Academic literature on the topic 'Road races'

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Journal articles on the topic "Road races"

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Rowland, T. W., and P. P. Hoontis. "ORGANIZING ROAD RACES FOR CHILDREN." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 5, no. 5 (September 1985): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01241398-198509000-00151.

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Cidell, Julie. "Running road races as transgressive event mobilities." Social & Cultural Geography 15, no. 5 (April 30, 2014): 571–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2014.908236.

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Frere, Jennifer A., Lewis G. Maharam, and Steven P. Van Camp. "The Risk of Death in Running Road Races." Physician and Sportsmedicine 32, no. 4 (April 2004): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/psm.2004.04.204.

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BRESLOW, REBECCA G., SWASTINA SHRESTHA, ALIYA G. FEROE, JEFFREY N. KATZ, CHRIS TROYANOS, and JAMIE E. COLLINS. "Medical Tent Utilization at 10-km Road Races." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 51, no. 12 (December 2019): 2451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002068.

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Johnson, Jennifer, and Rhonda Magel. "Are Women as Competitive as Men in Road Races?" Journal of Sports Research 3, no. 1 (2016): 18–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.90/2016.3.1/90.1.18.43.

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Kinoshi, Tomoya, Shota Tanaka, Ryo Sagisaka, Takahiro Hara, Toru Shirakawa, Etsuko Sone, Hiroyuki Takahashi, et al. "Mobile Automated External Defibrillator Response System during Road Races." New England Journal of Medicine 379, no. 5 (August 2, 2018): 488–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmc1803218.

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Cheuvront, Samuel N., and Kurt J. Sollanek. "Considerations for Standardizing Fluid Station Practices Among Road Races." Strength & Conditioning Journal 42, no. 1 (February 2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000482.

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Heron, Neil, Richard Usher, Derick MacLeod, Inigo Sarrieguil, Juan Mercadel, and Mark A. Tully. "Infographics: Winning road cycle races: a Team Sky perspective." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52, no. 10 (August 10, 2017): 633–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097819.

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Dattilo, John, and Frank B. Guadagnolo. "Perceptions of Road Races by Participants in the Challenged Division." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 5, no. 3 (July 1988): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.5.3.193.

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The increasing participation in competitive athletics by persons with disabilities calls for research examining differences and similarities between athletes with and without disabilities. This study examined these similarities and differences within the context of a 10K road race. Employing the Importance-Performance Scale, all entrants (n=53) in the Challenged Division of the Pittsburgh Citiparks’ Great Race were asked to rate the importance of some 31 attributes associated with a 10K race and respond to a series of open-ended questions. Of the 31 questionnaires returned, 29 were deemed usable. A random sample of runners (n=1,000) without disabilities was administered an identical questionnaire, and 661 of the 678 questionnaires returned were usable. The results of a MANOVA yielded significant differences between the overall responses of the challenged runners and the general running population, F(31, 570) = 2.26, p <.0001. Multiple t test analysis of attribute ratings identified four features as being significantly different (.01) between the two populations. These differences were grouped and analyzed under three categories (recognition, safety, and convenience). The t test coupled with a content analysis of open-ended responses underscored the similarities among the two groups. Although race organizers need to be responsive to the differences of individual participants, these findings would suggest that the integration of all participants is an attainable goal.
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Roa, Sergio D., and Luis E. Muñoz. "Bicycle change strategy for uphill time-trial races." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 231, no. 3 (August 29, 2017): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337117724310.

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In uphill time-trial cycling races, riders have to travel along routes characterized by high-gradient variations in the shortest time possible. Due to this gradient variation, the appropriate selection among time-trial bicycles and traditional road bicycles is essential to reduce the power demand. For some uphill courses, the bicycle selection is not necessarily unique, with the possibility of a bicycle change during the race to take advantage of the performance of each type of bicycle for specific sections of the route. In this study, a method for planning the bicycle-changing strategy is proposed. A dynamic model to predict the race time for two types of bicycles is implemented, and an optimization problem for minimizing the race time is presented. A case study is analyzed in which the uphill time-trial route of the Giro d’Italia 2014 is studied in the context of professional cyclists’ performance. It was found that the use of the bicycle change strategy led to a time saving of about 43 s with respect to the time obtained when using only a road bicycle. It was also found that a combination of the bicycle change strategy with an optimal pacing strategy led to a time saving of about 92 s.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Road races"

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LINHARES, RICARDO. "COMFORT ON ROAD BIKES FOR LONG DISTANCE RACES: AN ERGONOMICAL APPROACH." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=9390@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
O ciclismo de estrada é um esporte que move milhões de pessoas em todo mundo, entre profissionais, amadores e entusiastas de final de semana. A literatura existente mostra que existem custos humanos relacionados à posição que os ciclistas adquirem enquanto pedalam. No Brasil existe muito pouca literatura sobre o assunto, e faz-se necessário aprofundar as pesquisas acadêmicas nesta área específica do ciclismo. A pesquisa parte do pressuposto que os atletas, na busca de melhores resultados, acabam deixando o conforto em segundo plano, o que acarreta em custos humanos que talvez pudessem ser evitados. A pesquisa foi conduzida durante provas de ciclismo de estrada, em diferentes estados do Brasil, onde inicialmente foi realizada uma observação assistemática das condições dos ciclistas durante uma prova. Em seguida foram aplicadas entrevistas com seis atletas. Estas entrevistas permitiram gerar um questionário que foi aplicado posteriormente com mais vinte ciclistas. Os resultados encontrados mostraram que existem custos humanos devido aos materiais empregados pelos ciclistas durante as provas, e que cerca de setenta por cento dos questionados sofre constantemente dores ao pedalar, principalmente na região lombar, nas costas, no pescoço e nas pernas. As informações levantadas servem de ponto de partida para pesquisas em áreas como Ergonomia, Design, Biomecânica e Medicina Esportiva.
Road Cycling is a sport that moves millions of people all around the world, between professionals, amateurs, and weekend enthusiasts. The present literature shows that there are humans costs associated with the positions cyclists assume while riding. In Brazil there´s very little literature about this subject, and it is necessary to deepen up academic research on this specific area of the sport. The research assumes initially that athletes, aiming for better results, end up leaving their own comfort aside, and that generates human costs that could be avoided. The research was conducted during road cycling races in different states of Brazil, where initially an unsystematic observation of the conditions of the cyclists was made. Then interviews were made with six athletes. These interviews generated a questionnaire that was applied to twenty cyclists. Results found show that human costs exists due to the material employed by the cyclists during road races, and that around seventy per cent of those questioned suffer from constant pain while cycling, specially in the lumbar area, the back, the neck and the legs. The information serves as a starting point to other researches in areas like Industrial Design, Ergonomics, Biomechanics and Sports Medicine.
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Edwards, Amanda. "Flow, attentional strategy, and self-presentation in runners participating in 5 and 10 kilometer road races." Tallahassee, Florida : Florida State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-08242009-172547/.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2009.
Advisor: Robert Eklund, Florida State University, College of Education, Dept. of Educational Psychology and Learning Systems. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed on May 7, 2010). Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 61 pages. Includes bibliographical references.
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Fairweather, Lindon P. "Models to estimate arrival counts and staffing requirements in nonstationary queueing systems applied to long distance road races." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4890.

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As the traffic intensity gets lower, we find that staffing results based on the PASB are similar to staffing results based on the Erlang loss formula. These findings suggest that the PASB can be a valuable tool to aid race directors in making staffing decisions for races of all traffic intensities.; We examine the problem of staffing refreshment stations at a long distance road race. A race is modeled as a mixed queueing network in which the required number of servers at each service station has to be estimated. Two models to represent the progress of runners along a long distance road race course are developed. One model is a single-class model that allows a road race manager to staff service stations assuming the runners are identical to those in some historical dataset. Another model is a multi-class simulation model that allows a road race manager to simulate a race of any number of runners, classified based on their running pace into different runner classes. Both the single-class model and the multi-class model include estimates for the rates at which the runners arrive at specified locations along the course. The arrival rates, combined with assumed service rates, allow us to base staffing decisions on the Erlang loss formula or a lesser known staffing rule that gives a lower bound for the required number of servers. We develop a staffing strategy that we call the Peak Arrival Staffing Bound (PASB), which is based on this staffing bound. The PASB and the Erlang loss formula are implemented in the single-class model and the multi-class simulation model. By way of numerical experiments, we find that the PASB is numerically stable and can be used to get staffing results regardless of the traffic intensity. This finding is in contrast to the Erlang loss formula, which is known to become numerically unstable and overflows when the traffic intensity exceeds 171. We compare numerical results of the PASB and the Erlang loss formula with a blocking probability level of 5% and find that when the traffic intensity is high, staffing results based on the PASB are more conservative than staffing results based on the Erlang loss formula.
ID: 030423488; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-126).
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
Engineering and Computer Science
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Lee, Hamilton, and n/a. "Competitive mountain bike and road cycling: physiological characteristics of athletes and demands of competition." University of Canberra. Health Sciences, 2003. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050523.110406.

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Despite many studies describing the physiological characteristics of professional road cyclists and recent work describing the demands of competition, there is a paucity of similar information regarding elite mountain bike (MTB) cyclists. The aim of the present work was to describe the physiological characteristics and the demands of competition for successful MTB cyclists relative to successful road cyclists. Internationally competitive cyclists from both disciplines (seven MTB and seven road) completed the following laboratory tests: anthropometric measurements, an incremental cycle ergometer test and a 30 minute laboratory time trial. In addition, the power output profile obtained in the field from a world-class MTB cyclist riding a simulated race were compared to successful road cycling performances (placing top 3) in flat (FLAT), semi-mountainous (SEMO), high-mountainous (HIMO), individual time trial (ITT) and criterium (CRIT) road races. Due to conversion problems, 6 sentences have been omitted. For full abstract, see 01front.pdf. These results indicate that success in international MTB racing requires high power-to-weight characteristics complemented by a light and lean physique. MTB racing is associated with greater torque at the pedal crank, a more constant effort with less time at lower power outputs and a higher frequency of highintensity surges than road racing. Therefore coaches should take into account these unique MTB racing characteristics when devising training programs for elite athletes.
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Williams, Claire Marie. "“The Rise of Skirt Culture”: A Multi-Faceted Analysis of Running Skirts and the Skirt Chaser 5k Race Series." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1280789526.

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Arndt, Owen Kingsley. "Relationship Between Unsignalised Intersection Geometry and Accident Rates." Queensland University of Technology, 2004. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15815/.

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The aim of this research is to determine the effect of unsignalised intersection geometry on the rates of the various types of accidents occurring at unsignalised intersections. A literature review has identified that there is little consistency between the results of previous studies. Some studies found that particular parameters had an opposite effect to what was expected. With this in mind, the research identified reasons for these results and developed two basic approaches to mitigate some of the problems with multi-factor type studies. These approaches are 'maximise the efficiency of data collection' and 'develop techniques for analysing less than perfect data'. A database consisting of 206 unsignalised intersection sites from throughout Queensland was used for analysis. The outcome of this research confirms the validity of several of the current design standards for unsignalised intersections, in addition to identifying new engineering procedures.
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Coleman, Damian Alan. "The energetics of competitive road race cycling." Thesis, University of Kent, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365247.

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McLeod, John T. Jr. "The Economic impact of the 1992 Peachtree Road Race." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29353.

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Lloyd, Louise. "Modelling trends in road accident frequency : Bayesian inference for rates with uncertain exposure." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/358621/.

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Several thousand people die as a result of a road accident each year in Great Britain and the trend in the number of fatal accidents is monitored closely to understand increases and reductions in the number of deaths. Results from analysis of these data directly influence Government road safety policy and ensure theintroduction of effective safety interventions across the country. Overall accident numbers are important, but when disaggregating into various characteristics, accident risk (defined as the number of accidents relative to an exposure measure) is a better comparator. The exposure measure used most commonly for accident rate analysis is traffic flow which can be disaggregated into vehicle types, road type, and year. Here we want to assess the accident risk across different car types and car ages, and therefore alternative exposure sources are required. We disaggregate exposure to a further extent than possible with currently available data in order to take the increased variability within these new factors into account. Exposure data sources are mainly based on sample surveys and therefore have some associated uncertainty, however previous accident risk analysis has not, in general, taken this into account. For an explicit way to include this uncertainty we use a Bayesian analysis to combine three sources of exposure using a log-Normal model with model priors representing our uncertainty in each data source. Using further Bayesian models, we propagate this uncertainty through to accident rates and accident severity, determining important factors and inter- relationships between factors to identify key features affecting accident trends,and we make the first exploration of the effect of the recent recession on road accidents.
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Shuhaibar, Nabeel Khalil. "Road accidents in a developing country : characteristics and causes of accident rates in Kuwait." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8185.

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Books on the topic "Road races"

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Road to Ghana. Johannesburg: Penguin Books (South Africa), 2006.

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Stewart, Phil. Organizing running events: The complete guide to staging a successful road race. Bethesda, Md: Road Race Management, 2008.

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Nietz, Katie McDonald. Runner's world guide to road racing: Run your first (or fastest) 5-k, 10-k, half-marathon, or marathon. [Emmaus, Penn.]: Rodale, 2008.

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The noncycler's guide to the century and other road races: Get on your butt and into gear. Berkeley, CA: Seal Press, 2009.

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Dais, Dawn. The noncyclist's guide to the century and other road races: Get on your butt and into gear. Berkeley, CA: Seal Press, 2009.

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ill, Rooney Ronnie, ed. Road race. Minneapolis: Stone Arch Books, 2010.

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Crow, Melinda Melton. Road race. Minneapolis: Stone Arch Books, 2010.

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Road racers revealed. London: Osprey, 1987.

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Girdler, Allan. American road race specials, 1934-70: Glory days of homebuilt racers. Osceola, WI, USA: Motorbooks International, 1990.

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Porsche: Road car, race car. London: Apple, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Road races"

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Van Reeth, Daam. "TV Viewing of Road Cycling Races." In The Economics of Professional Road Cycling, 99–128. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22312-4_6.

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Jardine, John F., and William O. Roberts. "Considerations for Road Race Medical Staff." In Exertional Heat Illness, 211–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27805-2_11.

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Carter, Robert T. "The Road Less Traveled : Research on Race." In Handbook of Multicultural Counseling, 71–80. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320: SAGE Publications, Inc, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781506304458.n7.

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Casey, Kimberly L. "Missouri Senate Race: Now Seeing Red." In The Roads to Congress 2016, 287–304. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58094-4_19.

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Binning, William C., and Melanie J. Blumberg. "Ohio Senate Race: A Summer Campaign." In The Roads to Congress 2016, 339–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58094-4_22.

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Lionnet, Françoise. "6. Autoethnography: The An-archic Style of Dust Tracks on a Road." In The Bounds of Race, edited by Dominick LaCapra, 164–95. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501727481-008.

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Harsell, Dana Michael. "North Dakota Senate Race: A Right Turn." In The Roads to Congress 2018, 217–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19819-0_12.

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Godwin, Marcia L. "California Senate Race: The Anointing of Kamala Harris." In The Roads to Congress 2016, 221–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58094-4_15.

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Stockley, Joshua. "Louisiana Senate Race: Republicans Hold the Deep South." In The Roads to Congress 2016, 267–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58094-4_18.

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Damore, David F. "Nevada Senate Race: The Reid Machine’s Last Stand." In The Roads to Congress 2016, 305–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58094-4_20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Road races"

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Slepičková, Irena, and Pavel Slepička. "Boom of road races in the Czech Republic – sport for all or luxury amusement?" In 12th International Conference on Kinanthropology. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9631-2020-33.

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Nowadays, similar to worldwide trends, running has become very popular in the Czech Republic. Since the mid of 1990s, the business sector has become very active in this area. Private companies organise many road races for the public, including participation of top level runners (i.e. Prague International Marathon). In 2016, within the framework of the international project IRNIST, we realised an empirical descriptive study of the Mattoni ½ Marathon in Ústí nad Labem, a middle size town. The IRNIST questionnaire was used. Analysing data on 491 runners (of 2,238 runners finished the race) we found that concern-ing socio-economic status of respondents, 56.9% of runners have a university education, one third advanced secondary education; and 63% earn more than the average wage. Participant were able to spend quite a lot of money for participation costs. These results raise the issue if the privatization and commercialization of running for the masses does not cause limit for sport participation for all.
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Roa, Sergio D., and Luis E. Muñoz. "Optimal Planning of the Bike Change Strategy for Hilly Time-Trials on Cycling." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60331.

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During the individual time-trial competitions in cycling, the cyclist’s skills are essential, but it is also important the race strategy. The race strategy includes the manner in which the cyclist competes and the selection and set-up of the cycling equipment. For hilly time-trials, part of the race strategy consists of the right selection of the bike type. Depending on the characteristics of the road such as total distance and altitude profile, a time-trial bike or a traditional road bike could be used. Additionally, in some races it is possible to change bike type as a part of the strategy. This strategy seeks to take advantage of time-trial bikes during low gradient sections and to take advantage of road bikes during high gradient sections. The purpose of this work is to plan an optimal bike change strategy to determine if it is advantageous to change the bike type, and if so, to find the point of the route where the change minimizes race time. The optimal planning methodology is based on a bike model, a simplified altitude profile and an optimization problem. A model parameters identification process is performed based on experimental tests in a hilly route. This route is used as a case study for the optimal planning of the bike change strategy.
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Choi, Seungho, Seoyeon Kim, Heelim Hong, and Young Bin Kim. "Road Surface Profiling based on Artificial-Neural Networks." In RACS '20: International Conference on Research in Adaptive and Convergent Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3400286.3418282.

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Randy B. Foltz and Emilie Maillard. "Infiltration Rates on Abandoned Road-Stream Crossings." In 2003, Las Vegas, NV July 27-30, 2003. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.15043.

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Alvarado Patiño, Nelson, Juan Martinez, and Emile Lopez. "Stiffness and fatigue resistance of Hot Mix Asphalt containing high rates of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement." In Fifth International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2018.785.

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Iwadate, Tadao, Tetsuo Matsumura, Takeshi Kawada, Hideto Ohura, Yutaka Kanazaki, and Tadashi Kinomura. "Communication System Design of RACS (Road/Automobile Communication System)." In Vehicle Navigation & Instrument Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/912759.

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"Communication system design of RACS (road/automobile communication system)." In 1991 Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference. IEEE, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vnis.1991.205770.

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Lacroix, Benoit, Patrice Seers, and Zhaoheng Liu. "A Passive Nonlinear Damping Design for a Road Race Car Application." In Non-Conference Specific Technical Papers - 2006. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-1984.

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Liu, Chao-Chin. "Segmentation Analysis Of Participatory Behaviour In Road Race Events In Taiwan." In 2nd icSEP 2018 International Conference on Sport, Education and Psychology. Cognitive-Crcs, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.06.02.12.

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Jung, Jin Ho, Dong Min Lim, Jae Kil Lee, and Seon Pyung Kim. "Development of High Stiffness Axle for a Race Vehicle." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64265.

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In rallies, it is required to develop the high stiffness and high strength suspension parts in order to maximize the handling performance and reliability to severe race condition. To determine which part we should focus on among the suspension parts in the development stage, it is required to consider the driving condition and the various rally road conditions. First, it is necessary to increase the lateral stiffness and camber stiffness of suspension systems in order to maximize the handling and cornering performance. As the result of finite element (FE) analysis for production car suspension, it is verified that the stiffness of axle assembly affects mainly on the lateral stiffness of suspension system. Second, the shock loads under severe conditions such as landing after jump and bumpy road and the driving and braking torque are concentrated on the axle assembly. As the result of above consideration, developing the high stiffness and high strength axle has been considered as the most important work for the project of rally car suspension development. For the development of new prototype car, hub and upright have been newly developed and new big bore wheel bearing has been selected in order to increase the stiffness of axle assembly. Newly developed suspension components have been installed in the new prototype car and 3 different test cars have been introduced to verify the effect of high stiffness axle. Finally, Kinematic and Compliance (K&C) test result for these 3 test cars shows that the stiffness of axle assembly is the most significant parameter to increase the lateral stiffness of whole suspension system.
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Reports on the topic "Road races"

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Williams, Michael, Marcial Lamera, Aleksander Bauranov, Carole Voulgaris, and Anurag Pande. Safety Considerations for All Road Users on Edge Lane Roads. Mineta Transportation Institute, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1925.

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Edge lane roads (ELRs), also known as advisory bike lanes or advisory shoulders, are a type of shared street where two-way motor vehicle (MV) traffic shares a single center lane, and edge lanes on either side are preferentially reserved for vulnerable road users (VRUs). This work comprises a literature review, an investigation of ELRs’ operational characteristics and potential road user interactions via simulation, and a study of crash data from existing American and Australian ELRs. The simulation evaluated the impact of various factors (e.g., speed, volume, directional split, etc.) on ELR operation. Results lay the foundation for a siting criterion. Current American siting guidance relies only upon daily traffic volume and speed—an approach that inaccurately models an ELR’s safety. To evaluate the safety of existing ELRs, crash data were collected from ELR installations in the US and Australia. For US installations, Empirical Bayes (EB) analysis resulted in an aggregate CMF of .56 for 11 installations observed over 8 years while serving more than 60 million vehicle trips. The data from the Australian State of Queensland involved rural one-lane, low-volume, higher-speed roads, functionally equivalent to ELRs. As motor vehicle volume grows, these roads are widened to two-lane facilities. While the authors observed low mean crash rates on the one-lane roads, analysis of recently converted (from one-lane to two-lane) facilities showed that several experienced fewer crashes than expected after conversion to two-lane roads.
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2

Spencer, Merianne. Motor Vehicle Traffic Death Rates by Sex, Age Group, and Road-user Type: United States, 1999-2019. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:101759.

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3

White, Michelle. The "Arms Race" on American Roads: The Effect of Heavy Vehicles on Traffic Safety and the Failure of Liability Rules. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9302.

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4

Desai, Jairaj, Jijo K. Mathew, Woosung Kim, Mingmin Liu, Howell Li, Jeffrey D. Brooks, and Darcy M. Bullock. Dashboards for Real-time Monitoring of Winter Operations Activities and After-action Assessment. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317252.

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The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) operates a fleet of nearly 1100 snowplows and spends up to $60M annually on snow removal and de-icing as part of their winter operation maintenance activities. Systematically allocating resources and optimizing material application rates can potentially save revenue that can be reallocated for other roadway maintenance operations. Modern snowplows are beginning to be equipped with a variety of Mobile Road Weather Information Sensors (MARWIS) which can provide a host of analytical data characterizing on-the-ground conditions during periods of wintry precipitation. Traffic speeds fused with road conditions and precipitation data from weather stations provide a uniquely detailed look at the progression of a winter event and the performance of the fleet. This research uses a combination of traffic speeds, MARWIS and North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) data to develop real-time dashboards characterizing the impact of precipitation and pavement surface temperature on mobility. Twenty heavy snow events were identified for the state of Indiana from November 2018 through April 2019. Two particular instances, that impacted 182 miles and 231 miles of interstate at their peaks occurred in January and March, respectively, and were used as a case study for this paper. The dashboards proposed in this paper may prove to be particularly useful for agencies in tracking fleet activity through a winter storm, helping in resource allocation and scheduling and forecasting resource needs.
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