Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Road safety engineering'
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De, la Gardie Fredrik. "Road unevenness relation to road safety - a vehicle dynamics study." Thesis, KTH, Fordonsdynamik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-226531.
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The purpose of this Master thesis in Vehicle Engineering, is to study the road unevenness relation to road safety. The long term objective is to be able to prioritize which road section that is in the need of repair and maintenance prior to other road sections. This study focus on how close to an acceptable safety limit the vehicle is handled when it is run over different road surfaces. This applies to straight road sections as well as cornering, where the road surface is uneven and bumps/pits occurs. No driver behaviour or random actions are analysed but these aspects will be included in the overall discussion. The method to analyse this is through computer simulation. From a Volvo S40 a computerised vehicle model has been developed in Matlab and the effect of different road unevenness has been implemented and analysed. Forces that are generated by the unevenness of the road are compared with the normal forces that a driver needs to correct the course based on the friction between tire and road surface. On this basis, a margin to the risk of losing the grip can be estimated. In this way it can be interpreted how a road section contributes more or less, compared to another section, to whether the vehicle is closer to a safe limit from a vehicle dynamic perspective. The vehicle model has been analysed at a speed of 70 km/h with the simplification that the irregularities can be described by sinusoidal shapes. For larger bumps or dips in the road the results show that both front and rear tires can absorb side forces so that stability can be achieved. If the grip would deteriorate due to gravel, ice, etc. there is a risk that the vehicle loses steering control and/or cord leading to damage of the tyre and consequently an accident will occur. For the analysed road unevenness in the form of bumps and pits the tires do not have any ability to absorb required side forces during an avoidance manoeuvre when travelling over the road due to the tyre model used. It is therefore important that a section with varying unevenness are analysed to determine a maximum speed so that the control of the vehicle during the whole distance can be maintained regardless of whether control needs to be done in connection with the unevenness. A recommendation of future work in this area is to develop this model to make it more robust and to update the input data with relevant data for one today representative car and to carry out a more detailed full-scale modelling with also lateral simulations. If the model was verified with measured normal forces for a test car that has travelled over various bumps and pits, this would also be valuable to confirm the validity of the model. There would also be improvements if available road profile is implemented in the analysis so that realistic examples can be analysed for better real-world analysis.Arbetet avser att, ur ett fordonsdynamiskt perspektiv, studera vägojämnhetens påverkan på trafiksäkerheten. Det långsiktiga målet med arbetet är att kunna prioritera vilka vägavsnitt som behöver repareras före andra. Studien behandlar hur nära en acceptabel säkerhetsgräns fordonet ligger rent fordonsdynamiskt när den färdas över vissa vägunderlag. Det gäller såväl på raksträckor som vid kurvtagning där vägytan har större ojämnheter (svackor) och gupp eller gropar. Metodiken som har använts är datasimulering. Utifrån en Volvo S40 har en fordonsmodell byggts upp i Matlab och inverkan av de olika typerna av vägojämnheter har sedan analyserats. Krafter som skapas från vägojämnheter jämförs sedan med de normalkrafter som en förare behöver för att korrigera kursen utifrån friktionen mellan däck och vägbana. Utifrån detta kan en manövermarginal uppskattas och på så sätt kan tolkning ske hur vida ett vägavsnitt bidrar mer eller mindre, jämfört med ett annat avsnitt, till att fordonet befinner sig närmare en trafiksäker gräns rent fordonsdynamiskt. Analysen har gjorts utifrån antagandet att fordonet har färdats med en hastighet på 70 km/h över de olika vägprofilerna. För större ojämnheter och svackor i vägbanan visar resultaten att både fram och bakdäck kan uppta de nödvändiga sidkrafterna för att stabilitet skall upprätthållas då goda vägförhållanden råder. Men skulle greppet försämras exempelvis av grus, halka etc. så föreligger risk att fordonet tappar styrförmåga och/eller får sladd. En begränsning i denna studie är att inga förarbeteenden eller slumpmässiga händelser kommer analyseras men däremot kommer dessa tas med i den övergripande diskussionen. Dessutom har ojämnheterna antagits vara beskrivna av sinus-funktioner och däcken har beskrivits av en modell som ej tar hänsyn till laterala egenskaper. För att kunna bestämma en maximal hastighet under vilken en kontroll över fordonet kan upprätthållas under hela sträckan oavsett manöver är det av vikt att ett vägavsnitt med varierande ojämnheter analyseras. För att vidareutveckla denna modell och göra den mer robust och aktuell rekommenderas att indata uppdateras med relevanta data för en idag representativ bil samt att modelleringen genomförs i full skala. Om modellen kan verifieras med uppmätta normalkrafter för en bil som har färdats över olika ojämnheter eller gupp vore det värdefullt. Att även implementera uppmätta vägprofiler så att realistiska exempel kan analyseras skulle dessutom ge ännu mer verklighetstrogna analyser.
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Mohammad, Mahmud Abdulla. "Video-based situation assessment for road safety." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/94047/.
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In recent decades, situational awareness (SA) has been a major research subject in connection with autonomous vehicles and intelligent transportation systems. Situational awareness concerns the safety of road users, including drivers, passengers, pedestrians and animals. Moreover, it holds key information regarding the nature of upcoming situations. In order to build robust automatic SA systems that sense the environment, a variety of sensors, such as global positioning systems, radars and cameras, have been used. However, due to the high cost, complex installation procedures and high computational load of automatic situational awareness systems, they are unlikely to become standard for vehicles in the near future. In this thesis, a novel video-based framework for the automatic assessment of risk of collision in a road scene is proposed. The framework uses as input the video from a monocular video camera only, avoiding the need for additional, and frequently expensive, sensors. The framework has two main parts: a novel ontology tool for the assessment of risk of collision, and semantic feature extraction based on computervision methods. The ontology tool is designed to represent the various relations between the most important risk factors, such as risk from object and road environmental risk. The semantic features related to these factors iii Abstract iv are based on computer vision methods, such as pedestrian detection and tracking, road-region detection and road-type classi�cation. The quality of these methods is important for achieving accurate results, especially with respect to video segmentation. This thesis, therefore, proposes a new criterion of high-quality video segmentation: the inclusion of temporal-region consistency. On the basis of the new criteria, an online method for the evaluation of video segmentation quality is proposed. This method is more consistent than the state-of-the-art method in terms of perceptual-segmentation quality, for both synthetic and real video datasets. Furthermore, using the Gaussian mixture model for video segmentation, one of the successful video segmentation methods in this area, new online methods for both road-type classi�cation and road-region detection are proposed. The proposed vision-based road-type classi�cation method achieves higher classi�cation accuracy than the state-of-the-art method, for each road type individually. Consequently, it achieves higher overall classi- �cation accuracy. Likewise, the proposed vision-based road-region detection method achieves high performance accuracy compared to the state-of-the-art methods, according to two measures: pixel-wise percentage accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). Finally, the evaluation performance of the automatic risk-assessment framework is measured. At this stage, the framework includes only the assessment of pedestrian risk in the road scene. Using the semantic information obtained via computer-vision methods, the framework's performance is assessed for two datasets: �rst, a new dataset proposed in Chapter 7, which comprises six videos, and second, a dataset comAbstract v prising �ve examples selected from an established, publicly available dataset. Both datasets consist of real-world videos illustrating pedestrian movement. The experimental results show that the proposed framework achieves high accuracy in the assessment of risk resulting from pedestrian behaviour in road scenes.
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Velaj, Xhilda. "New technology for road safety." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21885/.
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Zanule, Paul Gudoi. "Road Management System and Road Safety in Uganda." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/368.
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Traffic collisions cost Uganda millions of dollars each year. The purpose of this descriptive case study was to describe the strategies and processes needed to implement a road management system. Such a system would significantly reduce the fatalities and accidents in Uganda, improve the transportation within Kampala's business district, and increase business profitability. Three conceptual theories framed the research study: management theory, strategic management theory, and criminology theory. Using a snowball sampling strategy, data were collected from open-ended interviews, questionnaires, observations, and archived documents from 20 administrative participants in the government and organizational leaders involved in the transport operations and transport services in the Kampala business district in Uganda. Data were analyzed using 3 phases: (a) interpretational analysis, coding, and grouping segments; (b) structural analysis, consistency, and quality; and (c) reflective analysis, consequences, what, when, where, and how. Five themes or action requirements emerged from the data analysis: to improve transport operations and transport services profitability, reduce traffic jams and fatalities, provide sufficient driving training, maintain road infrastructure, and maintain traffic law enforcement. The findings and recommendations from this study may improve the profitability of businesses, reduce the traffic jams and fatalities, and improve the gross domestic product of Uganda, thereby contributing to positive social change.
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Milligan, Craig Alexander. "Risk analysis of performance measure forecasts in road safety engineering." Elsevier, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/30226.
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This research contributes to improved risk analysis of performance measure forecasts in road safety engineering by designing and applying a method to characterize uncertainty associated with forecast input data in cases where input uncertainty is not known. The research applies this method to quantify uncertainty in three categories of inputs used in risk analysis of performance measure forecasts in road safety engineering: (1) estimates of pedestrian exposure to collision risk; (2) estimates of vehicular exposure to collision risk; and (3) estimates of engineering economics parameters that assign valuations to mortality risk reductions based on individual willingness to pay. The common methods used in each of these categories are repeated comparisons of input ground truth to input estimations, the use of simulation approaches (e.g. the simulation of short-term counts by sampling permanent count data), and the use of non-parametric techniques to characterize input uncertainty. Some highlights of quantified input uncertainty levels include: (1) when obtaining pedestrian risk exposure estimates at a site in Winnipeg, MB by expanding two-hour short-term counts using the National Bicycle and Pedestrian Documentation Project method, 90% of errors are between 62% and 170%; (2) when obtaining estimates of vehicle exposure to collision risk by expanding two 48-hour counts using the individual permanent counter method for Manitoba highways, 92 % of errors are between 9.5% and 10.8%; and (3) when applying an income-disaggregated transfer function to estimate value of a statistical life for road safety in developing countries, 90% of errors are between 53% and 54%. The results provide further detail on the structure of these input uncertainties. Analytic and computational capabilities in forecasting and risk analysis have advanced beyond our understanding of corresponding input uncertainty levels; this research closes some of this gap and enables better risk analysis of performance measure forecasts in road safety engineering.
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Green, Eric R. "SEGMENTATION STRATEGIES FOR ROAD SAFETY ANALYSIS." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ce_etds/62.
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This dissertation addresses the relationship between roadway segment length and roadway attributes and their relationship to the efficacy of Safety Performance Function (SPF) models. This research focuses on three aspects of segmentation: segment length, roadway attributes, and combinations of the two. First, it is shown that choice of average roadway segment length can result in markedly different priority lists. This leads to an investigation of the effect of segment length on the development of SPFs and identifies average lengths that produce the best-fitting SPF. Secondly, roadway attributes are filtered to test the effect that homogeneity has on SPF development. Lastly, a combination of segment length and attributes are examined in the same context.
In the process of conducting this research a tool was developed that provides objective goodness-of-fit measures as well as visual depictions of the model. This information can be used to avoid things like omitted variable bias by allowing the user to include other variables or filter the database. This dissertation also discusses and offers examples of ways to improve the models by employing alternate model forms.
This research revealed that SPF development is sensitive to a variety of factors related to segment length and attributes. It is clear that strict base condition filters based on the most predominant roadway attributes provide the best models. The preferred functional form was shown to be dependent on the segmentation approach (fixed versus variable length). Overall, an important step in SPF development process is evaluation and comparison to determine the ideal length and attributes for the network being analyzed (about 2 miles or 3.2 km for Kentucky parkways). As such, a framework is provided to help safety professionals employ the findings from this research.
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Ahn, Heejin. "Safety verification and control for collision avoidance at road intersections." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119339.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 145-149).
Car crashes cause a large number of fatalities and injuries, with about 33,000 people killed and 2.3 million injured in the United States every year. To prevent car crashes, the government and automotive companies have taken initiatives to develop and deploy communications among vehicles and between vehicles and infrastructure. By using such communications, we design centralized coordinators at road intersections, called supervisors, that monitor the dynamical state of vehicles and the current input of drivers and override them if necessary to prevent a collision. The primary technical problem in the design of such systems is to determine if the current drivers' input will cause an unavoidable future collision, in which case the supervisor must override the drivers at the current time to prevent the collision. This problem is called safety verification problem which is known to be computationally intractable for general dynamical systems. Our approach to solving the safety verification problem is to translate it to a computationally more tractable scheduling problem. When modeling an intersection as a single conflict area inside which the paths of vehicles intersect, we exactly solve the scheduling problem with algorithms that can handle a small number of vehicles in real-time. For a larger number of vehicles or with more complex intersection models, we approximately solve it within quantified approximation bounds by using mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulations that, despite the combinatorial complexity, can be solved in real-time by available software such as CPLEX. Based on the solutions to the safety verification problem, we design a supervisor and prove that it ensures safety and is nonblocking, another major challenge of verification-based algorithms. We validate the supervisor using computer simulations and experiments.
by Heejin Ahn.
Ph. D.
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Al-Haji, Ghazwan. "Road Safety Development Index : Theory, Philosophy and Practice." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8812.
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This dissertation develops, presents and tests a new international tool, the so-called Road Safety Development Index (RSDI), which indicates in a comprehensive and easy way the severity of the road safety situation in a specific country and/or in comparison with other countries. There are three pillars of outcomes involved in the framework of RSDI. One pillar is the People focus (road user behaviour). The second is the System focus (safer vehicles, safer roads, enforcement, management, etc). The third is the Product focus in terms of accident death rates. This thesis analyses each of these pillars. In addition, RSDI links the key national practices of road safety to each other and to the end-results (accident death rates). The study suggests a master-list of performance indicators to be implemented for assessing road safety level in a country and for RSDI building. Based on the “master-list”, a short key list of performance indicators is chosen and classified into two primary categories that correspond to two groups of countries: LMCs “Less Motorised Countries” and HMCs “Highly Motorised Countries”. RSDI aggregates the key performance indicators into one single quantitative value (composite index). Four main objective and subjective approaches are used to calculate RSDI and determine which one is the best. One approach uses equal weights for all indicators and countries, whereas the other approaches give different weights depending on the importance of indicators. Two empirical studies were carried out, in different parts of the world, to determine the applicability of this tool in real world applications. The first empirical study comes from eight European countries (HMCs). The second empirical study comes from five Southeast Asian countries (LMCs). The RSDI results from this study indicate a remarkable difference between the selected countries even at the same level of motorisation and/or with close accident death rates. The unavailability of comparable and useful data are problems for deeper analysis of RSDI, especially the index should be as relevant as possible for different parts of the world. The empirical and theoretical assessments prove that RSDI can give a broader picture of the whole road safety situation in a country compared to the traditional models and can offer a simple and easily understandable tool to national policy makers and public.Denna avhandling utvecklar, presenterar och testar ett nytt internationellt verktyg, det så kallade Road Safety Development Index (RSDI), vilket på ett begripligt och lättillgängligt sätt beskriver trafiksäkerhetsläget i ett visst land jämfört med andra länder. Resultatet av RSDI utgörs av tre grundpelare. Den första pelaren är Fokus på människor (vägtrafikbeteende). Den andra är Fokus på systemet (säkrare fordon, säkrare vägar, beivrande, management, osv). Den tredje pelaren är Fokus på produkten med avseende på antal döda per fordon och per invånare. Arbetet analyserar var och en av dessa tre pelare. RSDI kopplar dessutom samman de viktigaste nationella praxisarna och erfarenheterna med varandra och till slutresultaten (antal dödsfall). Studien föreslår en lista med de viktigaste indikatorerna på hur olika länder vidtar åtgärder för trafiksäkerheten. Grundat på denna “master-lista” kan en kort lista med de viktigaste indikatorerna skapas och klassificeras i två huvudkategorier för två typer av länder: LMC “länder med låg andel fordon” och HMC “länder med hög andel fordon”. RSDI aggregerar de viktigaste performance-indikatorerna till ett enda kvantitativt mått (ett sammansatt index). Fyra olika objektiva och subjektiva huvudangreppssätt används för att beräkna RSDI och bestämma vilket av dem som är det bästa. En metod använder sig av lika stora vikter för alla indikatorer och länder, medan en annan metod ger olika vikter beroende på indikatorernas betydelse. Två empiriska studier genomfördes i olika delar av världen för att bestämma tillämpligheten av detta verktyg i verkliga situationer. Den första empiriska studien kommer från åtta länder i Europa (HMC-länder). Den andra empiriska studien har gjorts i fem länder i Sydostasien (LMC-länder). Resultaten från detta RSDI tyder på en anmärkningsvärd skillnad mellan de valda länderna, också om andelen bilägare och/eller andra variabler för trafiksäkerhet hålls konstanta. Bristen på jämförbara och användbara data medför problem vid en djupare analys av RSDI för olika delar av världen. De empiriska och teoretiska skattningarna visar att RSDI kan ge en bredare bild av hela trafiksäkerhetssituationen i ett land jämfört med traditionella modeller och kan erbjuda ett enkelt och lättförståeligt verktyg för de nationella beslutsfattarna liksom för allmänheten.
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Jaroszweski, David John. "Climate change and road freight safety : impacts and opportunities." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1220/.
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This thesis aims to apply recent conceptual frameworks for climate change impact assessment to the road freight sector of Great Britain in order to identify potential future safety issues. The freight sector is a key component of Great Britain’s economy, and one which is particularly vulnerable to the effects of adverse weather. An assessment of the current patterns in weather related freight accidents is produced, and existing studies on accident causation are elaborated upon to arrive at relationships between key meteorological parameters and freight accident rates. These relationships are extrapolated onto various climate scenarios under low, medium and high emissions for the 2020s, 2050s and 2080s using UKICP09 climate tools to arrive at projections of possible impacts at a regional scale. This thesis also addresses a key criticism of the previous climate change impact assessment literature; that studies usually neglect the consideration of what the network will look like in the future, how it will be used, and how this will impact upon its vulnerability to meteorology. The way in which the network is designed, the resilience of the vehicles that operate on it and the split of usage between the various modes will all affect the impacts that are likely to be seen, and are all determined by the broader socio-economic pathway of the country. Delphi techniques are used for short term forecasts of growth and to identify emerging issues with the industry. UKCIP data is used to extend these projections to 2050. By combining social and physical techniques, a more holistic picture of future impacts is found. Although the confluence of safer technology and a reduction of winter road icing and summer precipitation events could potentially lead to a safer operating environment, certain scenarios which promote high emissions, a larger freight fleet and low investment in infrastructure could cause problems, especially for winter precipitation events.
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Al-Matawah, Jamal Ahmed. "An investigation of driver attitudes towards road safety in Kuwait." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/73295/.
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Statistics show that the fatalities rate per 10,000 vehicles in the State of Kuwait is about three times that in the UK, and the number of traffic accidents in Kuwait is increasing each year. In 1992, there were 16,017 traffic accidents, with 279 killed. By 2005, the number of accidents had increased to 56,235 with 451 fatalities, although the size of the vehicle fleet was only 1,134,042. This thesis presents the findings of a study of a substantial road accident database for Kuwait and a supplementary questionnaire survey to further understand related driver behaviour. Police accident reports relating to fatality and injury for the year 2002 were collected from the General Investigation Administration at the Ministry of the Interior to obtain an overview of the situation. Human behaviour and driver error were considered to be the main contributory factors, as has been found elsewhere. A questionnaire survey was undertaken to obtain a more in-depth understanding of driver behaviour and attitudes towards traffic regulations, which might relate to road accidents, and the potential acceptability of remedial measures. The questions were developed to suit the traffic environment and culture in Kuwait, and 1,528 questionnaires were completed. Analysis has shown that there are significant associations between accident involvement and other contributory factors. A road accident prediction model was developed, linking behaviour and attitudes with a number of factors such as age, sex, nationality, education level, marital status, driver education, driver training, usual speed on motorways, number of dangerous offences per year, years of driving experience, and drivers’ perceptions of the effectiveness of enforcement on total accident rate. The Generalised Linear Model (GLM) approach was used. It was found that driver attitude towards traffic regulations, enforcement, the number of critical traffic violations, nationality and age were significant contributory factors. The results will be used to influence future policy towards driving education, training and enforcement in Kuwait.
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Mollet, C. J. "The analysis of road traffic accident data in the implementation of road safety remedial programmes." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52483.
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Thesis (M.Ing.)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A road safety remedial programme has as an objective the improvement of road transportation safety by applying road safety engineering remedial measures to hazardous road network elements in a manner that will be economically efficient. Since accident data is the primary manifestation of poor safety levels it must be analysed in manner that will support the overall objective of economic efficiency. Three steps in the process of implementing a road safety remedial programme, that rely on the systematic analysis of accident data, are the identification of hazardous locations, the ranking of hazardous locations and the evaluation of remedial measure effectiveness. The efficiency of a road safety remedial programme can be enhanced by using appropriate methodologies to measure safety, identify and rank hazardous locations and to determine the effectiveness of road safety remedial measures. There are a number of methodologies available to perform these tasks, although some perform much better than other. Methodologies based on the Empirical Bayesian approach generally provide better results than the Conventional methods. Bayesian methodologies are not often used in South Africa. To do so would require the additional training of students and engineering professionals as well as more research by tertiary and other research institutions. The efficiency of a road safety remedial programme can be compromised by using poor quality accident data. In South Africa the quality of accident data is generally poor and should more attention be given to the proper management and control of accident data. This thesis will report on, investigate and evaluate Bayesian and Conventional accident data analysis methodologies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van 'n padveiligheidsverbeteringsprogram is om op die mees koste effektiewe manier die veiligheid van onveilige padnetwerkelemente te verbeter deur die toepassing van ingenieursmaatreëls. Aangesien padveiligheid direk verband hou met verkeersongelukke vereis die koste effektiewe implementering van 'n padveiligheidsverbeteringsprogram die doelgerigte en korrekte ontleding van ongeluksdata. Om 'n padveiligheidsverbeteringsprogram te implementeer word die ontleding van ongeluksdata verlang vir die identifisering en priortisering van gevaarkolle, sowel as om die effektiwiteit van verbeteringsmaatreëls te bepaal. Die koste effektiwiteit van 'n padveiligheidsverbeteringsprogram kan verbeter word deur die regte metodes te kies om padveiligheid te meet, gevaarkolle te identifiseer en te prioritiseer en om die effektiwiteit van verbeteringsmaatreëls te bepaal. Daar is verskeie metodes om hierdie ontledings te doen, alhoewel sommige van die metodes beter is as ander. Die 'Bayesian' metodes lewer oor die algemeen beter resultate as die gewone konvensionele metodes. 'Bayesian' metodes word nie. in Suid Afrika toegepas nie. Om dit te doen sal addisionele opleiding van studente en ingenieurs vereis, sowel as addisionele navorsing deur universiteite en ander navorsing instansies. Die gebruik van swak kwaliteit ongeluksdata kan die integriteit van 'n padveiligheidsverbeteringsprogram benadeel. Die kwaliteit van ongeluksdata in Suid Afrika is oor die algemeen swak en behoort meer aandag gegee te word aan die bestuur en kontrole van ongeluksdata. Die doel van hierdie tesis is om verslag te doen oor 'Bayesian' en konvensionele metodes wat gebruik kan word om ongeluksdata te ontleed, dit te ondersoek en te evalueer.
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Abuzwidah, Muamer Ali M. "Evaluation and modeling of the safety of open road tolling system." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4738.
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The goal of this thesis is to examine the traffic safety impact of upgrading Toll Plazas (TP) to Open Road Tolling (ORT). The ORT could enhance safety but could also pose some traffic safety concerns at Toll plazas. Crashes from eight years were investigated by evaluating the crash data before and after the implementation of the ORT. The study was conducted by using two approaches: 1) a simple before and after study and with a comparison group; 2) a modeling effort to help understand the relationship between the crash frequency and several important factors and circumstances such as injury severity, collision types, average daily traffic (ADT) and Toll plaza characteristics. The study investigated 11 Toll plazas on State Roads 408, 417, 528 and 429 that have been changed to the ORT design. Several maps showing the Toll plazas and identifying the relevant crash locations were generated. Negative Binomial (NB), Log Linear model and two-way contingency table were examined. Two log-linear models with three variables in each model with all possible two-way interactions were developed. Categorical data analysis of the 2009 and 2010 crash dataset was performed. In order to compare the differences in response between the crash frequency and a particular crash-related variable, odds ratios were computed. The effects of crash frequency and crash-related factors were examined, and interactions among them were considered. The results indicated significant relationships between the crash frequency and ADT, crash type and driver age. It is worth mentioning that the expressway network understudy was continuously experiencing constructions throughout the study period. There is indication that ORT reduced the total crash number; also there is indication of changing the crash types and locations; and the majority of crashes occurred at the diverging and merging areas and resulted in more severe crashes. More data may be needed to confirm these results especially after all constructions and upgrades are made. The Implementation of open road tolling, the locations of Toll plazas, Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) subscription rate, traffic demand, and plaza geometry all may have a high influence on traffic safety concerns at Toll plazas, as concluded from the negative Binomial Model's results. The changing of sign locations, reducing the speed limit, installing variable message signs, configuring plazas properly, and other considerations may be the solution to overcome the potential safety problems in the vicinity of Toll plazas. The change of design to ORT was proven to be an excellent solution to several traffic operation problems, including reducing congestion and improving traffic flow and capacity at Toll plazas. However, addressing safety concerns at Toll plazas should take priority.ID: 031001573; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Title from PDF title page (viewed August 26, 2013).; : .; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-103).
M.S.
Masters
Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Civil Engineering; Transportation System Engineering Track
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Balogh, Samu Márton. "Perceived safety of cyclists : The role of road attributes." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-214830.
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Objectives Although the lack of perceived safety is an important deterrent to cycling, available knowledge is not comprehensive enough. The aim of this research is to contribute to academic knowledge by exploring the role of road section attributes in perceived safety of cyclists and to develop a method to use the theoretical results in practice. Methods A stated choice survey is carried out to estimate the effects of selected infrastructure attributes on perceived safety. A multinomial logit (MNL) model is used to estimate the effects. Results are used to develop an infrastructure assessment tool by counting aggregate perceived safety utility values of road sections. Results Cyclists perceive the presence of dedicated cycling facilities and physical separation similarly important, while other attributes (traffic volume, speed reduction and adjacent car parking) turned out to be less important. The Subjective Safety Score can be consciously used to evaluate existing and planned road sections and compare different design alternatives. Conclusions The results give a strong support for using physically separated cycling facilities (cycle tracks for example) to engage people to cycling. Further research is recommended to explore the effects of intersection attributes and to include interaction effects of attributes as well.
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Jones, Joshua Reid. "A Method to Quantify Road Safety Audit Data and Results." DigitalCommons@USU, 2013. http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1544.
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The research presented in this thesis is the result of field data collection conducted by the Utah Local Technical Assistance Program (Utah LTAP) in conjunction with the Utah Department of Transportation. The first step of the research was data collection from 18 road safety audits conducted throughout the state of Utah. These Road Safety Audits (RSA's) provided a wide variety of data that was used for the validation of the road safety audit quantification methodology. The purpose of this research is to provide quantification to the RSA process that will increase the benefits gained from implementing the RSA recommendations. Benefits derived from the implementation of RSA recommendations were found by assessing the change of risk from before and after safety improvements. The RSA quantification tool was developed to analyze projects in both urban and rural settings. The implementation of the RSA tool will help practitioners show the benefits that can be gained from the safety recommendations and help decision makers in allocating funds to the areas that pose the most risk. The tool will show the difference in risk that the improvements make and the cost effectiveness of different project alternatives.
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Davies, Paul Anthony. "A methodology for the quantitative risk assessment of the road and rail transport of explosives." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1990. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/32807.
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A study was made of the hazard presented by, and the risks associated with, the road and rail transport of conventional explosives. Its purpose was firstly to review the transport environments associated with the hazardous goods and in particular conventional accident and carriage of explosives. Secondly, to identify and assess those stimuli present in transport and accident environments which are liable to cause accidental initiation of explosives. Thirdly, to identify explosion consequence models suitable for the assessment of injury and damage suffered by roadside and rail-side populations as a result of explosion. Finally, to apply and develop a risk assessment methodology capable of identifying, quantifying, evaluating and monitoring individual and societal risks. The study formulates a basic methodology for the assessment of transient hazards and more specifically, a methodology suitable for quantitative risk assessment of the road and rail transport of conventional commercial and military explosives.
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Pratyaksa, Prabha. "Safety evaluation of converging chevron pavement markings." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47697.
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Chevron pavement markings have seen rising interest in the United States as a means to reduce speeds at high-speed locations and improve safety performance. In Atlanta, there are two freeway-to-freeway ramps where chevron markings are being used. A previous study analyzed before-and-after speed data at these ramps and found only a modest reduction on overall vehicle speeds. However, a cursory crash analysis indicated that the ramps had crash reductions of over 60%, suggesting that safety benefits exist even though vehicle speeds are not significantly affected. This research aims to evaluate the safety performance of chevron markings on the two ramps in Atlanta, GA in order to quantify the potential impact of the treatment on safety and to understand the mechanism by which the treatment influences safety.
This thesis begins with a literature review covering topics in human factors in safety, past uses of different types of pavement markings, and methods in using crash databases and police reports in accident studies. Next, the thesis presents an in-depth before and after analysis of crash data from crash databases and police reports provided by the Georgia Department of Transportation. And finally, the thesis concludes with a summary of findings and a discussion of further research needs.
The results verified that there were 73% and 61% crash reductions in the two study ramps. Chevron markings appear to have benefitted all types of crashes and that they are possibly serving as a warning to drivers of potential upcoming hazards. Unavailability of a number of police reports and errors in crash databases were limitations to this study, and ultimately, new sites should be selected carefully and further studies need to be performed to better understand the treatment's benefits.
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Lopez, Edith. "TUNNEL ROAD SAFETY: A LOOK AT OLDER DRIVERS’ PERFORMANCE AND SIGHT IMPAIRMENT." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1177.
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In California, there is an observed trend in which collisions cluster in and around tunnels. The break in road continuity created by the tunnels disturbs traffic flow that can lead to collisions. One of the main contrasts between open roads and tunnel roads occurs in lighting. Drivers with sight deficiencies are unable to adapt their sight to the change in the lighting environment and may crash due to misperception of road alignment, vehicle’s speed and other physiological reactions, such as tension. The suspect population group of crashes occurring under the influence of tunnels conditions is older drivers.
The literature suggests that sight and driving performance deteriorate with age. This research attempted to validate this claim by performing a study that looked at driver and crash characteristic of injury and fatal collisions that occurred in and around tunnels. The expectation was that a greater proportion of the older population, 60 years and older, would be represented in the crash data. However, this study found that it is young drivers and not older drivers who are more likely to crash in and around tunnels. This finding may be explained by the State of California’s vision requirements for the issue of a driver’s license, and the voluntary retirement of drivers that feel that they can no longer drive safely. A second explanation may be that high-risk taking behavior exhibited in younger drivers overcompensates for the physical impairments exhibited in older drivers.
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Sin, Jerome Ga Nok. "Safety impact study of centerline rumble strips in Georgia." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51775.
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Within the last decade, centerline rumble strips have become increasingly prevalent as a safety countermeasure on undivided roadways throughout the United States. Within the state of Georgia, nearly 200 miles of centerline rumble strips have been installed in an effort to address the severity and frequency of crashes involving the centerline. With several thousands of miles of new installations throughout the nation in the last decade, much literature on this subject is still being amassed. This paper will compile and summarize existing literature in order to provide a thorough overview of the latest information from around the United States regarding the safety, usage, and impacts of centerline rumble strips. Furthermore, this paper seeks to comprehensively determine the safety impacts of centerline rumble strips on undivided, rural highway facilities in the state of Georgia. This portion of the study will prepare an updated inventory of centerline rumble strip installations in Georgia and perform a before-after study using three methods: a direct before-after analysis, a comparison before-after analysis, and a comparative analysis. These analyses will incorporate data from crash databases, police records, and traffic records to produce results unique to Georgia. Lastly, this paper will determine the current status of centerline rumble strips and the potential short- and long-term safety, physical, and unintended effects of centerline rumble strips both in the state of Georgia and throughout the United States through a survey sent to all fifty state transportation agencies. Through literature compilation, safety analyses, and findings on the effects of centerline rumble strips, this paper will aid in the future of centerline rumble strips within Georgia and the United States.
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Martin, Jasmine A. "The Relationship between Bicycles and Traffic Safety for All Road Users." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1347.
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Over the past twenty years bicycle use as a mode of transportation has grown considerably in the United States. Other studies have examined the individual bicyclist’s risk in proportion to the growth in cycling across cities, a phenomenon referred to as ‘safety in numbers.’ This study expands from that research and examines the effect of cyclists on road safety for all road users.
The study examines the roles of bicycle modal split, a city wide analysis, and bicycle infrastructure, a site based analysis, in road safety outcomes. For the city based analysis, twenty years of crash data in 12 California cities were analyzed over a 20 year period. This study primarily used census data and State wide Integrated Traffic Records System (SWITRS) data. This study concludes that as bicycle modal split increases in a city, the traffic fatalities tend to decrease and the relationship is an exponential function.
The site based analysis focuses on the effects of installing a bicycle lane on a street and examined its effect on injury crashes. 20 sites in San Francisco, CA that had bike lanes installed on them were compared to 25 control group sites, also in San Francisco, that did not have any bike lanes or other significant changes. An Empirical Bayes method of analysis was done to test its effects and determined that the effects were statistically significant.
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Usman, Muhammad Faisal. "Road safety investigation of the interaction between driver and cyclist." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17401/.
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With growing global concern to reduce CO2 emissions, the transportation modal shift from car to bicycle is an encouraging alternative, which is getting more popular in Europe and North America, thanks to very low impact on the environment. On the other hand, the infrastructure for cyclist should be improved, since cyclists are vulnerable road users and with an increase in the number of cyclists the concern for their safety also gets increased.
In this thesis, the analysis of accidents in which cyclists have been involved and understanding the reason for these accidents have been discussed, then the necessary requirements to design and implement a safe bicycle network is introduced.
The study focuses on the drivers’ behavior in terms of interaction with cyclists when there is a presence of a cyclist crossing. Therefore the road safety investigation on cyclist infrastructure was made with observing drivers’interaction with cyclists.
Then the time-based surrogacy measures used to investigate the safety level of the cylist, in particular PET (Post Encroachment Time) and TTC (Time to Collision) between driver and bicyclist were determing keeping in mind the right-angle collision.
Furthermore we tried to find the reaction time of the drivers especially on signals and also with the presence of cyclist on the crossing to understand the time which is needed for the driver to stop the car. All of this data could be later useful for the reconstruction of the accidents. Understanding the instants at which driver applies the brakes was made possible by installing a V-Box device inside our test vehicle which also used to determine measures such as speed, distance and other important.
Finally using mobile eye tracker the driver visual behavior when arriving the crossing point where observed and results showed that at number of situations driver’s gaze was distracted and only cyclist became an important focus only when he was at a considerable length from the crossing.
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Ball, Stephen Clifford. "The construction of local road safety issues : when lay and professional discourses collide." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1554.
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Highway Authorities in the United Kingdom have jurisdiction to control, maintain and improve the local highway network, and the Road Traffic Act 1988 places a duty on such authorities to take preventative measures to reduce road casualties. As such, engineers working for the Highway Authority are on the ‘front-line,’ and are required to deal directly with lay concerns relating to road safety. This study investigates the nature and characteristics of how local road safety issues are raised and how engineers respond to such issues in a local authority setting. A grounded theory methodology was applied in the collection and analysis of this data, and in the generation of subsequent emergent themes. Datasets were established containing textual data from correspondence between the lay public and the authority, and from local press reporting. This was augmented by 47 semi-structured interviews with engineers. The analysis demonstrates that road safety issues and their construction, form a distinct genre. There are certain characteristic structural elements and argumentative approaches, which are oft repeated, in lay formulations of road safety. Road safety issues are played out in a contested field, although engineers may have, in theory, the ‘expertise’ that grants them authority to assess, diagnose and implement mitigation measures; in practice they have little autonomy or control. Regulatory restrictions, political interference, resource impoverishment and a volatile public, severely limit engineers’ independence and discretion. In dealing with the exigencies and pressures of day-to-day front-line public service, engineers deploy certain strategies for ‘managing’ the public. These pragmatic strategies are examined in order to establish how engineers can best effect practical action, in the face of competing and often conflicting demands. In examining the rhetorical organisation of lay argumentative strategies, a ‘popular epidemiology’ of road safety is recreated. This term, borrowed from Brown (1992), encapsulates a folk philosophy with respect to accident causation and the measures that are considered necessary or appropriate to ameliorate/eliminate identified issues. It is suggested that in vivo formulations of road safety issues, such as the ‘accident waiting to happen’ are founded on vague premises, and constitute a category mistake. Projections from phenomenally troubling, yet largely unsubstantiable events, to those with profound material consequences, are neither necessary nor certain. In making decisions on substantial capital investments, engineers, by necessity, are required to assess competing sites on a more epistemically secure metric, namely the police road casualty record.
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Egilmez, Gokhan. "Road Safety Assessment of U.S. States: A Joint Frontier and Neural Network ModelingApproach." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1374854708.
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Nicholls, J. C. "Extending the range of durable road surfacings that both provide safety and minimise environmental impact." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299083.
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Zhang, Le-Le. "Increasing the road safety of e-bike : design of protective shells based on stability criteria." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/41253/.
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China currently occupies the world’s leading Electric bicycle (e-bike) market. However, the popularity of e-bikes is accompanied by massive numbers of injuries and deaths due to accidents involving e-bikes. As a result, the safety of e-bikes has recently received much attention from the public and the government and researchers have concentrated on improving the safety features of e-bikes with innovative technologies. It has been shown that well-designed protective shells can protect a driver involved in an e-bike accident. However, there is a lack of criteria on which to base the design of an effective protective shell for e-bikes. Therefore, this research focuses on the development of a design criterion based on the specific case of Roly-Poly stability. This stability criterion can be formulated for one curved surface as r > h, which is in a stable stability configuration - one of a number of static stability configurations. In this study, static stabilities are configured based on knowledge of potential energy (PE). In order to verify the design criteria, three types of protective shells are designed with different stability conditions. The first type follows the design criterion (r > h), while the remaining two do not (r = h and r < h). A finite element model of an e-bike is constructed with key components, such as the main frame, CoM (the position of which is obtained by a plumb line experiment), and the designed protective shells. The meshed models are produced and employed to determine the contact parameters using the frictionless penalty method. The corresponding results of sideways falling simulation successfully demonstrate the validity of the design criterion.
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Gomli, Dastan, and Erik Lindström. "Visual Communication Console : Sharing Safety-Critical Information between Heavy Vehicles and Vulnerable Road Users." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-18371.
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Background. Over the years, between 2013 and 2017, accidents between HeavyGoods Vehicles and Pedestrians have come to increase. Leading causes stem frominattentiveness and lack of communication between driver and pedestrians. Withthe advent of Autonomous vehicles, set to be able to reduce accidents, uncertainties in how communication and trust between humans and machines will be formed re-mains. Objectives. The research aim has been to understand the difficulties and problemssurrounding heavy vehicles, and the problems that today’s heavy vehicle operators faces, from which a technical solution that addressees the uncovered needs, is devel-oped. Methods. Design Research Methodology and MSPI Innovation Process has beenused in combination for acquiring and validating information around the problem.Shadowing sessions, unstructured interviews has been used for acquiring information.Literature reviews have been done to find academic validation in hypotheses statedthroughout the research. From the information gathered, iterative prototypes havebeen built. Results. From the needfinding that was conducted, safety around trucks was thefield on which the scope of the research was focused around. Due the larger size oftruck, decision-making through eye contact and intention determining is set to beharder when dealing with heavy vehicles, leading to an uncertainty around heavyvehicles residing with pedestrians in how to act around these. With the operatorsof these vehicles finding the unpredictable nature of pedestrians and cyclist in trafficto be troublesome and safety imposing, the research aim was set around addressing these needs. A communication console was developed, that is able to communi-cate safety-critical information between heavy vehicle operators and vulnerable road users, as means of reducing front collisions between said parts. Conclusions. The console has been developed through iterative prototyping andtesting, with design requirements being acquired through learnings and feedbackgathered from each iteration. The resulting communication console being presentedis able to share critical information being sought by pedestrians for decision-making,primarily that of eye contact and intentions of oncoming vehicles. The system servesas a proof of concept, that could through extensive traffic safety testing, help reducefront collisions between Heavy Goods Vehicles and Vulnerable Road Users, as well as, through further development, become the central communication console for au-tonomous vehicles to ensure partnership and intuitive communication between these and the surroundings.
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Shaik, Mohammed Soban. "Impact on transportation during Covid-19 crisis and road safety measures in pandemic." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/22717/.
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The briefing to know how countries are facing problems during pandemic an overview on the state of play trends of urban transport since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. It results four scenarios, the prevalence of one or the other depending on the priorities Settled by policy makers and assistance advisers. The guidelines deliver general suggestions for a post-COVID-19 smart and sustainable urban transport mobility and a set of desirable actions on how to integrate EU response into existing strategy priorities.
Against the crisis of a continuously changing environment, the aim of this paper is to discuss the impact of COVID-19 crisis in Italy, the government response to cope with the crisis and the major lessons learned during its managing in pandemic. The analysis data to observe how Italy’s faced response has been characterized by some rapid measures to implement the health crisis, but few plans in the mitigation stage and a push back of community involvement. This contribution pressure and its importance of a cultural shift, through the effort to apply in practice the principles already indicated in the main global policy frameworks to guide disaster throughout the country. A community social development approach can help to build new formation of healthy country.
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Delgado, Isidro. "Modeling Roadside Safety Hazards to Predict Annual Crash Cost to Encroaching Vehicles in Rural Road Networks." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3055.
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Roadside crashes account for a large portion of total fatal crashes that occur annually in the United States. About 30% of those fatalities are the result of single vehicle run-off-road crashes. A large proportion of these fatal crashes occur in rural roads when vehicles depart from the travel lane and collide with trees or other roadside safety hazards. Many of these run-off-road accidents occur in local roads that carry traffic volumes between 1,000 and 20,000 vehicles per day. Many of these roads are part of the jurisdiction of county authorities faced with the dilemma of having too many "potentially dangerous" sites and lacking a methodology for assessing their risk to rank them accordingly; and to apply the limited resources to the ones that will bring the greatest benefit to society. This situation describes the case in Hillsborough County, Florida, in 2004 when they contracted a study with the Transportation Program of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of the University of South Florida. The initial scope was to develop a methodology to assess the potential risk for each of 19 sites in a given list to prioritize further studies. The project was sponsored by the Engineering Division, Public Works Department, of Hillsborough County. The methodology developed considered the roadside safety hazards at each location and it was based on the use of the Road Safety Analysis Program (RSAP) software distributed as part of the 2002 AASHTO's Roadside Design Guide. This dissertation presents a further development of this approach: it continues to use the probabilistic approach built into RSAP to calculate the annual crash cost of each roadside safety hazard at 45 study segments. It then obtains regression models to predict that annual crash cost, as computed by RSAP, based on
roadway and traffic characteristics as well as on the nature, location and physical dimensions of the roadside safety hazard. For each study segment, the annual crash cost of each feature (as estimated with the models developed) is added for a final comparison with the RSAP Annual Crash Cost. A coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.80 was obtained. The models developed were finally used to replicate the original 2005 study for Hillsborough County. Although there were minor variations on the risk index originally computed, the ranking of the 19 study sites remained basically the same with a clear cut indication of the sites that should be considered for further engineering studies.
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Boonsiripant, Saroch. "Speed profile variation as a surrogate measure of road safety based on GPS-equipped vehicle data." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28275.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Hunter, Michael; Committee Member: Dixon, Karen; Committee Member: Guensler, Randall; Committee Member: Rodgers, Michael; Committee Member: Tsui, Kwok-Leung.
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Tshaai, Dineo Christina. "Optimisation of Rail-road Level Crossing Closing Time in a Heterogenous Railway Traffic: Towards Safety Improvement - South African Case Study." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33056.
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The gravitation towards mobility-as-a service in railway transportation system can be achieved at low cost and effort using shared railway network. However, the problem with shared networks is the presence of the level crossings where railway and road traffic intersects. Thus, long waiting time is expected at the level crossings due to the increase in traffic volume and heterogeneity. Furthermore, safety and capacity can be severely compromised by long level crossing closing time. The emphasis of this study is to optimise the rail-road level crossing closing time in order to achieve improved safety and capacity in a heterogeneous railway network. It is imperative to note that rail-road level crossing system assumes the socio-technical and safety critical duality which often impedes improvement efforts. Therefore, thorough understanding of the factors with highest influence on the level crossing closing time is required. Henceforth, data analysis has been conducted on eight active rail-road level crossings found on the southern corridor of the Western Cape metro rail. The spatial, temporal and behavioural analysis was conducted to extract features with influence on the level crossing closing time. Convex optimisation with the objective to minimise the level crossing closing time is formulated taking into account identified features. Moreover, the objective function is constrained by the train's traction characteristics along the constituent segments of the rail-road level crossing, speed restriction and headway time. The results show that developed solution guarantees at most 53.2% and 62.46% reduction in the level crossing closing time for the zero and nonzero dwell time, respectively. Moreover, the correctness of the presented solution has been validated based on the time lost at the level crossing and railway traffic capacity consumption. Thus, presented solution has been proven to achieve at most 50% recovery of the time lost per train trip and at least 15% improvement in capacity under normal conditions. Additionally, 27% capacity improvement is achievable at peak times and can increase depending on the severity of the headway constraints. However, convex optimisation of the level crossing closing time still fall short in level crossing with nonzero dwell time due to the approximation of dwell time based on the anticipated rather than actual value.
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Sim, Samuel Wook. "An initial investigation for a monitoring program for the safety performance of design exceptions in Georgia." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45815.
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In roadway projects, design exceptions are implemented when the project site consists of one or more substandard design elements. The objective of this thesis is to conduct an initial investigation for a monitoring program for the safety performance of design exceptions in Georgia. A total of 467 projects containing design exceptions were reported in Georgia from 1995 to 2011, and from this crash data for 179 projects from 2003 to 2008 were sampled. The crash data collected in this research pertains to all roadway segments within the projects and is not necessarily related to the design exceptions. Future efforts will be required to explore potential connections between the crash rates and design exceptions.
The annual crash results generally revealed a high variability and randomness in the data. For this reason, the average 3-year crash frequencies before design exception approval date and after it were calculated to determine the safety performance for projects containing design exceptions. A method for determining expected results using the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) predictive method is also discussed. The findings will be used to guide future research on design exceptions and mitigation measures to improve roadway safety.
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Sahin, Murat. "Design And Simulation Of An Abs For An Integrated Active Safety System For Road Vehicles." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12608801/index.pdf.
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Active safety systems for road vehicles have been improved considerably in recent years along with technological advances and the increasing demand for road safety. In the development route of active safety systems which started with introduction of digital controlled ABS in the late seventies, vehicle stability control systems have been developed which today, with an integration approach, incorporate ABS and other previously developed active safety technologies. ABS, as a main part of this new structure, still maintains its importance.
In this thesis, a design methodology of an antilock braking system controller for four wheeled road vehicles is presented with a detailed simulation work. In the study, it is intended to follow a flexible approach for integration with unified control structure of an integrated active safety system. The objective of the ABS controller, as in the previous designs in literature, is basically to provide retention of vehicle directional control capability and if possible shorter braking distances by controlling the wheel slip during braking. iv
A hierarchical structure was adopted for the ABS controller design. A high-level controller, through vehicle longitudinal acceleration based estimation, determines reference slip values and a low-level controller attempts to track these reference slip signals by modulating braking torques. Two control alternatives were offered for the design of the low-level controller: Fuzzy Logic Control and PID Control. Performance of the ABS controller was analyzed through extensive simulations conducted in MATLAB/Simulink for different road conditions and steering maneuvers. For simulations, an 8 DOF vehicle model was constructed with nonlinear tires.
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King, Mark Johann. "Case studies of the transfer of road safety knowledge and expertise from western countries to Thailand and Vietnam, using an ecological road safety space model : elephants in traffic and rice cooker helmets." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16191/1/Mark_King_Thesis.pdf.
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International organisations such as the World Health Organisation highlight the road crash problem in less motorised (or developing, or low income) countries like those in Southeast Asia and recommend the adoption of Western road safety measures. However, there are many differences between highly motorised and less motorised countries which raise questions about how successfully Western road safety knowledge and expertise can be transferred.-----
A review of the statistical information on road crashes shows a great deal of uncertainty about both the scale and likely trajectory of road fatalities globally, in less motorised countries and in Asia. It is generally agreed, however, that Asia accounts for around half of all road fatalities, and analysis of the limited available data shows both that Southeast Asia is not an atypical region of Asia in road safety terms, and that Thailand and Vietnam are not atypical of Southeast Asian countries.-----
A literature review of recommended practice approaches to road safety transfer in Asia shows that there are many economic, institutional, social and cultural factors which potentially influence the success of transfer. The review also shows that there is no coherent, comprehensive approach which either conceptualises these factors and their relationship to transfer outcomes, or uses an analysis of these factors to plan or modify transfer. To address this gap, this thesis develops a 'road safety space' model as a tool for conceptualisation and analysis, based on a biological metaphor which views the transfer of road safety measures from one context to another as analogous to the transfer of a species into a new ecological space. The road safety space model explicitly considers economic, institutional, social and cultural factors (from specific to broad) which influence the particular road safety issue which a particular road safety transfer effort seeks to address. A central contention of this thesis is that the road safety space model is both a feasible and useful tool to improve the process of road safety transfer to less motorised countries. Road safety space analysis is seen to have a role in a broader process of selection of road safety measures for transfer, along with knowledge of how the measures are considered to operate.-----
The research reported in this thesis is comprised of three studies. Study 1 reviewed evaluations of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam. Studies 2 and 3 were case studies of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam respectively.-----
Study 1 was an analysis of existing evaluations of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam. The aims were to analyse the evaluations for their consideration of contextual factors, as described in the road safety space model, and to discuss whether the road safety space model assisted in understanding the reasons for success or failure of transfer. However, very few such evaluations exist, and those that were found generally lacked information on whether contextual factors were considered. This indicated the need for a more detailed, in-depth qualitative investigation of particular cases of road safety transfer, in order to investigate the feasibility and utility of the road safety space model.-----
Two case studies (Study 2 and Study 3) were conducted to test whether the road safety space approach was both feasible and useful as a means of improving road safety transfer efforts. Study 2 was a case study of the development and implementation in Thailand of a road safety education program for school children, which involved the transfer of Western research and techniques. The transfer agents (i.e. those who effected the road safety transfer) were Australian consultants working for the Australian Road Research Board (ARRB). The transfer was funded by the World Bank and managed by the Thai Ministry of Education (MOE). Study 3 was a case study of the development and implementation of a motorcycle helmet wearing program in Vietnam, which involved the transfer of Western knowledge, techniques and technology. The transfer agents were staff of Asia Injury (AI), a non-government organisation (NGO), and the program was funded initially by a charitable fund, with the intention of becoming self-funding through operation of a helmet factory.-----
The case studies employed background research into existing information on economic, institutional, social and cultural factors relevant to the road safety issues (road use behaviour of school children in Thailand and motorcycle helmet purchase and wearing in Vietnam), and collected data through interviews with key informants, analysis of secondary sources and observations. This information was used to derive the road safety space for each road safety issue, to identify the road safety space recognised and addressed by the transfer agents (ARRB and AI), and to determine which factors they missed, or were aware of but took no action on. The focus of this analysis was on the processes used in transfer, not on the road safety outcomes of transfer, although these provided information on the processes as well. Available evaluation information was used to draw links between the omissions and the success of the transfer processes. It was noted that information on how the transferred measures operate should come from a road safety space analysis in the originating country, although this raised questions about selection of country and time (when the measure was first introduced, or in its maturity).-----
The feasibility and utility of the road safety space model were discussed. It was clear that the model provided information on the cases which was missed by the transfer agents. The questions examined next were whether this information could have been obtained from an exercise conducted before the transfer had commenced, whether the required effort and cost justified the potential benefits, and whether the information on the road safety space could have been useful for the transfer agents. Comparisons between the road safety spaces for the two cases showed some areas of commonality, e.g. perceptions of police corruption, but also many differences. It was considered likely that some broad factors could be generic, and the possibility was mooted that less motorised countries share issues with police enforcement. This requires further research, however, and at this stage it is better to treat each road safety space as a unique combination of contextual factors influencing the road safety issue of interest.-----
It is concluded that the road safety space model is feasible if used in such a way as to minimise the research involved, and useful, although the degree of utility needs to be further explored in a prospective study. The limitation introduced by restricting informants to those who could speak English are discussed. An approach using road safety space analysis is recommended, emphasising analysis of the country to which the road safety measure is being transferred, supplemented by analysis of the originating country road safety space. Gaps in knowledge are identified for further research and development, in particular the theoretical and practical understanding of road use behaviours and their modification in less motorised countries in Southeast Asia. Elaboration of the model is also recommended, to take into account the influence of the type of measure transferred, the role of the transfer agent, the area of road safety (education, engineering or enforcement), and the time dimension (the time which might be needed for a transfer to show its effects).-----
The findings of this research are likely to be applicable to road safety transfer in other less motorised regions of the world, however prospective testing is needed. They may also be relevant to issues of transfer for areas other than road safety, in particular public health and traffic engineering, where similar economic, institutional, social and cultural issues come together.
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King, Mark Johann. "Case studies of the transfer of road safety knowledge and expertise from western countries to Thailand and Vietnam, using an ecological road safety space model : elephants in traffic and rice cooker helmets." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16191/.
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International organisations such as the World Health Organisation highlight the road crash problem in less motorised (or developing, or low income) countries like those in Southeast Asia and recommend the adoption of Western road safety measures. However, there are many differences between highly motorised and less motorised countries which raise questions about how successfully Western road safety knowledge and expertise can be transferred.-----
A review of the statistical information on road crashes shows a great deal of uncertainty about both the scale and likely trajectory of road fatalities globally, in less motorised countries and in Asia. It is generally agreed, however, that Asia accounts for around half of all road fatalities, and analysis of the limited available data shows both that Southeast Asia is not an atypical region of Asia in road safety terms, and that Thailand and Vietnam are not atypical of Southeast Asian countries.-----
A literature review of recommended practice approaches to road safety transfer in Asia shows that there are many economic, institutional, social and cultural factors which potentially influence the success of transfer. The review also shows that there is no coherent, comprehensive approach which either conceptualises these factors and their relationship to transfer outcomes, or uses an analysis of these factors to plan or modify transfer. To address this gap, this thesis develops a 'road safety space' model as a tool for conceptualisation and analysis, based on a biological metaphor which views the transfer of road safety measures from one context to another as analogous to the transfer of a species into a new ecological space. The road safety space model explicitly considers economic, institutional, social and cultural factors (from specific to broad) which influence the particular road safety issue which a particular road safety transfer effort seeks to address. A central contention of this thesis is that the road safety space model is both a feasible and useful tool to improve the process of road safety transfer to less motorised countries. Road safety space analysis is seen to have a role in a broader process of selection of road safety measures for transfer, along with knowledge of how the measures are considered to operate.-----
The research reported in this thesis is comprised of three studies. Study 1 reviewed evaluations of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam. Studies 2 and 3 were case studies of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam respectively.-----
Study 1 was an analysis of existing evaluations of road safety transfer to Thailand and Vietnam. The aims were to analyse the evaluations for their consideration of contextual factors, as described in the road safety space model, and to discuss whether the road safety space model assisted in understanding the reasons for success or failure of transfer. However, very few such evaluations exist, and those that were found generally lacked information on whether contextual factors were considered. This indicated the need for a more detailed, in-depth qualitative investigation of particular cases of road safety transfer, in order to investigate the feasibility and utility of the road safety space model.-----
Two case studies (Study 2 and Study 3) were conducted to test whether the road safety space approach was both feasible and useful as a means of improving road safety transfer efforts. Study 2 was a case study of the development and implementation in Thailand of a road safety education program for school children, which involved the transfer of Western research and techniques. The transfer agents (i.e. those who effected the road safety transfer) were Australian consultants working for the Australian Road Research Board (ARRB). The transfer was funded by the World Bank and managed by the Thai Ministry of Education (MOE). Study 3 was a case study of the development and implementation of a motorcycle helmet wearing program in Vietnam, which involved the transfer of Western knowledge, techniques and technology. The transfer agents were staff of Asia Injury (AI), a non-government organisation (NGO), and the program was funded initially by a charitable fund, with the intention of becoming self-funding through operation of a helmet factory.-----
The case studies employed background research into existing information on economic, institutional, social and cultural factors relevant to the road safety issues (road use behaviour of school children in Thailand and motorcycle helmet purchase and wearing in Vietnam), and collected data through interviews with key informants, analysis of secondary sources and observations. This information was used to derive the road safety space for each road safety issue, to identify the road safety space recognised and addressed by the transfer agents (ARRB and AI), and to determine which factors they missed, or were aware of but took no action on. The focus of this analysis was on the processes used in transfer, not on the road safety outcomes of transfer, although these provided information on the processes as well. Available evaluation information was used to draw links between the omissions and the success of the transfer processes. It was noted that information on how the transferred measures operate should come from a road safety space analysis in the originating country, although this raised questions about selection of country and time (when the measure was first introduced, or in its maturity).-----
The feasibility and utility of the road safety space model were discussed. It was clear that the model provided information on the cases which was missed by the transfer agents. The questions examined next were whether this information could have been obtained from an exercise conducted before the transfer had commenced, whether the required effort and cost justified the potential benefits, and whether the information on the road safety space could have been useful for the transfer agents. Comparisons between the road safety spaces for the two cases showed some areas of commonality, e.g. perceptions of police corruption, but also many differences. It was considered likely that some broad factors could be generic, and the possibility was mooted that less motorised countries share issues with police enforcement. This requires further research, however, and at this stage it is better to treat each road safety space as a unique combination of contextual factors influencing the road safety issue of interest.-----
It is concluded that the road safety space model is feasible if used in such a way as to minimise the research involved, and useful, although the degree of utility needs to be further explored in a prospective study. The limitation introduced by restricting informants to those who could speak English are discussed. An approach using road safety space analysis is recommended, emphasising analysis of the country to which the road safety measure is being transferred, supplemented by analysis of the originating country road safety space. Gaps in knowledge are identified for further research and development, in particular the theoretical and practical understanding of road use behaviours and their modification in less motorised countries in Southeast Asia. Elaboration of the model is also recommended, to take into account the influence of the type of measure transferred, the role of the transfer agent, the area of road safety (education, engineering or enforcement), and the time dimension (the time which might be needed for a transfer to show its effects).-----
The findings of this research are likely to be applicable to road safety transfer in other less motorised regions of the world, however prospective testing is needed. They may also be relevant to issues of transfer for areas other than road safety, in particular public health and traffic engineering, where similar economic, institutional, social and cultural issues come together.
34
Akgul, Veysel Dogan. "A Study on Children and School Pedestrians’ Safety in." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-12085.
Full textAbstract:
Child pedestrian safety is one of the biggest safety issues regarding planning of a well arranged urban traffic. The fact that vulnerable road users suffer most from traffic incidents also raises concern for children. Children need special care while considering traffic safety. The factors are various that they differ from adults by many aspects. For their physically smaller size, immature ability to judge the traffic situations, lack of experience about traffic and mental deficiencies like losing concentration after short periods, they are much more susceptible to the traffic hazards than adults. Various studies have been carried and many applications regarding child and school pedestrian safety worldwide and the most hazardous periods were found as afternoon hours. Age factor generally is flexible but as the child grows older, mobility increases and risks become larger. The risk factors also include the social and economical environment that children living in good life standards suffer less than those are not. Education is also crucial on adopting the sense of road safety on children’s perspective. Simulation based studies have proved to be effective in order to draw child’s attention to the subject, however it should be combined with field trips to gain a more realistic and solid idea about the matter. Besides, engineering measures rise up as another milestone where roadside and land use planning is important. Traffic calming measures have proved to be effective to warn road users and thus form a safer traffic environment for children. Special applications for school zones such as flashing lights, narrowed crossways or 30km/h areas have been effective. The case study concerns the evaluation of child pedestrian safety in the vicinities of various accidents previously happened in Norrköping. Two methods were used to examine the degree of safety for the places of incidents. For locations near an intersection, road safety audit and traffic conflicts technique were applied, while, for the incident points along streets, only road safety audit technique was used. It is stated that, because of the multivariable aspect of the problem, collective application of various safety evaluation solutions would give better idea on the risk of the location and possible improvements for the future.
35
Zaidi, Syed Muhammad Zaier Abbas. "Mobility and safety evaluation of integrated dynamic merge and speed control strategies in work zones." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4613.
Full textAbstract:
An already calibrated and validated VISSIM model for Simplified Dynamic Lane Merge System (SDLMS) in accordance with the real life work zone was modified with a VSL through Vehicle Actuated Programming (VAP) code. Three different logics were coded each for VSL alone, early SDLMS+VSL and late SDLMS+VSL. All these logics were fine tuned with several test runs before finalizing it for the final simulation. It is found through the simulation of above mentioned scenarios that for low and medium volume levels (V0500, V1000 and V1500), there is no significant difference between the Maintenance of Traffic (MOT) plans for mean throughputs. However, for higher volume levels (V2000 and V2500), late SDLMS with and without VSL produced higher mean throughputs for all compliance rates and truck percentages except when the demand volume was 2,500 vph and compliance of 60%, where it produces the significantly lower mean throughputs. In terms of travel time through the work zone, results indicated that there is no significant difference between MOT types for demand levels of V0500 and V1000 when compliance is 40% or less but for compliance of 60% and more, only demand volume level that is not significantly different from other MOT types is V0500. This study revealed that VSL increases travel time through the work zone. This might be due to non-compliant vehicles that follow the compliant vehicle ahead unless they find a sufficient gap in adjacent lane to pass the compliant vehicle. It is also found out that VSL makes the system safer at higher volumes (2,000 vph and 2,500 vph). This was observed through safety surrogate measures selected for this study.; Another outcome of this study is that the addition of VSL to the dynamic merge systems helps in improving the overall safety of the system by lowering speed variances and deceleration means of the vehicles travelling through the work zone. The passage of traffic through the work zone is made safer when a speed control is integrated to a dynamic merge system. It can be inferred from the simulation results that integrated SDLMS and VSL systems have better performance in terms of traffic mobility and safety than existing individual controls and also show that the integrated SDLMS and VSL system has more potential than each individual systems.; In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in the amount of construction work on the U.S. national highways. Most of the work undertaken is the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the existing transportation networks. Work zones in the United States are likely to increase in number, duration and length due to emphasis on repair and highway reconstruction as a significant portion of all federal-aid highway funds are now geared toward highway rehabilitation. The challenge of mobility is particularly acute in work zone areas as road repair and construction intensifies traffic issues and concentrates them in specific locations and at specific times. Due to the capacity drop, which is the result of lane closure in work zone area, congestion will occur with a high traffic demand. The congestion increases number and severity of traffic conflicts which raise the potential for accidents; furthermore traffic operational properties of roadway in work zone area become worse. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technologies have been developed and are being deployed to improve the safety and mobility of traffic in and around work zones. In several states in the US, the use of Dynamic Merge Controls also known as Dynamic Lane Merge (DLM) system has been initiated to enhance traffic safety and to improve traffic flow in work zone areas. The DLM usually takes two forms; dynamic early merge and dynamic late merge. The use of variable speed limit (VSL) systems at work zones is also one of those measures. VSL systems improve safety by helping the driver in determining the maximum speed that drivers should travel. Besides adding improvement to safety, they are also expected to improve mobility at the work zones.; The main goal of this study is to evaluate the safety and operational effectiveness of the dynamic merge systems i.e. the dynamic early lane merge and dynamic late lane merge, in the presence of VSL system. More specifically, the VISSIM model is utilized to simulate a two-to-one lane configuration when one out of the two lanes in the work zone is closed for traffic. Six different scenarios were adopted to assess the effectiveness of these scenarios under different traffic demand volumes and different drivers' compliance rates to the messages displayed by the systems. These scenarios are; bullet] Work Zone without VSL and without SDLMS or the current Motorist Awareness System (MAS) bullet] Work Zone with VSL and without SDLMS bullet] Work Zone with VSL and Early SDLMS bullet] Work Zone with VSL and Late SDLMS bullet] Work Zone with early SDLMS and without VSL bullet] Work Zone with early SDLMS and without VSLID: 029050385; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.)--University of Central Florida, 2010.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 189-192).
M.S.
Masters
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
36
Brasile, Claudia. "Users behaviour: the comparison between real and simulated conditions." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.
Find full textAbstract:
The study aims to improve the safety and stability of bicycles, in particular, in adverse weather conditions.
One of the main tasks of the project is to compare the results of the bicycle simulator test conducted at the PICS-L laboratory, at the Gustave Eiffel University in Paris, and the results of a real-life experiment conducted in Stockholm using an instrumented bicycle.
As a first step, the importance of simulators and the state of art of bicycle simulators are presented. Next, the first two tests conducted in the PICS-L laboratory are shown, as a brief introduction to the third one, which is the focus of this research. The third test is divided into experiment and simulation.
The experiment, conducted between the end of 2020 and the beginning of 2021, was carried out by 22 participants. After a description of the instrumented bicycle, the analysis of the participants and the main sensor outputs, speed, power, and cadence, were explained.
After that, the mathematical model used for the realization of the PICS-L laboratory bicycle simulator and its various components are described. The results of the analysis of the simulation and the main outputs are then presented.
Finally, the comparison between the two analyses is reported, with particular attention to the criticalities of the bicycle simulator. It will be possible therefore to estimate the behavioral validity of the simulator. The criticalities of the urban street of Stockholm where the experiment has been carried out are then described.
37
Oktay, Gorkem. "Design And Simulation Of A Traction Control System For An Integrated Active Safety System For Road Vehicles." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12610204/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Active safety systems for road vehicles make a crucial preventive contribution to road safety. In recent years, technological developments and the increasing demand for road safety have resulted in the integration and cooperation of these individual active safety systems. Traction control system (TCS) is one of these individual systems, which is capable of inhibiting wheel-spin during acceleration of the vehicle on slippery surfaces.
In this thesis, design methodology and simulation results of a traction control system for four wheeled road vehicles are presented. The objective of the TCS controller is basically to improve directional stability, steer-ability and acceleration performance of vehicle by controlling the wheel slip during acceleration.
In this study, the designed traction control system based on fuzzy logic is composed of an engine torque controller and a slip controller. Reference wheel slip values were estimated from the longitudinal acceleration data of the vehicle. Engine torque controller determines the throttle opening angle corresponding to the desired wheel torque, which is determined by a slip controller to track the reference slip signals. The wheel torques delivered by the engine are compensated by brake torques according to the desired wheel torque determined by the slip controller. Performance of the TCS controller was analyzed through several simulations held in MATLAB/Simulink for different road conditions during straight line acceleration and combined acceleration and steering. For simulations, an 8 DOF nonlinear vehicle model with nonlinear tires and a 2 DOF nonlinear engine model were built.
38
Teixeira, Karênina Martins. "Segurança viária na cidade de Belém." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18137/tde-09052016-110046/.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho enfoca a questão da segurança viária na cidade de Belém. Para a realização do trabalho, foi feito um diagnóstico sobre a gestão da segurança viária na cidade e um estudo dos acidentes de trânsito em dez pontos considerados pelas autoridades como os mais problemáticos, que incluiu a análise das causas dos acidentes através de auditorias de campo. Também são apresentadas algumas propostas para melhoria da gestão da segurança viária na cidade, bem como propostas específicas para redução dos acidentes nos locais estudados. As propostas genéricas para a melhoria da segurança viária em Belém são: campanhas educativas mais eficientes; melhoria da gestão da segurança do trânsito; aumento do número de fiscais de trânsito e melhoria do esquema de fiscalização; montagem de uma equipe permanente de técnicos com objetivo de identificar os pontos críticos, realizar auditorias de campo para identificar as causas dos acidentes e propor e implantar soluções para redução dos mesmos; etc.This research focuses on the traffic safety problem in Belém city. For the accomplishment of the work, it was made a diagnosis remains to the traffic safety\'s management in the city and a study of the traffic accidents in ten points considered by the authorities as the most problematic, that it included the analysis of the accidents causes through field auditing. Also some proposals for improvement of the traffic safety\'s management in the city, as well as specific proposals for accidents reduction in the studied places. The generic proposals for the traffic safety\'s improvement in Belém are: more efficient educational campaigns; improvement of the traffic safety\'s management; increase of the number of traffic district attorney and improvement of the inspection plan; assembly of a permanent technicians team with goal of identifying the critical points, to accomplish field auditing in order to identify the accidents causes and, to propose and to establish solutions for reduction of the same ones; etc.
39
Fahd, Faisal. "Risk Assessment Approach for Evaluating Recycled Materials Use in Road Construction: A Pilot Study." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1230027556.
Full text
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Dagnely, Pierre Guy. "Experimental study of engineered artificial aggregates for the construction of high friction and noise efficient bituminous Micro-Surfacing." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
Find full textAbstract:
Pavement friction and noise generation are two of the most important topics regarding road engineering. These two issues can be directly related to the safety for road users as well as the health of every impacted human. First a detailed review of the phenomena governing the pavement friction has been conducted and the influence parameters have been explained as well as the measurement of friction. The two main components of friction, adhesion and hysteresis, directly depend on the texture of the pavement, the latter being greatly influenced by the aggregates of the pavement mixture. Then noise generation of pavement has been studied to highlight the importance of tire-pavement interaction. Those aspects lead to the development of one possible solution called microsurfacing with artificial aggregates. Microsurfacing is a pavement overlay used, between other properties, to provide adequate friction, by usually increasing the texture, what normally would increase the noise. Thus it restores the friction features of existing roads without increasing the noise generation. Many advantages can be mentioned and explained. Due to the fact that the microsurfacing is constructed without heating the mixture, the cold asphalt results in a more eco-friendly solution, it creates safe conditions for workers and allow the quick opening to traffic on the road. A Design Of Experiment (DOE) on artificial aggregates made of geopolymer has been carried out and lead to a precise production procedure. Finally production and tests on cold microsurfacing have been explained as future work required to reach a full scale production of microsurfacing layers.
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Čičelienė, Giedrė. "Eismo saugumo tamsiuoju paros metu tyrimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060619_114830-53970.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the work is to analyze road safety and the quality of illumination in Akademija town, suggest the means for improving it.
In the work there is car accidents in Lithuania and the town of Akademija analized; it was discovered, that in the period of 1980 – 2005 in the car accidents, 20637 people died and 14801 were injured. Since 2001, accident rate have been increased as the number of new cars and traffic flows is rising every day. Approximately 40 % of traffic accidents happen in the dark period of the day, and 70% of pedestrians, participating in the event, die. Traffic safety mostly depends on the level of illumination. In Akedemija town were fixed 142 traffic events, during last four years. There were injured 28 persons.
The analysis for road illumination improvements was done and the illumination of the Akademija streets was observed. There are three streets in the area of Akademija and Ringaudai, illuminated enough, Mokyklos, Pilėnų and Tako (6 lx). Not enough there are lighted Student street and Pedestrian pathway between Akademija and Ringaudai. The worst situation is in the Universiteto Street. The illumination near the 5th dormitory hardly reaches 2.4 lx, and there is 4.5 lx illumination near the 6th dormitory. A part of Universiteto street is not lighted up at all.
According to the requirements, with the help of computer program „Calculux road 6.2.2“, there is illumination of Akademija town designed and the economical evaluation done. The cost of... [to full text]
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Koita, Abdourahmane. "Evaluation probabiliste de la dangerosité des trajectoires de véhicules en virages." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00626964.
Full textAbstract:
Situé dans le contexte général de la sécurité routière, et plus particulièrement axé sur la sécurité des véhicules légers (VL) en virages, ce travail de thèse a pour objet de proposer une méthodologie fiabiliste de prédiction de trajectoires à risque, basée sur le traitement statistique et la modélisation probabiliste de trajectoires réelles de VL en virages. La première partie du travail concerne la construction de modèles probabilistes simples et robustes représentatifs des trajectoires réelles observées. Ces modèles sont des transformées de processus aléatoires scalaires normalisés du second ordre, faiblement stationnaires, ergodiques et non gaussiens, et permettent de décrire de façon réaliste la variabilité aléatoire observée du triptyque Véhicule-Infrastructure-Conducteur. Ils permettent aussi, par construction, de s'affranchir d'éventuelles difficultés dans l'alimentation des paramètres dominants qui les gouvernent. La seconde partie est consacrée au développement et à la mise en oeuvre d'une stratégie fiabiliste destinée à associer un niveau de risque à chaque trajectoire en entrée de virage. Basée sur l'emploi conjoint de méthodes probabilistes pour la modélisation des incertitudes, fiabilistes pour l'évaluation des niveaux de risque et statistiques pour la classification et le traitement des trajectoires, cette approche est une réponse réaliste au problème posé. De par sa conception et ses possibilités, la méthodologie fiabiliste proposée est une contribution significative au développement de procédures d'alerte destinées à réduire notablement le nombre d'accidents en virages.
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Adolfsson, Alexander, and Daniel Arrhenius. "Overseeing Intersection System for Autonomous Vehicle Guidance." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254219.
Full textAbstract:
Intersections represents one of the most common accident sites in traffic today. The biggest cause of accidents is obstructed view and subpar communication between vehicles. Since autonomous vehicles rely on sensors that require a direct view intersections are some of the most complex situations. Where the potential for inter vehicular communication exists between modern vehicles, it is absent in the older generation. An overseeing intersection system can fill this function during the transition period to fully autonomous traffic. This project aimed to implement an intersection system to assist autonomous vehicles through a crossroad. The assist system’s objective was to collect and transmit data from cars close to the junction to the autonomous vehicles nearby. The concept was tested in simulations by having models traverse a crossroad to evaluate how it utilised the external information. No persistent conclusion could be made due to insufficient simulation environment and vehicle model control.
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Rey, Guillaume. "Approche probabiliste de la sécurité des véhicules légers en zones accidentogènes." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00586196.
Full textAbstract:
Les sorties de route en virage constituent une part importante des accidents de la route en France, causes d'environ 30 % des accidents mortels pour 2008. Ces accidents se produisent principalement sur route secondaire ce qui montre le besoin du conducteur d'être assisté dans sa tâche de lecture et de négociation du virage. L'objectif de ce travail est le développement d'une méthodologie d'évaluation du risque encouru par le conducteur lors du franchissement d'un virage afin de mettre en place sur les itinéraires routiers un système d'alerte déclenchée en cas de situation potentiellement dangereuse. La méthodologie menant à l'évaluation du risque est basée sur l'emploi des méthodes probabilistes, permettant de prendre en compte fidèlement les incertitudes inhérentes au conducteur, au véhicule et à l'infrastructure. A l'entrée du virage, un dispositif de mesure renseigne sur la position latérale et la vitesse du véhicule arrivant. Une famille de trajectoires de passage en virage est alors stimulée à partir d'un modèle dynamique de véhicule dont certains paramètres d'entrée dépendent des trajectoires mesurées sur le trafic réel. Des indices de risque associés à des critères de sécurité sont ensuite évalués par des méthodes fiabilistes. Les résultats obtenus sont la détermination et la hiérarchisation des paramètres influents sur les critères de sécurité, ainsi que l'évolution des indices de risque en fonction des conditions initiales en entrée de virage. Les applications réalisées dans le dernier chapitre démontrent le potentiel de la méthodologie fiabiliste proposée et son intérêt dans le domaine de la sécurité routière.
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Tekin, Gokhan. "Design And Simulation Of An Integrated Active Yaw Control System For Road Vehicles." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609243/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Active vehicle safety systems for road vehicles play an important role in accident prevention. In recent years, rapid developments have been observed in this area with advancing technology and electronic control systems. Active yaw control is one of these subjects, which aims to control the vehicle in case of any impending spinning or plowing during rapid and/or sharp maneuver. In addition to the development of these systems, integration and cooperation of these independent control mechanisms constitutes the current trend in active vehicle safety systems design.
In this thesis, design methodology and simulation results of an active yaw control system for two axle road vehicles have been presented. Main objective of the yaw control system is to estimate the desired yaw behavior of the vehicle according to the demand of the driver and track this desired behavior accurately.
The design procedure follows a progressive method, which first aims to design the yaw control scheme without regarding any other stability parameters, followed by the development of the designed control scheme via taking other stability parameters such vehicle sideslip angle into consideration. A two degree of freedom vehicle model (commonly known as &ldquoBicycle Model&rdquo
) is employed to model the desired vehicle behavior. The design of the controller is based on Fuzzy Logic Control, which has proved itself useful for complex nonlinear design problems. Afterwards, the proposed yaw controller has been modified in order to limit the vehicle sideslip angle as well. Integration of the designed active yaw control system with other safety systems such as Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS) and Traction Control System (TCS) is another subject of this study. A fuzzy logic based wheel slip controller has also been included in the study in order to integrate two different independent active systems to each other, which, in fact, is a general design approach for real life applications. This integration actually aims to initiate and develop the integration procedure of the active yaw control system with the (ABS). An eight degree of freedom detailed vehicle model with nonlinear tire model is utilized to represent the real vehicle in order to ensure the validity of the results. The simulation is held in MATLAB/Simulink environment, which has provided versatile design and simulation capabilities for this study. Wide-ranging simulations include various maneuvers with different road conditions have been performed in order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed controller.
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Nilsson, Jesper, and Simon Moberg. "Livstidskostnadskalkyl av förstärkning vid landsvägar- Jämförelse mellan rekonstruktion och asfaltpåläggning." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-53446.
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I dagsläget utförs underhållsbeläggning på ca 5 % av det statligt ägda vägnätet i Sverige varje år [1]. Därutöver utförs förstärkning av ca 1400 km/år vilket motsvarar 1-2 % [2]. Vanligtvis används metoden asfaltspåläggning även kallad AG-förstärkning vid förstärkningsåtgärder. Metoden innebär att bundet bärlager beläggs direkt på den befintliga vägen följt av ett nytt bundet slitlager. [1, 3] Varje förstärkningsobjekt har olika förutsättningar. Detta innebär att åtgärden får olika proportioner beroende av var objektet som förstärks är beläget geografiskt. (se bilaga A & E) Bitumen är en kostsam råoljeprodukt som används vid asfaltsproduktion som bindemedel. Varje år importerar Sverige bitumen för ett belopp i miljardklassen. Dessutom är framställning av bitumen inte en miljövänlig historia. [4] Vid utförandet av AG-förstärkning läggs nya asfaltsmassor på den befintliga vägbanan, vilket vanligtvis bidrar till en höjning på ca 10 cm [1, 5]. Höjningen av vägbanan medför att sidoräckena kan bli för låga och kan därmed bli till en “snubbelkant” och öka vältrisken [6]. Vid AG-förstärkning ges inte någon god tjälisolerande effekt. Detta kan leda till kort hållbarhet, eftersom orimligt tjocka lager asfalt skulle krävas för att uppnå samma isolerande effekt som vid förstärkningsåtgärden rekonstruktion. [16] (se bilaga A & E) Vid rekonstruktion tas den äldre asfaltbeläggningen bort och det obundna bärlagret förstärks innan en (ofta återvunnen) asfaltsbeläggning läggs på [1, 3]. Denna metod innebär en större höjning av vägbanan än vid AG-förstärkning och kräver mer arbete i sidoområdet med förlängning av trummor, höjning av sidoräcke, justering av innerslänt m.m. vilket leder till högre kostnader (Se TABELL 11) [1]. I rapporten utförs en livstidskostnadskalkyl för de två olika metoderna för förstärkning vid en rad olika förutsättningar för landsvägar. Investeringsberäkningar har utförts genom kalkylprogram och bärigheten har analyserats genom Trafikverkets programvara ”PMS objekt”. Resultatet visar att vid raksträckor är nuvärdesinvesteringen upp till 15 % högre vid rekonstruktion, samtidigt som den har en positiv inverkan på trafiksäkerheten och något längre livslängd. (Se TABELL 11)Each year, 5 % of the state-owned roads get resurfaced and 1-2% of the state-owned roads are being reinforced. The most common method of reinforcing the weakened roads in Sweden is adding a layer of asphalt on top of the existing surface of the road [1, 3]. Every reinforcement object has its own prerequisite of where the object is located geographically. This means that every object has different proportions for each case (look at bilaga E). Bitumen is an expensive oil product that is used as a binder in the production of asphalt. Each year, tons of bitumen is imported to Sweden at a cost of billions of Swedish crowns. The production of bitumen is not an environmentally friendly type of story [4]. One reinforcement method is to adding a new base and a wearing course layer of asphalt, hereafter called “AG-reinforcement”, which increases the roads height, usually by 10 cm [1, 5]. The new height of the road contributes to the relative lowering of guard railings, to a point where the safety barrier tends to become a “stumbling edge” and increases the risk of vehicular rollovers [6]. When AG-reinforcement is used it will not have a good insulating effect against frost. This could lead to a demand for unreasonably thick layers of asphalt to get the same frost insulating effect as with the measure “reconstruction” [16], (look at bilaga A, E5). During reconstruction, the asphalt pavement is removed and the unbound roadbed gets reinforced before a new (often recycled) bound layer of asphalt is added. This method results in a larger increase of the roads height and demands more work in the side area. With this method, the road safety can be maintained and raised, but requires more re-investment (look at Tabell 11) [1]. Through this report, a lifecostcycle analysis is made by comparing these two reinforcement methods through different conditions for Swedish rural highways. The calculations for the cost is done in a calculation software and the bearing capacity is analyzed in PMS object software, developed by the Swedish Transport Administration. The results show that on straight roads, present value of the investment is 15 % higher during reconstruction. Reconstruction has a more positive effect on safety and a longer lifetime (look at Tabell 11).
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Júnior, Milton Domingues. "A técnica MDJ para avaliação de conflitos de tráfego em interseções no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18137/tde-10072017-155551/.
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Este trabalho apresenta a técnica MDJ para avaliação de conflitos de tráfego em interseções de vias urbanas, idealizadas para as condições do trânsito observadas no Brasil. Para tanto, a técnica MDJ, além dos conflitos comuns de tráfego considerados nas técnicas estrangeiras, também considera como conflitos os seguintes fatos: desrespeito às regras de circulação, avanço do sinal vermelho, freada ou desvio de trajetória provocado por problema na via e dificuldade de manobra provocada por interferência visual (prejuízo da visibilidade devido ao meio ambiente). Para avaliação da validade da técnica MDJ, foram analisados quatro cruzamentos críticos em termos de acidentes na cidade de São Carlos - SP, com os conflitos observados comparados com os dados de acidentes de trânsito nos locais relativos ao período de um ano. A análise realizada mostrou uma correlação satisfatória entre os dados de conflitos e os dados de acidentes, o que sugere ser a técnica MDJ, em princípio, adequada para estudos de segurança viária em cruzamentos urbanos no Brasil. Contudo, é necessário uma maior quantidade de comparações conflitos/acidentes em outras situações (cidades e cruzamentos) para se concluir da adequabilidade do método para as condições brasileiras.This work presents the MDJ technique for evaluation of contlicts of traffic in intersections of urban roads, idealised for the conditions of the traffic observed in Brazil. For that, the MDJ technique, besides the common conflicts of traffic considered in the foreign techniques, also considers as conflicts the following facts: disrespect to the rules of circulation, crossing the red light, braked or trajectory deviation provoked by problem in the road and manoeuvre difficulty provoked by visual interference (damage of the visibility due to the environment). For evaluation of the validity of MDJ technique, four critical crossings were analysed in terms of accidents in the city of São Carlos-SP, with the observed conflicts compared with the data of accidents of traffic in the relative places during a period of one year. Ths analysis showed a satisfactory correlation between the data of conflicts and the data of accidents, what suggests that the MDJ technique, in the beginning, ito be good for studies of road safety in urban crossings in Brazil. However, it is necessary a larger amount of comparisons conflicts/accidents in another situations (cities and crossings) to consider the suitability of the method for the Brazilian conditions.
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Shukurov, Nadir. "Geometrical Design of Turbo Roundabout." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23336/.
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The Turbo Roundabout is a roundabout fitted with spiral roads to efficiently counteract the complexities of the modern multilane roundabout. This roundabout has an edge over cutting-edge roundabouts regarding capacity and safety and was first invented by Professor Fortujin in 1996. Fast driving speeds and many possible conflicts at multilane roundabout approaches, exits and circulatory roadways are the reasons for this type of construction project. Road designers have been attempting to address these issues over the past few years by implementing new roundabout configurations. Turbo-roundabouts have also spread outside of the Netherlands over the last decade, mainly in Eastern Europe and Germany, but also in North America. While the Dutch model for turbo-roundabout design was strictly applied by some nations, others designed them on experimental sites, resulting in geometrical variations unique to the area. We have more than 390 turbo-roundabouts worldwide today.
In this paper, the measurement of sight distance on turbo roundabouts with an emphasis on “Intersection Sight Distance” to conflicting vehicle circulation will be studied. The traditional graphical approach has been supplemented with the analytical solution consisting of derivation of generalized mathematical equations for intersection sight distance for conflicting circulating vehicle at turbo roundabout.
To determine the design of turbo roundabout instead of standard type we collected numbers, iterations, flow rate and other information from the intersection in Neapol street - M.Hadi-Ashig Alaskar and Vungtau streets in the capital of Azerbaijan, Baku city. The current name of circle is “Ukraine circle” on behalf of friendship between Azerbaijan and Ukraine. Some of these collected specimens were used to perform the by using the software test at the University of Bologna and in Baku Transportation Agency by PTV VISSIM simulation and AutoCAD Civil.
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Södergren, Leo. "Designing an Aftermarket Head Up Display." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300883.
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Road safety is one of the world’s largest challenges. New technologies have made roads both safer, but also more dangerous as people to a greater extent drive distracted. The Swedish startup Consenz AB aims to solve this by creating a hardware/software system of connected Head Up Displays (HUDs). The purpose of this thesis isto create concepts of aftermarket HUDs that can help Consenz create their first hardware. More specifically this thesis focuses on creating a device that can fit into most vehicles and provide an appropriate image. The work followed a version of the Double diamond design process, with four parts. In the first two parts the challenge was assessed, and a set of requirements made. In the second half of the project concepts were generated and evaluated from the requirements made in the first half. The first part of the project was aimed at gathering knowledge about the topic, the market today and its potential customers, this was done by contacting various stakeholders, documenting car interiors, and reading research and regulations around the topic. The second part of the project evaluated available display technologies and together with the first part, resulted in a set of requirements for the second half of the project. The third part of the project used a number of concept generation methods to create several concepts. These concepts were evaluated and narrowed down to two concepts. In the final part of the project these concepts were refined and evaluated. The work resulted in two concepts, physical models of the concepts and a recommendation for which concept to continue with.Trafiksäkerhet är en av världens största utmaningar. Ny teknik har gjort vägar både säkrare men också farligare eftersom människor i större utsträckning kör distraherade. Svenska startupen Consenz AB vill lösa detta genom att skapa ett hårdvaru- / mjukvarusystem med anslutna Head Up Displays (HUD). Syftet med denna uppsats är att skapa koncept för eftermarknads-HUD som kan hjälpa Consenz att skapa sin första hårdvara. Mer specifikt fokuserar projektet på att skapa en enhet som passar in i de flesta fordon och som ger en lämplig bild. Arbetet följde en version av Double Diamond design processen, med fyra delar. I de två första delarna utvärderades problemet och en uppsättning krav ställdes. Under andra halvan av projektet genererades och utvärderades koncept utifrån de krav som ställts under första två delarna. Den första delen av projektet samlade kunskap om utmaningen, marknaden idag och dess potentiella kunder, detta gjordes genom att kontakta olika stakeholders, dokumentera bilinteriörer och genom att studera texter kring området. Den andra delen av projektet utvärderade olika displayteknologier och tillsammans med den första delen resulterade det i flera krav. Den tredje delen av projektet använde olika konceptgenereringsmetoder för att skapa flera koncept. Dessa koncept utvärderades och begränsades till två koncept. I den sista delen av projektet förfinades och jämfördes dessa koncept. Arbetet resulterade i två koncept, fysiska modeller av koncepten och en rekommendation för vilket koncept att fortsätta med.
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Hirose, Fernando Hideki. "Acidentalidade em algumas cidades do Estado de São Paulo: análise da evolução e ações associadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18144/tde-27062017-091520/.
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Neste trabalho é apresentado um estudo da evolução da acidentalidade viária em cinco municípios do Estado de São Paulo: Araraquara, Franca, Matão, Ribeirão Preto e São Carlos. O estudo tem como objetivo verificar se os fatores que influenciaram na alteração da tendência dos índices de acidentalidade estão relacionados a ações de Engenharia, Educação e Esforço Legal, e se a acidentalidade é proveniente de adaptações comportamentais dos usuários do sistema viário de cada município. Para que isso fosse possível, foi utilizada uma metodologia composta pelas seguintes etapas: (1) realização de entrevistas de grupo investigativas com as autoridades de cada município analisado, (2) elaboração e aplicação de um questionário junto aos usuários do sistema viário e (3) análise dos resultados obtidos para devidas considerações. Na primeira etapa foram realizadas entrevistas seguindo as técnicas de Grupos Focais com as autoridades competentes responsáveis pela gestão do trânsito nas áreas de engenharia, educação e esforço legal. A partir dos resultados obtidos na primeira etapa, foi elaborado e aplicado um questionário que visava identificar qual a sensibilidade da população frente às ações implementadas em cada um dos municípios analisados composto por questões ligadas à avaliação da qualidade do trânsito dos municípios do ponto de vista dos usuários do sistema e à avaliação da frequência de investimentos em engenharia, educação e esforço legal por parte das autoridades competentes. Por fim, com os dados obtidos através dos questionários, foi possível realizar uma investigação sobre os principais fatores que afetaram os índices de acidentalidade de cada município. Em alguns municípios foi possível observar que as ações implementadas foram percebidas pela população, ficando claro que houve adaptação comportamental dos usuários do sistema, fato que pode explicar a alteração da tendência dos índices de acidentalidade. Em outros, não foi possível chegar a conclusões por não ser possível identificar as causas da mudança da tendência dos índices de acidentalidade devido a dificuldades encontradas e sentidas de adesão e colaboração por parte das autoridades gestoras responsáveis pelo trânsito, ou por parte da população.This thesis presents a study of the evolution of road accidentality in five municipalities of the State of São Paulo: Araraquara, Franca, Matão, Ribeirão Preto and São Carlos. The study has as objective to verify if the factors that influenced the change in the tendency of accidentality indexes are related to engineering, education and enforcement actions and if the accidentality is coming from road users behavioral adaptations in each municipality. In the first step, group interviews were conducted following the Focus Groups techniques with the competent authorities responsible for the traffic management in the areas of engineering, education and enforcement. To make this possible, the following methodology was used: (1) carrying out investigative group interviews with authorities of each targeted municipality, (2) development and application of a questionnaire to road users and (3) analysis of the results obtained, and its proper considerations. From the results obtained in the first step, a questionnaire was prepared and applied to identify the sensitivity of the population to the actions implemented in each analyzed municipalities. This questionnaire resulted in road users evaluations regarding the quality of urban road transport and the frequency of investments in engineering, education and enforcement by the competent authorities. Finally, with the data obtained from the questionnaires, it was possible to conduct an investigation into the major factors affecting the accidentality rates of each municipality. In some municipalities it was observed that the implemented actions were perceived by the population, making it clear that there were road users behavioral adaptations, which may explain the change in the tendency of accidentality rates. In other municipalities, it was not possible to reach conclusions that could explain the causes of changes in the tendency of accidentality rates due to experienced difficulties in getting the cooperation from the administrative authorities responsible for traffic, or from the population.