controlled by artificial intelligence control algorithm, and the steering movement is modeled and simulated. Firstly, the characteristics of artificial neurons are simulated and a similar control model is constructed to complete the simulation of football. The artificial intelligence control algorithm has a dynamic feedback item compared with the traditional intelligent model, which has a better effect on the steering control of the wheeled soccer robot. In this paper, artificial intelligence control algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of artificial intelligence control algorithm, and the output of control signal of each steering part of wheeled soccer robot is simulated in the experiment, and the control of the steering action of wheeled soccer robot by artificial intelligence control algorithm is verified by experiments. Then the artificial intelligence control algorithm forms the connection structure. This method provides a good reference for steering control of wheeled soccer robots.
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Susanto, Susanto, Taufiq Tegar Pratama, and Riska Analia. "Real-time Coordinate Estimation for Self-Localization of the Humanoid Robot Soccer BarelangFC." JURNAL INTEGRASI 14, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/ji.v14i2.4110.

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In implementation, of the humanoid robot soccer consists of more than three robots when played soccer on the field. All the robots needed to be played the soccer as human done such as seeking, chasing, dribbling and kicking the ball. To do all of these commands, it is required a real-time localization system so that each robot will understand not only the robot position itself but also the other robots and even the object on the field’s environment. However, in real-time implementation and due to the limited ability of the robot computation, it is necessary to determine a method which has fast computation and able to save much memory. Therefore, in this paper we presented a real-time localization implementation method using the odometry and Monte Carlo Localization (MCL) method. In order to verify the performance of this method, some experiment has been carried out in real-time application. From the experimental result, the proposed method able to estimate the coordinate of each robot position in X and Y position on the field.
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Wang, Yin-Tien, Zhi-Jun You, and Chia-Hsing Chen. "AIN-Based Action Selection Mechanism for Soccer Robot Systems." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2009 (2009): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/896310.

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Role and action selections are two major procedures of the game strategy for multiple robots playing the soccer game. In role-select procedure, a formation is planned for the soccer team, and a role is assigned to each individual robot. In action-select procedure, each robot executes an action provided by an action selection mechanism to fulfill its role playing. The role-select procedure was often designed efficiently by using the geometry approach. However, the action-select procedure developed based on geometry approach will become a very complex task. In this paper, a novel action-select algorithm for soccer robots is proposed by using the concepts of artificial immune network (AIN). This AIN-based action-select provides an efficient and robust algorithm for robot role selection. Meanwhile, a reinforcement learning mechanism is applied in the proposed algorithm to enhance the response of the adaptive immune system. Simulation and experiment are carried out to verify the proposed AIN-based algorithm, and the results show that the proposed algorithm provides an efficient and applicable algorithm for mobile robots to play soccer game.
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11

MENEGATTI, EMANUELE, GIOVANNI SILVESTRI, ENRICO PAGELLO, NICOLA GREGGIO, ANTONIO CISTERNINO, FEDERICO MAZZANTI, ROSARIO SORBELLO, and ANTONIO CHELLA. "3D MODELS OF HUMANOID SOCCER ROBOT IN USARSim AND ROBOTICS STUDIO SIMULATORS." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 05, no. 03 (September 2008): 523–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843608001492.

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This paper describes our experience in the simulation of humanoid soccer robots using two general purposes 3D simulators, namely USARSim and Microsoft Robotics Studio. We address the problem of the simulation of a soccer match among two teams of small humanoid robots in the RoboCup Soccer Kid-Size Humanoid competitions. The paper reports the implementation of the virtual models of the Robovie-M humanoid robot platform in the two simulators. Robovie-M was the robot used by our team "Artisti" in the RoboCup 2006 competitions. This paper focuses on the procedures needed to implement the virtual models of the robot and in the details of the models. We describe experiments assessing the feasibility and the fidelity of the two simulators.
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12

Yang, Tianwu, Changjiu Zhou, and Mohan Rajesh. "A Fast Vision System for Soccer Robot." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 9, no. 4 (2012): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/480718.

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This paper proposes a fast colour-based object recognition and localization for soccer robots. The traditional HSL colour model is modified for better colour segmentation and edge detection in a colour coded environment. The object recognition is based on only the edge pixels to speed up the computation. The edge pixels are detected by intelligently scanning a small part of whole image pixels which is distributed over the image. A fast method for line and circle centre detection is also discussed. For object localization, 26 key points are defined on the soccer field. While two or more key points can be seen from the robot camera view, the three rotation angles are adjusted to achieve a precise localization of robots and other objects. If no key point is detected, the robot position is estimated according to the history of robot movement and the feedback from the motors and sensors. The experiments on NAO and RoboErectus teen-size humanoid robots show that the proposed vision system is robust and accurate under different lighting conditions and can effectively and precisely locate robots and other objects.
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13

Bachtiar, Mochamad Mobed, Iwan Kurnianto Wibowo, and Rakasiwi Bangun Hamarsudi. "Goalpost Detection Using Omnidirectional Cameras on ERSOW Soccer Robots." Jurnal INFORM 5, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/inform.v0i1.2744.

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The ERSOW robot is a soccer robot developed by Politeknik Elektronika Negeri Surabaya, Indonesia. One important ability of a soccer robot is the ability to find the goal in the field. Goal Post is often used as a sign by soccer robots in a match. The mark is a reference robot in the field to be used in determining the strategy. By knowing the location of the goal in a field, the soccer robot can decide to maneuver in the match to get the right goal kick. There are various methods of detecting goals. One of them is to detect goal posts using vision. In this study, the radial search lines method is used to detect the goalposts as markers. Image input is generated from an omnidirectional camera. The goal area is detected on the front side of the goal area. With experiments from 10 robot position points in the field, only 1 position point cannot detect the goal. The robot cannot detect the goal because what is seen from the camera is the side of the goal, so the front side of the goal area is not visible.
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14

Dikairono, Rudy, Setiawardhana Setiawardhana, Djoko Purwanto, and Tri Sardjono. "CNN-Based Self Localization Using Visual Modelling of a Gyrocompass Line Mark and Omni-Vision Image for a Wheeled Soccer Robot Application." International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems 13, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 442–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22266/ijies2020.1231.39.

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The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is an object classification method that has been widely used in recent research. In this paper, we propose CNN for use in the self-localization of wheeled soccer robots on a soccer field. If the soccer field is divided into equally sized quadrants with imaginary vertical and horizontal lines intersecting in the middle of the field, then the soccer field has an identical shape for each quadrant. Every quadrant is a reflection of the other quadrants. Superficially similar images appearing in different positions may result in positioning mistakes. This paper proposes a solution to this problem by using a visual modelling of the gyrocompass line mark and omni-vision image for the CNN-based self-localization system. A gyrocompass is used to obtain the angle of the robot on the soccer field. A 360° omni-vision camera is used to capture images that cover all parts of the soccer field wherever the robot is located. The angle of the robot is added to the omni-vision image using the visual modelling method. The implementation of self-localization without visual modelling gives accuracy rates of 0.3262, and this result is increased to 0.6827 with the proposed methods. The experiment was carried out in the robotics laboratory of the Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) with the ITS Robot with Intelligent System (IRIS) robot.
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Guarnizo, José G., Martin Mellado, Cheng Yee Low, and Norheliena Aziz. "Strategy Model for Multi-Robot Coordination in Robotic Soccer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 393 (September 2013): 592–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.393.592.

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Soccer robots have been frequently used to validate models of multi-agent systems, involving collaboration among the agents. For this purpose, many researchers in robotics have been developing robotic soccer teams which compete in events such as RoboCup. This paper presents a strategy model for multi-robot coordination in robotic soccer teams involving ball position, team member position and opponent position for the selection of a team tactic and the player roles. This assignation is dynamical and achieved by a virtual coach. This strategy model was validated in a RoboCup Small Size League environment using Webots robot simulator.
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Xiong, Dan, Junhao Xiao, Huimin Lu, Zhiwen Zeng, Qinghua Yu, Kaihong Huang, Xiaodong Yi, and Zhiqiang Zheng. "The design of an intelligent soccer-playing robot." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 43, no. 1 (January 18, 2016): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-05-2015-0092.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to design intelligent robots operating in such dynamic environments like the RoboCup Middle-Size League (MSL). In the RoboCup MSL, two teams of five autonomous robots play on an 18- × 12-m field. Equipped with sensors and on-board computers, each robot should be able to perceive the environment, make decision and control itself to play the soccer game autonomously. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents the design of our soccer robots, participating in RoboCup MSL. The mechanical platform, electrical architecture and software framework are discussed separately. The mechanical platform is designed modularly, so easy maintainability is achieved; the electronic architecture is built on industrial standards using PC-based control technique, which results in high robustness and reliability during the intensive and fierce MSL games; the software is developed upon the open-source Robot Operating System (ROS); thus, the advantages of ROS such as modularity, portability and expansibility are inherited. Findings – Based on this paper and the open-source hardware and software, the MSL robots can be re-developed easily to participate in the RoboCup MSL. The robots can also be used in other research and education fields, especially for multi-robot systems and distributed artificial intelligence. Furthermore, the main designing ideas proposed in the paper, i.e. using a modular mechanical structure, an industrial electronic system and ROS-based software, provide a common solution for designing general intelligent robots. Originality/value – The methodology of the intelligent robot design for highly competitive and dynamic RoboCup MSL environments is proposed.
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Hendrianto-Pratomo, Awang, Anton Satria Prabuwono, Siti Norul Huda Sheikh Abdullah, Mohammad Faidzul Nasrudin, Muhamad Syafiq Shohaimi, and Teddy Mantoro. "Adaptive Robot Soccer Defence Strategy via Behavioural Trail." Journal of Information Technology Research 5, no. 3 (July 2012): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitr.2012070102.

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Robot soccer is a challenging platform for multi-agent research, involving topics such as real-time image processing and control. A team of robots must work together to put the ball in the opponent’s goal while at the same time defending their own goal. A good strategy for the robot defenders can determine who wins the robotic soccer game. Therefore, the goal of this study is to propose a strategy for the defenders using a production rule based on state diagrams. The rule can facilitate easy and rapid comprehension of certain behaviors with respect to two indicators, such as condition and action. The authors determine five key aspects as conditions, including the positions of two defender robots, the position of the goalkeeper and the ball, and coordination between two defender robots and the goalkeeper robot. Each robot has been set its own defence area and specific actions. They conducted three experiments namely simulator testing, real time testing, and ping pong testing to evaluate their proposed defence strategy. The experimental results show that the authors’ proposed strategy versus three state of the art strategies can defeat up to 92% of all types of attack modes. Meanwhile, in the ping pong testing, their proposed strategy can still protect any goal entering from different attacking modes even though only one or two robots are active in the defence area.
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Xu, Xiao Fei. "Cymbal Piezoelectric Composite Transducer for Soccer Robot Attitude Detection Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 2851–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.2851.

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This paper proposed a soccer robots attitude detection method based on the principle and vibration mode of cymbal piezoelectric composite transducer. Cymbal piezoelectric composite transducers and MEMS-based three-axis low-g sensor were set on some different support points of soccer robot's joint to accomplish attitude detection. The signal processing circuit and algorithm software were designed. The research results showed that the performance parameters of the soccer robot falling down attitude detection system based on cymbal piezoelectric composite transducer are better than the other sensor, such as the sensitivity, correct, undetected fall and stability duration, etc. The experiment results showed that the detection accuracy for falling down of the soccer robot can be 98% and the stability duration can be 60 minutes.
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Coman, Daniela, Nicu Bizdoaca, Anca Petrisor, Adela Ionescu, and Mihaela Florescu. "Modeling and Analysis of Soccer Robot Tasks Using Generalized Stochastic Petri Nets." Solid State Phenomena 166-167 (September 2010): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.166-167.133.

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Robot soccer competition provides an excellent opportunity for robotics research. In particular, the soccer robots must perform real-time visual recognition, navigate in a dynamic field, avoid the obstacle, collaborate with teammates, and kick the ball in the correct direction. All these tasks demand robots that are autonomous (sensing, thinking, and acting as independent creatures), efficient (functioning under time and resource constraints), cooperative (collaborating with each other robot to accomplish tasks that are beyond individual’s capabilities), and intelligent (reasoning and planing actions and perhaps learning from experience). This paper proposes a method of defining and analysing the attacking robot tasks using Petri nets. Attacking soccer robot behaviors are modeled using the generalized stochastic Petri nets. Using Petri nets allows qualitative and quantitative analysis of the task execution. Petri net model is implemented in Petri Net Toolbox under MATLAB environment. Therefore, it is validated the net topology, the evolution of (their dynamics), the structural and behavioral properties (corresponding to checking if resources usage is stable and the model have no deadlocks), as well as the stochastic performance.
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Li, Ping, and Jun Yan Zhu. "The Application of Game Theory in RoboCup Soccer Game." Applied Mechanics and Materials 530-531 (February 2014): 1053–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.530-531.1053.

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In response to characters of multi-robot systems in RoboCup soccer game and dependence between decisions of robots, multi-robot systems task allocation was analyzed by means of game theory in this paper. Formalized description based on game theory for multi-robot system task allocation was offered, and a game theory based task allocation algorithm for multi-robot systems (GT-MRTA) was proposed. Experiments show that GT-MRTA has low complexity, and less time-consumption, can obtain comparative schemes with centralized method, and shows good robustness to communication failure and robot failure.
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Wang, Shuang, Ya Li Hou, and Hai Jun Wang. "The Research Progress of Soccer Learning Mechanisms for Robot." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 886–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.886.

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This study makes a review of learning theories, methods, technologies and applications about robot soccer player’s behavior how to implement complex tasks. And pointed out that the limitations of its existence, as well as learning strategies of robot soccer. As a test bed of multi-agent system research of robot soccer system, many researchers conducted a study on the technology from different sides, and have achieved some success. The study indicated that researches currently on robot soccer system includes soccer robot architecture, collaboration, under the dynamic environment of a robot, sensor data fusion, complex reasoning and action learning in task, opponent modeling, and more.
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MATSUMURA, REO, and HIROSHI ISHIGURO. "DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH-PERFORMANCE HUMANOID SOCCER ROBOT." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 05, no. 03 (September 2008): 353–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843608001467.

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The RoboCup, which is a worldwide robot soccer competition, has set an ambitious goal for itself: to have a humanoid robot team win against human teams in World Cup Soccer by 2050. In order to achieve this goal, the robots require highly sophisticated sensory-data processing and decision-making functions. The development of robots for the RoboCup Humanoid League also has significant meaning for the development of robotics. However, this development is not easy and there are few papers covering it and its design policy. This paper reports the design policy for humanoids developed by Team Osaka, whose robots have been selected as the best humanoid robots four times in the last four years. In addition to the design policy, this paper also reports on the developmental process and comparisons among humanoid versions developed by Team Osaka. We believe that this paper will offer much information to other researchers who are developing humanoids for the RoboCup.
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Jang, Junwon, Soohee Han, Hanjun Kim, Choon Ki Ahn, and Wook Hyun Kwon. "Rapid control prototyping for robot soccer." Robotica 27, no. 7 (March 17, 2009): 1091–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574709005505.

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SUMMARYIn this paper, we propose rapid-control prototyping (RCP) for a robot soccer using the SIMTool that has been developed in Seoul National University, Korea, for the control-aided control system design (CACSD). The proposed RCP enables us to carry out the rapid design and the verification of controls for two-wheeled mobile robots (TWMRs), players in the robot soccer, without writing C codes directly and requiring a special H/W. On the basis of the proposed RCP, a blockset for the robot soccer is developed for easy design of a variety of mathematical and logical algorithms. All blocks in the blockset are made up of basic blocks offered by the SIMTool. Applied algorithms for specific purposes can be easily and efficiently constructed with just a combination of the blocks in the blockset. As one of the algorithms implemented with the developed blockset, a novel navigation algorithm, called a reactive navigation algorithm using the direction and the avoidance vectors based scheme (RNDAVS), is proposed. It is shown through simulations and experiments that the RNDAVS designed with the proposed RCP can avoid a local minima and the goal non-reachable with obstacles nearby (GNRON) arising from the existing methods. Furthermore, in order to validate the proposed RCP in a real game, we employ an official simulation game for the robot soccer, the SimuroSot. Block diagrams are constructed for strategy, path calculation, and the interface to the SIMTool. We show that the algorithms implemented with the proposed RCP work well in the simulation game.
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Lund, Henrik Hautop. "Robot soccer in education." Advanced Robotics 13, no. 8 (January 1998): 737–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156855300x00070.

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Lund, Henrik Hautop. "Robot soccer in education." Advanced Robotics 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 737–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156855399x01927.

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Setia Asih, Dwi Aprillia, Indica Yona Okyranida, and Deden Ibnu Aqil. "MENINGKATKAN MINAT BELAJAR FISIKA SMP DAN SMK NUSA BHAKTI SAWANGAN DEPOK MELALUI TEKNOLOGI MEDIA ROBOTIK." Jurnal Terapan Abdimas 4, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.25273/jta.v4i2.4797.

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<p><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong><em>. </em><em>In order to increase the interest in learning physics in SMP and SMK Nusa Bhakti Sawangan Depok through robtik media, an introduction was made to the making of robotic media using line follower and robot soccer robots. The method used is to provide information in making robotic media line follower and robot soccer robots. The material provided during the workshop included the creation, management and utilization of learning media in the form of robotic media. After the activity was finished the students were given a questionnaire to determine the response of students' interest in the learning media used. From the results of this activity the results of student responses to learning media used in good categories are seen from the total score of all students, namely 1098 from the total score of 1500, in other words the interest in learning physics increases when learning activities use line follower robots and robot soccer as learning media . Then the students were enthusiastic during the activity, listening and paying attention to the explanation of the community service team and being active and happy during the process of the experimental activities. And teachers can also use robotic media to be an alternative learning media.</em></p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong>. Dalam rangka meningkatkan minat belajar fisika SMP dan SMK Nusa Bhakti Sawangan Depok melalui media robtik, dilakukan kegiatan pengenalan pembuatan media robotik menggunakan robot <em>line follower </em>dan robot <em>soccer</em>. Metode yang digunakan adalah memberikan informasi dalam membuat media robotik robot <em>line follower </em>dan robot <em>soccer</em>. Materi yang diberikan saat workshop memuat pembuatan, pengelolaan, dan pemanfaatan media pembelajaran dalam bentuk media robotik. Setelah kegiatan selesai siswa diberikan angket untuk mengetahui respon minat siswa terhadap media pembelajaran yang digunakan. Dari hasil kegiatan ini didapatkan hasil respon siswa terhadap media pembelajaran yang digunakan dalam kategori baik dilihat dari jumlah skor seluruh siswa yaitu 1098 dari jumlah skor maksimm 1500, dengan kata lain minat belajar fisika meningkat saat kegiatan pembelajaran menggunakan robot <em>line follower </em>dan robot <em>soccer </em>sebagai media pembelajaran. Kemudian Siswa antusias selama kegiatan berlangsung, mendengarkan dan memperhatikan penjelasan tim pengabdian masyarakat serta aktif dan gembira selama proses kegiatan eksperimen. Dan guru juga dapat menggunakan media robotik menjadi salah satu alternatif media pembelajaran.</p>
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Zhang, Jiaonan, Tengyu Zhang, Yi Niu, Yuxuan Guo, Jiahao Xia, Yang Qiu, Zhengyi Yuan, and Yingze Yang. "Simulation and Implementation of Robot Obstacle Avoidance Algorithm on ROS." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2203, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2203/1/012010.

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Abstract Robots often collide in the process of simulation soccer match. The collision will block the robot’s own motion trajectory, which is not conducive to the robot’s ball grasping and defense. Considering that the obstacles have the characteristics of dynamics, antagonism and uncertainty, the robot’s motion trajectory, path selection and obstacle avoidance are very important. Taking ROS as the research platform, the study focuses on the path planning of simulated soccer robot. Meanwhile, we have applied some obstacle avoidance algorithms to the Middle Size Simulation League of soccer.
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Mohan, R. E., W. S. Wijesoma, C. A. A. Calderon, and C. J. Zhou. "Validating extended neglect tolerance model for human robot interactions in humanoid soccer robots." Robotica 29, no. 3 (July 7, 2010): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574710000251.

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SUMMARYEstimating robot performance in human robot teams is a vital problem in human robot interaction community. In a previous work, we presented extended neglect tolerance model for estimation of robot performance, where the human operator switches control between robots sequentially based on acceptable performance levels, taking into account any false alarms in human robot interactions. Task complexity is a key parameter that directly impacts the robot performance as well as the false alarms occurrences. In this paper, we validate the extended neglect tolerance model for two robot tasks of varying complexity levels. We also present the impact of task complexity on robot performance estimations and false alarms demands. Experiments were performed with real and virtual humanoid soccer robots across tele-operated and semi-autonomous modes of autonomy. Measured false alarm demand and robot performances were largely consistent with the extended neglect tolerance model predictions for both real and virtual robot experiments. Experiments also showed that the task complexity is directly proportional to false alarm demands and inversely proportional to robot performance.
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29

Nugraha, A. C., M. L. Hakim, S. Yatmono, and M. Khairudin. "Development of Ball Detection System with YOLOv3 in a Humanoid Soccer Robot." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2111, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2111/1/012055.

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Abstract One of the practical researches of humanoid robots is research on the use of humanoid robots to play soccer. Research in this field is also encouraged by the existence of various humanoid robot soccer competitions. In humanoid robots for soccer, one of the important aspects is the robot’s ability to detect the ball, goal, field boundaries and other players, both friend players and opposing players. This study focuses on the ball detection system which is a basic ability that humanoid robots need to have. The ball detection system developed in this study uses the YOLOv3 method. The test results show that the system built and trained with 3000 image samples can detect balls at a distance of 50 to 900 cm. The time it takes to detect the ball is about 0.033 seconds.
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30

Xie, Yuping. "Trajectory Tracking of Soccer Motion Based on Multiobject Detection Algorithm." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (August 27, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3602074.

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In order to improve the tracking ability of soccer robot in the complicated static and dynamic environment, a method of soccer trajectory tracking based on multiobject detection algorithm is proposed. This method makes use of the advantages of convenient polar coordinate calculation and realistic path simulation and puts the path coding of the soccer robot in two-dimensional polar coordinates. Then, the distance relationship between the current path point, the next path point, and the obstacle point is used to judge whether to carry out path planning. When the obstacle is encountered, the improved PSO algorithm with nonlinear inertia weight is called to carry out path planning. The simulation results show that under two obstacles, when the number of iterations is T = 19 , the soccer robot starts to avoid obstacles and intercept. When iteration number T = 10 , the soccer robot starts to avoid obstacles and intercept side by side. Under multiple obstacles, when T = 19 , the soccer robot starts to avoid obstacles and intercept in front. When T = 30 , the soccer robot reaches the target point. The convergence of the improved PSO algorithm and the effectiveness of path planning are verified.
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31

KOBAYASHI, Yuichi, Hideo YUASA, and Tamio ARAI. "Amusement and Engineering. Robot Soccer Using Quadruped Robots." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 66, no. 2 (2000): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.66.185.

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32

Nardi, Daniele, Itsuk Noda, Fernando Ribeiro, Peter Stone, Oskar Von Stryk, and Manuela Veloso. "RoboCup Soccer Leagues." AI Magazine 35, no. 3 (September 19, 2014): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v35i3.2549.

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RoboCup was created in 1996 by a group of Japanese, American, and European artificial intelligence and robotics researchers with a formidable, visionary long-term challenge: By 2050 a team of robot soccer players will beat the human World Cup champion team. In this article, we focus on RoboCup robot soccer, and present its five current leagues, which address complementary scientific challenges through different robot and physical setups. Full details on the status of the RoboCup soccer leagues, including league history and past results, upcoming competitions, and detailed rules and specifications are available from the league homepages and wikis.
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33

Dewantoro, Gunawan, Anton Suprayudi, and Daniel Santoso. "Enhancement of motionability based on segregation of states for holonomic soccer robot." Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology 9, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/j.mev.2018.v9.73-80.

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One of the critical issues when navigating wheeled robot is the ability to move effectively. Omnidirectional robots might overcome these nonholonomic constraints. However, the motion planning and travel speed of the movement has been in continuous research. This study proposed segregation of states to improve the holonomic motion system with omnidirectional wheels, which is specially designed for soccer robots. The system used five separate defined states in order to move toward all directions by means of speed variations of each wheel, yielding both linear and curved trajectories. The controller received some parameter values from the main controller to generate robot motion according to the game algorithm. The results show that the robot is able to move in an omnidirectional way with the maximum linear speed of 3.2 m/s. The average error of movement direction is 4.3°, and the average error of facing direction is 4.8°. The shortest average time for a robot to make a rotational motion is 2.84 seconds without any displacement from the pivot point. Also, the robot can dribble the ball forward and backward successfully. In addition, the robot can change its facing direction while carrying the ball with a ball shift of less than 15 cm for 5 seconds. The results shows that state segregations improve the robots capability to conduct many variations of motions, while the ball-handling system is helpful to prevent the ball gets disengaged from the robot grip so the robot can dribble accordingly.
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34

Yinka-Banjo, C. O., O. A. Ugot, and E. Ehiorobo. "Object detection for robot coordination in robotics soccer." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 19, no. 2 (August 1, 2022): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v19i2.5.

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In June 2018, iCog Labs held its second annual robosoccer competition which featured groups of humanoid robots playing soccer against each other. The authors were members of a team called upon to represent Nigeria with the University of Lagos at the competition which took place in Ethiopia. The work here presents a review of the approach taken to address the problem of automating robot coordination in real-world soccer applications. The design methodology relies on the Robot Operating System (ROS) as the platform upon which an asynchronous communication network between each robot and a central server is built. On the network, each robot is a node that consists of sub nodes for object detection and motion control. For object detection the work makes use of the you only look once (YOLO)v2 deep learning algorithm, and a simple decision-making algorithm for controlling vcv the robot based on the objects detected is devised. To quantify the object detection results, the common objects in context (COCO) evaluation metric is used. The results indicate an average recall and precision of 84% across different IOU. For qualitative results on the robot coordination in the ball’s direction, a reference to the open-source implementation of the work has been provided.
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Hu, Ning, Shuhua Lin, and Jiayi Cai. "Real-Time Evaluation Algorithm of Human Body Movement in Football Training Robot." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (May 22, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9932737.

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As one of the most challenging topics in the field of artificial intelligence, soccer robots are currently an important platform for humanoid robotics research. Its fields cover a wide range of fields, including robotics, artificial intelligence, and automatic control. Kinematics analysis and action planning are the key technologies in the research of humanoid soccer robots and are the basis for realizing basic actions such as walking. This article mainly introduces the real-time evaluation algorithm of human motion in the football training robot. The football robot action evaluation algorithm proposed here designs the angle and wheel speed of the football robot movement through the evaluation of the angular velocity and linear velocity of the center of mass of the robot. The overall system of the imitation human football robot is studied, including the mechanical system design. The design of the leg structure, the decision-making system based on the finite state machine, the robot vision system, and the image segmentation technology are introduced. The experimental results in this article show that the action of the football training robot model is very stable, the static rotation movement time is about 220 ms, and the fixed-point movement error is less than 1 cm, which fully meets the accuracy requirements of the large-space football robot.
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36

Wang, Jian Rong, Yang Yu, Jian Guo Wei, and Mei Yu. "A Robot Simulation System for Self-Location by Using Field Visual Information." Advanced Materials Research 748 (August 2013): 690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.748.690.

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This Paper will introduce methods used to resolve self-location problem of humanoid robots. There are two method that will be mentioned in this paper. A traditional method which uses marks and flags on the soccer field for robot location will be introduced at first. This paper will also discuss how to solve the singularity problem in traditional self-location method. The optimization self-location method which uses sidelines on the soccer field will be introduced at the same time. This paper will introduce how to mapping the field sidelines in vision to the field sidelines of soccer field. This method is implemented and tested in Robocup 3D Soccer Simulation League. The results show that the accuracy of self-location method will be increased by taking full use of soccer field sidelines in vision information.
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37

Wang, Xian Lun, Hua Jie Wang, and Yu Xia Cui. "Research on Testing System of Single Robot Based on Virtual Prototype for Robot Soccer." Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (September 2013): 995–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.995.

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Robot soccer games are important activities for the research of the system design and intelligent control, but the actual implementation process is often limited to the actual quality and quantity of equipment. A testing method based on virtual prototype software is proposed for the single robot in soccer games on the basis of theoretical analysis of the robot soccer system. A real-time interaction method is realized between the control algorithm and system model. According to the position of the ball and robot fed back from the model, the control program can plan appropriate trajectory and sends command to the left and right wheel, which realizes the real-time tracking of the ball. The simulation and actual combating results show that the method can be used for the simulation of the actual robot soccer games and the optimization of the control algorithm.
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38

Liu, Yun Long, and Zhen Zhen Chen. "Design and Implementation of Robot Soccer Communication Protocol Based on Ant Colony Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (December 2012): 1913–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.1913.

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Robot soccer is an effective platform which is used to validate techniques such as artificial intelligence. Due to the limitations of a single robot, complex tasks on pitch often need to be completed through coordination of multiple robots. The purpose of this paper is to realize the information transfer between robots and thus to achieve information sharing by designing the network communication system among robots, as well as to provide forceful support for robots' decision-making and multi-robots cooperation. Meanwhile, the ant colony algorithm,which comes after the realization of robot communication system, is introduced to solve the problem existed in multiple-robots coordination. Experimental results show that the communication system in this paper can effectively fulfill information transfer between robots and has laid a good foundation for cooperation of robots.
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39

Tan, Bin. "Soccer-Assisted Training Robot Based on Image Recognition Omnidirectional Movement." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (August 16, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5532210.

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With the continuous emergence and innovation of computer technology, mobile robots are a relatively hot topic in the field of artificial intelligence. It is an important research area of more and more scholars. The core of mobile robots is to be able to realize real-time perception of the surrounding environment and self-positioning and to conduct self-navigation through this information. It is the key to the robot’s autonomous movement and has strategic research significance. Among them, the goal recognition ability of the soccer robot vision system is the basis of robot path planning, motion control, and collaborative task completion. The main recognition task in the vision system is the omnidirectional vision system. Therefore, how to improve the accuracy of target recognition and the light adaptive ability of the robot omnidirectional vision system is the key issue of this paper. Completed the system construction and program debugging of the omnidirectional mobile robot platform, and tested its omnidirectional mobile function, positioning and map construction capabilities in the corridor and indoor environment, global navigation function in the indoor environment, and local obstacle avoidance function. How to use the local visual information of the robot more perfectly to obtain more available information, so that the “eyes” of the robot can be greatly improved by relying on image recognition technology, so that the robot can obtain more accurate environmental information by itself has always been domestic and foreign one of the goals of the joint efforts of scholars. Research shows that the standard error of the experimental group’s shooting and dribbling test scores before and the experimental group’s shooting and dribbling test results after the standard error level is 0.004, which is less than 0.05, which proves the use of soccer-assisted robot-assisted training. On the one hand, we tested the positioning and navigation functions of the omnidirectional mobile robot, and on the other hand, we verified the feasibility of positioning and navigation algorithms and multisensor fusion algorithms.
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40

Haryani, Prita. "Bimbingan Teknis Pemrograman Arduino Robot Soccer Untuk Siswa SMP IT dan SMP Negeri 10 Magelang." Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat UNSIQ 6, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32699/ppkm.v6i1.495.

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Perkembangan teknologi saat ini berkembang dengan pesat, salah satunya yaitu teknologi robotika. Teknologi robotika saat ini sangat menarik untuk dipelajari oleh generasi muda khususnya pelajar. Melalui berbagai kegiatan edukatif, pelajar mengimplementasikan sains secara mudah, murah dan menyenangkan. Salah satu kegiatan edukatif dalam memperkenalkan robotika kepada pelajar adalah bimbingan teknik pemrograman Arduino Nano Robot Soccer. Peserta pelatihan adalah siswa SMP IT dan SMP Negeri 10 Magelang. Pelatihan pemrograman ini menggunakan pemrograman Arduino sebagai media pemrograman pada robot soccer. Metode pelaksanaan dalam bimbingan ini adalah metode kolaboratif dari metode ceramah yang disampaikan oleh narasumber terkait dengan materi pemrograman arduino nano dan metode praktik pemrograman arduino yang diimplementasikan oleh siswa terhadap robot soccer yang mereka buat. Kegiatan bimbingan teknis ini berjalan dengan lancar, siswa dan guru pendamping antusias untuk mendengarkan penjelasan tentang Pemrograman Arduino Robot Soccer. Dari hasil pelatihan, siswa sudah dapat memahami tentang pemrograman arduino dan berhasil memprogam robot soccer beroda tersebut dengan pemrograman arduino nano.
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41

Liu, Xiaoli. "Research on decision-making strategy of soccer robot based on multi-agent reinforcement learning." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 17, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 172988142091696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881420916960.

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This article studies a multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm based on agent action prediction. In multi-agent system, the action of learning agent selection is inevitably affected by the action of other agents, so the reinforcement learning system needs to consider the joint state and joint action of multi-agent based on this. In addition, the application of this method in the cooperative strategy learning of soccer robot is studied, so that the multi-agent system can pass through the environment. To realize the division of labour and cooperation of multi-robots, the interactive learning is used to master the behaviour strategy. Combined with the characteristics of decision-making of soccer robot, this article analyses the role transformation and experience sharing of multi-agent reinforcement learning, and applies it to the local attack strategy of soccer robot, uses this algorithm to learn the action selection strategy of the main robot in the team, and uses Matlab platform for simulation verification. The experimental results prove the effectiveness of the research method, and the superiority of the proposed method is validated compared with some simple methods.
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42

Li, Yong Bo, and Hai Tao Liu. "The Design of Soccer Robot Based on the Mechanical Analysis with Energy Materials." Advanced Materials Research 549 (July 2012): 803–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.549.803.

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This paper proposes a dynamical performance-ranking method to predict the relative performance of soccer robot based on the mechanical analysis with energy materials. Introduce Fuzzy-PID control arithmetic in the soccer robot control system apply, make some mechanical analyses, give control system hardware compose and software achieve method. The experiment result shows that the design of robot soccer system is stable, reliability is high, and expansibility is strong.
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43

ZHANG, LIANDONG, and CHANGJIU ZHOU. "LIE GROUP FORMULATION FOR ANALYSIS OF KICKING MOTION IN HUMANOID SOCCER ROBOTS." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 05, no. 03 (September 2008): 501–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843608001546.

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In this paper, we develop a general Lie group framework for analysis of kicking motion in humanoid soccer robots which aims to capture the multidimensional kicking information and hence to study how to develop more powerful and skilful kicking motion for humanoid soccer robots. To maintain dynamic stability while kicking is being performed, the zero-moment point (ZMP) is used to evaluate the performance of the humanoid kick. The proposed Lie-group-formulation-based compensation approach for force/torque sensing from the humanoid ankle has been implemented on, Robo-Erectus, our humanoid soccer robot. Humanoid kicking experiments have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
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44

Wu, Cui Qin, and Yin Feng Wu. "Research and Design of Centralized Micro Soccer Robot's Decision-Making System." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.607.

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On the background of Mirosot Competition, this paper takes centralized micro soccer robot as research object. After structure research on soccer robot, it mainly focuses on studying decision-making system, which is the key part of intelligence realization. A stratified hierarchical motion control model from top to bottom is proposed. The motion control of soccer robot is realized based on Genetic algorithm path planning with grid modeling and Fuzzy-PID control method.
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45

Sitompul, Joshua, M. Irwan Bustami, and Desi Kisbianty. "Implementasi Algoritma Haar Cascade Classifier Dalam Mendeteksi Robot Sepak Bola Beroda." JURNAL MEDIA INFORMATIKA BUDIDARMA 6, no. 4 (October 25, 2022): 2032. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/mib.v6i4.3929.

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In soccer robot contests, generally soccer robots can recognize their own team robots through color detection using the HSV model. Robots that use color detection to identify their own team robot can detect objects that have the same color value, so objects that have the same color will be considered as their own team robot. However, if you only rely on this method, it is still lacking when viewed in terms of object tracking. Haar like feature or known as Haar Cascade Classifier is a rectangular (square) feature method, which gives a specific indication of an image. This method is able to detect quickly and in real time. Therefore, the researchers tried to unite these two detections to be able to produce a better detection system than before. It is hoped that hoped that in this study, researchers can provide input for the Robotics team of Dinamika Bangsa University in improving the accuracy of robot detection against robots in the same team. From the results of the study it was found that the detection of objects with a distance from the camera as far as 100 cm to 150 cm was successfully carried out, but with a distance of more than 150 cm the object was not detected.
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46

Watanabe, Kaori, Yuehang Ma, Hitoshi Kono, and Hidekazu Suzuki. "A Self-Localization Method Using a Genetic Algorithm Considered Kidnapped Problem." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 26, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2022.p0032.

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The landmark project RoboCup is a well-known international robotics challenge that aims to advance robotics and AI research, with the end goal of developing robots capable of playing a game of soccer autonomously. Self-localization is one of the important elements for an autonomous soccer playing robot because the position information of the robot becomes a determinant of strategic behavior and cooperative operation. Although local searching is accurate, the lack of global searching results in the kidnapped robot problem. Thus, we propose a self-localization method that generates the searching space based on model-based matching using information regarding the white lines on the soccer field. The robot’s position is recognized by optimizing the fitness function using a genetic algorithm (GA). In this report, we adjust the parameter set of the GA on the basis of preliminary experiments and evaluate the accuracy of the proposed self-localization method. We verified that the proposed method enables real-time reversion to correct the position from the kidnapped position using the global/local searching ability of the GA.
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47

Hofer, Ludovic, and Quentin Rouxel. "An Operational Method Toward Efficient Walk Control Policies for Humanoid Robots." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 27 (June 5, 2017): 489–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v27i1.13861.

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Optimizing policies for real-time control of humanoid robots is a difficult task due to the continuous and stochastic nature of the state and action spaces. In this paper, we propose a learning procedure to train a predictive motion model and RFPI, a solver for continuous-state and action MDP. We use the predictive model as a transition model to train policies for a robot soccer. Our method requires no external hardware, a small amount of human work and manages to outperform the expert policy used by our team Rhoban winning the last 2016 edition of the Robocup in kid-size soccer league. Moreover, the proposed method is able to adapt to non-holonomic robots more efficiently than the expert approach. Our results are confirmed by both simulations and real robot experiments.
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48

Kopacek, P., M. W. Han, B. Putz, E. Schierer, and M. Würzl. "NAROSOT – NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ROBOT SOCCER." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 39, no. 3 (2006): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20060517-3-fr-2903.00113.

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49

Šole, František, Jakub Hrabec, and Bohumil Honzík. "Control of a soccer robot." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 36, no. 17 (September 2003): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)33414-6.

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50

Riedmiller, Martin, Thomas Gabel, Roland Hafner, and Sascha Lange. "Reinforcement learning for robot soccer." Autonomous Robots 27, no. 1 (May 15, 2009): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10514-009-9120-4.

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