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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Rna 3

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Academic literature on the topic 'Rna 3'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 27 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Rna 3"

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Manley, J. L., N. J. Proudfoot, and T. Platt. "RNA 3'-end formation." Genes & Development 3, no. 12b (December 1, 1989): 2218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.3.12b.2218.

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Olagunju, Temitayo Adebanji, Chisom Ezekannagha, and Andreas Gisel. "3’-Tag RNA-sequencing." EMBnet.journal 26, A (July 8, 2021): e968. http://dx.doi.org/10.14806/ej.26.a.968.

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Desai, Kevin K., Craig A. Bingman, Chin L. Cheng, George N. Phillips, and Ronald T. Raines. "Structure of RNA 3′-phosphate cyclase bound to substrate RNA." RNA 20, no. 10 (August 26, 2014): 1560–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.045823.114.

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O'TOOLE, A. S. "Stability of 3' double nucleotide overhangs that model the 3' ends of siRNA." RNA 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 512–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.7254905.

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LI, Z. "Co-evolution of tRNA 3' trailer sequences with 3' processing enzymes in bacteria." RNA 11, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 567–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.7287505.

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Zheng, Dinghai, Xiaochuan Liu, and Bin Tian. "3′READS+, a sensitive and accurate method for 3′ end sequencing of polyadenylated RNA." RNA 22, no. 10 (August 10, 2016): 1631–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1261/rna.057075.116.

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Terenzi, Silvia, Ewa Biała, Nhat Quang Nguyen-Trung, and Peter Strazewski. "Amphiphilic 3′-Peptidyl-RNA Conjugates." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 42, no. 25 (June 30, 2003): 2909–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200350926.

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GOULD, Allan R., and Robert H. SYMONS. "Cucumber Mosaic Virus RNA 3." European Journal of Biochemistry 126, no. 2 (March 3, 2005): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1982.tb06769.x.

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Mahy, B. W. J. "RNA genetics vols. 1–3." Virus Research 12, no. 4 (April 1989): 393–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1702(89)90096-8.

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Scott, Daniel D., and Chris J. Norbury. "RNA decay via 3′ uridylation." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms 1829, no. 6-7 (June 2013): 654–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.01.009.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Rna 3"

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Gil, A. "Eukaryotic messenger RNA 3'-end formation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376921.

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Grippo, Mariangela Carnivalli. "Uso da interferencia por RNA no virus da hepatite murina tipo 3 (MHV-3)." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316862.

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Orientadores: Iscia Teresinha Lopes-Cendes, Rovilson Gilioli
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T01:47:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Grippo_MariangelaCarnivalli_D.pdf: 1241429 bytes, checksum: 5f05623ad1e884a0014d2eca9109fb9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: A interferência do RNA (RNAi) pode ser usada como uma ferramenta eficaz no silenciamento gênico específico mediado por moléculas de dupla fita de RNA (dsRNAs). Nesse contexto possui uma variedade de aplicações biológicas, incluindo o combate a patógenos infecciosos de importância biomédica. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a eficiência e a especificidade da técnica de RNAi em eliminar o vírus da hepatite murina tipo 3 (MIN-3) in vitro. MHVs são vírus envelopados, cujo genoma é formado por uma cadeia de RNA fita simples (+) pertecentes a família Coronaviridae. Seu genoma codifica quatro proteínas estruturais: S (proteína da espícula); M (glicoproteína da transmembrana), N (proteína do nucleocapsídeo) e E (proteína associada à membrana) . Neste trabalho foi escolhido como alvo para o silenciamento gênico a proteína N, tendo sido produzidas moléculas de dsRNA complementares a sua seqüência genômica (GenBank AF 201929). Foram obtidas duas moléculas siRNAs transcritas por T7 RNA polimerase e uma terceira molécula interferente sintetizada comercialmente. Foi observado que os siRNAs produzidos pela transcrição in vitro, induziram uma resposta antiviral não específica. Além disso demonstrou-se que este efeito foi mediado através de substâncias secretadas no meio de cultura celular, provavelmente interferons (IFNs). Este efeito foi eficientemente eliminado após tratamento dos siRNAs com fosfatase alcalina. Observou-se também que a técnica de RNAi in vitro, tendo como alvo a proteína N de MHV-3, foi um tratamento eficaz e específico na infecção viral, confirmados através de estudos fenotípicos e moleculares. Desse modo, concluímos que experiências que utilizam RNAi contra alvos virais devem ser cuidadosamente monitoradas devido aos efeitos não específicos que podem ser induzidos por moléculas de dsRNA
Abstract: RNA Interference (RNAi) can be used as a powerful tool for post transcriptional gene-silencing mediated by double stranded RNA (dsRNAs) molecules. RNAi has a variety of biological applications including the combat against pathogens of biomedical importance. The objective of our study was to determine the efficiency and specificity of this new technique in eliminating mouse hepatitis virus type 3 (MIN-3) in vitro. MIN-3 is a subtype of enveloped viroses with a large plus-stranded RNA genome belonging to the Coronavirus family. Its genome codifies four structural proteins: S (spike protein); M (membrane protein); E (transmembrane glycoprotein); N (nucleocapsid protein). In the present study we target protein N by designing and producing dsRNA molecules complementary to its genomic sequence (GenBank AF 201929). We obtained three small interfering RNAs (siRNA) by in house T7 polymerase in vitro transcription and a fourth siRNA molecule that was commercially synthetized. We identified that siRNAs produced by in vitro transcription triggered a potent and sequence-unspecificied antiviral response. In addition, we demonstrated that this antiviral effect was mediated through molecules that were secreted in medium culture, probably interferons (IFNs). This unspecific effect was efficient1y suppressed when siRNAs were treated with aIkaline phosphatase prior to in vitro experiments. We also observed that RNAi targeting the N protein ofMIN-3 was a potent and specific treatment against in vitro infection, showing significant phenotypic protection and molecular evidence of specific gene-silencing. We concluded that experiments using RNAi against viral targets, although efficient, must be carefully controlled and monitored against possible sequence-unspecific effects triggered by dsRNA molecules
Doutorado
Genetica Animal e Evolução
Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

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Harendza, Christopher J. "3' processing of mouse thymidylate synthase messenger RNA /." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487673114115508.

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Proutski, Vitali. "RNA secondary structure of the 3'-UTR of flaviviruses." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299156.

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Pan, Shuying. "Functional characterization of arabidopsis DXO, a5'-3' RNA exonuclease." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2019. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/680.

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RNA decay plays an essential role in the regulation of gene expression during plant development and response to environmental stimuli. The protein DXO is a 5' to 3' exonuclease that functions in RNA degradation and RNA quality control that has been studied in animals. It has not yet been identified in plants. The gene locus At4g17620 in Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a protein homolog of the mammalian DXO, termed AtDXO. Recombinantly expressed AtDXO possesses a 5'-3' RNA exonuclease activity in vitro. Loss-of-function of AtDXO in Arabidopsis generates multiple growth defects, including curled and yellowish leaves, growth retardation and limited fertility, whereas overexpression show no obvious growth phenotype. The development defect of atdxo might be attributed to aberrant RNAs, which are not degraded when AtDXO is dysfunctioning. From the RNA-Seq analysis, the transcriptome pattern of atdxo mutants shows significant disparity from wild-type. Among the differences, the defense response genes are elevated in atdxo while photosynthesis-related and plastid genesis-related genes are downregulated. The constitutive expression of defense response genes causes the autoimmune phenotypes of atdxo. This could be modulated by temperature and is partially dependent on the master immunity regulators EDS1 or NPR1. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation was also detected in the atdxo mutant, and atdxo showed insensitivity to oxidative stress imposed by paraquat. Moreover, the atdxo mutant is hypersensitive to salt stress but not sensitive to general osmotic stress. In Arabidopsis, the 5'-3' RNA decay pathway could act as a repressor of endogenous post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), which is regulated by small RNAs (sRNA). The mutation of AtDXO caused productions of 24- and 25-nucleotide endogenous sRNAs. The growth defect phenotype of atdxo could not be repressed by dysfunction of the RDR6 (RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 6)-dependent sRNA biogenesis pathway. These findings demonstrate that AtDXO functions as a 5'-3' exoribonuclease both in vitro and in vivo to regulate plant development and to mediate the response to environmental stresses.

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Egli, Christoph Mathias. "3' processing of messenger RNA in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1995. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=11109.

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Silke, Jordan. "Characterization of 16S rRNA 3’ Termini Using RNA-Seq Data." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39044.

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Optimizing the production of useful macromolecules from transgenic microorganisms is crucial to biopharmaceutical companies. Improving bacterial growth and replication depends largely on the efficiency of translation, which is rate-limited by initiation. Among the most important interactions between the mRNA translation initiation region (TIR) and the translation machinery is the association between the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence in the TIR and the complementary anti-SD (aSD) sequence which is located within a short unstructured segment that includes the 3’ terminus (3’ TAIL) of the mature 16S rRNA. However, the mature 3’ TAIL has been poorly characterized in the majority of bacteria, rendering optimal SD/aSD pairing unclear in these species. In light of this, we established a novel strategy to characterize the mature 3’ TAILs of bacterial species that leverages the availability of publically stored RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data. In chapter 2, we devised a RNA-Seq-based approach to successfully recover the experimentally verified 3’ TAIL in E. coli (5’-CCUCCUUA-3’) and resolve inconsistencies surrounding the identity of the 3’ TAIL in Bacillus subtilis. In chapter 3 we improve the method introduced in chapter 2 to clearly and more reliably define the 3’ TAIL termini for 13 bacterial species with available protein abundance data. Our results reveal considerable heterogeneity in the termini of 3’ TAILs among closely related species and that sites downstream of the canonical CCUCC aSD motif are more important to initiation than previously believed. My research contributes to advance our understanding in microbial translation efficiency in two significant ways: 1) providing an RNA-Seq-based approach to characterize rRNA transcripts, and 2) elucidating optimal recognition between protein-coding genes and the rRNA translation machinery.

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Dry, Inga Ruth. "Functional analysis of viral RNA and protein-RNA interactions involved in the replication of poliovirus type 3." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409998.

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Orlandini, von Niessen Alexandra [Verfasser]. "Optimization of RNA cancer vaccines using 3' UTR sequences selected for stabilization of RNA / Alexandra Orlandini von Niessen." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1120740800/34.

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Xiong, Chen. "Enzymatic modification of DNA and RNA 3'-termini for click ligation." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/367127/.

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Books on the topic "Rna 3"

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Sioud, Mouldy, ed. RNA Therapeutics. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-657-3.

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Paddison, Patrick J., and Peter K. Vogt, eds. RNA Interference. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75157-1.

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Yeo, Gene W., ed. RNA Processing. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29073-7.

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Dandekar, Thomas, and Kishor Sharma. Regulatory RNA. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97993-4.

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Eckstein, Fritz, and David M. J. Lilley, eds. Catalytic RNA. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61202-2.

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Garner, Amanda L., ed. RNA Therapeutics. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68091-0.

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Göringer, H. Ulrich, ed. RNA Editing. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73787-2.

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Wu, Jane Y., ed. RNA and Cancer. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31659-3.

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Masuda, Seiji, and Shingo Izawa, eds. Applied RNA Bioscience. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8372-3.

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Sesma, Ane, and Tobias von der Haar, eds. Fungal RNA Biology. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05687-6.

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Book chapters on the topic "Rna 3"

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Zismann, Victoria, and Mahtab Nourbakhsh. "Rapid Mapping of RNA 3′ and 5′ Ends." In RNA Mapping, 19–25. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1062-5_2.

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Wolf, Klaus. "Langlebige und kurzlebige RNA." In Molekularbiologie 3, 41–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55194-3_11.

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Nourbakhsh, Mahtab. "Single Nucleotide Mapping of RNA 5′ and 3′ Ends." In RNA Mapping, 27–34. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1062-5_3.

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Paro, Renato, Ueli Grossniklaus, Raffaella Santoro, and Anton Wutz. "RNA-Based Mechanisms of Gene Silencing." In Introduction to Epigenetics, 117–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68670-3_6.

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AbstractAlthough epigenetic states are typically associated with DNA-methylation and posttranslational histone modifications, RNAs often play an important role in their regulation. Specific examples have already been discussed in the context of dosage compensation (see book ► Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-68670-3_4 of Wutz) and genomic imprinting (see book ► Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-68670-3_5 of Grossniklaus). In this Chapter, we will take a closer look at a particular class of RNAs implicated in gene silencing. Although the focus will lie on RNA-based silencing mechanisms in plants, many of its components, such as RNase III-related DICERLIKE endonucleases or small RNA-binding ARGONAUTE proteins, are conserved in animals, plants, and fungi. On the one hand, small RNAs are involved in post-transcriptional silencing by targeting mRNAs for degradation or inhibiting their translation, a feature that has been exploited for large-scale genetic screens. On the other hand, they also play a central role in transcriptional gene silencing, for instance in the repression of transposable elements across a wide variety of organisms. In plants, this involves a complex system whereby small RNAs derived from transposons and repeats direct DNA-methylation and repressive histone modifications in a sequence-specific manner. Recent results link this so-called RNA-dependent DNA-methylation to paramutation, a classical epigenetic phenomenon where one allele directs a heritable epigenetic change in another.

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Vavasseur, Aurelia, and Yongsheng Shi. "Fungal Pre-mRNA 3′-End Processing." In Fungal RNA Biology, 59–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05687-6_3.

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Wolf, Klaus. "RNA-Editing – was soll das?" In Molekularbiologie 3, 37–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55194-3_10.

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Schomburg, Dietmar, and Dörte Stephan. "RNA-directed RNA polymerase." In Enzyme Handbook, 705–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59025-2_129.

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Scott, William G. "RNA." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1463–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_1749.

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Flammer, Josef, Maneli Mozaffarieh, and Hans Bebie. "RNA." In Basic Sciences in Ophthalmology, 179–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32261-7_15.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "RNA." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 478. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_8952.

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Conference papers on the topic "Rna 3"

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Radenbaugh, Amie J., J. Zachary Sanborn, Yulia Newton, Charlie Vaske, Katherine Van Loon, and Eric Collisson. "Abstract 2522: RNA rescue somatic mutations and RNA editing in esophageal cancer." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2019; March 29-April 3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-2522.

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Radenbaugh, Amie J., J. Zachary Sanborn, Yulia Newton, Charlie Vaske, Katherine Van Loon, and Eric Collisson. "Abstract 2522: RNA rescue somatic mutations and RNA editing in esophageal cancer." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2019; March 29-April 3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-2522.

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Lehman, Stacey L., Theresa Wechsler, Gaelyn C. Lyons, Lisa M. Jenkins, Kevin Camphausen, and Philip J. Tofilon. "Abstract 3741: Identification of RNA binding proteins influenced by ionizing radiation through RNA interactome capture." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2019; March 29-April 3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-3741.

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Lehman, Stacey L., Theresa Wechsler, Gaelyn C. Lyons, Lisa M. Jenkins, Kevin Camphausen, and Philip J. Tofilon. "Abstract 3741: Identification of RNA binding proteins influenced by ionizing radiation through RNA interactome capture." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2019; March 29-April 3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-3741.

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O'Brien, Stephen J., Theodore Kalbfleisch, Sudhir Srivastava, Shesh Rai, and Susan Galandiuk. "Abstract 1817: Differential expression of long non-coding RNA in colon adenocarcinoma RNA-sequence data set." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2019; March 29-April 3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-1817.

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O'Brien, Stephen J., Theodore Kalbfleisch, Sudhir Srivastava, Shesh Rai, and Susan Galandiuk. "Abstract 1817: Differential expression of long non-coding RNA in colon adenocarcinoma RNA-sequence data set." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2019; March 29-April 3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-1817.

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Bundschuh, Ralf. "The search for the determinants of insertional RNA editing in Physarum polycephalum mitochondrial RNAs." In 9th EAI International Conference on Bio-inspired Information and Communications Technologies (formerly BIONETICS). ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.3-12-2015.2262393.

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Huang, Jianguo, Eric Xu, Mohit Sachdeva, Timothy Robinson, Xiaodi Qin, Dadong Zhang, Kouros Owzar, et al. "Abstract LB-306: Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 promotes lung metastasis of soft tissue sarcoma by regulating RNA splicing pathways." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2019; March 29-April 3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-lb-306.

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Huang, Jianguo, Eric Xu, Mohit Sachdeva, Timothy Robinson, Xiaodi Qin, Dadong Zhang, Kouros Owzar, et al. "Abstract LB-306: Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 promotes lung metastasis of soft tissue sarcoma by regulating RNA splicing pathways." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2019; March 29-April 3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-lb-306.

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Mamuye, Adane, and Matteo Rucco. "Persistent Homology on RNA Secondary Structure Space." In 9th EAI International Conference on Bio-inspired Information and Communications Technologies (formerly BIONETICS). ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.3-12-2015.2262543.

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Reports on the topic "Rna 3"

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Keefer, Donald, Eric Shaffer, Brynne Storsved, Mark Vanmoer, Lawrence Angrave, James Damico, and Nathan Grigsby. RVA: 3-D Visualization and Analysis Software to Support Management of Oil and Gas Resources. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1238338.

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ROCKY MOUNTAIN ARSENAL DENVER CO. Rocky Mountain Arsenal Chemical Index. Volume 3. Potential Chemical- Specific ARARs for On-Post Operable Unit, RMA. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada276121.

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Jones, R. Criticality safety evaluation for pathfinder fuel elements in model No. RA-3 shipping containers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7229657.

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Salas, R. G. The Effects of Age, Educational Level and Branch Membership upon the Attitudes of Male, RAN Officers. Part 3. Older Officers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada228790.

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Vinson, D. Impact of Degraded RA-3 Fuel Condition on Transportation to and Storage in SRS Basins. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/763003.

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Jones, R. R. Criticality safety evaluation for Pathfinder fuel elements in Model No. RA-3 shipping containers: Revision 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6432432.

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Barkocy, E. J. Procedures for DOE-Navy exchange and approval of engineering information and material management required for production of W88-0/MK5 RBA. Revision 3. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193859.

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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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Abstract:

This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.

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