Relevant bibliographies by topics / Roads and traffic planning

Academic literature on the topic 'Roads and traffic planning'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Roads and traffic planning"

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Li, Lile, and Wei Liu. "Travel Time Prediction on Un-Monitored Roads: A Spatial Factorization Machine Based Approach (Student Abstract)." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 10 (April 3, 2020): 13855–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i10.7200.

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Real-time traffic monitoring is one of the most important factors for route planning and estimated time of arrival (ETA). Many major roads in large cities are installed with live traffic monitoring systems, inferring the current traffic congestion status and ETAs to other locations. However, there are also many other roads, especially small roads and paths, that are not monitored. Yet, live traffic status on such un-monitored small roads can play a non-negligible role in personalized route planning and re-routing when road incident happens. How to estimate the traffic status on such un-monitored roads is thus a valuable problem to be addressed. In this paper, we propose a model called Spatial Factorization Machines (SFM) to address this problem. A major advantage of the SFM model is that it incorporates physical distances and structures of road networks into the estimation of traffic status on un-monitored roads. Our experiments on real world traffic data demonstrate that the SFM model significantly outperforms other existing models on ETA of un-monitored roads.
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Xiong, F., P. S. Gong, Z. Q. Peng, and J. F. Fan. "Optimization of Urban Traffic Distribution Path Under Quick Response Demand." Open House International 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2018-b0022.

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Under the background of the rapid development of e-commerce and information network, the demand for urban distribution is also changing; especially customers' demand for fast delivery of products is increasing. Based on this, the optimization of urban traffic distribution path was studied under the fast response demand. In this paper, the importance and theoretical basis of the design of urban traffic planning under rapid response demand were expounded; then, the urban traffic distribution path planning was designed, and the layout principle of urban traffic roads, the division of road levels and the planning and design of motor vehicle roads were analyzed; through the planning project of the traffic distribution path in a city, analysis of the planning on roadways, three-dimensional traffic paths was achieved.
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Zhu, Minqing, Zi Wang, Hongjun Cui, and Sheng Yao. "Rural Road Network Planning Based on 5G and Traffic Big Data." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (March 12, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1991757.

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In order to adapt to the healthy development of China’s road network and the prosperity of the rural economy, rural roads are facing the need to continue to promote the construction of roads that reach deeper nodes. It is urgent to conduct in-depth and systematic research on the planning methods of China’s rural networked roads. A road network model oriented to rural road network planning is proposed. First, the traffic demand is predicted, and then remote sensing technology and computer technology are used to evaluate the technical performance of the rural road network. The experimental results show that the comprehensive evaluation index value is 0.8 by combining the weight of each index, and the planning scheme is comprehensively evaluated. The evaluation results show that the program better supports the local social and economic development.
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Zhu, Qigang, Yifan Liu, Ming Liu, Shuaishuai Zhang, Guangyang Chen, and Hao Meng. "Intelligent Planning and Research on Urban Traffic Congestion." Future Internet 13, no. 11 (November 8, 2021): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13110284.

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For large and medium-sized cities, the planning and development of urban road networks may not keep pace with the growth of urban vehicles, resulting in traffic congestion on urban roads during peak hours. Take Jinan, a mid-sized city in China’s Shandong Province, for example. In view of the daily traffic jam of the city’s road traffic, through investigation and analysis, the existing problems of the road traffic are found out. Based on real-time, daily road traffic data, combined with the existing road network and the planned road network, the application of a road intelligent transportation system is proposed. Combined with the application of a road intelligent transportation system, this paper discusses the future development of urban road traffic and puts forward improvement suggestions for road traffic planning. This paper has reference value for city development, road network construction, the application of intelligent transportation systems, and road traffic planning.
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Yan, Longhao, Ping Wang, Jingwen Yang, Yu Hu, Yu Han, and Junfeng Yao. "Refined Path Planning for Emergency Rescue Vehicles on Congested Urban Arterial Roads via Reinforcement Learning Approach." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (August 31, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8772688.

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Fast road emergency response can minimize the losses caused by traffic accidents. However, emergency rescue on urban arterial roads is faced with the high probability of congestion caused by accidents, which makes the planning of rescue path complicated. This paper proposes a refined path planning method for emergency rescue vehicles on congested urban arterial roads during traffic accidents. Firstly, a rescue path planning environment for emergency vehicles on congested urban arterial roads based on the Markov decision process is established, which focuses on the architecture of arterial roads, taking the traffic efficiency and vehicle queue length into consideration of path planning; then, the prioritized experience replay deep Q-network (PERDQN) reinforcement learning algorithm is used for path planning under different traffic control schemes. The proposed method is tested on the section of East Youyi Road in Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China. The results show that compared with the traditional shortest path method, the rescue route planned by PERDQN reduces the arrival time to the accident site by 67.1%, and the queue length at upstream of the accident point is shortened by 16.3%, which shows that the proposed method is capable to plan the rescue path for emergency vehicles in urban arterial roads with congestion, shorten the arrival time, and reduce the vehicle queue length caused by accidents.
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Mendes, G. A., K. W. Axhausen, J. S. Andrade, and H. J. Herrmann. "A scenario planning approach for disasters on Swiss road network." International Journal of Modern Physics C 25, no. 11 (October 15, 2014): 1450067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183114500673.

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We study a vehicular traffic scenario on Swiss roads in an emergency situation, calculating how sequentially roads block due to excessive traffic load until global collapse (gridlock) occurs and in this way displays the fragilities of the system. We used a database from Bundesamt für Raumentwicklung which contains length and maximum allowed speed of all roads in Switzerland. The present work could be interesting for government agencies in planning and managing for emergency logistics for a country or a big city. The model used to generate the flux on the Swiss road network was proposed by Mendes et al. [Physica A 391, 362 (2012)]. It is based on the conservation of the number of vehicles and allows for an easy and fast way to follow the formation of traffic jams in large systems. We also analyze the difference between a nonlinear and a linear model and the distribution of fluxes on the Swiss road.
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Irawan, Bayu Budi, Yossyafra Yossyafra, and Darwizal Daoed. "PERENCANAAN SPESIFIKASI TEKNIS RUAS JALAN PROVINSI UNGGAN (KABUPATEN SIJUNJUNG)-PAMUSIAN (KABUPATEN TANAH DATAR)." Racic : Rab Construction Research 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36341/racic.v7i2.2805.

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The Unggan-Pamusian road is a road that connects Sijunjung and Tanah Datar Regencies. The West Sumatra Provincial Government intends to carry out the construction of the road segment. The purpose of this research is to plan the technical specifications for provincial roads, identify traffic conditions, forecast average daily traffic and plan the pavement thickness design. The method used is the Road Geometric Design Guidelines Number 13/P/BM/2021. The results of the technical planning specifications for provincial roads are adjusted to the standards. The traffic condition of the Unggan-Pamusian road segment is classified as low traffic with a description of the early stages of local roads and can be upgraded to collector roads. Forecasting results obtained average daily traffic of 3,166 vehicles (2021) and 7,482 vehicles (2046). Type of AC pavement with a thickness of AC-WC 40 mm, AC-BC4 60 mm, AC-BC or AC-Base 75 mm, CTB3 150 mm and class A aggregate foundation 150 mm.
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Dennehy, Emma, Luis Llaneza, and José Vicente López-Bao. "Contrasting wolf responses to different paved roads and traffic volume levels." Biodiversity and Conservation 30, no. 11 (July 13, 2021): 3133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02239-y.

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AbstractIn some regions of the world, large carnivores, such as wolves, persist in landscapes with dense networks of paved roads. However, beyond the general impacts of roads on wildlife, we still lack information on carnivore responses to different types of roads and traffic volume levels. Using wolves in NW Spain as a case study, we show how wolves respond differently to paved road classes depending on road size, speed limit and traffic volume. All wolves evaluated (25 GPS collared wolves) crossed paved roads. Overall, during 3,915 sampling days, we recorded 29,859 wolf crossings. Wolf crossings of all paved road classes were recorded at a mean rate of 0.022 crossings/day/km (95% CI 0.016–0.027). Wolves crossed low speed and low traffic volume roads more frequently, and more often during the night, in order to lessen the chances of encountering traffic. We found mortality to be highest on roads with high speed and high traffic volume. How wolves interact with paved roads should be considered in landscape planning strategies in order to guarantee wolf long-term persistence in human-dominated landscapes. In our case, our results support an increasing focus on primary roads (class II) to identify segments of these roads where road mitigation efforts should be prioritised. Our study also highlights the importance of considering paved road classes when studying the impact of roads on wildlife.
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Setiabudi, I., and I. M. A. Hermawan. "Planning for alternative road development connecting East Balikpapan - North Balikpapan." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 879, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/879/1/012017.

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Abstract Balikpapan City is one of the largest cities in the East Kalimantan region and a city that is developing quite rapidly. These developments include a high population number accompanied by a large number of new activity growths which create a considerable traffic pull around the city center. According to the 2012-2032 City Spatial Plan for Balikpapan City, the priority plan for road development is on Outer Ring Road III and other alternative roads which will become new activity centers in Karang Joang and Manggar sub-districts in Balikpapan City. The road network currently has the highest volume of 4288 pcu / hour with an average speed of 42 km / h and reaches a VCR of 0.8 which has 35 existing roads and 17 intersections. This study intends to improve traffic performance and aims to plan an alternative road network connecting East Balikpapan with North Balikpapan. Simulation analysis uses Visum software to produce the best conditions for handling traffic in Balikpapan City arteries, collectors and local roads where the current condition of the traveler has to go through the East, South, Central and North Balikpapan District network. The method used is the calculation of existing traffic performance and simulation to determine network volume, network speed, total distance and total travel time. The simulation results with the Visum model are the best conditions of traffic performance with an average volume of 762 pcu / hour, an average network speed of 42 km / hour, a total distance of 148487 km, and a total travel time of 3369 hours.
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Memon, Reena Majid, and Ravindar Kumar Khiani. "Traffic Congestion Issues, Perceptions, Experience and Satisfaction of Car Drivers/Owners on Urban Roads." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 39, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 489–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2003.04.

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Traffic congestion is a major issue of Asian megacities which causes the irritation, anger and frustrations among drivers and owners of vehicles during driving in these cities. This paper aims at understanding traffic congestion issues from the perception and experiences of car drivers and owners and their satisfaction level concerning accessibility of circulation within urban roads of Karachi. The issues addressed in this respect are road construction, traffic flow, road crossing, shopping malls along roads, traffic blockage due to VIP movement, congestion during school timing, animal presence on roads, traffic police behavior, marriage halls along the roads, peak hour traffic jams, traffic jams during sociopolitical and religious rallies, road disputes, traffic congestion due to young inexperienced drivers, alternate road availability and pedestrian bridges. The method of investigating these issues is through 42 questionnaire surveys with car drivers and car owners from June to October 2018 on urban roads of Karachi. The analysis of feedback from respondents showed that, more than 90% respondents were satisfied with construction of pedestrian bridges and annoyed with sociopolitical and religious rallies on main urban roads. More than 80% respondents were satisfied with marriage halls along the roads, felt congestion during peak hours and preferred alternate routes to go home. More than 70% agreed that, young and inexperienced drivers cause traffic congestion and felt unsatisfied and displeased with disputes on the streets among residents, traffic police and drivers. More than 60% respondents were satisfied with the road construction but annoyed with VIP protocol and felt congestion during school timings and quite uncomfortable while crossing the road. More than 50% respondents were unsatisfied with shopping malls on both sides of the road, presence of animals on main roads and behavior of traffic police during traffic jams. Finally, concerning traffic flow the respondents were equally divided in their perception. Thus this research presents a detailed perspective of people regarding traffic congestion issues in Karachi for the appropriate response by decision makers of urban transport planning and urban traffic management institutions in city.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Roads and traffic planning"

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Yousif, Saad Yaqub. "Effect of lane changing on traffic operation for dual carriageway roads with roadworks." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370070.

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Chu, Hsing-Chung. "Implementing Truck-Only Toll Lanes at the State, Regional, and Corridor Levels: Development of a Planning Methodology." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19851.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.
Committee Chair: Dr. Michael D. Meyer; Committee Member: Dr. Adjo Amekudzi; Committee Member: Dr. Chelsea C. White; Committee Member: Dr. Laurie Garrow.
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Amoei, Khorshid. "Environmental impact of roads and traffic : a case study of Kingsway (A34), dual carriageway in south Manchester." Thesis, University of Salford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262684.

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Burger, Everardt. "Urban planning approach for improvement of road safety in suburban arterial roads of Bloemfontein city, South Africa." Thesis, [Bloemfontein?] : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/182.

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Thesis (M. Tech. (Civil Engineering)) -- Central University of Technology, free State, 2013
According to the Road Traffic Management Corporation (RTMC) of South Africa, a large number of accidents involving motor vehicles occur annually on the arterial roads passing through the suburban residential areas of the cities of South Africa. This problem warrants planning and design interventions for the reduction of vehicular accidents and the consequent improvement of road safety on these city roads. Based on this premise, an investigation was conducted to explore the major causes of vehicular accidents, and to develop a set of urban planning and design guidelines to reduce vehicular accidents in suburban arterial roads of a city and to improve the road safety appreciably. The investigation was conducted by considering the suburban areas of Bloemfontein city of Free State, South Africa as the study area. A survey research methodology was followed for this purpose, and data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. Sample surveys were conducted in four different suburban areas of the city to collect primary data and to acquire firsthand information for understanding the scenario at grassroots level. The surveys included household surveys, in order to understand the demographic, socio-economic, and perceptual infrastructural conditions of the study area and their influence on vehicular accidents; road geometrical design parameter surveys; and traffic surveys to understand the road geometry and traffic-related scenarios in the city. In addition, structured statistical data was collected from secondary sources, such as published and unpublished literature and a range of other documents. The data collected was analysed statistically to find the major control parameters influencing vehicular accidents in the suburban arterial roads, and to establish relationships between vehicular accidents and the major control parameters. Based on the analyses, a theoretical linear multiple regression model establishing relationships between the vehicular accidents as the dependent variable and vehicular traffic-related variables (speed of vehicles and average daily traffic), road geometry design variables (road width and median width), and spatial variables (land use and land form in the form of the number of access points from residential areas to arterial routes), was developed to observe the number of accidents under varied simulated scenarios. The simulated model results were employed to develop various policy scenarios to reduce accidents and to improve road safety in the study area. The investigation revealed that, under the composite scenario of the reduction of number of accesses from residential areas to arterial roads, speed, and average daily traffic along with the increase of road width and median width, the occurrence of vehicular accidents in the arterial roads of suburban areas of the city would be reduced and road safety would be improved significantly. It was also observed that residential areas with limited vehicular access from residential areas to arterial roads would have fewer vehicular accidents than residential areas having unrestricted access. Consequently, the number of access points from residential areas to arterial roads in suburban areas of the city would need to be limited, depending on the functions and land use of the area, to improve road safety.
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Garside, Simon. "Dynamic prediction of road traffic networks." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387431.

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Ayland, Nicholas D. "Automatic vehicle identification for road traffic monitoring." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254395.

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Ho, Kwok-hung Patrick, and 何國雄. "Optimization of traffic flows in road tunnels between Shatin and metropolitan area." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29958131.

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Lee, Seungjae. "Mathematical programming algorithms for equilibrium road traffic assignment." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1318036/.

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The equilibrium approach to representing interactions between the supply and demand sides of traffic assignment has been used widely in the estimation of traffic flows on road networks. Although this approach is quite reasonable, there is a considerable gap between the observed and modelled values of cost and flow. This gap can be reduced by relaxing some of the restrictive assumptions behind the models used in order to enhance their realism. This study investigates the solutions of various advanced road traffic assignment models. Priority and signal controlled junctions are modelled in traffic assignment in order to enhance the realism of junction analysis. A multiclass assignment is modelled to represent different groups of users. These problems are known to be non-separable because traffic cannot be segmented in such a way that the costs incurred by any one segment vary only with the flow within that segment. Existence, uniqueness and stability properties of solutions to these problems are investigated. These analyses are important to know the reliability and repeatability of any solutions that are calculated. Analyses of these properties lead to some guidelines for using these detailed models. A number of new solution algorithms are developed to solve the resulting traffic assignment problems. These algorithms belong to the general category of simplicial decomposition which solves the problem by dividing it into two subproblems: a linear and a master subproblem which are solved alternately. One of the advantages of these algorithms is that they operate in a lower dimensional space than that of original feasible region and hence allow large-scale problems to be solved with improved accuracy and speed of convergence. These improved algorithms give many choices to the traffic management studies. Two substantial networks have been used to compare the performance of new algorithms on the various models developed. They have performed favourably by comparison with existing algorithms. A small example network has been used to investigate existence, uniqueness and stability properties using the models. In a priority controlled model, a unique stable solution has been obtained using the model whilst in a signal controlled model, multiple and unstable solutions have been obtained. In a multiclass model, a unique solution has been obtained in terms of the total class flow whilst multiple solutions have been obtained in terms of each class flow. These results correspond well to the theoretical analyses of these models, which has shown to have indeterminate behaviour and by the nature of these models assumed, the degree of non-separability is ordered according to priority controlled, multiclass and signal controlled models.
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Adams, David Lewis. "Integrating travel time reliability into management of highways." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 52 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1459913561&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Cowburn, G. J. "Bayesian mixture modelling with application to road traffic flow." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269160.

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Books on the topic "Roads and traffic planning"

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Institution of Highways and Transportation (Great Britain) and Great Britain. Dept. of Transport., eds. Roads and traffic in urban areas. London: HMSO, 1987.

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Vahl, H. G. Traffic calming through integrated urban planning. Paris: Amarcande, 1990.

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F, Beagan Daniel, and Metropolitan Planning Organization (Mass.). Central Transportation Planning Staff, eds. Route 9 corridor planning study: Short-range element. Boston, Mass.]: Central Transportation Planning Staff, 1986.

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Massachusetts. Metropolitan Area Planning Council. Route 9 corridor planning study: Land-use component : short-range report. Boston, Mass: Metropolitan Area Planning Council, 1986.

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Pierre-Emmanuel, Barjonet, ed. Traffic psychology today. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.

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Marvin & Associates. Traffic safety improvement study. Billings, Mont: Marvin & Associates, 1992.

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Associates, Marvin &. Lake County traffic safety improvement study. Billings, Mont: Marvin & Associates, 1989.

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Marvin & Associates. Ravalli County traffic safety improvement study. Billings, Mont: Marvin & Associates, 1989.

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Associates, Clete Daily and. Flathead County traffic safety improvement study. Helena, Mont: Clete Daily and Associates, 1988.

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Marvin & Associates. Jefferson County traffic safety improvement study. Billings, Mont: Marvin & Associates, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Roads and traffic planning"

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Mark Doctor, Patrick Hasson, Hillary Isebrands, and John McFadden. "Planning, Design, and Operations of Road Segments and Interchanges in Urban Areas." In Traffic Engineering Handbook, 283–320. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119174738.ch9.

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Guo, Jiayi, and Jingwei Guo. "Traffic planning and demand forecasting based on TransCAD method." In Frontier Research: Road and Traffic Engineering, 872–80. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003305002-113.

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Xu, Jiajie, Limin Guo, Zhiming Ding, Xiling Sun, and Chengfei Liu. "Traffic Aware Route Planning in Dynamic Road Networks." In Database Systems for Advanced Applications, 576–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29038-1_41.

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Zhao, Ziyan, and Baohua Guo. "A brief analysis of Handan traffic planning based on land use properties." In Frontier Research: Road and Traffic Engineering, 593–98. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003305002-78.

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Zhao, Jixiang, and Kefeng Wang. "The research on highway LTL transportation planning based on uniparental genetic algorithm." In Frontier Research: Road and Traffic Engineering, 803–11. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003305002-105.

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Muehlbacher, Dominik, Katharina Preuk, Christian Lehsing, Sebastian Will, and Mandy Dotzauer. "Multi-Road User Simulation: Methodological Considerations from Study Planning to Data Analysis." In UR:BAN Human Factors in Traffic, 403–18. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-15418-9_23.

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Xiao, Jianru, Yuhao Liang, and Jingjing Zhang. "Vehicle path planning of intelligent vehicle-road system based on vehicle historical path trajectory." In Frontier Research: Road and Traffic Engineering, 671–79. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003305002-88.

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Gao, Yujian, Jie Liu, Gaoru Zhu, Weiwei Gong, Xiaowen Yang, and Long Bai. "New technology for environmental impact assessments for highway network planning: A case study of Henan Province." In Frontier Research: Road and Traffic Engineering, 547–54. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003305002-72.

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Jimoh, Falilat, and Thomas Leo McCluskey. "Self-management in Urban Traffic Control: An Automated Planning Perspective." In Autonomic Road Transport Support Systems, 29–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25808-9_3.

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Liu, Bocheng, Peijing Cai, Huiying Lan, and Pei Wang. "Short-Term Traffic Planning and Forecasting System Based on Vehicle-Road Coordination." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 896–903. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3250-4_115.

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Conference papers on the topic "Roads and traffic planning"

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Vingris, Rudolfs. "LATVIAN ROAD AND STREET BUDGET MANAGEMENT WITH GIS TOOLS." In 23rd Conference for Junior Researchers „Civilinė inžinerija ir geodezija“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/geo.2020.009.

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In this article, the author reviews the publicly available information about problems of the maintenance process of the Latvian state roads. Based on this information, the author analyses and interprets the road maintenance budget by using geospatial analysis methods. This article describes a Geographic Information System (GIS) model that allows traffic experts to plan and analyse traffic budget revenue and expenditure planning, administration, and visualizations for the society if a road fund decision is made and comes effective.
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Goulet, Nathan, and Beshah Ayalew. "Coordinated Model Predictive Control on Multi-Lane Roads." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98117.

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Abstract There are significant economic, environmental, energy, and other societal costs incurred by the road transportation sector. With the advent and penetration of connected and autonomous vehicles there are vast opportunities to optimize the control of individual vehicles for reducing energy consumption and increasing traffic flow. Model predictive control is a useful tool to achieve such goals, while accommodating ego-centric objectives typical of heterogeneous traffic and explicitly enforcing collision and other constraints. In this paper, we describe a multi-agent distributed maneuver planning and lane selection model predictive controller that includes an information sharing and coordination scheme. The energy saving potential of the proposed coordination scheme is then evaluated via large scale microscopic traffic simulations considering different penetration levels of connected and automated vehicles.
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Bhowmick, Alok, and Sanjay Jain. "Challenges in Design & Construction of Elevated Grade Separators with Wide Deck & Single Central Pier, in urban areas." In IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.0219.

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<p>India’s transport sector is large and diverse; it caters to the needs of 1.25 billion people. Roads are the dominant mode of transportation in India today. They carry almost 90 percent of the country’s passenger traffic and 65 percent of its freight. Cognizant of the need to create an adequate road network to cater to the increased traffic and movement of goods, Government of India has recently allotted Rs 640 billion (US$ 9.55 billion) to National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) for roads and highways and Rs 270 billion (US$ 4.03 billion) for rural roads under PMGSY scheme (as on 20th April 2017). One of the impediment in the fast progress of road infrastructure is acquisition of land &amp; related regulatory hurdles. Completion of as many as 112 projects of NHAI is delayed on account of such factors. There is a restriction of the available width and to spread the road horizontally. Therefore, present trend in urban areas is to go for elevated grade separators, wherein both surface level as well as elevated road can be fully utilised for traffic movement. By avoiding costly land acquisition, it results in reduction in cost of the project and certainly segregate local and fast moving traffic, thereby further increasing speed of movement. Design and Construction of such elevated corridors however poses many challenges to structural engineers. Restricted work space during construction adds to the challenge and brings out many innovative solutions to the problems. This paper discusses case studies of number of such projects for which the authors are presently associated in design and construction planning. These projects are in various stages of construction.</p>
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McCluskey, Thomas L., Mauro Vallati, and Santiago Franco. "Automated Planning for Urban Traffic Management." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/776.

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The global growth in urbanisation increases the demand for services including road transport infrastructure, presenting challenges in terms of mobility. Optimising the exploitation of urban road network, while attempting to minimise the effects of traffic emissions, is a great challenge. SimplyfAI was a UK research council grant funded project which was aimed towards solving air quality problems caused by road traffic emissions. Large cities such as Manchester struggle to meet air quality limits as the range of available traffic management devices is limited. In the study, we investigated the application of linked data to enrich environmental and traffic data feeds, and we used this with automated planning tools to enable traffic to be managed at a region level. The management will have the aim of avoiding air pollution problems before they occur. This demo focuses on the planning component, and in particular the engineering and validation aspects, that were pivotal for the success of the project.
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Sachakamol, Punnamee, and Liming Dai. "Noise Prediction Model Development for the Traffic Noise on Asphalt Rubber Roads." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13327.

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Traffic noise prediction techniques are important tools for assessing the effects of noise mitigation. A number of noise prediction models are available for predicting noise levels at a receptor point. Traditionally, these noise predictions are limited to road side areas, where the effects of building and other infrastructure act as a barrier impediment to noise propagation are not considered. This paper describes the application of simulation and modeling of a simplified traffic noise prediction method based on the U.S. FWHA highway and existing traffic noise prediction models. The simplification has been achieved mainly by using the assumption that traffic flow speeds of various vehicle classes are correlated and similar in magnitude Also, an assumption is made that ground attenuation depends not only on the type of ground cover but also on a horizontal distance between the source and the receiver. Finally, the research intends to numerically evaluate the tire-pavement noise of the road with Asphalt Rubber (AR) pavement to minimize the traffic noise generated by the pavement. The application of simulation and modeling by packaged software will be introduced for utilizing the results, planning purposes and preliminary prediction of the traffic noise level on the AR pavement road section in Saskatchewan. This traffic noise prediction model will be simple to use by any end users, particularly environmental planners, acoustic engineers, and non-specialists.
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Zhu, Xiaoyuan, Jian Chen, Yan Ma, Jianqiang Deng, and Yuexuan Wang. "Predictive Motion Planning for Autonomous Vehicles With Geometric Constraints via Convex Optimization." In ASME 2020 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2020-3169.

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Abstract In this paper, we propose an MPC-based motion planning algorithm, including a decision-making module, an obstacle-constraints generating module, and an MPC-based planning module. The designed decision module effectively distinguishes between structured and unstructured roads and processes them separately, so that the algorithm is more robust in different environments. Besides, the movement of obstacles is considered in the decision-making and obstacle constraints generating module. By processing obstacles with lateral and longitudinal speed separately, obstacle avoidance can be done in scenarios with moving obstacles, including moving obstacles crossing the road. Instead of treating the vehicle as a mass point, we explicitly consider the geometric constraints by modeling the vehicle as three intersecting circles when generating obstacle constraints. This ensures that the vehicle is collision-free in motion planning, especially when the vehicle turns. For non-convex obstacle constraints, we propose an algorithm that generates up to two alternative linear constraints to convexify the obstacle constraints for improving computational efficiency. In MPC, we consider the vehicle kino-dynamic constraints and two generated linear constraints. Therefore, the proposed method can achieve better real-time performance and can be applied to more complicated traffic scenarios with moving obstacles. Simulation results in three different scenarios show that motion planning can achieve satisfactory performance in both structured and unstructured roads with moving obstacles.
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Duarte, Mariana M. G., Marcos V. Pontarolo, Rebeca Schroeder, and Carmem S. Hara. "MIDET: A Method for Indexing Traffic Events." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Banco de Dados. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbbd.2021.17879.

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Traffic events announcements such as jams and road closures are continuously reported by mobile and Web applications. This collection of spatio-temporal data is an important source of information for urban planning, and can be used to orchestrate a number of actions to mprove the mobility, such as traffic control, traffic lights synchronization and preventive maintenance. Such analysis usually involves computation of spatial relationships among data, and may involve location of landmarks, roads and different types of events. In this paper, we propose a Method for Indexing Traffic Events (MIDET) for querying spatio-temporal data, whose location can be represented as a point or collection of points. MIDET is based on a fixed-grid space-oriented partitioning. In order to tackle the data skew, each grid cell is associated with a set of blocks containing event records. Moreover, a bitmap index is used for filtering out blocks without retrieving the actual data. MIDET provides the following benefits: adoption of a simple bulk loading process to manage dynamic insertion streams, and in-memory spatial joins. We conducted an experimental study using real data obtained from Waze. MIDET’s query performance was compared with Postgis, which adopts an R-tree index structure.
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Ištoka Otković, Irena, Aleksandra Deluka-Tibljaš, Sanja Šurdonja, and Tiziana Campisi. "Assessment of the effects of traffic infrastructure reconstruction and introduction of a pedestrian island as a traffic calming measure using traffic microsimulations." In 7th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2022.1469.

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The reduction in the traffic death rate in the EU has stagnated in recent years, and the goal of halving the number of fatalities in traffic from 2010 to 2020 has not been met yet. The long-term goal of achieving "Vision 0" requires a multidisciplinary approach and shared responsibility between transport infrastructure that "forgives mistakes", traffic regulation, vehicle automation and traffic participants. At pedestrian crossings of the local roads, which do not have traffic lights, reducing the speed of vehicles by applying a traffic sign has not proved to be an effective solution. Vehicle speed is proved to be a key parameter that determines the outcome of a vehicle-pedestrian conflict. The pedestrian island spatially separates the opposite directions of vehicle flows, thus enabling a better perception of the conflict zone, which is important for vulnerable traffic users. In this paper, an analysis of the effectiveness of horizontal discontinuities and pedestrian island, as infrastructural measures for traffic calming, was made. The evaluation was made using microsimulation traffic modeling, and the calibration of the model was made using a neural network based on measured field data. Travel time is a traffic indicator used in the model calibration process. The calibrated model was then used for the analysis of the effects of the planned reconstruction of the road network segment near the children's playground in a residential area in the city of Osijek, Croatia. Statistical analysis was done to determine whether vehicle speeds on the observed road network segment before and after reconstruction differ significantly. Applied methodology showed that the application of microsimulation traffic modeling provides a possibility to assess the effectiveness of the reconstruction of transport infrastructure in the planning phase
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Eusofe, Zarulazam, and Sazali Harun. "Large Scale Infrastructure Project Implementation in Malaysia. A Case Study – Metropolitan Highways in Klang Valley: Damansara-Shah Alam Elevated Highway (DASH)." In IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.0685.

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<p>The rapid socioeconomic development in the Klang Valley has resulted in a surge of freight and passenger transport movements and an increase in demand for better quality of roads, road networks, and transport systems. Hence, the construction of the Damansara-Shah Alam Elevated Highway (DASH) project was proposed to ease traffic congestion, by efficiently dispersing the traffic coming from the surrounding townships, and by providing connectivity between the Puncak Alam catchment and the Damansara North area. The case study, namely the DASH project, will be a 16.3 km expressway traversing from Puncak Perdana in the west to Damansara Perdana in the east. The DASH project has been chosen to illustrate the various processes and challenges involved in its planning and design and in the fulfillment of its pre-construction requirements. Currently, this project is at its early stage of construction and is scheduled to be completed by August 2020.</p>
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Rastgoftar, Hossein, Jean-Baptiste Jeannin, and Ella Atkins. "An Integrative Behavioral-Based Physics-Inspired Approach to Traffic Congestion Control." In ASME 2020 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2020-3330.

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Abstract This paper offers an integrative behavioral-based physics-inspired approach to model and control traffic congestion in an efficient manner While existing physics-based approaches commonly assign density and traffic flow states with the Fundamental Diagram, this paper specifies the flow-density relation using past traffic behavior (intent) recorded over a time sliding window with constant horizon length. With this approach, traffic coordination trends can be consistently learned and incorporated into traffic planning. This is integrated with mass conservation law (continuity) to model traffic coordination as a probabilistic process and obtain traffic feasibility conditions using linear temporal logic. By spatial discretization of a network of inter-connected roads (NOIR), the NOIR is represented by a graph with inlet boundary nodes, outlet boundary nodes, and interior nodes. The paper offers a boundary control approach to manage congestion through the inlet boundary nodes. More specifically, model predictive control (MPC) is applied to control traffic congestion through the boundary of the traffic network. Therefore, the optimal boundary in flow is assigned as the solution of a constrained quadratic programming problem with equality and inequality constrained. The simulation results shows that the proposed MPC boundary controller can successfully control the traffic through the inlet boundary nodes where traffic reaches the steady state condition.
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Reports on the topic "Roads and traffic planning"

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Duvvuri, Sarvani, and Srinivas S. Pulugurtha. Researching Relationships between Truck Travel Time Performance Measures and On-Network and Off-Network Characteristics. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1946.

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Trucks serve significant amount of freight tonnage and are more susceptible to complex interactions with other vehicles in a traffic stream. While traffic congestion continues to be a significant ‘highway’ problem, delays in truck travel result in loss of revenue to the trucking companies. There is a significant research on the traffic congestion mitigation, but a very few studies focused on data exclusive to trucks. This research is aimed at a regional-level analysis of truck travel time data to identify roads for improving mobility and reducing congestion for truck traffic. The objectives of the research are to compute and evaluate the truck travel time performance measures (by time of the day and day of the week) and use selected truck travel time performance measures to examine their correlation with on-network and off-network characteristics. Truck travel time data for the year 2019 were obtained and processed at the link level for Mecklenburg County, Wake County, and Buncombe County, NC. Various truck travel time performance measures were computed by time of the day and day of the week. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was performed to select the average travel time (ATT), planning time index (PTI), travel time index (TTI), and buffer time index (BTI) for further analysis. On-network characteristics such as the speed limit, reference speed, annual average daily traffic (AADT), and the number of through lanes were extracted for each link. Similarly, off-network characteristics such as land use and demographic data in the near vicinity of each selected link were captured using 0.25 miles and 0.50 miles as buffer widths. The relationships between the selected truck travel time performance measures and on-network and off-network characteristics were then analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient analysis. The results indicate that urban areas, high-volume roads, and principal arterial roads are positively correlated with the truck travel time performance measures. Further, the presence of agricultural, light commercial, heavy commercial, light industrial, single-family residential, multi-family residential, office, transportation, and medical land uses increase the truck travel time performance measures (decrease the operational performance). The methodological approach and findings can be used in identifying potential areas to serve as truck priority zones and for planning decentralized delivery locations.
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Mwamba, Isaiah C., Mohamadali Morshedi, Suyash Padhye, Amir Davatgari, Soojin Yoon, Samuel Labi, and Makarand Hastak. Synthesis Study of Best Practices for Mapping and Coordinating Detours for Maintenance of Traffic (MOT) and Risk Assessment for Duration of Traffic Control Activities. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317344.

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Maintenance of traffic (MOT) during construction periods is critical to the success of project delivery and the overall mission of transportation agencies. MOT plans may include full road closures and coordination of detours near construction areas. Various state DOTs have designed their own manuals for detour mapping and coordination. However, very limited information is provided to select optimal detour routes. Moreover, closures or detours should provide not only measurable consequences, such as vehicle operating costs and added travel time, but also various unforeseen qualitative impacts, such as business impacts and inconvenience to local communities. Since the qualitative aspects are not easily measurable they tend to be neglected in systematic evaluations and decision-making processes. In this study, the current practices obtained based on an extensive literature review, a nation-wide survey, as well as a series of interviews with INDOT and other state DOTs are leveraged to (1) identify a comprehensive set of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for detour route mapping, (2) understand how other state DOTs address the qualitative criteria, (3) identify how the involved risks during the planning, service time, and closure of the detour routes are managed, and (4) recommend process improvements for INDOT detour mapping guidelines. As demonstrated by two sample case studies, the proposed KPIs can be taken as a basis for developing a decision-support tool that enables decision-makers to consider both qualitative and quantitative aspects for optimal detour route mapping. In addition, the current INDOT detour policy can be updated based on the proposed process improvements.
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Kwon, Jaymin, Yushin Ahn, and Steve Chung. Spatio-Temporal Analysis of the Roadside Transportation Related Air Quality (STARTRAQ) and Neighborhood Characterization. Mineta Transportation Institute, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2010.

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To promote active transportation modes (such as bike ride and walking), and to create safer communities for easier access to transit, it is essential to provide consolidated data-driven transportation information to the public. The relevant and timely information from data facilitates the improvement of decision-making processes for the establishment of public policy and urban planning for sustainable growth, and for promoting public health in the region. For the characterization of the spatial variation of transportation-emitted air pollution in the Fresno/Clovis neighborhood in California, various species of particulate matters emitted from traffic sources were measured using real-time monitors and GPS loggers at over 100 neighborhood walking routes within 58 census tracts from the previous research, Children’s Health to Air Pollution Study - San Joaquin Valley (CHAPS-SJV). Roadside air pollution data show that PM2.5, black carbon, and PAHs were significantly elevated in the neighborhood walking air samples compared to indoor air or the ambient monitoring station in the Central Fresno area due to the immediate source proximity. The simultaneous parallel measurements in two neighborhoods which are distinctively different areas (High diesel High poverty vs. Low diesel Low poverty) showed that the higher pollution levels were observed when more frequent vehicular activities were occurring around the neighborhoods. Elevated PM2.5 concentrations near the roadways were evident with a high volume of traffic and in regions with more unpaved areas. Neighborhood walking air samples were influenced by immediate roadway traffic conditions, such as encounters with diesel trucks, approaching in close proximity to freeways and/or busy roadways, passing cigarette smokers, and gardening activity. The elevated black carbon concentrations occur near the highway corridors and regions with high diesel traffic and high industry. This project provides consolidated data-driven transportation information to the public including: 1. Transportation-related particle pollution data 2. Spatial analyses of geocoded vehicle emissions 3. Neighborhood characterization for the built environment such as cities, buildings, roads, parks, walkways, etc.
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Tarko, Andrew P., Jose Thomaz, and Mario Romero. SNIP Light User Manual. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317136.

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A systemic approach to identifying road locations that exhibit safety problems was provided by the Safety Needs Identification Program (SNIP and SNIP2) developed by the Purdue University Center for Road Safety (CRS). The new version SNIP Light has been developed to provide other uses with planning level traffic safety analysis capability for a wider range of uses including Metropolitan Planning Agencies (MPOs) who want the tool for planning cost-effective safety programs in their metropolitan areas. The SNIP Light reduces the demand of computing and data storage resources and replaces the SQL server database system an integrated module coded in-house which is considerably faster than the original component. Furthermore, certain proficiency required to install and use the old version is no longer needed thanks to the intuitive single-window interface and executing file operations in the background without the user’s involvement. Some operations, such as optimizing funding of safety projects, are removed to simplify the tool.
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Kodupuganti, Swapneel R., Sonu Mathew, and Srinivas S. Pulugurtha. Modeling Operational Performance of Urban Roads with Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions. Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1802.

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The rapid growth in population and related demand for travel during the past few decades has had a catalytic effect on traffic congestion, air quality, and safety in many urban areas. Transportation managers and planners have planned for new facilities to cater to the needs of users of alternative modes of transportation (e.g., public transportation, walking, and bicycling) over the next decade. However, there are no widely accepted methods, nor there is enough evidence to justify whether such plans are instrumental in improving mobility of the transportation system. Therefore, this project researches the operational performance of urban roads with heterogeneous traffic conditions to improve the mobility and reliability of people and goods. A 4-mile stretch of the Blue Line light rail transit (LRT) extension, which connects Old Concord Rd and the University of North Carolina at Charlotte’s main campus on N Tryon St in Charlotte, North Carolina, was considered for travel time reliability analysis. The influence of crosswalks, sidewalks, trails, greenways, on-street bicycle lanes, bus/LRT routes and stops/stations, and street network characteristics on travel time reliability were comprehensively considered from a multimodal perspective. Likewise, a 2.5-mile-long section of the Blue Line LRT extension, which connects University City Blvd and Mallard Creek Church Rd on N Tryon St in Charlotte, North Carolina, was considered for simulation-based operational analysis. Vissim traffic simulation software was used to compute and compare delay, queue length, and maximum queue length at nine intersections to evaluate the influence of vehicles, LRT, pedestrians, and bicyclists, individually and/or combined. The statistical significance of variations in travel time reliability were particularly less in the case of links on N Tryon St with the Blue Line LRT extension. However, a decrease in travel time reliability on some links was observed on the parallel route (I-85) and cross-streets. While a decrease in vehicle delay on northbound and southbound approaches of N Tryon St was observed in most cases after the LRT is in operation, the cross-streets of N Tryon St incurred a relatively higher increase in delay after the LRT is in operation. The current pedestrian and bicycling activity levels seemed insignificant to have an influence on vehicle delay at intersections. The methodological approaches from this research can be used to assess the performance of a transportation facility and identify remedial solutions from a multimodal perspective.
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Schluckebier, Kai. Intersections in contemporary traffic planning. Goethe-Universität, Institut für Humangeographie, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.58866.

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In Germany, traffic planning still follows the tradition of modernist urban planning theory from the beginning of the 1930s and car-oriented city planning during the post-war period in West Germany. From a methodological perspective, the prevailing narrative is that traffic can be abstracted and modelled under laboratory conditions (in vitro) as a spatial movement process of individual neutral particles. The use of these laboratory experiments in traffic planning cannot be understood as a neutral application of experimental results, assumed to be true, in a variety of spatial contexts. Rather, it is an active practice of staging traffic according to a particular social interactionist paradigm. According to this, traffic is staged through interventions in planning authorities as well as the practices of people on the streets. In order to describe these staging conduits, traffic is ontologically thought of as a social order that is continuously reproduced situationally through interactions, following Erving Goffman and Harold Garfinkel. To investigate the staging conduits empirically, an ethnographic-inspired field study was conducted at Willy-Brandt-Platz in Frankfurt am Main in May and June 2020. Through situational mapping and observation of social interactions (in situ), knowledge about the staging of social orders was generated. These empirical findings are further embedded in debates that discuss traffic not only as a staging but also as an enactment of certain realities. Understanding planning practice as a political enactment, through which realities are not only described but also made, makes it possible for us to think and design alternative realities.
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Franzese, Oscar. Streamlining Transportation Corridor Planning Processess: Freight and Traffic Information. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1004658.

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Shoop, Sally, Wendy Wieder, and Terry Melendy. McMurdo Snow Roads and Transportation : final program summary. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45200.

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The snow roads at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, are the primary transportation corridors for moving personnel and material to and from the airfields servicing intra- and intercontinental air traffic. The majority of the road system is made of snow overlying a snow, firn, and icy subsurface and is particularly susceptible to deterioration during the warmest parts of the austral summer when above-freezing temperatures can occur for several days at a time. Poor snow-road conditions can seriously limit payloads for all types of ground vehicles. The US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) studied the McMurdo snow roads for the National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs as part of the Snow Roads and Transportation (SRT) program. The goals of the SRT program was to improve construction, maintenance, and use of the McMurdo’s snow roads, with particular attention on minimizing warm-season deterioration. This is the final report of the SRT program, summarizing the program’s activities and findings and emphasizing those parts of the program not previously documented in CRREL Reports, conference papers, or journal articles.
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Williams, Michael, Marcial Lamera, Aleksander Bauranov, Carole Voulgaris, and Anurag Pande. Safety Considerations for All Road Users on Edge Lane Roads. Mineta Transportation Institute, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1925.

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Edge lane roads (ELRs), also known as advisory bike lanes or advisory shoulders, are a type of shared street where two-way motor vehicle (MV) traffic shares a single center lane, and edge lanes on either side are preferentially reserved for vulnerable road users (VRUs). This work comprises a literature review, an investigation of ELRs’ operational characteristics and potential road user interactions via simulation, and a study of crash data from existing American and Australian ELRs. The simulation evaluated the impact of various factors (e.g., speed, volume, directional split, etc.) on ELR operation. Results lay the foundation for a siting criterion. Current American siting guidance relies only upon daily traffic volume and speed—an approach that inaccurately models an ELR’s safety. To evaluate the safety of existing ELRs, crash data were collected from ELR installations in the US and Australia. For US installations, Empirical Bayes (EB) analysis resulted in an aggregate CMF of .56 for 11 installations observed over 8 years while serving more than 60 million vehicle trips. The data from the Australian State of Queensland involved rural one-lane, low-volume, higher-speed roads, functionally equivalent to ELRs. As motor vehicle volume grows, these roads are widened to two-lane facilities. While the authors observed low mean crash rates on the one-lane roads, analysis of recently converted (from one-lane to two-lane) facilities showed that several experienced fewer crashes than expected after conversion to two-lane roads.
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Schmiegel, T. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory East Avenue/Emergency Response Planning Traffic Study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15005696.

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