Academic literature on the topic 'Roads Maintenance and repair Safety measures'
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Journal articles on the topic "Roads Maintenance and repair Safety measures"
1
Bondar, Tetiana, Olga Belenchuk, Yevhen Tepliuk, and Oleksandr Pyna. "ACCIDENT ANALYSIS – THE WAY TO EFFECTIVE TRAFFIC SAFETY MANAGEMENT ON ROADS." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, no. 2 (266) ’ 2021 (June 20, 2021): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2021-2-266-46-52.
Full textAbstract:
Road safety management begins with a detailed analysis of accidents, which is reflected in Article 24 of the Law of Ukraine “On Road Traffic” which states that when performing repairs and maintenance of roads, streets and railway crossings road maintenance organizations in the first place should take measures for road safety on the basis of accounting and analysis of road accidents, results of inspections and surveys of roads, streets and railway crossings, and especially in emergency and dangerous areas and in places of concentration of road accidents. The problem of reducing the accident rate and reducing the number of victims of road accidents during the maintenance of roads has so far been solved mainly by identifying areas (places) of concentration of accidents with the development of measures to improve road conditions and improve the organization of traffic on them and conducting annual commission spring and autumn inspections of the road network by representatives of road organizations and the police. However, the areas of concentration of road accidents were not fully covered on the road network of local significance due to the lack of accurate reference of the places of accident in the accident registration cards, as well as they were not identified on the streets and roads of cities and other settlements due to the absence of any criteria for their identification and therefore the maximum efficiency from introduction of management of sites (places) of concentration of road accident isn’t reached. The article analyzes the criteria for determining the areas of concentration of accidents on public roads in different periods, examines the dynamics of the number of areas of concentration of accidents and considers other modern opportunities for effective traffic safety management, in particular, inspection (inspection) of existing roads.
2
Brycht, Natalia. "Assessment of the quality of the repair process of local roads in the rural areas of the Częstochowa and Kłobuck poviats in the context of road safety." Production Engineering Archives 27, no. 4 (2021): 232–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2021.27.31.
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Abstract In recent years, numerous measures to modernize local roads in rural areas have been undertaken. Unfortunately, during renovations, especially at the poviat and commune level, errors are often made as a consequence of irregularities arising at the design stage. The article presents an assessment of the quality of local road renovations carried out in the last fifteen years, in the context of maintaining operational parameters over time, using a visual method based on the term “risk”. The research was carried out for twenty-six sections of roads that were renovated or rebuilt in the Kłobuck and Częstochowa poviats. The categories of the most common errors were identified and actions were proposed to correct them and prevent new ones. Among the negative trends, the improper placement of road technical devices and the lack of appropriate marking of integral areas were distinguished. It was found that a positive aspect in the aspect of traffic safety, recently, is the widespread use of modern road marking systems and road signs, as well as greater care for proper maintenance of drainage devices. The use of modern solutions during the modernization of roads, despite co-financing from the Government Fund, is still limited by the financial deficit of local governments.
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Bhagat, Sadan Kumar. "Situation of Land Transportation in Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal 31, no. 1-2 (2017): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v31i1-2.25355.
Full textAbstract:
There is a close relation between increment of transportation (roads and vehicles) and socio-economic development of the nation however, present condition of Nepal is discouraging. The study deals with present situation of land transportation, its problems with suggestions. An attempt has been made to point out causes and nature of road accidents, problems faced by general people and businessmen during travel and transportation of cargo. This study reveals that out of 29157 kilometers available road network only 12305 kilometers (42.20 %) road was black topped and the condition of road was miserable because there was no proper and regular repair and maintenance. Graveled roads were in very poor condition and in most of the roads and bridges were not constructed. Earthen roads were not suitable for travelling in rainy season. The buses run on long routes were found violating norm of keeping double drivers, the speed of vehicle remained higher than limit. They unnecessarily used loud or pressurize horn which had created noise pollution. The vehicles moved on graveled and earthen roads had been operating in poor condition. Vehicles were very old and damaged and only a few vehicles moved on certain routes. Vehicle accident incidences had frequently occurred in hilly areas where vehicles plunged down from the road and number of fatalities and injuries were found in double digit. The major reasons of accidents were high speed of vehicles, steering or brake failure, untrained and intoxicated drivers, driving by cleaner/conductor, continuous long duty hours of drivers, poor condition of vehicle, muddy and slippery roads, haphazard overtaking practice on single lane roads, lack of concentration of drivers on driving , non-observance of safety measures, traffic rules and signs, drove vehicle without wearing seat belt/helmet, kept more passengers than allowed/available seats, hung passengers on gate, backside and roof, loaded cargo beyond the limited weight and height respectively.
4
Todea, Paul, and Daniel Lazăr. "Ways to Determine the Technical Status of the Vehicles’ Braking System by Means of General Diagnosis." Scientific Bulletin 22, no. 1 (2017): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bsaft-2017-0008.
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Abstract Vehicles’ breaking system is one of the basic elements that lead to the maintenance of technical and road safety during transport activities on public roads or other special conditions. Therefore, particular attention is paid to all maintenance work planned or occasionally carried out on such system, as a high coefficient of vehicles availability results in an increased percentage of their productivity. Of course, there is diagnosis equipment for each element, and the brake booths within MOT centres accurately indicate the values of the measured parameters, following repair, adjustment and control operations for troubleshooting. Still, there are certain cases requesting the check of breaking system either analytically or by field experiments, i.e. when vehicles are driven on rough and rugged ground, during military specific missions and activities, where their performance no longer allows specialized equipment or when such equipment does not exist. This works presents alternatives to determine the technical condition of the braking system by means of typical solutions for the general diagnosis type.
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Kharytonova, Nataliia, Olha Mykolaienko, and Tetyana Lozova. "ANALYSIS OF REGULATIONS REGARDING THE SETTLEMENT OF ISSUES ON THE REMOVAL AND RECOVERY OF PLANTATIONS IN THE RIGHT-OF-WAY OF PUBLIC ROADS." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, no. 1 (261)’2020 (March 20, 2020): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2020-1-261-55-60.
Full textAbstract:
Greening of roads contributes to the protection of roads and their elements from influence of adverse weather and climatic factors; it includes the measures for improvement and landscaping of roads, ensures the protection of roadside areas from transport pollution, provides visual orientation of drivers. The solution of these issues will ensure creation and maintenance of safe and comfortable conditions for travelers. Green plantings in the right-of-way road area include woody, bushy, flower and grass vegetation of natural and artificial origin. For proper operation of public roads and satisfaction of other needs of the industry, there may be the need in removing the greenery. The reason for the removal of greenery in the right-of-way road area may be due to the following factors: construction of the architectural object, widening of the motor road, repair works in the security zone of overhead power lines, water supply, drainage, heating, telecommunications facilities, cutting of hazardous, dry and fautal trees, as well as self-grown and brushwood trees with a root neck diameter not exceeding 5 cm, elimination of the consequences of natural disasters and emergencies. The removal of plantations in the right-of-way area is executed in order to ensure traffic safety conditions and to improve the quality of plantations composition and their protective properties. Nowadays, in Ukraine there is no clear procedure for issuing permits for removing of such plantations. In order to resolve this issue, there is a need in determining the list of regulations in the area of forest resources of Ukraine and, if needed, the list of regulatory acts that have to be improved; to prepare a draft of the regulatory legal act that would establish the procedure of plantations cutting, the methodology of their condition determination, recovery costs determination, the features of cutting. Keywords: plantations, cutting, right-of-way, woodcutting permit, order.
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Dmytrychenko, Nikolay, and Anna Kharchenko. "Development of method for road network management program optimization." Technology audit and production reserves 4, no. 2(60) (2021): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.237949.
Full textAbstract:
The object of research is the processes of road network management. The main hypothesis of the study is the application of optimization methods to the road asset management program, which allows to implement a road maintenance strategy, which includes a set of measures involved in ensuring and maintaining roads at the appropriate operational level. In general, the sequence of asset management begins with the definition of objectives, policy of road administrations and the available budget. According to this starting point, data collection, performance monitoring, analysis of options and optimization programs, selection and implementation of a set of projects are performed. The goals and objectives of road project management depending on the category are considered. The model of strategic planning of the program on management of a network of highways is offered and the modern architecture of model is constructed. The main approaches to the optimization of the road asset management program are identified. The target function for the optimization model is proposed, which is to minimize the cost of maintenance of the road network and defines the goals to be achieved in the optimization process. The optimization model is a mathematical description designed to compare alternative strategies and identify the relative benefits of each strategy according to the assigned decision criteria, such as safety, cost, environment and others. The main idea and goal of road network management projects is to improve maintenance practices and policies and thus improve the condition of the network, or maintain it at the current level, taking into account resource constraints. The results of program optimization have practical value and can be used to manage road repair and operation projects depending on: – defined project goals and plans, including scheduling, budgeting, planning, established efficiency requirements and selection of project participants; – maximizing the efficient use of resources; – implementation of functions of coordination and control, planning, design, evaluation, conclusion of contracts and implementation of projects under contracts.
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Karpushko, Marina O., Igor L. Bartolomei, and Elena N. Karpushko. "Determination of Technical Condition of a Bridge Structure Based on Survey Results." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.643.
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Nowadays, the age of most transport facilities in Russian Federation is estimated in many decades. Consequently, there is an urgent need for periodic surveys and monitoring of the state of each structure, its individual structural elements. The main purpose of these measures is to maintain the high performance indicators of the transport structure, the achievement of which is impossible without examination, analysis and evaluation of parts of the structure that are in the aquatic environment and, as a consequence, the occurrence and development of various types and degrees of defects and damages. The most important conditions for ensuring uninterrupted and safe traffic along the bridges of vehicles and pedestrians are: the normative load-carrying capacity of the structure; required clearance of the roadway and sidewalks; compliance with traffic safety requirements for bridges; observance of characteristics and maintenance of the bridge capacity for the period of ice drift and high water; timely performance of work on the care, maintenance and repair of the elements of the bridge. Technically sound structures and their reliability can be ensured if all the parameters of the road category structure and the requirements of regulatory documents are met. The work presents the survey materials of the bridge. Classification of defects by group and class of danger. The results of determining the carrying capacity on the basis of the survey are given.
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Bondarenko, E. V., D. A. Dryuchin, and S. V. Bulatov. "EVALUATION OF THE FEASIBILITY OF ORGANIZING INCOMING QUALITY CONTROL OF SPARE PARTS IN A MOTOR TRANSPORT ENTERPRISE." Intelligence. Innovations. Investment, no. 2 (2021): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25198/2077-7175-2021-2-71.
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The efficiency of vehicle operation largely depends on the quality of the spare parts used in the maintenance and repair of vehicles. The significance of the factor under consideration is determined by the complex influence on the economic indicators of vehicle operation and on traffic safety indicators. One of the measures aimed at improving the efficiency of operation is the organization of input quality control of spare parts. The costs of conducting and technological complexity of the input control vary significantly for different controlled objects, the effect of its implementation is ambiguous, which determines the relevance of the task of evaluating the effectiveness and expediency of its organization. Based on the urgency of the problem, the aim of the study is to improve the efficiency of the operation of motor vehicles by determining the optimal parameters of the input quality control system for spare parts. The hypothesis is put forward that the introduction of quality control of spare parts in the production cycle of motor transport and service enterprises will increase the efficiency of vehicle operation. To achieve this goal, a mathematical model for evaluating the effectiveness of input quality control of spare parts has been developed. Based on the parameters of the developed model, the target function of the study is de-termined, and restrictions due to the operating conditions of vehicles are established. Based on the results of the analysis of the assessment of the significance of factors that determine the efficiency of transport activities, it is proposed to use the value of total costs, including the likely damage from missing a defective part, unit, or unit, as the main criterion for the effectiveness of input quality control of spare parts . On the basis of the created mathematical model, a methodology for evaluating the feasibility of organizing input quality control of spare parts used in the maintenance and repair of vehicles is developed To confirm the proposed hypothesis, the adequacy of the developed model was checked. One of the largest passenger motor transport enterprises of the city of Orenburg — CJSC «Avtokolonna 1825» was chosen as the base for the study. As a model unit, the gimbal transmission of buses of the KaVZ family is considered. It is established that the direct costs of organizing the input control of this node are compensated by the savings due to the increased reliability of vehicles. But, based on the fact that this reduces the likelihood of road accidents caused by the failure of the cardan transmission, conclusions are drawn about the feasibility of organizing input control.
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O. Adeyemi, Hezekiah, Oluwaseun O. Martins O. Martins, Olanike O. Ade-Ikuesan, O. Ade-Ikuesan, and Olawale O. Olaluwoye O. Olaluwoye. "Machinery Maintenance Viewpoint: One Approach to an Improved Rural Road Traffic Safety in Southwest Nigeria." International Journal of Engineering Technology and Sciences 5, no. 1 (2018): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijets.v5i1.2825.
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Local Governments (LGs), the third tier of government in Nigeria, are expected to maintain infrastructure facilities at the grass root level but most rural communities in Southwest Nigeria are characterized by poorly maintained roads. This study assessed conditions of Moveable Rural Road Maintenance Equipment (MRRME) under LGs in Southwest Nigeria vis-a-vis the safety levels on the rural roads. The study measured, impacts of roads conditions on commercial drivers/riders (cdr) and, level of usage of MRRME for the roads. Questionnaires were used to measure: accident rates and impacts among 250 cdr on 9 selected rural roads; Maintenance Performance Measures (MPM) of MRRME among 430 Senior Technical Officers (STOs) and Senior Finance Offices (SFOs) in 84 LG secretariats. The conditions of MRRME were carried out using observational method. More than 72% of cdr were involved in one crash or another and 89% of them attributed this to bad roads. Less than 26% of MRRME was functional with weak plans/tools put in place for correct maintenance program leading to a high level of MRRMEs’ failures and total neglect. T-test t (428) = -5.146, p = 0.421) found that the opinions of STOs (poor ratings for MPM policy implementation) were not different from that of the SFO. There is the need for safety attitudinal change among cdr. LGs also need empowerment to ensure proper maintenance of MRRME and enhances their availability. These measures among other will reduce accidents death counts on Nigeria rural roads.
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Braunfelds, Janis, Ugis Senkans, Peteris Skels, et al. "FBG-Based Sensing for Structural Health Monitoring of Road Infrastructure." Journal of Sensors 2021 (January 8, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8850368.
Full textAbstract:
Public road infrastructure is developed all around the world. To save resources, ensure public safety, and provide longer-lasting road infrastructure, structural health monitoring (SHM) applications for roads have to be researched and developed. Asphalt is one of the largest used surface materials for the road building industry. This material also provides relatively easy fiber optical sensor technology installment, which can be effectively used for SHM applications—road infrastructure monitoring as well as for resource optimization when road building or their repairs are planned. This article focuses on the research of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) optical temperature and strain sensor applications in road SHM, which is part of the greater interdisciplinary research project started at the Riga Technical University in the year 2017. Experimental work described in this article was realized in one of the largest Latvian road sites where the FBG strain and temperature sensors were installed into asphalt pavement, and experiments were carried out in two main scenarios. Firstly, in a controlled environment with a calibrated falling weight deflectometer (FWD) to test the installed FBG sensors. Secondly, by evaluating the real-time traffic impact on the measured strain and temperature, where different types of vehicles passed the asphalt span in which the sensors were embedded. The findings in this research illustrate that by gathering and combining data from calibrated FWD measurements, measurements from embedded FBG optical sensors which were providing the essential information of how the pavement structure could sustain the load and information about the traffic intensity on the specific road section, and the structural life of the pavement can be evaluated and predicted. Thus, it enables the optimal pavement future design for necessary requirements and constraints as well as efficient use, maintenance, and timely repairs of the public roads, directly contributing to the overall safety of our transportation system.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Roads Maintenance and repair Safety measures"
1
Norris, Shaun Peter. "The adequacy of traffic control measures during road works." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/11520.
Full textAbstract:
Workers have the right to a safe working environment. This right is encapsulated in the Bill of Rights (1996) wherein strong emphasis is placed on the right to a healthy and safe work environment. The construction industry has been labeled as dangerous owing to regular incidents, serious accidents, and fatalities. Road workers’ safety is at high risk in road construction areas, as they perform their work activities alongside moving vehicles that are often large and sometimes moving at high speed. It was determined that very few secondary sources provided information regarding the safety of South African road construction workers. Therefore, the knowledge obtained from this study contributes to the body of knowledge on the subject matter. To collect data, three descriptive surveys were conducted on two different road construction projects within the Eastern Cape. The survey participants included engineering consultants, contractors, traffic safety officers, general road construction workers, as well as random motorists driving through the work zone. Further data was collected from a speed measuring instrument placed in the work zone of the Port Elizabeth. The findings of this research report indicate that road users are not cognizant of the risk to workers in the work zone and that signage and advance warning signs alone are not sufficient to slow motorists’ speed. A further significant threat to road worker safety, is plant operator visibility. This study recommends that government and construction firms educate the public regarding the risks associated with speeding through a work zone. Construction firms should use electronic speed measuring devices prior to the work zone to make road users aware of their speed in relation to the speed limit. To limit plant related accidents, companies should install sensors or cameras on the rear and side panels of plant, so that plant operators have all round vision. Furthermore, road workers could be educated on the controlled use of their mobile phones to reduce the risks associated with the use of mobile phones inside work zones.
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Jakoet, Fatima. "A safety culture survey amongst aircraft maintenance engineers at a leading airline in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/959.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Safety culture is of paramount importance in high risk industries such as railway maintenance,
nuclear, offshore industries and aviation industry, resulting in the assessment of
safety culture in these industries. The purpose of this study is to assess the safety culture
amongst maintenance engineers at a leading airline in South Africa.
The approach to the study was twofold. Firstly, an intensive literature study was conducted,
followed by an empirical study. The literature study clarified and zoned in on the importance
safety management system and the pivotal role of human factors in aviation maintenance and
its contribution to safety culture. The Airways Technical Safety Culture Survey (ATSCS) was
distributed to all the maintenance engineers employed at a major South African airline. The subsequent data, received from 113 respondents, was interpreted and then analysed using
the SPSS statistical software package. Firstly, the responses to the seven scales of the
ATSCS were examined to determine whether the data was suitable for factor analysis. The
data was analysed using the SPSS statistical package. A principal axis factor analysis, with a
Varimax rotation was performed on the data in order to determine which factors cluster
together.
Scale reliability was determined by making use of Chronbach’s coefficient alpha. The average
mean of the corrected correlations between each scale item was also calculated to examine
the internal homogeneity and unidimensionality of the different scales. Next, the items were
subjected to item analysis. The mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis were
calculated for the sample scores of the ATSCS.
The influence and effect of the biographical variables on the maintenance engineers’ attitudes
towards safety were determined by comparing the responses of various employee subsets
with one another by means of t-tests and ANOVA. The results of the t-tests revealed that
ethnicity had a statistically significant effect on the safety attitude with regard to
management’s attitude towards safety and safety training. The effect sizes were calculated to
determine the strength of the relationship, and this was found to be of medium effect.
The ANOVA results indicated that education, geographical location and fleet qualification
have no effect on the safety attitude of the population. However, an ANOVA of work area
revealed that the major maintenance work area differs significantly from the other two groups
in five areas of the Safety Culture Survey.
Finally, the overall responses of the majority of participants in this study were very positive
with regard to the seven core factors related to attitudes toward safety.
It is suggested that future studies of this nature should incorporate a larger sample consisting
of cross-cultural carriers in the global industry. This will confirm the external validity of the
present study and support the transfer of findings to other maintenance engineers.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Talle studies is onderneem om die veiligheidskultuur in hoë-risiko industrieë soos die
spoorweginstandhoudingsbedryf, kernbedryf en olieboorbedryf te definieer en te assesseer
terwyl daar slegs ’n paar gedokumenteerde pogings in die lugvaartbedryf bestaan. Die doel
van hierdie studie is om die veiligheidskultuur by instandhoudingsingenieurs in een van die
vernaamste lugrederye in Suid-Afrika te assesseer.
’n Literatuurstudie en ’n empiriese studie is uitgevoer. Die literatuurstudie is gerig op die
aspekte van veiligheidsbestuur en die rol van menslike faktore in lugvaartinstandhouding en
die bydrae daarvan tot ’n veiligheidskultuur. Die Lugvaart Tegniese Veiligheidskultuuropname
(ATSCS – Airways Technical Safety Culture Survey) is aan al die instandhoudingsingenieurs
by ’n groot Suid-Afrikaanse lugredery versprei. Die data wat van 113 respondente ontvang is,
is geïnterpreteer en toe ontleed met behulp van die SPSS statistiese sagtewarepakket.
Eerstens is die response op die sewe skale van die ATSCS ondersoek om te bepaal of die
data vir faktorontleding geskik is. Hoofasfaktorontleding is met behulp van SPSS op die data
toegepas, met ’n Varimax-rotasie om vas te stel watter faktore saambondel.
Die betroubaarheid van die skale is bepaal deur Chronbach se koëffisiënt alfa te gebruik. Die
gemiddelde van gemiddeldes van die gekorrigeerde korrelasies tussen die items van elke
skaal is ook bereken om die interne homogeniteit en uni-dimensionaliteit van die verskillende
skale te ondersoek.
Daarna is die items aan itemontleding onderwerp. Die gemiddelde, standaard afwyking,
skeefheid en kurtosis is vir die steekproeftellings van die ATSCS bereken.
Die invloed en effek van die biografiese veranderlikes op die instandhoudingsingenieurs se
ingesteldheid teenoor veiligheid is bepaal deur die response van verskillende werknemerondergroepe
met mekaar te vergelyk met behulp van t-toetse en ANOVA. Die resultate van
die t-toetse het aan die lig gebring dat etnisiteit ’n statisties beduidende uitwerking op die veiligheidsingesteldheid het ten opsigte van die bestuur se ingesteldheid teenoor veiligheid en
veiligheidsopleiding. Die effek se groottes is bereken om die krag van die verwantskap te
bepaal, en daar is bevind dat dit ’n medium effek het.
Die ANOVA-resultate dui aan dat opleiding, geografiese ligging en vlootkwalifikasie geen
uitwerking op die veiligheidsingesteldheid van die universum het nie. ’n ANOVA van die
werkarea het egter aan die lig gebring dat die belangrikste instandhoudingswerkarea
beduidend van die ander twee groepe verskil ten opsigte van vyf areas van die
Veiligheidskultuuropname (ATSCS).
Laastens was die oorkoepelende response van die meerderheid deelnemers aan hierdie
studie baie positief ten opsigte van die sewe kernfaktore wat met ingesteldheid teenoor
veiligheid verband hou.
Daar word voorgestel dat toekomstige ondersoeke van hierdie aard ’n groter steekproef van
kruis-kulturele lugrederye in die globale bedryf inkorporeer. Dit sal die eksterne geldigheid
van die huidige studie bevestig en die oordrag van bevindinge aan ander
instandhoudingsingenieurs ondersteun.
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Basson, Conrad Charl Peter. "Analysis of defects occuring on rail tracks." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2752.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Master of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.<br>South Africa’s railway system is the most highly developed in Africa. There are different kinds of transport systems in South Africa but rail transport is considered as one of an important element of the country’s transport infrastructure. In South Africa, over 2.4 million passengers make use of rail transport to get them to their destinations. However, evidence shows that train accidents have become a common occurrence across the country. Train-related accidents such as collision, derailments, platform change incidents and commuter accidents, cost South Africa over R400 million per year. The analysis of derailments indicates that the most significant single contributor to derailments is rail breaks. This contrasts considerably with prescribed relevant local and international benchmarks, which show a much lower percentage of derailments due to rail break. The frequency of derailments due to rail breaks in South Africa seems to be higher in the northern than the southern region. Furthermore, the proportion of rail breaks that result in derailment is considerably higher than the set benchmarks and therefore, if there is a rail break, then the probability of this translating into a derailment is astonishingly high. Equally, the high incidence of derailments due to rail breaks is affected by the train length and axle load and further exacerbated by the absence of track circuitry. Since derailments are a direct function of the incidence of rail breaks, focus is required to characterize the factors causing defects on rail lines. This study investigated steel rail material by characterising the piece of the damaged rail with the aim to gain a better understanding of the wear mechanism. Chemical composition analysis of steel rail sample was conducted with the use of a Scanning Electron microscopy. Hardness of steel rail was measured with a Vickers hardness tester. An Optical Microscopy was used to examine the microstructure features of the worn rail samples.
This study discovered that the worn out rail, which was produced from high carbon steel with pearlite and ferrite microstructure, undergoes decarburization and a plastic deformation process. The decarburization process happens when the rail track is heated to 700 oC and above when the carbon atoms at the surface interact with the atmospheric gases and are removed from the steel as a gaseous phase. Plastic deformation is created when the iron atoms are heated above the elastic point resulting in the permanent movement of iron atoms.
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Reynolds, Sonel. "Evaluating the decision criteria for the prioritisation of South African dams for rehabilitation in terms of risk to human lives." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80288.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In South Africa a large number of dams owned by the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) need to
be rehabilitated. This study investigated the decision process involved in the prioritisation of dams
for rehabilitation. DWA developed a risk analysis methodology for defining the risks associated with
dam safety, expressed as the combination of the probability and consequences of dam failure. These
risks are evaluated usingmultiple acceptability criteria to assess risk to human life and the economic,
social, socio-economic and environmental impacts of dam failure. In this study, the criteria used in
the decision process to evaluate the acceptability of life safety risks were evaluated by comparing
to international best practice methods, where the acceptability of risk to human life is commonly
assessed as the expected number of fatalities against life safety criteria presented as FN-criteria on
an FN-diagram.
Damrehabilitation should reduce the probability of dam failure, thereby reducing the risk to society
in terms of the expected lives lost. However, the rehabilitation works come at a cost and the level
of these investments are usually large. In addition, the rehabilitation of South African government
owned dams are financed by society and these financial resources are limited. Thus investments into
dam rehabilitation works should be worthwhile for society. Society’s Willingness to Pay (SWTP) for
safety was applied to South African dam safety to determine the acceptable level of expenditure into
life safety that is required by society.
Investments into improved safety levels are not always dictated by society, but could also be
driven by the decision maker or owner requiring an economically optimal solution for the rehabilitation.
Economic optimisation accounts for considerations additional to life safety, including economic
motivations, damage costs of dam failure as well as compensation costs for lives lost. Often
economic optimisation would govern the decision problem. Also, the DWA current evaluation does not take the cost of rehabilitation into account in any way. Thus, FN-criteria that primarily evaluates
life safety, but also incorporates a measure of economic efficiency, were suggested in this study.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In Suid-Afrika moet ’n groot aantal dammewat deur dieDepartement vanWaterwese (DWA) besit
word gerehabiliteer word. Hierdie studie het die besluitnemingsproses ondersoekwat toegepasword
om damme te prioritiseer vir rehabilitasiewerke. DWA het ’n bestaande metodologie wat gebaseer is
op risiko-analise. Die risikos wat verband hou met damveiligheid word deur die metode bepaal en
word uitgedruk as die kombinasie van waarskynlikheid en die beraamde gevolge van damfaling.
Hierdie risikosword geëvalueer teenoor verskeie kriteriawat die aanvaarbaarheid van risikos teenoor
menselewens en die ekonomiese, sosiale, sosio-ekonomiese en omgewingsimpakte van damfalings
assesseer. In hierdie studie word die kriteria wat gebruik word in die besluitnemingsproses om die
aanvaarbaarheid van risikos teenoor menselewens te bepaal geëvalueer deur die kriteria te vergelyk
met metodes wat internasionaal as beste praktyk beskou word. Internasionaal word die aanvaarbaarheid
van risikos teenoor menselewens oor die algemeen as die verwagte aantal sterftes teenoor
lewensveiligheidskriteria FN-kriteria op ’n FN-diagram geassesseer.
Dam rehabilitasiewerke behoort die waarskynlikheid van damfaling te verminder, sodoende verminder
die risiko teenoor die samelewing in terme van verwagte sterftes. Die rehabilitasiewerke
vereis finansiële beleggings, en hierdie beleggings is gewoonlik groot. Verder word die rehabilitasie
van Suid-Afrikaanse damme wat deur DWA besit word deur samelewing gefinansier en hierdie finasiële
hulpbronne is beperk. Dus moet hierdie beleggings die moeite werd wees vir die samelewing.
Die samelewing se bereidwilligheidomte betaal ("SWTP") vir veiligheid word toegepas in Suid-
Afrikaanse damveiligheidomdie aanvaarbare vlak van beleggings vir ’n verbeterde veiligheid teenoor
menselewens wat deur die samelewing vereis word te bepaal.
Beleggings in verbeterde damveiligheidsvlakke word egter nie altyd bepaal deur die samelewing
nie,maar kan ook gedryf word deur die besluitnemer of eienaar wat ’n ekonomies optimale oplossing
vir die rehabilitatiesewerke vereis. Ekonomiese optimering neem oorwegings addisioneel tot lewensveiligheid in ag, insluitend ekonomiese motiverings, skade kostes as die dam faal, sowel as
vergoedingskostes vir die verwagte sterftes. Ekonomiese optimering beheer dikwels die besluitnemingsprobleem.
Verder neem die huidige DWA besluitnemingssproses in geen manier die kostes
van rehabilitasie in ag nie. Dus word FN-kriteria wat hoofsaaklik veiligheid teenoor menselewens
evalueer,maar wat ook ’n mate van ekonomiese doeltreffendheid insluit, voorgestel in hierdie studie.
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Lake, Neal J. "Evaluating the health of bridge structures." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001.
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Rosemond, Mack Rashad. "Marketing and crisis plan for Summit Place Apartment Homes." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2072.
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The objective of conducting primary research for the Summit Place Apartment Homes is to create a profile of people that are presently living in Summit Place. When dealing with apartment properties, marketing plans are definitely a necessity, as well as a good crisis plan. The residents' main concerns were safety and better customer service.
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Kunene, Oscar M. "Investigation on road infrastructure, traffic and safety within the Port of Durban." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1675.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted in fulfillment for the degree of Magister Technologiae: Engineering: Civil, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2013.<br>An increase in road traffic, poor road conditions and high numbers of road accidents are major challenges at the Port of Durban. Roads are considered as the most important transport mode at the Port of Durban. Road transport has taken almost 80% of the import and export cargo while railway transport is left with approximately 20%. It is estimated that 75 million lives in the world will be lost and 750 million people injured in road accidents in the first half of the 21th century.
The Port of Durban is an important vehicle for facilitating economic growth of local, regional and national industries. For the Port to maintain global competitiveness with the current trend of globalization, it has to ensure that roads are well maintained, safe and have a smooth traffic flow with no delays.
This study provides an overview of the road infrastructure within the Port of Durban in relation to road condition, safety, law enforcement and traffic. Existing and ongoing studies conducted in South Africa and abroad form part of the literature review. This study identifies factors that are affecting the condition of road infrastructure such as growth of container cargo, an increase in the dimension and weight of trucks, transport deregulation, port layout and handling equipments. Deregulation of road transport over the past years has resulted in an 80:20 split between road and rail transport putting more pressure on roads. Cost and time are the major deciding factors in the freight industry. Most customers prefer to use road transport due to the lower cost and reduced time compared to rail transport.
There are eight major roads within the Port that connect the South, West and North of eThekwini Municipality namely Bayhead, Quayside, Maydon, Rick Turner, Wisely, South Coast, Bluff and Iran Roads. Asset verification and assessment of the condition of the existing eight major roads found that Quayside Road is in a better condition compared to the other roads. Maydon and South Coast Roads are low rated roads which are in a poor condition. Identification and assessment of the condition of 210 000m² of asphalt paved areas which included minor roads within the Port of Durban was also conducted. Most paved areas and roads fall under D (fair) category which is reasonable but maintenance work may be required within six months.
Comparison between the condition of the eight major roads within the Port and outside the Port was investigated. The findings indicate that sections of roads outside the Port are in a better condition than sections within the Port.
Traffic counts were conducted in order to determine the utilization of the existing eight major roads. Bayhead and South Coast Road are highly utilized roads. Road accident reports and death reports were analyzed on these roads. Most of the road accidents take place on South Coast Road.
A questionnaire survey was conducted, targeting road users who travel on these roads within the Port. Feedback was obtained on the status of road conditions, safety and traffic within the Port of Durban. Findings of this survey revealed that most of the respondents don’t know where to report road defect/s within the Port. Approximately 37.5% of the road users felt not safe to drive on roads within the Port especially on South Coast Road. A high percentage of people (93%) witnessed accidents on these roads. Traffic signals within the Port are maintained by eThekwini Municipality and are very often non-functional. When road signs need to be repaired or replaced, it takes longer than expected. Also, there are limited parking areas around the Port resulting in trucks parking closer to the premises while waiting to collect or deliver cargo. This causes major traffic congestion, for example, on Maydon Road where most trucks park on the side of the road. Recommendations include assessment guidelines that could improve road condition, safety and traffic flow. Areas to be improved with regard to road infrastructure are also highlighted.<br>M
Books on the topic "Roads Maintenance and repair Safety measures"
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Berwick, Mark D. County road survey for transportation managers. Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute, North Dakota State University, 2010.
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Program, Massachusetts Adopt-A.-Highway. Massachusetts adopt a highway program agreement. Massachusetts Adopt-A-Highway Program, 1993.
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Zegeer, Charles V. Methods for identifying hazardous highway elements. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1986.
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Great Britain. Department of Transport. Safety at street works and roadworks. HMSO, 1992.
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Victoria. Parliament. Road Safety Committee. Rural road safety and infrastructure: Report of the Road Safety Committee on the Inquiry into Rural Road Safety and Infrastructure. Government Printer, 2002.
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Symposium on Work Zone Traffic Control (1991 Orlando, Fla.). Proceedings of the Symposium on Work Zone Traffic Control. US Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Research and Development, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, 1991.
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Maze, T. H. Evaluation of work zone speed reduction measures. Center for Transportation Research and Education, Iowa State University, 2000.
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Dudek, Conrad L. Handling traffic in work zones. Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University System, 1985.
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Carney, John F. Maintenance free crash cushion: Final report for Research Project WSDOT-GC 9938, "Maintenance Free Crash Cushion". Washington State Dept. of Transportation, Washington State Transportation Commission, 1995.
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National, Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction (1986 Chicago Ill ). Transportation management for major highway reconstruction: Proceedings of the National Conference on Corridor Traffic Management for Major Highway Reconstruction. The Board, 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Roads Maintenance and repair Safety measures"
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Binder, F., and S. L. Burtscher. "Effectiveness and durability of repair measures on corroding steel in concrete columns." In Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle Sustainability and Innovations. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429279119-15.
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Olkhovik, Evgeniy, Pavel Garibin, and Vladimir Tsuprik. "Seaport Facilities in Maritime Transport Infrastructure in the Arctic." In Handbook of Research on International Collaboration, Economic Development, and Sustainability in the Arctic. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6954-1.ch016.
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Harbor facilities are important elements of international transport infrastructure. Maintenance of the existing mooring facilities along with the construction of new ports and harborage areas have revealed a number of challenges at all stages of the life cycle. In the Arctic, adverse climate conditions impose specific constraints on the processes of study, engineering, construction, and exploitation of seaport facilities. In this chapter, the authors provide the examples of design solutions as well as specific features of construction and maintenance of seaport facilities in various conditions, suggest technical and hardware solutions for monitoring and safeguard of cargo harbor facilities in the Arctic, measures to reconstruction, repair, utilization, conservation, and elaboration of computational information models. The chapter considers major objectives of environmental safety control during the performance of cargo handling operations, oil spills prevention and response, training and education of hydraulic engineers to perform activities in the Arctic.
Conference papers on the topic "Roads Maintenance and repair Safety measures"
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Hesselink, Bert, Wim Freriks, Mark van der Burg, and John van Dijk. "BridgeDoctor, life cycle costs of bridges under control." In IABSE Congress, Christchurch 2021: Resilient technologies for sustainable infrastructure. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/christchurch.2021.0663.
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<p>The Netherlands is a densely-populated country, with many rivers and roads. As a result, there are many intersections between roads and waterways, and these intersections are heavily used. Movares is a Dutch engineering consultancy and we can draw on over 100 years’ experience with a wide range of bridges and viaducts. We are among the Netherlands’ leading consultants in the field of movable bridges. Our knowledge and experience put us in a perfect position to look after bridges from initial design through to end of service life.</p><p>Many Dutch bridges – both movable and fixed – were built in the 1950s and 1960s, and were not designed for today’s increased, heavier traffic. They are showing symptoms of fatigue and/or no longer conform (demonstrably) to current requirements. As a result, they need to be replaced. The availability of infrastructure is of great economic importance</p><p>At the same time, safety must be guaranteed. Our philosophy: “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it!” Our ap-proach – the BridgeDoctor® – allows us to establish the condition of a bridge with the aid of a rapid analysis. In many cases, we can use smart measures to extend the life of a bridge, allowing it to remain in service for several more decades.</p><p>By an inventory based on available information. The aim is to gain insight into the status of the bridges now, but also in the future. On this basis it is possible to predict when the bridge needs to be replaced or, and of course, how and when to intervene constructively. This inventory provides quick answers to questions such as: which bridge is constructively safe and which bridge should be tackled first?</p><p>Maintenance also prevents emergency repairs and saves a lot of money (emergency repair = costly and timely maintenance can lead to less maintenance.</p>
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Timashev, Sviatoslav A., Ludmila V. Polouian, and Zhanna V. Yurchuk. "Role of Human Factor in Pipeline Safety." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0297.
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The paper describes a new method of quantitative assessment of the influence of the human factor (HF) on safety and risk analysis of pipelines throughout their life cycle, based on applied theory of orgraphs (oriented graphs). The paper describes the main components, means and methods of a holistic and quantitative human reliability analysis (QHRA) using quantitative values of human error. Three types of decision making persons (DMP’s) are considered: members of maintenance/repair crews, ILI diagnosticians and different rank DMP’s that operate or own the pipeline. The applied orgraph theory is used to choose, out of a set of possible measures (the effect and cost of implementation of each of them is a known value), a subset of measures that: 1) delivers maximal decrease of the probability of pipeline disaster-type failure or 2) for a given amount of total available financial means, selects a subset of measures that maximizes the decrease of the disaster-type failure. Three real life cases are described: Choosing measures that enhance pipeline ILI results; Minimizing the third party intervention probability; Choosing security measures for an oil pipeline.
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Dozaki, Koji, Takayuki Aoki, Koji Koyama, Masanori Kanno, and Ryoichi Saeki. "Study on Promoting Use of Repair, Replacement and Mitigation Techniques in Maintenance Activities of Nuclear Power Plants." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84512.
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Maintenance of nuclear power plant facilities involves activities comprising a large system composed of both plant hardware and human subsystems to assure safe and reliable operation. Maintenance activities are composed of inspection, evaluation and corrective measures. Corrective measures are countermeasures for aging degradation, e.g., resetting the inspection period based on the results of inspection and evaluation; mitigation of degradation phenomenon; repair or replacement; preventive maintenance; etc. The corrective measures merit special attention as they are important and valuable actions in order to promote continued efficient and safe plant operations. It is necessary to develop a set of regulatory and industrial technical requirements for a well-structured, documented set of standards, so that corrective measures can be used and applied uniformly and effectively. Currently the code and standard system is less developed in Japan than in the United States. In this study, the authors considered the relationship between degradation and maintenance and the difference of performance requirements between the plant construction stage and the in-service stage. This effort is intended to clarify the issues of regulation for maintenance activities, with an objective to help develop structured regulatory/industrial requirements with a code and standards consistent with appropriate corrective measures. The Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA), the regulatory body in Japan, has reviewed the present Japanese inspection system in response to suggestions from the Integrated Regulatory Review Service (IRRS) mission established by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The NRA has also been developing a new regulatory inspection system similar to the Reactor Oversight Process (ROP) used in the United States. The expectation for the new Japanese inspection system is to focus regulations on plant issues with higher risk importance, considering both plant hardware and human subsystems. The new Japanese regulatory system addressing maintenance is also expected to enhance electric utilities ability to assure safety is self-motivated and sustained.
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Taniguchi, Masaru, and Nobuyuki Hori. "Maintenance Technology Development for Alloy 600 PWSCC Issue." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49156.
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Alloy 600 aging issue within a PWR plant is one of the important aging issues especially for aged plants in terms of susceptibility of PWSCC and impact on integrity of critical components. As for Reactor vessel, alloy 600 material is used for reactor vessel head (RVH) penetrations, bottom mounted instrumentation (BMI) penetrations and nozzle safe-end weld joints. RVH replacement work has been and will be conducted at many PWR plants all over the world to manage RVH penetration aging issue, and aging countermeasures for BMI penetrations and nozzle safe-end weld joints may become still more important taking into account of leakage events at South Texas Project (2003, BMI penetrations), at V. C. Summer (2000, nozzle safe-end weld joint of Reactor vessel) and at Tsuruga Unit 2 (2003, nozzle safe-end weld joint of Pressurizer safety & release nozzle). Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) has developed and also is developing maintenance technology such as inspection, repair, replacement and mitigation measures in order to cope with this issue effectively and economically. This paper describes MHI’s maintenance technology as aging countermeasures for Reactor Vessel’s regions using alloy 600, especially for BMI penetrations and nozzle safe-end weld joints. As for BMI penetrations, MHI has already developed water jet peening (WJP) technology as mitigation measure and applied it to several plants since 2001, also MHI has developed repair technology in case of leakage and cracking events. As for nozzle safe-end weld joints, MHI has been developing mitigation, repair and replacement technology, and has already applied the nozzle safe-end replacement technique to Pressurizer safety & release nozzle of Tsuruga unit 2 in 2003.
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Akkermann, Jan, and Marina Suhm. "Structural robustness as an extended status indicator in bridge maintenance management systems." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.1049.
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<p>In infrastructure assessment in Germany, the main structural inspections classify damage according to intensity, type and influence on stability, traffic safety and durability. The structural capability of bridge structures and parts thereof to react to these damages in a vulnerable or robust manner is a key indicator for the failure probability. The structural robustness of the structure is thus an addi- tional initial information for a qualified condition assessment in maintenance management and for the prioritisation of measures. Originally designed for traffic water structures, the newly developed method for determining the structural robustness and its linkage of damage processes to a "condi- tion class" is transferred to bridge structures. This enables a typological clustering of similar types of structures with regard to damage processes as well as the prioritisation of repair measures in the structure portfolio.</p>
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Akkermann, Jan, and Marina Suhm. "Structural robustness as an extended status indicator in bridge maintenance management systems." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.1049.
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<p>In infrastructure assessment in Germany, the main structural inspections classify damage according to intensity, type and influence on stability, traffic safety and durability. The structural capability of bridge structures and parts thereof to react to these damages in a vulnerable or robust manner is a key indicator for the failure probability. The structural robustness of the structure is thus an addi- tional initial information for a qualified condition assessment in maintenance management and for the prioritisation of measures. Originally designed for traffic water structures, the newly developed method for determining the structural robustness and its linkage of damage processes to a "condi- tion class" is transferred to bridge structures. This enables a typological clustering of similar types of structures with regard to damage processes as well as the prioritisation of repair measures in the structure portfolio.</p>
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Bhavnani, Anmol. "Utilization of Micro-Electronic-Machine Systems (MEMS) to Possible Future Use in the Enhanced Analysis of Safety in Nuclear Power Plants." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1527.
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The focal point of this paper is to go in-depth in to the potential utilization of MEMS to further enhance safety measures within nuclear power plants. Robots, which are being researched and developed in Sandia National Laboratories, sometimes built as small as the size of a pollen grain, can be utilized to constantly monitor the stress analysis within all aspects of running a Nuclear Power Plant. From cooling towers to detecting miniscule cracks within pipes, MEMS can be utilized to constantly detect and even possibly repair minor faults within the overall structure of a nuclear power plant. MEMS technologies provide the ability to reliably produce micro actuators and sensors to meet these mission requirements. MEMS technologies are also attracting an increasing interest from the commercial sector for various applications. Currently, Sandia National Laboratories has been developing MEMS technologies to support its core missions of weapon surety, stockpile maintenance, and national security interests. Already, the project has been responsible for numerous electromechanical systems in nuclear weapons, which ensure nuclear safety and provide reliable arming, fusing and firing. With these factors in consideration, the main idea of this paper is to present ideas for producing sensors and robots on a micro scale, which could be programmed to communicate and work within each other to have enhanced safety and efficiency within a nuclear power plant.
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Tai Mak, Michele Win, and Janet M. Lees. "Assessment of corrosion-induced bond deterioration in reinforced concrete: towards a splitting crack-based approach." In IABSE Congress, Christchurch 2021: Resilient technologies for sustainable infrastructure. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/christchurch.2021.0062.
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<p>Reinforced concrete structures are subjected to several sources of deterioration that can reduce their load-resisting capacity over time. This has significant consequences for the management of infrastructure, leading to high costs of maintenance, repair, strengthening and premature decommissioning. Assessing the residual capacity of structures is challenging but paramount to manage the infrastructure network effectively. Corrosion of the internal steel reinforcement is among the main causes of deterioration in reinforced concrete bridges. The subsequent reduction in steel-to-concrete bond strength is difficult to evaluate with accuracy. There is no unified theory of general validity. Most existing models adopt measures of the level of corrosion as the key parameter to evaluate the bond reduction. In this paper, a different approach is investigated. Corrosion-induced splitting crack widths are used as the fundamental indicator of bond strength reduction, irrespective of the associated degree of steel corrosion. Available experimental results on deformed steel bars embedded in concrete subjected to either natural or accelerated corrosion, with or without transverse reinforcement, are analysed and compared with a different perspective. The analysis indicates that this new splitting crack-based approach can lead to more accurate predictions. This contributes to a better understanding of the fundamental principles underlying bond of corroded reinforcing bars. Enhanced assessment strategies can lead to a reduction of the safety risks, maintenance costs and environmental footprint of the infrastructure network.</p>
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Marra, Dominic. "Optimizing Steam Turbine Generator Output: Identifying Opportunities." In 13th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec13-3164.
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In an effort to maximize steam turbine generator output, Montenay Power Corp. (MPC), operator of the Miami Dade County Resources Recovery Facility (DCRRF) undertook a systematic approach to analyze various turbine and steam cycle issues affecting performance. Several low cost methods were used to identify opportunities for increased megawatt generation. Shortfalls within the actual steam path through the turbine blading and internals were quantified with a steam path audit and computerized modeling of the blade path. This audit identified a shortfall of 2.5 megawatts (MW) from the original design and almost a full 1 MW gain through work done during the regular maintenance overhaul. The audit proved to be a valuable tool for making good economic decisions on what seal packing to replace/repair during the TG overhaul. The plant had previously explored re-blading options with the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). This brief study showed turbine internal changes would be capital intensive and carry megawatt improvement claims that were questionable due to various steam cycle issues. Four major operational parameters that affect turbine performance were examined and quantified. Deviations from design steam flow, throttle temperature, back pressure, and throttle pressure accounted for a loss of 24 megawatts (MW) in generation. The three low cost methods used to quantify these losses/opportunities were: 1) Acoustic valve leak detection surveys which identified not only low cost MW gain improvement opportunities but also safety and reliability issues; 2) Helium tracer gas leak detection, used to identify vacuum leaks and confirm the leaks were sealed properly; and 3) A complimentary steam trap survey, which also helped identify lost steam and potential risk to equipment. Preliminary measures were taken to improve steam throttle flow, throttle temperature, back pressure and throttle pressure with a net gain of 7 MW so far. This paper details the methods used and results of the optimization program thus far.
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Shetty, Devdas, Claudio Campana, Lou Manzione, and Suhash Ghosh. "Strategy for Developing a System for Sustainable Product Design and Manufacture." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52325.
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Research studies confirm that embracing sustainability in product design and manufacturing not only yields environmental improvements, but offers key business benefits. There is an increasing pressure to adopt a more sustainable approach to product design and manufacture. Organizations that are actively engaged in sustainable product design and development cite impressive levels of improvement over their poorer performing peers in product innovation, quality, safety and revenue growth alongside anticipated environmental and energy gains. Sustainability in design and manufacturing has a lot to do with “doing better with less,” and embracing a broader view of product development, and examining full lifecycle of the product and the impact that its design, manufacture, performance and disposal can have across not only on business, but on the environment and society, as well. The process of rethinking a product’s design so that it is more durable contains fewer parts and easily packaged and recycled also drives innovation and quality. The goal of sustainable product design (SPD) is to produce products and/or to provide services, which are sustainable and achieve their required functionality, meet customer requirements and are cost effective. In other words, SPD is about producing superior products and/or services that fulfil traditional criteria as well as sustainability requirements. The requirement to develop sustainable product is one of the key challenges of 21st century. This paper describes a system that identifies sustainability related performance measures for products in terms of: a) Sustainable product design by robust design. b) Sustainable design by quality of service. The first case study is on a laser based measuring instrument which supports the theory of sustainable product by robust design techniques The objective of the robust design study is to find the optimum recommended factor setting for the surface roughness analyser to minimize the variability in the readings. This instrument relies on the spread of the laser light on the work piece to determine surface roughness; therefore, the analyser’s reliability depends primarily on everything involved with the laser and its path. There are a minimum number of parts to achieve this function since the laser can scan over the work piece, substituting functionality in place of additional parts. The use of surface roughness analyser for online measurement of surface finish and continuous online monitoring and control with a feedback provides the robustness in quality and sustainability. The second case study, which is on elevator quality of service, is considered to support the theory of sustainable design by quality of service. This example shows how the design considerations are influenced and closely linked to the quality of service and maintenance. To support the theory of sustainability by quality of service, this case study examines elevator design and maintenance and recommends a new procedure based on Root Couse Analysis resulting in Elevator Condition Index (ECI). ECI is a new procedure and is applied based on original equipment reliability, projected average life cycle of key wear components, number of run cycles since maintenance was last performed on each component, cost of emergency repair vs. cost of maintenance vs. likelihood of failure. It supports service based on prognostics rather than routine service cycles. Sustainable design and manufacturing is possible if we deploy the virtual engineering tools to monitor and service manufacturing machinery so that the sustainable benefits are maintained throughout the product design cycle. The choice of a workplace structure depends on the design of the parts and lot sizes to be manufactured as well as market factors, such as the responsiveness to changes. Designers should be aware of the manufacturing consequences of their decisions because minor design changes during the early stages often prevent major problems later. As a part of product performance evaluation, the use of capability index to maintain process quality can lead to beneficial results.