Academic literature on the topic 'Robinson, William, 1936-'

The onchobothriid tetraphyllidean cestode genus Acanthobothrium van Beneden, 1849, parasitic in the spiral intestine of elasmobranch fishes, was investigated in the Australian region. Thirty-three species are recognised, including 27 that are new. Diagnoses compare the morphological taxonomic characters of all congeners. New species are: Acanthobothrium adlardi; A. angelae; A. arlenae; A. bartonae; A. blairi; A. brayi; A. cannoni; A. chisholmae; A. clarkeae; A. cribbi; A. edmondsi; A. gasseri; A. gibsoni; A. gloveri; A. jonesi; A. lasti; A. laurenbrownae; A. martini; A. mooreae; A. ocallaghani; A. odonoghuei; A. pichelinae; A. robertsoni; A. rohdei; A. stevensi; A. thomasae; and A. walkeri. Additional morphological data are provided for A. australe Robinson, 1965, A. pearsoni Williams, 1962, A. heterodonti Drummond, 1937 and A. urolophi Schmidt, 1973, reported previously from Australia. Acanthobothrium rhynchobatidis Subhapradha, 1955 and A. semnovesiculum Verma, 1928 are reported from Australia for the first time and are redescribed. Additional morphological details are provided for A. ijimae Yoshida, 1917 and A. grandiceps Yamaguti, 1952. Acanthobothrium wedli Robinson, 1959 is redescribed from the type host from New Zealand waters and considered a sister species of A. blairi from Tasmania. Seven new host genera for Acanthobothrium are reported: Hypnos Duméril, 1852 (Hypnidae); Pristiophorus MÜller & Henle, 1837 (Pristiophoridae); Sutorectus Whitley, 1939 (Orectolobidae); Aptychotrema Norman, 1926 and Trygonorrhina MÜller & Henle, 1838 (Rhinobatidae); Parascyllium Gill, 1862 (Parascylliidae); and Aetomylaeus Garman, 1908 (Myliobatididae). Species of Acanthobothrium are reported from the families Hypnidae, Pristiophoridae and Parascylliidae for the first time. New host species for Acanthobothrium are: Pristiophorus cirratus (Latham, 1794); Parascyllium ferrugineum McCulloch, 1911; Sutorectus tentaculatus (Peters, 1865); Aptychotrema vincentiana (Haacke, 1885); Trygonorrhina fasciata MÜller & Henle, 1841; Raja whitleyi Iredale, 1938; Raja cerva Whitley, 1939; Hypnos monopterygium (Shaw & Nodder, 1795); Dasyatis annotata Last, 1987; Urolophus cruciatus (Lacépède, 1804); Urolophus expansus McCulloch, 1916; Urolophus lobatus McKay, 1966; Urolophus paucimaculatus Dixon, 1969; Gymnura australis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886); Aetomylaeus nicofii (Schneider, 1801); and Myliobatis australis Macleay, 1881 (Myliobatididae). New host records for Australia include the above 16 elasmobranch species and the following three host species also known to harbour Acanthobothrium in other geographic localities: Rhynchobatis djiddensis (Forsskål, 1775) (Rhynchobatidae); Himantura uarnak (Forsskål, 1775); and Pastinachus sephen (Forsskål, 1775) (Dasyatidae). Four additional records for hosts previously reported for Acanthobothrium from Australian waters are Squalus megalops (Macleay, 1881) (Squalidae), Heterodontus portusjacksoni (Meyer, 1793) (Heterodontidae), Orectolobus maculatus (Bonnaterre, 1788) (Orectolobidae) and Trygonoptera ‘testacea’ MÜller & Henle, 1841 (Urolophidae). An emended diagnosis of the genus, key to Australian species, host-parasite checklist, phylogenetic analysis of the Australian species and an updated world list of all species of Acanthobothrium are provided.

Although humans know instinctually that humour has healing powers, an understanding of the precise effects of humour and laughter had been largely unknown until the twentieth Century, due to the lack of technology. Not all of the barriers to research have been removed – it is still not possible to know “how much” good humour a person has or is experiencing – but there have been significant discoveries that help to prove that while laughter may not be the best medicine, it certainly helps the medicine go down. The understanding of humour has come in four distinct areas, and in periods that reflect the available technologies. With the discovery of laughing diseases, interest in humour drove Harry Paskind in 1932 to create a new machine to study muscle tone during good humour. From the 1950s to 1970s, the neurology of laughter was researched, accompanying further research into the pathology of laughter after an epidemic of laughter in Uganda from 1962-64. After this came the study of the immunology and the discovery that laughter fights cancer, with the champion of laughter research, William Fry, dedicating a decade from 1969-79 to this work. Finally came research on the indisputable effect of laughter – its healthy effects on human psychology. Thanks, in part, to this research, and also supporting it, the past forty years have seen men like Norman Cousins and Hunter “Patch” Adams bring humour into mainstream healthcare. This research provides doctors an opportunity both now and in the future, as we learn even more about humour, to bring a softer face to medicine and truly give patients something to smile about. Cousins N. Anatomy of an Illness. New York: WW Norton & Company, Inc., 1979. Paskind H. Effect of Laughter on Muscle Tone. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 1932; 28-3:623-628. Robinson VM. Humor and the Health Professions. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991.

- Adriaan Bedner, Joachim Sterly, Simbu plant-lore; Plants used by the people in the Central Highlands of New Guinea; Volume 1: The people and their plant-lore; Volume 2: Botanical survey of Simbu plants; Volume 3: Ethnographical key. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 1997, 23 9 + 323 + 275 pp. - H.J.M. Claessen, Jan Rensel, Home in the islands; Housing and social change in the Pacific. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1997, vii + 264 pp., Margaret Rodman (eds.) - Peter van Eeuwijk, Norbert Kohnen, Traditionelle Medizin auf den Philippinen; Angstbewältigung und kognition bei Krankheiten. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1992, 396 pp. [Beiträge zur Südasienforschung 154.] - C.D. Grijns, William A. Smalley, Linguistic diversity and national unity; Language ecology in Thailand. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994, xv + 436 pp. - Nico Kaptein, Ulrike Freitag, Hadhrami traders, scholars, and statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s-1960s. Leiden: Brill, 1997, x + 392 pp., William G. Clarence-Smith (eds.) - Elsbeth Locher-Scholten, Raden Ajeng Kartini, On feminism and nationalism; Kartini’s letters to Stella Zeehandelar 1899-1903, translated and with an introduction by Joost Coté. Clayton, Victoria: Monash Asia Instiute, Monash University, xxiii + 129 pp. - Alison Murray, L. Manderson, Sites of desire, economies of pleasure: Sexualities in Asia and the Pacific. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997, xii + 367 pp., M. Jolly (eds.) - Chris Penders, Harry A. Poeze, Politiek-Politioneele Overzichten van Nederlandsch-Indië, Deel IV, 1935-1941. Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij, 1994, xciv + 485 pp. - Kathryn Robinson, Henk Schulte Nordholt, The spell of power; A history of Balinese politics 1650-1940. Leiden: The KITLV Press, 1996, ix + 389 pp. [VKI 170.] - Eric Tagliacozzo, Carl A. Trocki, Gangsters, democracy, and the state in Southeast Asia. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Southeast Asia Program, 1998, 94 pp. [Cornell University Southeast Asia Program Publication 17.] - Gerard Termorshuizen, Tom van den Berge, Karel Frederick Holle; Theeplanter in Indië, 1829-1896. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998, 307 pp. - Lourens de Vries, Tom E. Dutton, Koiari. München: Lincom Europa, 1996, 77 pp. [Languages of the World/Materials 10]. - Lourens de Vries, Bruce M. Knauft, South coast New Guinea cultures; History, comparison, dialectic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, xiii + 298 pp.

The 1880s and early 1890s have been widely recognised as a time of depression in New Zealand. While well-known architects with substantial clienteles were generally able to survive the downturn in business, others struggled to make ends meet, showed signs of extreme stress, or occasionally resorted to sharp practices. Few in-depth studies have been able to show the broad spectrum of architects working in Wellington at a particular time as, until recently, it has been extremely difficult to accumulate the necessary data. The introduction of Papers Past has considerably simplified this task. We can now find and assess almost all the architects who made the news in different ways. Although more than 30 men claimed to be Wellington architects in the 1880s, not all of them were working. Some, such as Frank Mitchell, produced relatively large numbers of plans throughout the decade; many others appear to have been less successful, and to have turned their hands to other activities, for better or worse. In this paper we select a few of the more colourful "architects" residing in Wellington in the 1880s. Our candidates range from the aforementioned Frank Mitchell, through to Christopher Walter Worger, who being bankrupted in Christchurch, moved to Wellington in 1889. Leaving no record of any building designs, he had gone to Dunedin by 1906. Another enigmatic character was James Henry Schwabe, who escaped Dunedin and a rather public humiliation for Wellington in the late 1870s. Similarly, we discuss the erratic behaviour of W.J.W. Robinson, also escaping scandal in Dunedin to practise in the capital. Charles Zahl we find making a fleeting visit in early 1887, before absconding with a large sum of investors' money en route to Rio de Janeiro or Britain. We finish with the case of Ernest Wagner, released into the community after a year's hard labour in 1880. He never practised as an architect again - preferring, or being forced, to live as a farmer in the country south of Auckland. The examples we discuss are the exception rather than the rule. Of the bankruptcies recorded at the time, few came from the upper echelons of society. Some architects who were later prominent in Wellington moved offshore to better conditions in Australia (such as Joshua Charlesworth), whereas others such as William Turnbull were protected to some extent in successful partnerships in which they had a junior role.

The keyword for this issue, "Sick," has produced a broad range of critical conceptualisations. The articles that appear in this Sick issue present a variety of different interpretations of sickness and the sick, and address a number of different "sick" elements of both past and contemporary society, of social issues in the United States, in Australia and in England, or those that cross cultural and geographical boundaries. Everyone gets sick, but for our purposes the universality of the term is less interesting than its specific expressions; the way it attaches itself to certain contexts, certain bodies, certain modes and effects of discourse. If and when we get sick (sick in body, sick in mind, sick in behaviour or speech) our own and others reaction to this is governed by powerful representations and ideas that abound in culture. To some, this is a banal point, but the idea of sickness has a particular condition of privilege in culture. What is actually constituted by the term "sick" is subject to tremendous change historically and socially, but this slippery signifier is stable in its effectivity. In this issue, we present articles that engage with and critique "sick" as it erupts into numerous biological, social, and historical discourses. The interventions range from pop culture, to medical science, to the intensely personal. Our feature article, Tara Brabazon's "Welcome to the Robbiedome," begins this intervention into a discussion of sickness by addressing the application of the term "sick", with its simultaneously positive and negative connotations, to Robbie Williams and gender performativity. Beginning with the horrified reactions of talk-show hosts to the inherent "sickness" of Williams' "Rock DJ" film-clip, Brabazon follows the singer's example, stripping back the layers of performance threading through film-clips, interviews and recorded statements in an exploration of what is meant when the term "sick" is applied in this case, and what this appellation means to both performer and viewer. In "Sick Puppies and Other Unbecoming Things," Laurie Johnson considers the complex effects generated by John Carpenter's breathtakingly gruesome remake of The Thing. Johnson traces some of the critical responses to the film, that connect its representations of bodily contagion to the then-new terror of the AIDS virus. He then develops a reading of the film as depiction of Deleuze and Guattari's notion of becoming. Several articles in this issue indicate that a literary and critical focus on sickness is not an exclusively modern interest. Ilana Simons', for example, traces Virginia Woolf's commentary on the absence of illness as a literary device in the article "The Sick and the Unexpected." Through an analysis of Woolf's essay "On Being Ill," Simons emphasises the thematic potential for illness, with its "childish outspokenness" and obsession with the immediate moment. This article not only focuses on a critical study of a text explicitly concerned with physiological illness, but also engages in a debate between physical, literary and critical manifestations of sickness. Sickness as a focus for critical thought creates a rich and often radical mix of theoretical approaches. Heath Diehl's article, "Performing (In) The Grave: Schizophrenic Subjectivities and the NAMES Project AIDS Quilt," perhaps belongs to the more creatively radical end of the spectrum. Diehl's analysis of the means by which the quilt, as a physical and cultural object, constructs those people who view it as fractured subjects, is an intriguing and original intervention into one of the more elaborate records of human illness and frailty produced in the United States. Sickness as an idea is not one that is culturally or temporally stable. Susan Mckay in "Beyond Biomedicine: Renegotiating the Sick Role for Postmodern Conditions" describes and discusses transformations in relationships between culture, individuals, and the discourses that construct and mediate their experiences of illness and sickness. She shows how the ascendancy of scientific discourses about illness has pacified the suffers of sickness, subordinating their experiences to that of the scientific, knowing physician. But this relationship is changing. New avenues of expression are opening up, allowing patients to explore their own agency. McKay sees this as a postmodernist reaction to the modernist gaze of biomedical discourse. "'There's Not Much Thrill About a Physiological Sin': Neurasthenia in Willa Cather's 'The Professor's House,'" continues the questioning of the role and presentation of sickness in literary texts which began with Ilana Simons's article. Todd Robinson assesses Cather's attempt to engage with and critique the nervous disorder neurasthenia. This paper not only concentrates on the discussion of this "lack of nerve force" in Cather's protagonist, Godfrey St Peter, but simultaneously highlights a dialogue between the presentation of illness within the text, and the language of the contemporary medical discourse. The mobile phone is one of the most contentious cultural artefacts of our times. Its capacity to cause sickness, whether physical or social, is thoroughly embedded in the cultural narratives that surround it. Judith Nicholson, in "Sick Cell: Representations of Cellular Telephone Use in North America," considers these narratives to be examples of what Haraway terms "boundary breakdowns," disruptions in the culturally-negotiated barriers between human and machine, nature and artifice. Adam Dodd, in "Paranoid Visions": Germ Theory, Ernst Haeckel, and the Biopolitics of Warfare, reveals a fascinating moment in the history of biological science, in his description of the peculiar ideas that abounded following the widespread adoption of microscopic imaging devices in the nineteenth century. In particular, he focuses on the hybridised scientific mysticism of Ernst Haeckel, whose pseudo-Darwinian claims about the status of the microbiological was one of the many threads that contributed to national socialism. The focus of Leila Green's article, "Is it sick to want to live to 100? The popular culture of health and longevity," is one of the most popular of popular obsessions, alternative health practices. Taking as her target group the now-aging baby boomers, Green considers the ways in which movements epitomised by texts such as the aptly named RealAge: Are You as Young as You Can Be? encourage a "sick" obsession with healthy, vibrant, chronologically defiant old age. Sickness is a state explicitly connected with the body of the suffering individual, with issues of invasion and intrusion, loss of privacy and loss of dignity. Janna Nadler discusses these issues in her article "Two Voices are Stronger Than One? Reconfiguring Breast Cancer Narratives as Collaborative and Communal in Sandra Butler & Barbara Rosenblum's Cancer in Two Voices." This article takes as its focus a text written by a breast cancer sufferer and her partner. From this perspective, Nadler opens up the traditionally incommunicable experience of personal illness to critical scrutiny, addressing matters from the subjective and objective status of the sick body to the broader societal reverberations caused by personal illness. The relationships between worker, business, and the state have undergone massive change throughout the last century. In "Who owns your sickness in the new corporate wellness" notions of workers' health and the structures created to maintain and contain it are interrogated by David Leith. Leith shows how transformations in public policy and workplace practice are leading to a confusion as to who exactly is responsible for personal health. Finally, the discussions of agency, of the importance of the individual voices of patients and sufferers, culminates in the poetry of Ric Masten, and its revelation of his own experience of sickness. Masten's work blends personal, chatty journal-style entries with poetic passages to create a year-long account of a struggle with prostate cancer. Ric's piece was first published on his website, at http://www.ricmasten.com/

BLAIS, ANDRÉ, ELISABETH GIDENGIL, RICHARD NADEAU AND NEIL NEVITTE. Anatomy of a Liberal Victory: Making Sense of the Vote in the 2000 Canadian Election. By Linda Trimble 187NEVITTE, NEIL, ed. Value Change and Governance in Canada. By Donald E. Blake 188MONIÈRE, DENIS. Pour comprendre le nationalisme au Québec et ailleurs. Par François- Pierre Gingras 190LAMOUREUX, DIANE. L'amère patrie. Féminisme et nationalisme dans le Québec contemporain. Par Édith Garneau 192MACLURE, JOCELYN. Récits identitaires. Le Québec à l'épreuve du pluralisme. Par Geneviève Nootens 195MASSOLIN, PHILIP. Canadian Intellectuals, The Tory Tradition, and the Challenge of Modernity, 1939-1970. By William Christian 197BETCHERMANN, LITA-ROSE. Ernest Lapointe: Mackenzie King's Great Quebec Lieutenant. By Robert Bothwell 198BRODIE, IAN. Friends of the Court: The Privileging of Interest Groups Litigants in Canada. By Miriam Smith 200ROACH, KENT. The Supreme Court on Trial: Judicial Activism or Democratic Dialogue. By Gerald Baier 202BERNIER, ROBERT. Un siècle de propagande? Information. Communication. Marketing gouvernemental. Par Anne-Marie Gingras 203JOFFRIN, LAURENT. Le gouvernement invisible. Naissance d'une démocratie sans le peuple. Par Réjean Pelletier 205LUXTON, MEG AND JUNE CORMAN. Getting By in Hard Times: Gendered Labour at Home and on the Job. By Stephanie Ross 207VILLALBA, BRUNO ET XAVIER VANDENDRIESSCHE, sous la direction de. Le Front National et le Droit. Par Alain Baccigalupo 209HAYNES, JEFF. Democracy in the Developing World: Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Middle East. By Bruce Morrison 212DEFFONTAINES, JEAN-PIERRE ET JEAN-PIERRE PROD'HOMME. Territoires et acteurs du développement local : de nouveaux lieux de démocratie. Par Guy Chasson 214CORRALES, JAVIER. Presidents without Parties: The Politics of Economic Reform in Argentina and Venezuela in the 1990s. By Anil Hira 215JEFFREY, LESLIE ANN. Sex and Borders: Gender, National Identity, and Prostitution Policy in Thailand. By Teri Caraway 216GAUDREAULT-DESBIENS, JEAN-FRANÇOIS. Le sexe et le droit. Sur le féminisme de Catharine MacKinnon. Par Ann Robinson 218HAFFNER, SEBASTIAN. Allemagne, 1918. Une révolution trahie. Par Augustin Simard 220CRAIG, LEON HAROLD. Of Philosophers and Kings: Political Philosophy in Shakespeare's Macbeth and King Lear. By Edward Andrew 223LECA, JEAN. Pour(quoi) la philosophie politique : petit traité de science politique, Tome 1. Par Chedly Belkhodja 225PIOTTE, JEAN-MARC. Les neufs clés de la modernité. Par Gilles Labelle 227NARDIN, TERRY. The Philosophy of Michael Oakeshott. By Jeremy Rayner 228RAEDER, LINDA C. John Stuart Mill and the Religion of Humanity. By Richard Vernon 230FROESE, KATRIN. Rousseau and Nietzsche: Toward an Aesthetic Morality. By Sophie Bourgault 231TOURAINE, ALAIN. Beyond Neoliberalism. By Pascale Dufour 233BAUDRILLARD, JEAN. D'un fragment l'autre. Entretiens avec François L'Yvonnet. Par Yves Laberge 234WYN JONES, RICHARD, ed. Critical Theory and World Politics. By Jacqueline Best 235DERRIENNIC, JEAN-PIERRE. Les guerres civiles. Par Hugo Loiseau 236O'LEARY, BRENDAN, IAN LUSTICK AND TOM CALLAGHY, eds. Right-Sizing the State: The Politics of Moving Borders. By Tobias Theiler 237BARNETT, MICHAEL. Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda. By John Hickman 239GOLDSTEIN, AVERY. Deterrence and Security in the 21st Century: China, Britain, France and the Enduring Legacy of the Nuclear Revolution. By David G. Haglund 240

Men in crisis Confused by society's mixed messages about what's expected of them as boys, and later as men, many feel a sadness and disconnection they cannot even name. (Pollack 1) The recent 'crisis in masculinity' has been punctuated by a plethora of material devoted to reclaiming men's 'lost' power within a society. Triggered by the recognition that their roles within our society are changing, this emerging cannon often fails to recognise men as part of a social continuum that subjectifies individuals within discursive frameworks. Rather it mourns this process as the emasculation of male identity within our culture. However, this self-help rhetoric masks a wider project of renegotiating men's power within our society. David Buchbinder for example, calls for an interrogation of "how men and various masculinities are represented" (7). As a consequence, male subjectivities are being called into question. There is now examination of the manner in which "power is differentiated so that particular styles of masculinity become ascendant…in certain situations" (Haywood and Mac an Ghaill 52). In this way, male power is being problematised on many fronts. The desire to shore-up male power in the face of various 'threats' has called for a corporeal manifestation of masculine dominance. Men's bodies have been redefined through contemporary attention to physical sculpting and molding. This reanimation of the Superman ethic of embodiment is part of the hegemonic maintenance of masculine power in our culture. At the times of the greatest threat to male competence and control within society - social, political and economic restructuring, war and recovery - the body has been at the frontier of reasserting male power. This paper traces performances of superhero masculinity across men's bodies. As central 'creators' of their world, superheroes embody a mythology in masculine identity that shapes men as social and natural determinists within a society. In attempting to replicate this role, men are subjected to a rupture in the social fabric whereby their bodies move through a series of discursive frameworks in a contradictory tapestry that activates a 'crisis' within masculine identity. This paper seeks to open the seam between masculinity and power to examine how masculine legitimacy is negotiated on embodied surfaces. This trajectory is constantly stretched to its limits where men's bodies are in a persistent state of rebuilding. Henry Rollins forms part of the frayed edges of superhero identity. Simultaneously validating and undermining this mentality, Rollins creates a nexus of contradictory ideologies. Embracing a "rock-hard male body" (Robinson 11) in a powerfully built embodied reality, and at the same time deconstructing it, Rollins takes issue with men in their mythological role as centres of social reality and their power to create and control it. Rollins forms an identity that is shaped within discursive practices rather than the director of them. In tracing this performance through the "Liar" music video that features Rollins in the Superman role, this paper demonstrates the convoluted masculinity embraced by Rollins and the movement of Superman across his body. Between superheroes, war and bodybuilding, the aim is to trace how men are positioned as unproblematic agents of power, change and creation within the embodied myths of our culture. Bodies of knowledge Men's bodies have changed. While they have been the 'normal' against which women's bodies have been defined, this sense of normality has altered (Cranny-Francis 8). Foucault has consistently demonstrated how bodies are created and inscribed through cultural processes whereby discourses determine the shape and nature of embodied realities. Even though men are often centralised in these knowledge systems, it does not mean that they are immune to their influence. Men are insistently defined through metaphors of the mind. The proper man is a controlled man. In bodybuilding this relationship is activated in the repetitive and disciplined action of tensing and relaxing muscle. Defined as, "the toning and accentuating of muscles by the repeated action of flexing and releasing…particularly through the use of weights" (Carden-Coyne n.pag), it reifies a controlled mind restraining and shaping the physical form. During the Enlightenment thrust toward scientific rationalism, Descartes positioned an uncomplicated division between the mind and the body. Men spent their time purifying their souls and using bodies "as a spiritual vessel, a Christian container of morality and purity" (Carden-Coyne n.pag). They were shells that required discipline so the mind was not led astray. The mind was the controlling agent that subdued a disobedient embodiment. The extent to which this was achieved was the measure of the legitimacy and competence of a man. The currency of this corporeal state resonates most potently today through the phallus. As an extension of the phallus, the surface of the male body is a crucial site for the demonstration of embodied control. For the phallus is not very closely related to the possession of a penis as David Buchbinder argues when he suggests, "the phallus as a symbol, however, is not to be identified with an actual penis, because no actual penis could ever really measure up to the imagined sexual potency and social or magical power of the phallus" (49). Indeed, men's penises are "flaccid most of the time" (Buchbinder 48). They are fragile and soft. They rarely meet the 'supernatural' prowess of the phallus. Phallic power is related to the capacity to occupy the space of symbolic power effectively - to be embodied in a competent masculinity. Bodybuilding demonstrates a mastery over the self that articulates this discipline. The capacity to mobilise this control is linked to wider social power in which men are supposed to be privileged agents of creation and control in the political and economic spheres of life. Henry Rollins mobilises a mythos of masculine embodied control and corporeal hardness in his embrace of Superman. He is the epitome of phallic power and Rollins uses this character as a metonym to articulate the contradictions between the ideologies circulating through culture and the reality of lived experience. While Rollins mobilises a superhero musculature, the surfacing of his self masks a vulnerable masculine subjectivity that is embedded within distinct social frameworks. He uses the ideologies surrounding superheroes to create a dialogue between the reality of everyday life and the discourses that frame those experiences. Superheroes are resourceful, disciplined and righteous. They are sites of strength, moral virtue, creation and control. They often have super-powers, super-human strength, agility or speed that enables them to exist apart from regular humans. They occupy spaces removed from everyday life. However, their separateness from these realities is contrary to real men's experiences. Like the phallus, there is a gulf between the superhero ideology that men are supposed to embody and the reality of lived experience. Nevertheless there remains a constant struggle to build and rebuild the male body to the pinnacle of (super)masculine prowess. Superman is framed within the mind/body binary quite clearly. The control he exercises over his body reifies his calm and disciplined mind. His powerful physique, "represents in vividly graphic detail the masculinity, the confidence, the power that personifies the ideal of phallic masculinity" (Brown n.pag). His control extends across his self and out into the world. Rollins embraces this control through his own self-empowering rhetoric that litters his lyrics, spoken word and concert performances. He also most clearly embodies the Superman ideology through a life-long attention to bodybuilding. Introduced to weightlifting as a teenager, Rollins incorporates the Superman ideology into his subjectivity. He has been referred to as the "tattooed, muscled Ubermensch of serious rawk" (geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Palms/4396/hrf.htm). He works his muscles to rebuild his identity after a disaffiliated, Ritalin-addicted childhood spent bouncing between divorced parents. The processes of disciplining his body and empowering the self are made clear through his relationship to his body and to the weights. Rollins believes in extending himself to his limits and beyond. Bodybuilding is the mattering map Rollins uses to construct a sense of self. He uses it to define who he is and to build his self-esteem. For example,"time away from the Iron makes my mind and body degenerate. I turn on myself and wallow in thick depression that makes me unable to function. The body shuts my mind down. The Iron is the best anti-depressant I have ever found. No better way to fight weakness than with strength. Fight degeneration with generation" (Rollins 257). In his embrace of the embodied power of Superman and the building mechanisms of weightlifting he is able to repair and regenerate his sense of self. He is able to transform himself into something new and different, thereby exercising power as an agent of change. This ethic of rebuilding hails an earlier time when control over the body needed to reestablish the coherent corporeality of damaged men within a culture. World War One redefined popular consciousness of men's bodies as the mechanisation of warfare ripped limbs from torsos and severed the relationship between a disciplined mind and the controlled body. Rebuilding battered bodies The first widespread conflict to use guns, shells and tanks produced the first evidence of neurasthenia, or shell shock (Carden-Coyne n.pag). Faith in evolution and human improvement was shaken to its core with the appearance of physically and emotionally broken masculinity. Men's bodies were dismembered and disabled - their minds were tortured. As a result Carden-Coyne argues, [t]he first world war significantly undermined confidence in the male instinct, by demonstrating that the primitive energies of the male body (virility, physical strength and aggression) were no match for modern technological warfare. A process of healing was needed to rebuild a masculinity of control and strength in these men. Faith in progress needed to be renegotiated and the damaged minds and bodies of men mended. Bodybuilding was seen as the most complete demonstration of embodied control. It required discipline and strength and so required the mind to order the body. Bodybuilding was embraced after World War One to repair the fissures in war-ravaged masculinity. It served, "to shape corporeal borders…against the sense of decay and uncertainty that permeated the 'air' of modernity" (Carden-Coyne n.pag). The strong body created a strong mind and bodybuilding in the post-war period also helped to more popularly render images of heroes. War heroes could be more easily framed in musculature. In popular culture, heroes shifted from aristocratic figures such as the Scarlet Pimpernel, to more everyday men. By 1938 the emergence of Superman comics positioned the ordinary-like man as superhero (Bridwell 6). The hard body had the capacity to make the ordinary man exceptional. Indeed, the superheroes of the twentieth century like "Tarzan, Conan, James Bond" (Connell 6) all depict a resilience and similar competence over all aspects of their lives. However as men's authority has been increasingly challenged within our society, embodied strength has increased in Superman to mirror the changes in the lives of these men. Postmodern paychecks World War Two also tore men's bodies apart. However with this war, the machine was reinscribed as saving rather than taking lives on the battlefield (Fussell 3). The development of the atomic bomb was attributed to, and celebrated as, man's ability to create and conquer anything (Easlea 90). By 1950 Superman comics depicted the man of steel withstanding a nuclear blast thereby validating the superiority and resilience of white, western masculinity and embodied hardness over the weak Others (Bridwell 10). Nevertheless World War Two chewed through men's bodies at an imperceptible rate. Despite the rhetoric of heroism and technological superiority, the reality of everyday battle was broken bodies. The ideology of the superhero served to mask the realities of this war. Despite the damage to the corporeal form, the heroic mythology of masculine identity served to reify a coherent embodiment and a clear mind. The mobilisation of this masculine myth masked the erosion of legitimate male power within culture. This resonates into the postwar period where a whole series of structural changes to the social landscape have radically redefined our social reality. The mechanisms men have used to define themselves have decayed. The rising empowerment of women, gay men and black men have problematised the centrality of white, heterosexual men in our culture (Faludi 40). They are no longer able to easily occupy a stable, silent centre in our society. As a result, there has been an attempt to reclaim the body and reclaim the competency that serves to define men as masculine. The rising interest in men's health and physical fitness on the whole, has lead to a reanimation of the superman figure. Men's bodies are getting harder and larger. Part animal, part machine Henry Rollins embraces the contradictions in heroic masculinity. He demonstrates an embodied control that is regimented through an incorporation of Nietzschean will. In this way he embodies the relationship between the superhero and contemporary masculinity. However, Rollins' Superman is not an Ubermensch (Nietzsche 230). He performs a problematic masculinity. As a result, Rollins deconstructs the masculine hierarchy by subverting, not only his own performance of masculinity, but all such performances. The "Liar" music video by The Rollins Band features Rollins in the Superman role. In this clip he interrogates different levels of truth and reality. For him, neither Clark Kent nor Superman is a valid model on which to base effective performances of masculinity. Neither of these men are heroes, rather they are simulations. The version of Superman that Rollins constructs is authoritative and totalitarian. He depicts a corrupt figure and flawed leader who is not in control and is struggling to meet the demands of his role. This performance of Superman deconstructs the myth of the male hero. For Rollins, this hero does not exist - or if he does - he is a "Liar". Henry Rollins both embodies and deconstructs the superhero identity. He forms a nexus around which contradictory ideologies in masculinity collide and are reworked into a radically subversive critique of the relationship between men and superheroes. For Rollins the superhero mentality masks the complicated ideologies men must negotiate everyday in which they are subjectified within contradictory discursive frameworks that demand multifarious performances. Rollins strips back the layers of masculine power to reveal the ways in which men are embedded within social structures that reflect and affect their reality. In this self-reflexive critique he performs Superman in playful, resistive ways. This Superman does not exist apart from everyday life, but is entrenched within its frameworks that can only produce flawed performances of a social ideal. For Rollins a superhero embodiment cannot wipe away the discourses that encircle men within our culture but is rather a reflection of the extent to which men are embedded within them. In negotiating the difficulties in masculinity, Henry Rollins deprioritises men's roles as super-human agents of control, creation and change within a society. He calls into question the validity of masculine power and reifies the contradictions in manhood. He hails an ultimately resilient and empowered dominant masculinity within a deconstructive rhetoric. He is mobilising a moment within our culture where men must redefine who they are. This redefinition must be less concerned with how men can reclaim the power they are currently mourning in the 'crisis of masculinity'. If we are to make lasting change within a Cultural Studies framework then it cannot end, but only begin, with the articulation of a diversity of voices. Deep, structural change can only be made if we examine how a powerful position is able to occupy an unproblematised node of commonsense. Men need to redefine who they are, their bodies, their minds and their performances to position a masculinity that is not separate from society, but that can exist coherently within it. References Bridwell, Nathan. "Introduction." Superman from the Thirties to the Seventies. New York: Bonanza Books, 1971. Brown, James. "Comic book masculinity and the new black superhero." African American Review. 33.1 (1999): expanded academic database [n.pag]. Accessed 9.4.2001. Buchbinder, David. Performance Anxieties. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1998. Carden-Coyne, Anna. "Classical heroism and modern life: Body building and masculinity in the early twentieth century." Journal of Australian Studies. (December 1999): expanded academic database [n.pag] Accessed 9.4.2001. Connell, Robert. "Masculinity, violence and war" in P. Patton and R. Poole (eds.), War/Masculinity. Sydney: Intervention Publications, 1985. Cranny-Francis, Ann. The Body in the Text. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1995. Descartes, Rene. Key Philosphical Writings. (Translated by E. Haldane and G. Ross) Hertfordshire: Wordsworth, 1997. Easlea, Brian. Fathering the Unthinkable. London: Pluto Press, 1983. Faludi, Susan. Stiffed: The Betrayal of the Modern Man. London: Chatto and Windus, 1999. Foucault, Michel. The Birth of the Clinic. London: Routledge, 1973. ---Madness and Civlisation: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. London: Routledge, 1965. ---The Order of Things. London: Vintage, 1972. Fussell, Paul. Wartime: Understanding of Behaviour in the Second World War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Haywood, Christina and Mac an Ghaill, Martin. "Schooling masculinities" in Martin Mac an Ghaill (ed.), Understanding Masculinities. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1996. "I Have Zero Sex Appeal." Melody Maker. (March 29 1997). geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Palms/4396/hrf/htm. Accessed July 30 2001. Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche Volume 4, The Will to Power, Book One and Two. O. Levy (ed.), London: George Allen and Unwin, 1924. Pollack, William. Real Boys. Melbourne: Scribe Publications, 1999. Robinson, Doug. No Less a Man. Bowling Green: Bowling Green State University, 1994. Rollins, Henry. "The Iron." The Portable Henry Rollins. London: Phoenix House, 1997.

Robinson Crusoé est un mythe littéraire moderne en ce qu'il élabore au début du XVIIIè siècle un nouveau statut du sujet : il construit la figure médiatrice d'un "je" souverain qui relie le social et le sacré dissociés par le "désenchantement du monde". Il fonctionne à la manière d'un mythe en proposant une solution narrative à un dilemme d'ordre idéologique. Apparu grâce à la convergence de plusieurs thématiques de la solitude insulaire (observées depuis le "Philoctète" de Sophocle) que le roman de Defoe réunit pour la première fois, le mythe de Robinson se métamorphose dans ses versions de la seconde moitié du XXè siècle. Cinq romans du corpus retenu privilégient le thème de la quête d'un ailleurs (textes de M. Tournier, G. Compere, A. Hervé, J.G. Ballard, P. Theroux), quatre celui de la reproduction insulaire du monde extérieur (W. Golding, M. Spark, J.M. Coetzee). Tout en reprenant le schéma narratif et l'organisation structurale de leur hypotexte, ces robinsonnades remettent radicalement en question le sujet. Marquées par le silence ou la mort de Dieu, elles mettent en évidence la rupture des liens à autrui et à la transcendance à l'époque dite "postmoderne". Le "je" est alors conduit à disparaître ou à se dissoudre dans une identité nouvelle. Paradoxe du mythe littéraire qui se perpétue en s'investissant de contenus sémantiques opposés à ceux qui l'ont fait naître.

Evolutionary ecology explores the intimate relationships between the mechanisms responsible for the production and maintenance of organismal form and the ecological function of the structures and behaviors that compose form (Arnold 1983). The analysis of diversity from this perspective is founded on the premise that variation in measured phenotypes can reflect the results of the process of natural selection (Williams 1966, 1992; Gould and Vrba 1982). However, because the fitness consequences of any particular phenotype are the result of complex interactions among an individual’s genotype, morphology, behavior, and the environment within which it must function (Gould and Lewontin 1978, Endler 1986), a phenotype best suited for one set of environmental conditions may not perform best in another (e.g., Endler 1983, Rausher 1984, Ehlinger and Wilson 1988, Schluter 1993). When making comparisons among populations, phenotypic variation due to underlying genetic differences that may reflect evolutionary responses to different environments must be distinguished from phenotypic variation that results from phenotypic plasticity and/or genotype–environment interactions (Stearns 1989). For example, regional environmental variation can result in different selective regimes among populations and produce “site-dependent” fitnesses for phenotypes (e.g., Reznick et al. 1990, Robinson and Wilson 1994; chapters in this volume). Likewise, varying social and trophic conditions on a local scale can result in “situation-dependent” performances and payoffs for different phenotypes within populations (Maynard-Smith 1974, Ehlinger 1990, Krebs and Kacelnik 1991). Both phenomena may influence patterns of geographic variation and must be considered when studying phenotypic differences among populations. My aim in this chapter is to illustrate how population comparisons of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) can be used to study the evolution of behavioural and morphological variation. Critical features that shape bluegill trophic ecology (e.g., temperature, depth, substrate type, prey types, productivity, and predator abundance) vary among lakes in combination with forces that influence reproductive ecology (e.g., availability of spawning habitat and age or size structure of the population). Population comparisons provide unique opportunities for discerning the roles of sexual and trophic selection in bluegill phenotypic evolution.

This paper, which is the first of two in a series, provides an overview of a viscoplastic constitutive model that accounts for time-dependent material deformation (e.g., creep, stress relaxation, etc.) in monolithic ceramics. Using continuum principles of engineering mechanics the complete theory is derived from a scalar dissipative potential function first proposed by Robinson (1978), and later utilized by Duffy (1988). Derivations based on a flow potential function provide an assurance that the inelastic boundary value problem is well posed, and solutions obtained are unique. The specific formulation used here for the threshold function (a component of the flow potential function) was originally proposed by Willam and Warnke (1975) in order to formulate constitutive equations for time-independent classical plasticity behavior observed in cement and unreinforced concrete. Here constitutive equations formulated for the flow law (strain rate) and evolutionary law employ stress invariants to define the functional dependence on the Cauchy stress and a tensorial state variable. This particular formulation of the viscoplastic model exhibits a sensitivity to hydrostatic stress, and allows different behavior in tension and compression.