Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Road accidents'
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1
Turner, Shane. "Estimating accidents in a road network." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5677.
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This thesis describes the development of models for predicting accidents at the intersections in a road network, from the turning traffic volumes at each intersection. The accident prediction models were developed using Poisson and negative binomial regression for each of the major accident types, at each of the major intersection types. Countrywide models that predict the motor vehicle accidents (accidents involving motor vehicles only) in a five year period, from the product of the conflicting traffic volumes were developed for each accident type. Accident prediction models have also been developed to predict the number of motor vehicle accidents occurring in different periods of the day (eg. the morning peak, 7am to 9am) and in different urban centres.
This thesis also describes three case studies, where the accident prediction models have been used to predict the total number of accidents (major accident types) at the intersections in three road networks. Case studies were performed on the Christchurch Southern Arterial network, Christchurch Central network and the Lower Hutt network. For the two latter networks the total number of intersection accidents predicted was quite similar to that observed. In the Southern Arterial network, however, the total number of intersection accidents was under-predicted considerably.
2
Chee, Wing-yan David. "Road accidents : identification of patterns and trends /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21128819.
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Arampamoorthy, Haran. "Analysis of spatial distributions of road accidents." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4832.
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Traffic accidents result in life and financial loss to the society. In
developing countries traffic fatalities are comparable to other leading
causes of death. The need for the analysis of the spatial distribution of
traffic accidents, as an aid to select the most appropriate type of
accident reduction programme (e.g. site, route and area plans) and
assessing the effectiveness of such plans after implementation, is very
important. The current practice (e.g. visual examination) for assessing
the spatial distribution of accidents is reviewed. In this thesis, various
methods for the statistical analysis of spatial distributions of accidents
(including quadrat and nearest - neighbour methods) are reviewed and
further improvements are described.
Accidents are random events subject to both temporal and spatial
variation. The basic variables for accident analysis are; distance and
direction of accident locations in terms of North and East co-ordinates,
azimuth, and the year of the accident. A new method for analysing the
spatial pattern is proposed, whereby detection of a particular pattern
will indicate which type of accident reduction programme is most
appropriate. The method distinguishes the spatial distribution (point
cluster, line cluster, area cluster or a completely spatially random
distribution) of accidents in different types of road networks (regular or
irregular and dense or sparse). The method can also help assessment of
the changes in spatial distributions of accidents.
4
Chee, Wing-yan David, and 遲榮仁. "Road accidents: identification of patterns and trends." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31951879.
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Shuhaibar, Nabeel Khalil. "Road accidents in a developing country : characteristics and causes of accident rates in Kuwait." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8185.
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Shoarian-Sattari, Kamal. "Use of vehicle flow parameters as predictors of road traffic accident risk." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391324.
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7
Saunders, Roger. "Road traffic accidents and their implications for management." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 1987. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/413/.
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It has been known for some time that police records collected by the Department of Transport could be unreliable. Local Authorities use these data as an aid to the decision making process and to assist with objective setting. Studies warning of deficiencies in the accuracy of Stats 19 police data show confusing and often differing levels of inaccuracy. Due to the atypical nature of Road Traffic Accident typology the thesis sets out to examine a methodology for use by professional safety practitioners in order to test the reliability and accuracy of existing data and to test how in an operational environment these data might be expanded to meet the needs of the practitioner responsible for education, training and publicity measures rather than the pure highway engineering function which exists at the present time. Saunders, in 'Road Safety Management in a shire county' showed how tactical objectives were set by safety practitioners but concluded that operational resource planning was a vital stepping stone between the tactical and operational objective setting phase. The thesis examines this aspect in depth from a theoretical backcloth but illustrates throughout how this is-necessary to improve management efficiency and effectiveness within a public sector organisation. The thesis examines the levels of under-reporting in the local area from a management standpoint and considers the effects this information will have on the organisation. At the same time, aids to accident analysis such as statements made to the police and methods for improving the quality and reliability of data collection in an operational setting are considered. From this, the thesis examines the current and a proposed revision of the resource base and considers how these findings affect the operational resource plan for the organisation. This, and the methodology discussed, is a necessary management consideration if it is to enable an organisation to meet its aims and objectives.
8
Caviedes, Cómbita Àlvaro Alfonso. "Exploring the Determinants of Vulnerable Road Users' Crash Severity in State Roads." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4062.
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Pedestrians and bicyclists are the most vulnerable road users and suffer the most severe consequences when crashes take place. An extensive literature is available for crash severity in terms of driver safety, but fewer studies have explored non-motorized users' crash severity. Furthermore, most research efforts have examined pedestrian and bicyclist crash severity in urban areas. This study focuses on state roads (mostly outside major urban areas) and aims to identify contributing risk factors of fatal and severe crashes involving pedestrians and bicyclists in state roads. Two ordinal regression models were developed (one for pedestrian and the other for bicyclist crashes) to examine crash severity risk factors. Additional models were developed to investigate road and traffic characteristics that could increase the likelihood of fatal crashes. In the model for pedestrian crash severity risk factors such as age, vehicle type and movement, light conditions, road classification, traffic control device, posted speed limit, location of the pedestrian and wet road surface during clear weather conditions are statistically significant. The bicyclist crash severity model indicates that age, crash location, vehicle movement and alcohol intoxication during dark conditions are statistically significant. In terms of road characteristics and traffic conditions, the models suggested risk factors such as arterials, light conditions, posted speed limit, roadways, and high heavy vehicle volume, increased the odds of a crash being fatal.
The results seem to suggest that besides improvements in roadway characteristics, additional countermeasures to reduce crash severity for vulnerable users should include separation of vulnerable users from traffic, educational campaigns, more strict control of alcohol intoxicated drivers, and protection strategies of senior pedestrians.
9
Naji, Jamil Abdul-Rabb. "Road accident analysis in Yemen : the identification of shortcomings in road accident data, data adjustment, cost and development of road fatality model." Thesis, University of South Wales, 1996. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/road-accident-analysis-in-yemen(8586c669-4709-4b2c-9d83-45003bc5d0bf).html.
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The true extent of the road accident problem in Yemen is questionable. Some agencies and citizens believe that the safety situation in Yemen is very critical while others disagree with this belief. Both sides however, agree that the road accident problem in Yemen is such that it requires considerable attention. Since Yemen has no history in road safety research and since there is no reliable road accident data in the country, making final judgements on the situation is difficult unless supported by adequate research. The aim of the present research is to provide a better understanding of the road accident problem in the Yemen. This can be made by investigation of the real dimensions of the road accident problem. This includes the identification of the shortcomings in road accident data, the cost of road accidents and modelling road accident fatalities.
10
Hiemer, Marcus. "Model based detection and reconstruction of road traffic accidents." Karlsruhe : Univ.-Verl, 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974366552.
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Papettas, Jenny. "The law applicable to cross border road traffic accidents." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5168/.
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This Thesis addresses the issue of which law should apply in cases concerning cross border road traffic accidents. From the perspective of English law it examines the changes which have been effected by the adoption of the EU Rome II Regulation, the likely outcomes of the rules of Rome II, the interaction of Rome II with the Motor Insurance Directives and the complex tripartite relationship between Rome II, the Directives and the Hague Convention on the law Applicable to Traffic Accidents. The conclusion is that Rome II represents a different and more rigid approach to choice of law than previously existed in England and Wales. The dominant aim of Rome II is that of certainty and uniformity. Nevertheless, the competing aim of achieving justice for the parties creates a residual amount of conflict and uncertainty. However, a major criticism of the drafting of Rome II, advanced by this Thesis, is that it failed to recognise the importance of insurance in the settlement of traffic accident claims and to reflect this fact in its rules. This Thesis offers some proposals for reform in this regard.
12
Liu, Yilin. "Bayesian modelling of the spatial distribution of road accidents." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2008. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/13419/.
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This research aims to develop Hierarchical Bayesian models for road accident counts that take account of the spatial dependency in the neighbouring areas or sites. The Poisson log-linear model is extended by introducing a second level of random variation that includes a conditional autoregressive (CAR) component. Both models for accidents at the area level and models for accidents on a road network are developed. Areal models are fitted using data for counties and districts in England covering two different periods and data for wards in the West Midlands region in 200l. Network models are fitted to link data for the MI motorway and to junction data for the city of Coventry. Results show that, in most cases, adding a spatial (CAR) component to conventional models produces better estimates of the expected number of accidents in an area or at a site. Signs of the coefficients for explanatory variables, including level of traffic and road characteristics, are consistent with expectation. Levels of the spatial effects in a CAR model reflect the relative influence of the unknown or unmeasurable explanatory variables on the expected number of accidents. Results from models at the local authority level in the 2000s show that spatial effects are positive in London boroughs and are negative in most metropolitan districts. For accidents at the ward level in the West Midlands, the performance of the CAR model is similar to that of the non-CAR model which includes log-normal random effects and metropolitan county effects. For models of accidents on the MI, several links are identified to have positive and fairly large spatial effects. For Coventry junction accidents, the CAR model does not perform better than the non-CAR model. Approaches to including temporal effects in spatial models when data cover two or more periods and jointly modelling different types of accidents are also proposed and examined. Two applications of the CAR models developed in this research are introduced. The first application is about predicting the number of accidents in a local authority in a new year based on previous years' data. One advantage of using the CAR model is that it produces more precise predictions than the non-CAR model. The second application of the CAR model is a new approach for site ranking. The sites selected by such a criterion are those with high risks caused by some unknown or unmeasured factors for instance, curvature or gradient of roads) which are spatially correlated. Further on-site investigation will be needed to identify such factors.
13
Scott, Andrew. "The effect of police enforcement on road traffic accidents." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2010. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/4414.
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The primary goal of this thesis is to investigate the effectiveness of police enforcement on Road Traffic Accidents; specifically, ‘Does police enforcement activity have any real effect on levels of Killed and Seriously Injured road traffic accidents?' Data relating to forty one Police Force Areas in England and Wales was analysed by means of Zero Truncated Poisson regression, Cluster Analysis and Multilevel Modelling. Enforcement measures available to the police, for which data is available in this report, range from Prosecutions and Fixed Penalty Notices to Written Warnings and Vehicle Defect Rectification Notices. Results from the Zero Truncated Poisson regression models have significant effects (P < .05), in relation to both contemporary and lagged Annual data and contemporary Quarterly data, for all proxy variables except Prosecutions. Significant effects (P < .05) are also found for Fixed Penalty Notices lagged by two quarters, Vehicle Defect Rectification Notices and speeding related Fixed Penalty Notices lagged by one quarter. Results from Cluster Analysis verify the trend linking increased police enforcement with decreasing KSI rates. Clusters derived from population based KSI rates are more clearly defined than those using Vehicle kilometres travelled based KSI rates. Multilevel modelling found significant fixed effects (P < .05) for Fixed Penalty Notices and speeding related Fixed Penalty Notices in relation to both derived and regional clusters, linking an increase in enforcement to a decrease in the overall KSI rate. There would seem to be little doubt, based on the findings of this report, that higher levels of police enforcement, as measured here, lead to decreasing numbers of KSI accidents.
14
Zheng, Yunan. "The impact of localized road accident information on road safety awareness." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 2007. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/721/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2007.Ph.D. thesis submitted the Faculty of Information and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Computing Science. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
15
Breen, Lauren Jennifer. "Silenced voices experiences of grief following road traffic crashes in Western Australia /." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://portal.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2007.0026.html.
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Cameron, Maxwell Hugh 1943. "Statistical evaluation of road trauma countermeasures." Monash University, Dept. of Mathematics and Statistics, 2000. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7943.
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17
McGuigan, David Ronald Dickson. "An examination of relationships between road accidents and traffic flow." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/492.
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In this thesis it is suggested that the cost-effectiveness of road safety expenditure on low cost engineering remedial works could be improved because the currently adopted methods for assessing expenditure priorities do not necessarily identify thosa sites at which the greatest potential for accident reduction exists. An alternative method for the generation of more cost-effective programmes of works is proposed and justified. This method adopts the rationale of identifying those sites at which accidents are occurring in higher numbers than would otherwise be expected for such sites with equivalent traffic volumes and locations. The justification for the method involves detailed statistical analyses of over 10,000 accidents occurring in Lothian Region for the years 1979-1982 which demonstrate that there are significant relationships between accidents and traffic volumes and location details (eg junction type, form of junction control, adjacent roadside development and carriageway type). On this basis, models for accident occurrence have been determined. The analyses show that the temporal distribution conforms with a Poisson process and that the spatial distribution is negative binomial. It is shown - for both links and junctions - that whilst there are significant differences between the models for different accident types, they do not, in aggregate, produce significantly better models for all accidents than simple all accident models. In addition, the importance of regression-to-mean has been established as an effect which should be accounted for not just at the monitoring stage of completed schemes but as an integral part of the initial site selection process. Finally, it is demonstrated that the proposed method, which is called Potential Accident Reduction (PAR), may provide an improvernent of cost-effectiveness of road safety expenditure of up to 25% over the currently adopted methods.
18
Ayati, Esmail. "Rural road accidents in Iran: analysis, comparison and the cost." Thesis, Aston University, 1988. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14282/.
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In the general introduction of the road-accident phenomenon inside and outside Iran, the results of previous research-works and international conferences and seminars on road-safety have been reviewed. Also a sample-road between Tehran and Mashad has been investigated as a case-study. Examining the road-accident data and iriformation, first: the information presented in road-accident reportforms in developed countries is discussed and, second: the procedures for road-accident data collection in Iran are investigated in detail. The data supplied by Iran Road-Police Central Statistics Office, is analysed, different rates are computed, due comparisons with other nations are made, and the results are discussed. Also such analysis and comparisons are presented for different provinces of Iran. It is concluded that each province with its own natural, geographical, social and economical characteristics possesses its own reasons for the quality and quantity of road-accidents and therefore must receive its own appropriate remedial solutions. The question~ of "what is the cost of road-accidents" , "why and how evaluate the cost", "what is the appropriate way of approach to such evaluation" are all discussed and then "the cost of road-accidents in Iran" based on two different approaches: "Gross National Output"and"court award" is computed. It is concluded that this cost is about 1.5 per cent of the country's national product. In Appendix 3 an impressive example is given of the trend of costs and benefits that can be attributed to investment in road-safety measures.
19
Williams, Philip R. L. "An investigation of vehicle lighting and road accidents at dusk." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1988. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36469/1/36469_Williams_1988_Vol-1.pdf.
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It is important for drivers not only to see but also to
be seen. This project is primarily concerned with the
latter criteria with particular reference to the
conspicuity value of vehicle lighting during dusk. A
one year survey of vehicle light use in dusk was
carried out at a number of sites in the South-East
Queensland area.
The use of vehicle lights was found to be extremely
variable and influenced by a number of factors,
especially the weather. Clear skies at dusk appear to
mislead many drivers as to their vehicles conspicuity
at the roadway level. Consequently they often delay
switching on lights until very late in dusk.
Motorcyclists are an exception and generally use lights
much earlier. Parking lights are favoured by a
significant proportion of drivers as a preliminary
measure before the use
effectiveness of parking
found to be deficient.
of headlights. However, the
lights was also surveyed and
The Queensland Traffic Act
requirement for drivers to use headlights after sunset
was not observed by the majority of drivers.
Most authors agree that dusk represents a potentially
difficult period for drivers. Research has confirmed
that in reduced ambient illumination, vehicles with
lights have a number of advantages to other road users
over unlit vehicles. These include longer detection
distances, better distance estimation and less chance
of non-detection in a mixed group of lit and unlit
vehicles. Published accident statistics were found to include a
number of limitations regarding "dusk" accidents. More
detailed analysis showed that in general dusk was not
over-represented by accidents despite the potential
problems. However this is complicated greatly by the
effect of peak traffic. Pedestrian accidents were
found to be consistently high in dusk. Overtaking on
high speed rural roads in late dusk was shown to be
unsafe where the oncoming vehicle was unlit.
Overseas studies generally
running lights as an
favour the use of all day
accident counter collision
measure, but these studies have mainly been carried out
in countries such as Sweden and Canada where ambient
illumination is poorer than in Australia.
A number of recommendations are made to improve the
safety and confidence of drivers during dusk.
20
Odero, Wilson Washington Omole. "Road traffic injuries and alcohol in Eldoret, Kenya : epidemiology and policy analysis." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251919.
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Vokurka, Christopher. "Relating wildlife crashes to road reconstruction." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1317334891&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Jun, Ma. "Towards a general optimal model for minimizing nighttime road traffic accidents and road lighting power consumption." Thesis, Linköping University, Communications and Transport Systems, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57232.
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Nowadays, NRTS (Nighttime Road Traffic Safety) and energy saving are very hot topics in transportation field. This thesis investigates a general optimal model for minimizing NRTAs (nighttime road traffic accidents) and power consumption of the road lighting. To establish this model, the relationship between N/D RTAs (Night to Day Road Traffic Accidents) ratio and road lighting condition and the relationship between power consumption and road lighting condition have been studied and explained. A media variable “economic cost” has been chosen which is used for making a connection between these two relationships. The evaluations of NRTAs and power consumption from cost point of view are introduced as well. The impacts of each internal factor defined by author are explained carefully. The result of the model based on these relationships and internal influencing factors is presented in the paper. Finally, the recommendations for reducing NRTAs and/or power consumption, as well as other interesting areas for further study are presented.
23
Mollet, C. J. "The analysis of road traffic accident data in the implementation of road safety remedial programmes." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52483.
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Thesis (M.Ing.)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A road safety remedial programme has as an objective the improvement of road transportation safety by applying road safety engineering remedial measures to hazardous road network elements in a manner that will be economically efficient. Since accident data is the primary manifestation of poor safety levels it must be analysed in manner that will support the overall objective of economic efficiency. Three steps in the process of implementing a road safety remedial programme, that rely on the systematic analysis of accident data, are the identification of hazardous locations, the ranking of hazardous locations and the evaluation of remedial measure effectiveness. The efficiency of a road safety remedial programme can be enhanced by using appropriate methodologies to measure safety, identify and rank hazardous locations and to determine the effectiveness of road safety remedial measures. There are a number of methodologies available to perform these tasks, although some perform much better than other. Methodologies based on the Empirical Bayesian approach generally provide better results than the Conventional methods. Bayesian methodologies are not often used in South Africa. To do so would require the additional training of students and engineering professionals as well as more research by tertiary and other research institutions. The efficiency of a road safety remedial programme can be compromised by using poor quality accident data. In South Africa the quality of accident data is generally poor and should more attention be given to the proper management and control of accident data. This thesis will report on, investigate and evaluate Bayesian and Conventional accident data analysis methodologies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van 'n padveiligheidsverbeteringsprogram is om op die mees koste effektiewe manier die veiligheid van onveilige padnetwerkelemente te verbeter deur die toepassing van ingenieursmaatreëls. Aangesien padveiligheid direk verband hou met verkeersongelukke vereis die koste effektiewe implementering van 'n padveiligheidsverbeteringsprogram die doelgerigte en korrekte ontleding van ongeluksdata. Om 'n padveiligheidsverbeteringsprogram te implementeer word die ontleding van ongeluksdata verlang vir die identifisering en priortisering van gevaarkolle, sowel as om die effektiwiteit van verbeteringsmaatreëls te bepaal. Die koste effektiwiteit van 'n padveiligheidsverbeteringsprogram kan verbeter word deur die regte metodes te kies om padveiligheid te meet, gevaarkolle te identifiseer en te prioritiseer en om die effektiwiteit van verbeteringsmaatreëls te bepaal. Daar is verskeie metodes om hierdie ontledings te doen, alhoewel sommige van die metodes beter is as ander. Die 'Bayesian' metodes lewer oor die algemeen beter resultate as die gewone konvensionele metodes. 'Bayesian' metodes word nie. in Suid Afrika toegepas nie. Om dit te doen sal addisionele opleiding van studente en ingenieurs vereis, sowel as addisionele navorsing deur universiteite en ander navorsing instansies. Die gebruik van swak kwaliteit ongeluksdata kan die integriteit van 'n padveiligheidsverbeteringsprogram benadeel. Die kwaliteit van ongeluksdata in Suid Afrika is oor die algemeen swak en behoort meer aandag gegee te word aan die bestuur en kontrole van ongeluksdata. Die doel van hierdie tesis is om verslag te doen oor 'Bayesian' en konvensionele metodes wat gebruik kan word om ongeluksdata te ontleed, dit te ondersoek en te evalueer.
24
Grant, Timothy A. "Prehospital Staffing and Road Traffic Accidents: Physician Versus Trained Nonphysician Responders." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/237.
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Road traffic deaths, which affect people in their productive years, are projected to be the third leading cause of death by the year 2030. While most studies have focused on road infrastructure and vehicle safety, this study examined something new: the impact of prehospital response to road traffic accidents on the rate of death. Some countries send physicians to the scene of an accident; some send paramedics or registered nurses. The question this research sought to answer was whether the use of physician responders resulted in a lower rate of death compared to the use of nonphysician responders. The literature makes it clear that rate of road traffic death is related to country income and governance indicators, so first those variables needed to be equalized. My conceptual framework for this cross-sectional correlation study was the Haddon matrix, which organizes injuries by temporal (pre-event, event, and postevent) and epidemiological (host, agent, and environment) factors. Using World Health Organization data on road traffic injury and country income, World Bank data on governance indicators, and a literature search of 67 countries' prehospital response profiles, significant negative correlations (p > 0.001) were found for road traffic deaths and income, r (65) = -0.68, and governance indicators, r (65) = -0.646. No significant difference in the rate of road traffic death was found between physician and nonphysician prehospital staffing. Because increasing countries' income and improving governance are long-term, ambitious goals for developing countries, training nonphysician prehospital responders appears to be the most effective social change to decrease the burden of road traffic deaths.
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McLundie, W. M. "Investigation of Two-Wheeled Road Traffic Accidents using Explicit FE Techniques." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3170.
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With the increase of road traffic accidents increasing due to motorised traffic
in the developing world growing alongside the more traditional bicycles and
light motorcycles there is good reason to re-examine the two-wheeler case. In
addition, if you include the large congestion charge scheme now underway in
London and similar projects being considered in other cities globally, there is
an even stronger case. These schemes encourage commuters to get back
onto two wheels but with a potential increase in road traffic accidents.
The development of Explicit Finite Element Analysis (FEA) over the last 15
years, and large improvements in solver times has made examination of
complex impact events achievable. As an extension of this knowledge it is
now beginning to be feasible to consider the complex case of injury to
vulnerable road users (VRU's).
This thesis describes why two-wheeler accidents are increasingly relevant,
and the details of which injuries are most common in each particular case.
From physical testing, bicycle models for adult and child cases were created
and the most relevant car to cyclist accident scenarios re-constructed.
Existing humanoid models and vehicle models were adapted to understand
biomechanical effects in the collision.
The results show that although there is great variation due to this complex
event in terms of biomechanical and frictional effects and therefore the
resulting kinematics, as a mathematical method of investigating future protection devices it should be possible to gain a greater understanding of
their effects in the real world. To this end a final section detailing the
development of active and passive technologies (including structural
optimisation techniques) has been included.
26
Edwards, Julia Bethan. "The influence of weather on road accidents in England and Wales." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420404.
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Stewart, Douglas Lunan. "Safety implications of driver misperception in road accidents involving child pedestrians." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358258.
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Accidents to child pedestrians are usually blamed on their inexperience and carelessness. This thesis proposes instead that the main problem is a form of driver error, overestimation of time-to-collision. When drivers have to make critical decisions about braking, time-to-collision may be much longer than can be reliably judged from optic flow. They therefore have to obtain time-to-collision indirectly from distance and speed. The main cue for distance is familiar size, so if a driver tends to misperceive a child as a larger person at a greater distance, he would overestimate time-to-collision. Risk of accident would therefore increase. That hypothesis is supported by a new collision simulation, which replicates a braking manoeuvre. An experiment based on the simulation supports the hypothesis, and allows influences on accidents to be predicted. These are tested from national accident statistics, which indicate that over half of all child pedestrian casualties would not occur but for this driver error. Several remedial measures are proposed. The experiment not only supports that hypothesis. It also suggests that the cognitive process by which time-to-collision is obtained from optic flow differs from that generally assumed - processing angular distance and angular velocity by the algorithm θ/θ. An alternative algorithm 2theta/θis proposed, where θ is angular acceleration, which provides the same value of time-to-collision without the need for angular distance. The new algorithm is supported by further experiment, and provides an understanding of situations which were difficult to reconcile with the θ/θ hypothesis. Our ability to respond to moving objects which are very small, of variable shape, visible only briefly, or changing speed, becomes more understandable. Though primarily related to pedestrian safety, therefore, the work reported in this thesis could have far wider application.
28
Sheikh, Mohammad Mizanur Rahman. "A statistical analysis of road traffic accidents and casualties in Bangladesh." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.506322.
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A statistical analysis was conducted for road traffic accidents and associated casualties in Bangladesh. This was undertaken in order to assist the policymakers to take appropriate steps to be reduced the road traffic accidents and the associated casualties. Secondary data (collecting from Bangladesh government publications) were explored, analysed and modelled statistically. An exploration was undertaken using the averages (per annum) of rates of KSI/ fatal casualty, accident and involved vehicles applying Bar-charts. In addition, annual time series data were investigated using trend lines. A detailed analysis of variances was conducted using the rates (per 10,000 populations) of BRTA traffic accident and casualty data applying mainly non-parametric tests. Time series; one-way and two /three-way classified data are analysed applying linear regression model; Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis tests and Univariate regression model respectively. Finally, modelling of two/ three-way data was conducted using the frequencies of fatal casualty, fatal accident and involved vehicles applying Poisson regression. The most significant findings from this research were that pedestrians are highly involved in the casualty figures. Fatal hit pedestrian is the main collision type accident. Maximum fatal accidents occur at out of junction. Cities have higher accident and casualty rates than that for non-cities (divisions/ districts, excluding cities). In particular, Rajshahi city and Dhaka city have the highest accident rates. National highways are the main venues of accidents and casualties. Heavy vehicles including buses and trucks are predominantly involved in casualty accident. Implications from this research have been considered and suitable recommendations have been made.
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Hammoudi, Abdulla Al. "Causes and strategies to reduce road traffic accidents in Abu Dhabi." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/7556.
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Every year globally 1.3 million people lose their lives from road traffic accidents (RTAs). To date, there has not been a comprehensive evaluation of RTAs in the United Arab Emirates, and the results from this study would help in evaluating the issues related to RTAs. Relevant literature on factors related to RTAs was reviewed to inform the methods adopted for the study. Structured questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data among 291 drivers and 280 pedestrians in Abu Dhabi, while 41 key informant interviews with traffic managers provided qualitative data. Draft recommendations on RTAs in Abu Dhabi that were derived from drivers, pedestrians and key informant interviews were discussed with appropriate stakeholders , traffic managers and policy makers in the country that resulted in the development of RTAs benchmark in the country. The study has identified major causes of RTAs in Abu Dhabi, with young people between 18-25 years, the ones who are likely to cause RTAs in Abu Dhabi. Not wearing seat belt, using mobile phone and alcohol consumption were also identified as causes of RTAs. Aggressive driving behaviour was the most unsafe driving behaviours and included speeding, tailgating, not using indicators and jumping red traffic lights. Using a mobile phones as a pedestrian while crossing roads and crossing roads from undesignated places also contributed to RTAs. The study has proposed methods to reduce RTAs in Abu Dhabi including traffic law enforcement, traffic campaigns and education traffic safety programs. The study further proposes that a welcome pack be provided for new arrivals to the country, with information on the importance of traffic safety and to explain the traffic law in the country as an appropriate method to reduce RTAs in Abu Dhabi. The study further proposes that governments should work with relevant stakeholders to address issues related to RTAs.
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Chagas, Denise Martins. "Método para análise de acidentes de trânsito com a identificação de fatores causais." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/116727.
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Esta tese tem como finalidade propor um método de coleta, tratamento e análise de dados de acidentes de trânsito para aplicação no Brasil. Este método tem como um de seus objetivos reconhecer os fatores que contribuem para a ocorrência dos acidentes, visto que identificar as causas dos acidentes é fundamental na busca por soluções para o problema da acidentalidade. No Brasil as bases de dados de acidentes de trânsito são, em geral, estruturadas a partir dos registros policiais e carecem de informações adequadas para a análise da segurança viária. O método proposto neste trabalho permite registrar acidentes de modo a contemplar: as características do acidente, as circunstâncias do momento, a identificação e as características dos veículos e pessoas envolvidas. Além disso, o método permite relacionar essas informações com os fatores que contribuíram para a ocorrência dos acidentes. Nesse contexto, a criação de uma base de dados de acidentes e seus fatores contribuintes, vem suprir a carência de informações essenciais para o diagnóstico e encaminhamento de soluções adequadas para os problemas motivadores dos acidentes de trânsito. A proposta desta tese está baseada em uma abordagem que combina aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos, alinhada às melhores práticas internacionais na área de segurança viária. Como resultado do desenvolvimento do método, foram elaborados instrumentos de coleta de dados contendo um formulário, um manual e procedimentos para a coleta de dados. Como resultado da aplicação prática desses instrumentos, foi criada a estrutura de uma base de dados que permitiu a definição do método proposto para a análise das causas de acidentes de trânsito. Como meio de validar o método proposto, foi realizado um estudo aplicado e são apresentadas as análises de dados dos acidentes de trânsito observados.This thesis has the purpose of presenting a method for collecting and processing data on traffic accidents to be applied in Brazil. This method aims to acknowledge the contributor factors for the occurrence of accidents, since identifying the causes of accidents is crucial on the search for effective solutions for the road safety problem. Traffic accidents database in Brazil are generally structured based on police reports, therefore lacking adequate information for the analyses of road safety. The method proposes a registry of the accidents comprising accident characteristics, scene circumstances, vehicle as well as involved people identification and characteristics. Moreover, it allows relating that information with the accident contributory factors. In this scenery, the creation of an accident database and its contributory factors emerge to supply the lack of essential information for the diagnosis and adequate solution for traffic accidents. This thesis’ proposal has an approach that combines both quantitative and qualitative aspects, seeking to level up to the best international practice on the road safety area. As a result of the development of the method, data collection instruments were elaborated: a form, a manual, and procedures for data collection. Besides, as a result of the practical application of these instruments, a database - which allowed the definition of the method proposed for analysis of the causes of traffic accidents - was created. As a mean of validation of the method, an applied study and the data analysis of the observed traffic accidents are presented.
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Phipps, Valerie Lily. "The psychological effects of road traffic accidents on children and adolescents following admission to an Accident and Emergency Department." Thesis, Open University, 2000. http://oro.open.ac.uk/58073/.
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Objectives: - The present research attempts to elicit children's perceptions and experiences of enduring a road traffic accident (RTA). It also examined their parents experiences of parenting such children and their own experiences and perceptions of the accident. Participants: - The study focussed on 14 children, aged from 9 years 9 months - 14 years and 4 months of age who had endured a RTA from between 9-33 months previously and their parents. Design: - The study employed a non-experimental design with a combination of quantitative and qualitative paradigms. Method: - The participants were identified via the hospital database of all children who had endured a RTA from between 6-24 months previously. Both the children and their parents were interviewed on specifically designed semi-structured interview schedules. Each interview was then tape-recorded and transcribed in its entirety. These transcripts then provided the universe of material for subsequent qualitative analysis. Results:- The results of this study demonstrated that approximately half of the children who had experienced a RTA were suffering from a post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In addition, the PTSD case children differed from the non-case children on factors such as awareness of the inpending RTA, feelings of self-blame regarding the accident, and more negative thoughts regarding their experience immediately after the impact and at the time of the assessment. In addition, the parents of the case children displayed similar responses to that of their children. Conclusion: - A theoretical Model was presented to account for the main findings in response to the research questions, also drawing on existing research. It is emphasised that this model is speculative due to the small sample size insofar as it draws upon the present findings, and as such can only relate to this study sample and further research would be required to fully test and validate it. In addition, recommendations were made for service delivery and clinical practice.
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Novoa, Pardo Ana María. "Effectiveness of road safety interventions in Spain." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/22689.
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Las lesiones por tráfico son un importante problema de salud pública en España. En 2004, el gobierno español estableció la seguridad vial como una prioridad política, y creó el Plan Estratégico de Seguridad Vial 2005-2008, que propone una serie de medidas dirigidas a disminuir el impacto de las lesiones por tráfico en España.
Los objetivos de la tesis son revisar las intervenciones de seguridad vial que se han demostrado efectivas en reducir las lesiones y mortalidad por tráfico y evaluar el impacto en morbilidad y mortalidad por tráfico del conjunto de medidas implementadas en España a partir del año 2004 y de algunas de las medidas implementadas, concretamente el permiso por puntos, la reforma del Código Penal y los radares.
El diseño de todos los estudios de evaluación consistió en estudios de series temporales interrumpidas. Las poblaciones de estudio fueron el número de colisiones, conductores involucrados en colisiones con lesionados y personas lesionadas por tráfico en España entre los años 2000 y 2008. Las fuentes de información fueron bases de datos de policía y hospitalarias. Se ajustaron modelos de regresión Quasi-Poisson, controlando la tendencia temporal y la estacionalidad.
Los estudios incluidos en la tesis sugieren que la priorización de la seguridad vial en el año 2004 supuso un cambio en la tendencia de las lesiones por tráfico en España, y fue especialmente efectiva en reducir el número de lesionados graves. Entre las intervenciones incluidas en el Plan Estratégico de Seguridad Vial 2005-2008, se evaluó la efectividad de los radares, el permiso por puntos y la criminalización de una serie de comportamientos de tráfico – mediante la reforma del Código Penal –, medidas que redujeron el impacto de las lesiones por tráfico en España. Sin embargo, la revisión de la literatura incluida en la tesis identificó diversas medidas efectivas de seguridad vial, como el permiso de conducir gradual, que todavía no han sido implementadas y que podrían reducir todavía más el número de personas lesionadas en las carreteras españolas.
Será necesario realizar esfuerzos importantes y adjudicar suficientes recursos para mantener el nivel de seguridad vial alcanzado. Además, se deberán implementar más medidas efectivas de seguridad vial para reducir el todavía inaceptablemente elevado número de personas lesionadas o muertas en las carreteras españolas cada día.Road traffic injuries are an important public health problem in Spain. In 2004, the Spanish government established road safety as a political priority, and created the Road Safety Strategic Programme 2005-2008, which proposes a series of actions aimed to reduce the burden of traffic injuries in Spain. The objectives of the present thesis are to review the road safety interventions which have proven to be effective in reducing road traffic deaths and injuries, and to assess the impact on traffic morbidity and mortality of overall road safety interventions implemented in Spain from the year 2004 on and of specific road safety interventions implemented, specifically the penalty points system, the reform of the Penal Code and speed cameras. The design of all the intervention evaluation studies consisted in interrupted time-series studies. The number of injury crashes, drivers involved in injury collisions, and people injured in traffic collisions in Spain between the years 2000-2008 were the study populations. Police and hospital registries were used as sources of information. Quasi-Poisson regression models were adjusted, controlling for time trend and seasonal patterns. The studies included in the present thesis suggest that the prioritisation of road safety in the year 2004 changed the trend of road traffic injuries in Spain, being especially effective in reducing the number of seriously injured people. Among the interventions included in the Road Safety Strategic Programme 2005-2008, speed cameras, the penalty points system, and the criminalisation of a set of road behaviours - by means of reforming the Penal Code – were assessed for effectiveness and were observed to reduce the burden of traffic injuries in Spain. Nevertheless, the literature review included in the thesis identified several effective road safety interventions, such as the graduated licensing system, that have not been implemented as yet, and which could further reduce the number of people injured on the Spanish roads. Important efforts and enough resources will be needed to maintain the level of road safety achieved. Furthermore, additional effective road safety measures should be implemented to reduce the still unacceptably high number of people injured or killed on the Spanish roads every day.
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Chan, Wing-yee. "An application of GIS for road accident analysis in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23294577.
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Nnajjuma, Hellen. "Road Traffic Accidents in Uganda in view of Taxi Drivers Masaka District." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Psykologisk institutt, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25303.
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The aim of this study was to explore how psychosocial lived experiences of taxi drivers explain accident involvement in Uganda. Face to face in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with six male taxi drivers who survived accidents while driving and still served as taxi drivers. The sample was identified with purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Ethical considerations were observed during data collection through transcription, analysis to the final compilation. Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) was employed to each participant’s discernment of the specific and general accounts of accident narratives in a bid to make "sense" of their lived worlds as drivers and accident involvement. Three superordinate themes illuminating accidents emerged out of the data: typical routines of taxi drivers; the socio-cultural context; and the taxi drivers’ community. These were discussed based on relevant theories and previous studies as well as pertinent concepts. Considering the study results, typical routines of taxi drivers, driver community factors and social/cultural factors affect each other, these together leave driver-accident involvement inevitable. Categorically such factors include; age, formal education, driving training, driver health status, domestic concerns, significant others, competitive driving / worse-worse, other road users, Impulsive pick and drop-off of passengers, theft, driver stress, state of the road, state of the vehicle among others. Thus behavioural and cognitive remedies are herein suggested towards ameliorative and/or transformative processes of the accident endemic.
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Hamza, Mohamed Ali D. "A study of road accidents, causalities and their injury patterns in Libya." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/225.
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This study examines the characteristics and details of road accidents that occurred in Libya between 1966 and 2000. The accident rate in Libya, on any comparable basis, is much larger than that in the Europe and USA and the culture of recording data and creating accident statistics is not well established. This work is the first attempt of any kind to collect and examine such data. Information was obtained from several sources in Libya during three field trips by the author during the course of this study. The numbers of road traffic accidents and casualties were obtained from the office of the Libyan Directorate General of Traffic based in Tripoli and the details of licensed vehicles and population statistics were obtained from the Secretariat of Planning. This data was examined using established methods used in the UE and USA to determine the utility of the accepted analysis methods in the Libyan situation. The overall results indicated that motor vehicle accidents are the most common single cause of avoidable death and disabilities in Libya averaging 3.4 per day. The reason for this is based on several factors peculiar to Libya such as the poor state of the infrastructure, the lack of road safety features, the aging vehicle population and the lack of adequate medical facilities. The data collected was divided into different categories to enable the examination of pedestrian casualties, the impact of vehicle occupancy, the age and condition of the vehicle involved and the age and sex of the victim. Each of these categories was further subdivided to provide a further detailed analysis. The results obtained from the analysis showed the utility of the established analysis methods. The results broadly agreed with the findings of other workers but indicated a higher incident rate than had been recorded in developing countries such as South Africa and Saudi Arabia and were much larger than the USA and Europe. This thesis concludes by suggesting ways in which pedestrian and traffic safety can be improved in Libya and makes recommendations with regard to improving the accident data collection and reporting methods. It is considered that this work, being the first of its kind to address road traffic accidents in Libya, has highlighted many contributory infrastructure aspects the effect of which can be reduced if the recommendations of this thesis are implemented.
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Ladi, Hj Supry Hj Ag. "Geographical information systems coupled prediction modelling of road traffic accidents in Brunei." Thesis, University of East London, 2006. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3402/.
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The analysis of road accident data has led to the development of a number of prediction models to allow testing of road improvement schemes. However, the advances in Information Technology and particularly within the field of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) has enabled it to be linked with applied sciences such as Fluid Mechanics, Highway Design and Traffic Engineering to create a "loosely" to "tightly coupled" GISbased system. Such a system allows correction and simulation tasks to be performed whenever necessary. This approach has been applied to the problem in Brunei where they are at the initial stage towards realising the importance of road-safety research. This work has been proved to contribute tangible benefits for the Brunei road safety authorities. ArcGIS software was used to produce clusters of road accidents along a road and create a road accident database linked with the Brunei road network which form the initial stage of this research. The research develops a new 'Modified Voronoi Process' (MVP) for the identification of accident hotspots along a road. This technique uses a combination of GIS functionalities with Microsoft Excel software. The establishment of a Hotspot Zone dimension (HZD) within the MVP is creative and is very beneficial for Brunei road safety authorities and other researchers. The technique incorporates Brunei road accident hotspot definition established by the author. The final outcome of this research is the development of a GIS-based Road Accident Prediction System and is an innovation and enhancement to the world of road accident prediction system and particularly in Brunei. The system incorporates an external prediction model, which is "tightly coupled" or integrated with a GIS. The coupling enables the prediction to be carried out on a single platform for easy input and computation. The system was tested using accident data acquired from manually recorded 24-hour police reports and statistical software used to analyse the sensitivity of accident locations. The system was also used for a sensitivity analysis of the application of the United States Federal Highway Agency (USFHA) prediction model on a segment of road in Brunei.
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Memon, A. Q. "Modelling road accidents from national datasets : a case study of Great Britain." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1354623/.
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This study investigates the occurrence of road traffic accidents in Great Britain at a national scale. STATS 19 data for road accidents, vehicles involved in road accidents and casualties occurring over several years were analysed and modelled using various statistical techniques. The main aims of this research were to investigate the use of different statistical model formulations and to investigate the numbers of road accidents, casualties, and vehicles involved that occur on each day. Generalized linear model (GLM), generalized estimation equation (GEE), and hierarchical generalized linear model (HGLM) formulations were investigated for this purpose. The variables of weekday 3 (weekday, Saturday, Sunday), seasons (Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter), month, time, Public holidays, Christmas holidays, new-year holidays, road type and vehicle class, together with certain interactions between them, were found to be important in developing models of risk per unit of distance travel. Additional variables of distance travelled per vehicle, vehicles per head of population, population density, meteorological factors were also investigated, and population, age group and gender were used to develop models of casualty rate per person-year. The GLM model structure with log link function was found to fit data for the occurrence of road accidents reasonably well when the negative binomial distribution was adopted to accommodate over-dispersion beyond Poisson levels. The GEE with negative binomial error together with autoregressive (AR1) structure was preferred over the GLM as it can also accommodate serial correlation that was found to be present in the data due to the natural order of the observations. The coefficients and significance levels of some variables were found to change significantly if the presence of serial correlation is not respected. Finally HGLM with Poisson-gamma errors and log link function was used to estimate the number of casualties involved in road accidents on each day. The advantage of HGLM over GLM and GEE is that it can account for variability within and between clusters using both random effects and dispersion modelling: this was found to be substantial. However, unlike GEE, HGLM cannot accommodate time series structure so that the coefficients and the associated standard errors of some of the variables should be viewed with caution. From the model results, it is found that distance travelled provided a good measure of exposure to risk in most cases, and that each of distance travelled per vehicle, population density and rain is associated with greater risk for road accident per unit of travel whereas risk diminishes with increase in each of numbers of vehicles per person and mean minimum monthly temperature. The risk per unit of travel was also estimated for each of 5 classes of vehicles on each of 5 different kinds of roads. Finally the age and gender specific rate of casualty per person-year was estimated for each combination of age group and gender. The results obtained from this study will lead to the promotion of safe usage of road and vehicle class combinations by raising travellers’ awareness. On the other hand the casualty rates estimated for each of the 8 age groups and two gender groups by vehicle class will help to identify those that need more attention. These results will help various educational, planning, and rescue agencies to identify target groups for education and engineering initiatives to improve road safety.
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Mashaoo, D. "Improvement of expert analysis for road traffic accidents using computer simulation programs." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2019. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/14622.
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Abdalla, Ibrahim Mohamed. "Statistical investigation and modelling of relationships between road accidents and social characteristics." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.682566.
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Hiemer, Marcus [Verfasser]. "Model based detection and reconstruction of road traffic accidents / von Marcus Hiemer." Karlsruhe : Univ.-Verl. Karlsruhe, 2005. http://d-nb.info/974366552/34.
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Kayi, Calvine. "An analysis of road traffic accidents using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) : the case of Nairobi City, Kenya /." Hamburg : Kovač, 2007. http://www.verlagdrkovac.de/978-3-8300-3247-2.htm.
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Yao, Shenjun, and 姚申君. "Advances in spatial analysis of traffic crashes: the identification of hazardous road locations." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50434445.
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The identification of hazardous road locations is important to the improvement of road safety. However, there is still no consensus on the best method of identifying hazardous road locations. While traditional methods, such as the hot spot methodology, focus on the physical distances separating road crashes only, the hot zone methodology takes network contiguity into consideration and treats contiguous road segments as hazardous road locations. Compared with the hot spot method, hot zone methodology is a relatively new direction and there still remain a number of methodological issues in applying the method to the identification of hazardous road locations. Hence, this study aims to provide a GIS-based study on the identification of crash hot zones as hazardous road locations with both link-attribute and event-based approaches. It first explores the general procedures of the two approaches in identifying traffic crash hot zones, and then investigates the characteristics of the two approaches by conducting a range of sensitivity analysis on defining threshold value and crash intensity with both simulated and empirical data.
The results suggest that it is better to use a dissolved road network instead of a raw-link-node road network. The segmentation length and the interval of reference points have great impacts on the identification of hot zones, and they are better defined as 100 meters considering the stabilities of the performance. While employing a numerical definition to identify hot zones is a simple and effort-saving approach, using the Monte Carlo method can avoid selection bias in choosing an appropriate number as the threshold value. If the two approaches are compared, it is observed that the link-attribute approach is more likely to cause false negative problem and the event-based approach is prone to false positive problem around road junctions. No matter which method is used, the link-attribute approach requires less computer time in identifying crash hot zones. When a range of environmental variables have to be taken into consideration, the link-attribute approach is superior to the event-based approach in that it is easier for the link-attribute approach to incorporate environmental variables with statistical models.
By investigating the hot zone methodology, this research is expected to enrich the theoretical knowledge of the identification of hazardous road locations and to practically provide policy-makers with more information on identifying road hazards. Further research efforts have to be dedicated to the ranking of hot zones and the investigation of false positive and false negative problems.published_or_final_version
Geography
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Uys, Barend Petrus. "Omrol van veldvoertuie." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06032008-113745/.
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Siswana, Babalwa. "The impact of fatal road accidents on the South African economy (1997-2011)." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1013591.
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The purpose of the study is to examine the impact of fatal road accidents on the South African economy. The study used quarterly time series data for the period 1997 to 2011. A Johansen cointegration and vector error correction model (VCEM) was used to determine the impact of fatal road accidents on the South African economy. The explanatory variables in this study are labour productivity, real interest rates, unemployment and real exchange rates. Results from this study revealed that fatal road accidents have negatively impacted on the economic growth in South Africa while labour productivity, real interest rates, unemployment and real exchange rates have a positive long-run impact on economic growth in South Africa. This study recommends that road safety measures must be intensified in South Africa in order to maximize the benefits of economic growth. Keywords: Economic growth, fatal road accidents, South Africa
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Wang, Chao. "The relationship between traffic congestion and road accidents : an econometric approach using GIS." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6207.
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Both traffic congestion and road accidents impose a burden on society, and it is therefore important for transport policy makers to reduce their impact. An ideal scenario would be that traffic congestion and accidents are reduced simultaneously, however, this may not be possible since it has been speculated that increased traffic congestion may be beneficial in terms of road safety. This is based on the premise that there would be fewer fatal accidents and the accidents that occurred would tend to be less severe due to the low average speed when congestion is present. If this is confirmed then it poses a potential dilemma for transport policy makers: the benefit of reducing congestion might be off-set by more severe accidents. It is therefore important to fully understand the relationship between traffic congestion and road accidents while controlling for other factors affecting road traffic accidents. The relationship between traffic congestion and road accidents appears to be an under researched area. Previous studies often lack a suitable congestion measurement and an appropriate econometric model using real-world data. This thesis aims to explore the relationship between traffic congestion and road accidents by using an econometric and GIS approach. The analysis is based on the data from the M25 motorway and its surrounding major roads for the period 2003-2007. A series of econometric models have been employed to investigate the effect of traffic congestion on both accident frequency (such as classical Negative Binomial and Bayesian spatial models) and accident severity (such as ordered logit and mixed logit models). The Bayesian spatial model and the mixed logit model are the best models estimated for accident frequency and accident severity analyses respectively. The model estimation results suggest that traffic congestion is positively associated with the frequency of fatal and serious injury accidents and negatively (i.e. inversely) associated with the severity of accidents that have occurred. Traffic congestion is found to have little impact on the frequency of slight injury accidents. Other contributing factors have also been controlled for and produced results consistent with previous studies. It is concluded that traffic congestion overall has a negative impact on road safety. This may be partially due to higher speed variance among vehicles within and between lanes and erratic driving behaviour in the presence of congestion. The results indicate that mobility and safety can be improved simultaneously, and therefore there is significant additional benefit of reducing traffic congestion in terms of road safety. Several policy implications have been identified in order to optimise the traffic flow and improve driving behaviour, which would be beneficial to both congestion and accident reduction. This includes: reinforcing electronic warning signs and the Active Traffic Management, enforcing average speed on a stretch of a roadway and introducing minimum speed limits in the UK. This thesis contributes to knowledge in terms of the relationship between traffic congestion and road accidents, showing that mobility and safety can be improved simultaneously. A new hypothesis is proposed that traffic congestion on major roads may increase the occurrence of serious injury accidents. This thesis also proposes a new map-matching technique so as to assign accidents to the correct road segments, and shows how a two-stage modelling process which combines both accident frequency and severity models can be used in site ranking with the objective of identifying hazardous accident hotspots for further safety examination and treatment.
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Shongwe, Nondumiso Khetsiwe Ntombi. "Toxicological Findings in Fatal Road Traffic Accidents in Cape Town: A Pilot Study." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31238.
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Introduction: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) and associated morbidity and mortality are a global public health burden. Literature reports on an association between drugs and/or alcohol intoxication and traffic collisions. In South Africa (SA), where drug use and abuse are prevalent, annual RTAs rates are higher than the average global burden. Toxicological analyses in cases of RTA fatalities are not performed routinely in SA (apart from alcohol analysis), thus understanding the burden of other drug impairment on road traffic deaths is limited. Aim: A prospective toxicological analysis was performed in a cohort of road traffic fatality cases (drivers, passengers, pedestrians, motorcyclists and cyclists) from Salt River Mortuary in Cape Town, SA. The objectives were to perform drug screening in these cases to preliminary investigate detected substances as well as to evaluate the demographics and circumstances of death of the aforementioned cases. Methods: A systematic review was first performed to investigate the prevalence of drugs in internationally reported RTA fatalities. For the prospective study, post-mortem specimens including blood, vitreous humor, urine and bile were collected from cases in which next-of-kin consent was obtained. All samples were analysed using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of -flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOF-MS). Results: Thirty cases were analysed over 3 months, of which most were male, pedestrians and between the age group of 31-40 years. The most prevalent cause of death was multiple blunt force injuries to the body. Single vehicle crashes were predominant particularly among the pedestrians and motorcyclists whereas drivers were mostly involved in multiple vehicle crashes. Substances (other than ethanol) were detected in 90% (n=27) of the cases. A broad range of drug groups were detected, and the most prevalent specific legal substances were caffeine (66.7%) and nicotinamide (53.3%) and illegal substances were methaqualone (10.0%) and methamphetamine (6.67%). Multiple cases indicated the detection of impairing substances even if consumed therapeutically, such as codeine, chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine and zopiclone. Discussion: This study was the first to the author’s knowledge to report on prospective toxicological findings in road traffic accident cases in Cape Town. Although this was a pilot study, the results were in line with findings from other international studies, together with findings of prominent abused drugs within Western Cape (e.g. methaqualone and methamphetamine). While this study made no inferences of drug intoxication to cause of death, it has set a basis for future research in this topic and the development of a standardised protocol for the routine analyses of such cases in SA.
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Yakou, Regard. "A comparison of road accidents in developing countries with special reference to Jamaica." Thesis, Aston University, 1992. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14302/.
Full textAbstract:
This research was originally undertaken to aid the Jamaican government and the World Bank in making funding decisions relative to improvement of road systems and traffic control in Jamaica. An investigation of the frequency and causes of road accidents and an evaluation of their impact on the Jamaican economy were carried out, and a model system which might be applied was developed. It is believed that the importance of road accident economic and manpower losses to the survival of developing countries, such as Jamaica, cannot be overemphasized. It is suggested that the World Bank, in cooperation with national governments, has a role to play in alleviating this serious problem. Data was collected from such organizations as the Jamaica Ministry of Construction, Police Department, the World Bank, and the World Health Organization. A variety of methodologies were utilized to organize this data in useful and understandable forms. The most important conclusion of this research is that solvable problems in road systems and in traffic control result in the unnecessary loss of useful citizens, in both developed and developing countries. However, a lack of information and understanding regarding the impact of high rates of road accident death and injury on the national economy and stability of a country results in an apparent lack of concern. Having little internal expertise in the field of road accident prevention, developing countries usually hire consultants to help them address this problem. In the case of Jamaica, this practice has resulted in distrust and hard feelings between the Jamaican authorities and major organizations involved in the field. Jamaican officials have found confusing the recommendations of most experts contracted to study traffic safety. The attempts of foreign consultants to utilize a technological approach (the use of coding systems and computers), methods which do not appear cost-effective for Jamaica, have resulted in the expenditure of limited funds for studies which offer no feasible approach to the problem. This funding limitation, which hampers research and road improvement, could be alleviated by such organizations as the World Bank. The causes of high accident rates are many, it was found. Formulation of a plan to address this serious problem must take into account the current failure to appreciate the impact of a high level of road accidents on national economy and stability, inability to find a feasible approach to the problem, and inadequate funding. Such a plan is discussed in detail in the main text of this research.
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Haj, Ahmed Mohammed. "Epidemiology and economic impact of road traffic accidents in the United Arab Emirates." Thesis, Abertay University, 2002. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/7b6f031d-ab09-480e-aec1-2bb4ca8f5329.
Full textAbstract:
High rates of serious road traffic accidents (RTAs) have been reported for the United Arab Emirates (UAE), in recent years. This research aims to describe the problem in the UAE and to quantify its economic burden on the country’s resources. The approach chosen is quantitative, based on methods of RTA epidemiology and economic evaluation. The research is carried in two parts. Part one attempts to identify trends of morbidity and mortality from RTAs during 1981-1995, to compare the magnitude of the problem with other countries, to evaluate information available on possible causes, to estimate future forecasts of the problem and to analyse RTA injury severity before and after enforcing seatbelt legislation. The results of part one provide the basis to evaluate the economic impact of the problem during 1995 and to estimate the rational investment levels for improving safety and health, in part two. The Human Capital (HC) approach is used to estimate the economic costs of RTAs in the UAE during 1995. To estimate RTA comprehensive costs the study adds to the latter the costs of pain, grief and suffering (PGS) to RTA victims, drawn worldwide, using the Willingness to Pay (WTP) value approach. Data were obtained from police, health and WHO sources to describe trends in morbidity and mortality from 1981 to 1995. The results revealed that during the period 1981-1995, the rates of RTAs per 100,000 population and per 100,000 motor vehicles declined in the UAE by a trend component of -96.5 (p<0.001; R2 =0.69) and by -522 (p<. 001; R 2 =0.92) respectively. RTA specific fatality rates based on the same two denominators also declined by -1.1 (p<. 02; R2 =0.56) and -5.1 (p<.02; R2 =0.330); and injury rates declined by a trend component of -6.8 (p<. 01; R2 =0.341) and -28.0 (p= n.s.) respectively. Paradoxically, however, except for a short period (1981-1985), a steady increase in the risk of injury and death in each RTA accompanied these declines. Between 1985 - 1995 the severity rate of RTA injuries more than doubled (p<.001). The UAE’s specific fatality rates per 100,000 population and per 100,000 motor vehicles were high when compared with other countries. The reason for the increasing severity is not clear, but drivers aged between 18 and 40 years were mostly implicated in fatalities. When injury severity was measured before and after the enforcement of seat-belt legislation in 1999, a significant downward trend in injury severity occurred when seat belts were worn (chi-Square = 77.68, p<0.0001). The total economic cost of RTAs in the UAE during 1995 amounted to AED 3.8 billion, equivalent to US$ 1 billion, representing 2-3% of the annual GDP. Out of that, the direct monetary costs of RTA fatalities and injuries exceeded AED 1 billion while the indirect costs accounted for the rest. The comprehensive costs of RTAs in the UAE amounted to AED 11.4 billions and ranged from AED 50,000 per minor injury to AED 7.5 million per fatality, roughly 4 times the economic costs of these events. This indicates that it is rational public policy to invest up to AED 50,000 to enhance safety and health to prevent one minor injury and up to AED 7.5 millions to prevent one death. The thesis makes many recommendations to improve future epidemiological and economic analysis of RTAs in the UAE. It is hoped that this study will form a useful base for evaluation when these studies take place and for establishing cost benefit ratios and, therefore, priority for future prevention strategies.
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Guevara, Delgado Percy Jose Manuel, and Ita Jherson Daniel Norabuena. "Análisis y propuesta de mejora de la seguridad vial en la carretera Panamericana Norte, tramo variante de Pasamayo del km 55 al km 70 aplicando la metodología del manual de seguridad vial." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626485.
Full textAbstract:
Entre los años 2015 y 2017 se aprecia el incremento de accidentes de tránsito en la red vial no urbana (carreteras), debido probablemente debido al aumento del flujo vehicular, el deficiente diseño geométrico, el deterioro y falta de mantenimiento de la vía. El tramo Variante de Pasamayo de la carretera PE-1N correspondiente a la Red Vial N° 5, no está excluida de este cambio, observándose como los accidentes de tránsito se han incrementado en esta vía. Debido a esta problemática es necesario determinar que herramientas de seguridad vial son necesarias implementar en la carretera Variante de Pasamayo para reducir la frecuencia de accidentes de tránsito. Esta investigación está enfocada en el análisis y propuestas de mejora de la Seguridad Vial en la Variante de Pasamayo aplicando la metodología de Inspección de Seguridad Vial (ISV) y el Método Predictivo del Highway Safety Manual (HSM) de acuerdo al nuevo Manual de Seguridad Vial (2017).
La aplicación de la metodología de la Inspección de Seguridad Vial dio como resultado la identificación de tramos de concentración de accidentes los cuales son: Tramo I (Km 67+500 al Km 68+500) y el Tramo II (Km 68+500 al Km 69+500). Una vez identificados los tramos de concentración de accidentes, se procedió a utilizar el método predictivo del HSM para predecir la frecuencia de accidentes primero en las condiciones reales y luego analizando el tramo con las mejoras planteadas. Las propuestas de mejora para el Tramo I analizado son la ampliación de la berma a 3 metros, la implementación de bandas sonoras transversales y la implementación de barreras de contención. Mediante el análisis de efectividad de las mejoras de seguridad vial propuestas con el método predictivo del HSM se obtuvo una reducción del 56% de la frecuencia de accidentes.
Se recomienda para futuras investigaciones que la información estadística de los accidentes registrados por la Policía Nacional sea más específica y detallada para poder utilizar correctamente el método predictivo del HSM.This research is focused on the analysis and improvement proposals in the Pasamayo Variant (Lima), applying the Road Safety Inspection (ISV) methodology and the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) Predictive Method according to the new Safety Manual Road (2017). Where the application of road safety inspection includes the identification of the various areas where road safety is potentially poor due to various conditions and characteristics, according to a format that the manual itself, we provide and then statistical processes to determine the precise stretches of accident. Also the Manual of safety of the predictive method of the road (HSM), which involves the collection and processing of accidents originated and subscribed in the studied section in a period of approximately three years, the content, classification of vehicular traffic is also analyzed ( IMDA) and the lifting of geometric characteristics; with the objective of finding, in the first place: The prediction of the average frequency of expected accidents (Nesperado) with the current conditions of the site; Finally, the HSM is used to carry out a second prediction in which the road conditions have been changed with improvement proposals with the aim of reducing the percentage of expected accidents. The Road Safety Inspection Application and the Road Safety Manual, as it is called the identification of those areas where road safety has deficiencies and intervention is necessary in order to preserve the safety status of people. Finally, it should be mentioned that this research is a methodology that is not known in Peru, which should be implemented before, during and after the process of construction of a road in order to reduce the victims of traffic accidents.
Tesis
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Boscoe-Wallace, Agnes. "Optimisation of speed camera locations using genetic algorithm and pattern search." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/25179.
Full textAbstract:
Road traffic accidents continue to be a public health problem and are a global issue due to the huge financial burden they place on families and society as a whole. Speed has been identified as a major contributor to the severity of traffic accidents and there is the need for better speed management if road traffic accidents are to be reduced. Over the years various measures have been implemented to manage vehicle speeds. The use of speed cameras and vehicle activated signs in recent times has contributed to the reduction of vehicle speeds to various extents. Speed cameras use punitive measures whereas vehicle activated signs do not so their use depends on various factors. Engineers, planners and decision makers responsible for determining the best place to mount a speed camera or vehicle activated sign along a road have based their decision on experience, site characteristics and available guidelines (Department for Transport, 2007; Department for Transport, 2006; Department for Transport, 2003). These decisions can be subjective and indications are that a more formal and directed approach aimed at bringing these available guidelines together in a model will be beneficial in making the right decision as to where to place a speed camera or vehicle activated sign is to be made. The use of optimisation techniques have been applied in other areas of research but this has been clearly absent in the Transport Safety sector. This research aims to contribute to speed reduction by developing a model to help decision makers determine the optimum location for a speed control device. In order to achieve this, the first study involved the development of an Empirical Bayes Negative Binomial regression accident prediction model to predict the number of fatal and serious accidents combined and the number of slight accidents. The accident prediction model that was used explored the effect of certain geometric and traffic characteristics on the effect of the severity of road traffic accident numbers on selected A-roads within the Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire regions of United Kingdom. On A-roads some model variables (n=10) were found to be statistically significant for slight accidents and (n=6) for fatal and serious accidents. The next study used the accident prediction model developed in two optimisation techniques to help predict the optimal location for speed cameras or vehicle activated signs. Pattern Search and Genetic Algorithms were the two main types of optimisation techniques utilised in this thesis. The results show that the two methods did produce similar results in some instances but different in others. Optimised results were compared to some existing sites with speed cameras some of the results obtained from the optimisation techniques used were within proximity of about 160m. A validation method was applied to the genetic algorithm and pattern search optimisation methods. The pattern search method was found to be more consistent than the genetic algorithm method. Genetic algorithm results produced slightly different results at validation in comparison with the initial results. T-test results show a significant difference in the function values for the validated genetic algorithm (M= 607649.34, SD= 1055520.75) and the validated pattern search function values (M= 2.06, SD= 1.17) under the condition t (79) = 5.15, p=0.000. There is a role that optimisation techniques can play in helping to determine the optimum location for a speed camera or vehicle activated sign based on a set of objectives and specified constraints. The research findings as a whole show that speed cameras and vehicle activated signs are an effective speed management tool. Their deployment however needs to be carefully considered by engineers, planners and decision makers so as to achieve the required level of effectiveness. The use of optimisation techniques which has been generally absent in the Transport Safety sector has been shown in this thesis to have the potential to contribute to improve speed management. There is however no doubt that this research will stimulate interest in this rather new but high potential area of Transport Safety.