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1

Miguel da Silva de Oliveira, Francisco, and Alex Sandro Gomes Pessoa. "A EDUCAÇÃO DO CABOCLO-RIBEIRINHO: PROBLEMATIZAÇÕES ACERCA DO CURRÍCULO ESCOLAR E SEUS DESDOBRAMENTOS NAS ESCOLAS RIBEIRINHAS." COLLOQUIUM HUMANARUM 15, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ch.2018.v15.n4.h391.

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This article consists as a theoretical essay on the thematic of curriculum and its unfolding in the reality of riverside schools. In the first instance, it aims to elucidate conceptualissues about curriculum and points out the mismatches between school contents that are defined arbitrarily and become decontextualized for the educational reality of the riverside schools.Then, some social aspects are brought in regarding the riverside schools, aiming to characterize this reality to the reader, as well as to present some of the social aspects that surround this context.It is argued that school curricula do not dialogue with the reality of the riverside communities, resulting in innocuouseducational actions, devoid of meaning and distant of deep social transformations.
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Willis, Brigham C., Christian Lytle, Maegen Dupper, Rosemary Tyrrell, Elizabeth H. Morrison, Kendrick Davis, Kathy Barton, and Deborah Deas. "University of California, Riverside School of Medicine." Academic Medicine 95, no. 9S (September 2020): S63—S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000003321.

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Nozu, Washington Cesar Shoiti, Andressa Santos Rebelo, and Mônica de Carvalho Magalhães Kassar. "Desafios da gestão nas escolas das águas." Revista on line de Política e Gestão Educacional 24, esp. 2 (September 30, 2020): 1054–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22633/rpge.v24iesp2.14331.

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School management is related to both general administration issues and pedagogical aspects. This article aims to present the work of school management in the “Schools of Waters” (School in riverside areas), located in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul (Brazil). For its development, the qualitative perspective was adopted, with a study of documentation, observation and interviews with the school’s managers. The data were systematized and organized in two topics: a) Characterization and Functioning of the Schools of Waters; and b) Curricular Proposal and Monitoring of Pedagogical Work. It was found that the necessary autonomy to carry out the management work is hampered by the insufficient material conditions for work closer to the community.
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Whalen, Kevin. "Indian School, Company Town." Pacific Historical Review 86, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 290–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2017.86.2.290.

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During the early twentieth century, administrators at Sherman Institute, a federal Indian boarding school in Riverside, California, sent hundreds of students to work at Fontana Farms, a Southern California mega-ranch. Such work, they argued, would inculcate students with values of thrift and hard work, making them more like white, Protestant Americans. At Fontana, students faced low pay, racial discrimination, and difficult working conditions. Yet, when wage labor proved scarce on home reservations, many engaged the outing system with alacrity. In doing so, they moved beyond the spatial boundaries of the boarding school as historians have imagined it, and they used a program designed to erase native identities in order to carry their cultures forward into the twentieth century.
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Mania-Singer, Jackie. "Making Waves in Riverside: A Superintendent/Principal Partnership for Dramatic School Turnaround." Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership 21, no. 4 (April 13, 2018): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1555458918769119.

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This case was written for use in educational leadership programs preparing superintendents, central office leaders, and school principals. This case requires students to draw from knowledge of successful school turnaround, effective school leadership, and system-wide reform strategies to consider how a first year superintendent and a newly hired principal implement turnaround strategies in a persistently low-performing school amid increasing pressure and scrutiny from the surrounding business and civic community. The case begins with the history and context of the community and school district and then explores the significant events and challenges during the first year of implementation.
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Hoang, Julia Luu, and Richard J. Lee. "Asian-Americans Remain Low Utilizers of County Mental Health Services." CNS Spectrums 26, no. 2 (April 2021): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852920002242.

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AbstractThe National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS, 2002–2003, n =2095) indicated that Asian-Americans (AA) use mental health services less frequently than the general population (8.6% vs. 17.95%). Even AA who have been diagnosed with mental health disorders use mental health services less frequently than their non-AA counterparts (34.1% versus 41.1%)2. AA in Riverside County count for 7.4% of the population, or about 181,356 individuals, according to the 2018 census estimates. The objective of the study is to examine and compare rates of utilization of mental health services by AA specifically in the Riverside County setting. This study utilizes data on patients’ ethnicity, age, gender, and diagnosis as collected annually by the Riverside County Department of Mental Health from the fiscal year of 2017–2018. It compares the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and the rate of utilization of mental health services by AA in the county to the data collected by the NLAAS. The total number of AA using mental health services in Riverside County is 669, which totals 1.73% of all individuals accessing the same services. The number of AA using mental health services represented 0.45% of the total AA population in Riverside County. AA in Riverside County are utilizing MH services even less than the national rates (0.45% vs 8.6% nationally from NLAAS data). The gap in care illustrated by these results exemplifies not only the disparity in utilization of MH services seen in this particular ethnic group, but portrays the stagnant results from Riverside County s attempts to address this issue. Possible reasons for the disparity include lack of access, stigma, recovery, migration, and a lack of culturally-competent care. A reimagined outreach initiative may help to better address this issue. Riverside County already has implemented an AA Task Force, holds health fairs at local churches in the communities, supports a UCR School of Medicine student-run free clinic, and is active in NAMI events.
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Neris, Julian Karla Diniz, and Josenilda Maria Maues da Silva. "Potências de uma escola ribeirinha paraense: vidas, fronteiras e um rio / Potency of a riverside school in Pará: lives, borders, and a river." Cadernos CIMEAC 9, no. 2 (October 22, 2019): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.18554/cimeac.v9i2.2866.

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A presente escritura é parte de uma pesquisa de mestrado em andamento, que problematiza o currículo de uma escola básica ribeirinha da Amazônia paraense a partir do pensamento da diferença do filósofo francês Gilles Deleuze. Os estudos teóricos acerca do currículo enquanto campo de conhecimento científico, as travessias pela Baía de Guajará e a investidura na escola como território de experimentação empírica mobilizaram a escrita desse artigo, que objetiva problematizar as potências de uma escola ribeirinha a partir da relação fronteiriça entre a escola, a Ilha do Combu e Belém do Pará. Desse modo, o estudo considera uma escola básica ribeirinha, como um território permeado por potências, por vida escolar e pelas vidas que nela circulam em sua força criadora e que, de modo peculiar, pulsam nessa ambiência que produz acontecimentos e multiplicidades. Nesse sentido, assume a cartografia como percurso metodológico, assumir tal caminho é como traçar um mapa móvel, no qual não cabe controlar as intensidades que o compõe, tampouco suas afetações intensivas e extensivas que dão vazão a dimensão rítmica do território no qual a vida escolar na Ilha do Combu pulsa. Problematizar potências de uma escola pela lente da cartografia implica operar com conceitos deleuzianos como território e multiplicidades, que no deslocamento conceitual que proponho realizar, contribuem para mobilizar o pensamento e colocar em questão o vitalismo que pulsa na escola e a faz território de resistências.Palavras-chave: Escola ribeirinha; Ilha do Combu; Educação básica. ABSTRACT: The present writing is part of an ongoing master's degree research, which problematizes the curriculum of a basic riverside school in the Amazon of Pará from the thought of the difference of the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze. The theoretical studies about the curriculum as a field of scientific knowledge, the crossing of the Bay of Guajará and the investiture in the school as territory of experimentation mobilized the writing of this article, which aims to problematize the powers of a riverside school from the border relationship between the school , the Island of Combu and Belém do Pará. In this way, the study thinks of a basic riverside school, as a territory permeated by potencies, for school life and for the lives that circulate in its creative force and that, in a peculiar way, pulsate in this environment that produces events and multiplicities. In this sense, assuming cartography as a methodological course, assuming such a path is like drawing a mobile map, in which it is not possible to control the intensities that compose it, nor its intensive and extensive affectations that give vent to the rhythmic dimension of the territory in which school life on the Island of Combu pulsates. To problematize a school's powers through the lens of cartography implies working with Deleuzian concepts as territory and multiplicities, which in the conceptual displacement that I propose to carry out, contribute to mobilize the thought and question the vitalism that strikes the school and makes it a territory of resistances.Keywords: Riverside school; Island of Combu; Elementary school.
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Wixon, Amanda K. "Profit and Loss: ‘Indian’ Art at Sherman Institute, a Native American Off-Reservation Boarding School." Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik 68, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaa-2020-0018.

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AbstractIn the early twentieth century, the US’s federal policies regarding the production of Native American art in off-reservation Indian boarding schools shifted from suppression to active encouragement. Seen as a path to economic stability, school administrators pushed their students to capitalize on the artistic traditions of Native cultures, without acknowledging or valuing these traditions as part of an extensive body of Indigenous knowledge. Although this push contributed to the retention of some cultural practices, administrators, teachers, and other members of the local community often exploited the students’ talents to make a profit. At Sherman Institute (now Sherman Indian High School) in Riverside, California, Native students of today are free to creatively express their own cultures in ways that strengthen their communities and promote tribal sovereignty. In this article, I will argue that the art program at Sherman Institute served to extinguish Indigenous knowledge and expertise as expressed through culturally specific weaving practices.
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Schall, Ekkehard. "Acting with the Berliner Ensemble." New Theatre Quarterly 2, no. 6 (May 1986): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00001998.

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Ekkehard Schall, born in 1930, has been a member of the Berliner Ensemble since 1952, and is now among its leading players. He has also directed for the company, having first undertaken the production of Brecht's version of Edward II in 1974. During a visit to London in 1981. when he gave a one-man performance at Riverside Studios, he also visited Rose Bruford College, where, with his wife and fellow-player Barbara Brecht-Schall, he talked with staff and students of the school. During the discussion, chaired by Beth Chatten, he explained the practical application of concepts relating to Brechtian acting, and also described his own approach to such major roles as the Brecht-Shakespeare Coriolanus, which he first created for the Ensemble in 1964.
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Hurol, Yonca, Gemma Wilkinson, Fuad Hassan Mallick, Emmanuel Chenyi, and Margaret Gordon. "Obituary." Open House International 42, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 124–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-04-2017-b0015.

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During his 75 years of life from the 9th of March 1942 until the 28th of September 2017 Nicholas Wilkinson was a very productive and hardworking individual. He grew up in the north east of England in Corbridge, a small rural town in Northumberland. He was the third child of Zara and Tom Wilkinson and grew up together with his brother Warwick, his sister Joanna. He told me that as a child he played a lot by the riverside, and in their large family house garden and that, amongst other things, his outdoor childhood promoted a deep love of nature in him. His mother Zara had artistic abilities and his father, Tom a very good sense of judgement; Nicholas inherited these talents and characteristics from them. He was educated at Corchester Preparatory School in Corbridge and then at Bryanston School in Blanford, Dorset.
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Almeida, Sara Ferreira de, Daiane Cenachi Barcelos, and Danila Ribeiro Gomes. "Educação do Campo como expressão do legado de Paulo Freire: educar para a liberdade na licenciatura por meio da Pedagogia da Alternância e do Projeto de Estudo Temático." Praxis Educativa 16 (2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5212/praxeduc.v.16.16624.016.

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Countryside education in Brazil is a demand and result of the political struggle undertaken by the people who work and fight for the land, such as quilombolas, riverside dwellers, forest people, indigenous people, peasants, landless people, among others. Its origin and theoretical and methodological assumptions have roots in the field of Popular Education formulated in Brazil, with Paulo Freire as its main reference. In the school context, Countryside Education uses pedagogical instruments that enable the education of critical subjects capable of promoting transformations in their territories. This paper reflects on two of these instruments, Alternation and Thematic Study Project, focusing on the results of their articulation in the Teaching Degree in Countryside Education at the Federal University of Viçosa. This study highlights the influence of Paulo Freire’s legacy on the education of countryside teachers from a liberating perspective.
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Pereira, Edir Augusto Dias, and Isaias Mendes Farias. "AS RELAÇÕES DE PODER EM UMA ESCOLA RIBEIRINHA DE CAMETÁ – PA / POWER RELATIONS IN A RIVERSIDE SCHOOL OF CAMETÁ – PA." Brazilian Journal of Development 7, no. 1 (2021): 16–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv7n1-002.

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Sativa, Sativa, Bakti Setiawan, Djoko Wijono, and MG Adiyanti. "SETING ALAMI SEBAGAI SARANA ANAK UNTUK MENGATASI TEKANAN LINGKUNGAN DI KAMPUNG KOTA." Jurnal Arsitektur KOMPOSISI 11, no. 6 (November 7, 2017): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/jars.v11i6.1377.

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Abstract: Nowadays, the majority of Indonesian people live in the dense urban kampungs. Some of those kampungs laid on the riverside, as a marginal area -- due to their low economic value of the land. They have specific conditions especially on the limitation of infrastructures and facilities for children activities in the settlement area. This research is a part of my dissertation paper, which aims to gain how children (mainly school-age children) coping with such condition. This study is a qualitative exploratory research, meanwhile, observation and interview were used as collecting data methods. Kampung Ngampilan in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, was chosen as a case area, because of its unique characteristics: located on the riverside of Winongo River, had a high density, and most people have low economics. As the result, this study found that natural setting, especially river area and its surrounding vegetation, is a focus location for children to release live stress in their settlement, due to two space aspects: thermal comfort and visual comfort. This condition was triggered by the limited area of their house so that the children prefer to go out from their house especially after attending school in the afternoon. This results will be useful as a reference for urban kampung planning, especially in riverfront area.Keywords: children, kampung, environmental press, natural settingAbstrak: Mayoritas penduduk kota Indonesia tinggal di kampung berkepadatan tinggi. Sebagian dari kampung -kampung berada di bantaran sungai sebagai salah satu area kota yang dianggap marginal karena nilai ekonomi lahan rendah. Kampung-kampung umumnya berkondisi khas dan memiliki keterbatasan infrastruktur termasuk fasilitas untuk kegiatan anak-anak di permukiman. Studi ini merupakan bagian dari disertasi penulis, yang bertujuan mengetahui bagaimana anak-anak (terutama anak usia sekolah dasar) menghadapi tekanan lingkungan. Kampung Ngampilan dipilih karena merupakan kampung kota yang sangat padat, terletak di tepi sungai, berkontur curam, dan warganya termasuk kelompok ekonomi menengah ke bawah. Kajian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif eksploratif, dan penggalian data dilakukan dengan metode observasi lapangan dan wawancara. Penelitian menemukan, seting alami kampung, khususnya sungai dan vegetasi di sekitarnya, merupakan area pilihan utama anak bermain, karena memiliki dua aspek kenyamanan, yaitu kenyamanan termal dan kenyamanan visual. Pilihan anak-anak dipicu oleh kondisi rumah mereka yang sempit, sehingga mereka lebih memilih keluar rumah sepulang sekolah atau sore hari. Temuan ini dapat menjadi acuan bagi pengembangan kampung kota Indonesia yang lebih kondusif untuk anak, khususnya kampung tepi sungai.Kata kunci: seting alami, tekanan lingkungan, kampung kota, anak
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Guzman, Carlos R., Stephanie Young, Paul Rabedeaux, Seth D. Lerner, Paul F. Wimmers, Craig Byus, and Jonathan J. Wisco. "Student Perceived Value of Anatomy Pedagogy, Part II: Clinical Practice and Assessment." Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development 2 (January 2015): JMECD.S17497. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/jmecd.s17497.

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We describe student beliefs of how anatomy education influenced their preparation for standardized clinical assessments and clinical skills. We conducted three annual surveys of students of the David Geffen School of Medicine (DGSOM) at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and students of the University of California, Riverside (UCR)/UCLA Thomas Haider Program in Biomedical Sciences from 2010 to 2012. Students were asked, “What specific knowledge or skills did you learn from your gross anatomy experience that helped you prepare for USMLE board exams, third-year clerkships, and physical examination skills?” All students who responded to the survey viewed anatomy as a highly valued part of the medical curriculum. Almost all students felt that anatomy knowledge in general was useful for their success with United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) exams, how they perceived their physical exam skills, and how they perceived their preparation for third- or fourth-year clerkships. On the other hand, when asked about how the anatomy curriculum helped prepare students for fourth-year clerkships, there was a downward trend over a three-year period with each subsequent class. Although anatomy is a highly valued part of the medical school experience, students value integration of the anatomical and clinical sciences, as evidenced by a perceived diminishing value of anatomy pedagogy taught outside of clinical context with subsequent classes over the course of three years.
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Na, Kwangsam, Aniket A. Sawant, and David R. Cocker. "Trace elements in fine particulate matter within a community in western Riverside County, CA: focus on residential sites and a local high school." Atmospheric Environment 38, no. 18 (June 2004): 2867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.022.

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Tostões, Ana. "João Luís Carrilho da Graça interviewed by Ana Tostões." Modern Lisbon, no. 55 (2016): 84–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/55.a.uk2y3ecv.

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On July 2016, Ana Tostões interviewed João Luís Carrilho da Graça, one of the main Portuguese contemporary architects, in order to discuss the riverside projects that he has been developing for the future of Lisbon. João Luís Carrilho da Graça was born in 1952, Portalegre, and studied architecture at the Lisbon School of Fine Art (1977). He was assistant lecturer at the Lisbon School of Fine Art (1977-1992), full professor at the Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa (2001-2010) and the University of Évora (2005-2013). He coordinated the departments of Architecture in both institutions until 2010, and was responsible for the creation of the PhD in Architecture at the latter institution, which he also directed (2011-2013). He was professor at the University of Navarra (2005, 2007, 2010, 2014) and at the College of Architecture, Art, and Planning of Cornell University, New York (2015). Since 2014, he has been full professor at the School of Architecture, University of Lisbon. He is the principle of the architectural office João Luís Carrilho da Graça Arquitectos with an extensive work built. He was nominated and selected for the Mies van der Rohe European Prize in Architecture (1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015) and received several awards, such as the AICA (1992), the Secil (1994), the FAD (1999), the Valmor (1998), the Pessoa (2008), the Order of Merit of the Portuguese Republic (1999), the Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres from the French Republic (2010) and the Medal of the Académie d’Architecture of France (2012). In 2013, he received an Honorary Doctorate degree from the School of Architecture of the University of Lisbon and in 2015 the Royal Institute of British Architects International Fellowship.
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Yang, Daihu, Chengli Yao, Minghui Zhou, and Xian Sun. "Image of the environmental scientist." Science Progress 104, no. 2 (April 2021): 003685042110174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00368504211017420.

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The environmental scientist has been playing an important role in preventing and mitigating environmental pollution. Individuals’ images of the environmental scientist will likely impact and meditate their interest and attitudes toward environmental science as well as their willingness to take up an environmental science profession. However, prior studies focusing on the image of a professional are primarily of the general scientist. The environmental scientist and the image thereof remains out of the limelight of environmental science community and has been under-researched. In this article, on the basis of the retrospect on the stereotypical images of the general and environmental scientist and the gaps in previous studies, we attempted to report young individuals’ images of the environmental scientist in an alternative context. Drawing technique was employed and administered to 127 junior students aged from 13 to 15 year-old from a junior high school. The individuals’ image of environmental scientists can be generally abstracted as a male with environmental protection knowledge and commitment to environmental protection who does work more like a green chemist, ecology restorer, or plant protector and observes or cleans outdoors, primarily in forest, jungle, and/or by riverside.
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Hadas, Miklos. "The Tricky ’True Object’: Bourdieu’s Masculine Domination and Historicity." Masculinities & Social Change 5, no. 3 (October 21, 2016): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/mcs.2016.2029.

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Pierre Bourdieu’s Masculine Domination was published in English in 2001, three years after the appearance of the French version. In order to deconstruct in vivo the working of sociological paradigm-alchemy, a close reading of the Bourdieusian argument is offered. After summing up the main thesis of the book, Bourdieu’s statements will be intended to be questioned, according to which the school, the family, the state and the church would reproduce, in the long run, masculine domination. The paper will also seek to identify the methodological trick of the Bourdieusian vision on history, namely that, metaphorically speaking, he compares the streaming river to the riverside cliffs. It will be argued that when Bourdieu discusses ‘the constancy of habitus’, the ‘permanence in and through change’, or the ‘strength of the structure’, he extends his paradigm about the displacement of the social structure to the displacement of the men/women relationship. Hence, it will be suggested that, in opposition to Bourdieu’s thesis, masculine domination is not of universal validity but its structural weight and character have fundamentally changed in the long run, i.e. the masculine habitual centre gradually shifted from a social practice governed by the drives of physical violence to symbolic violence.
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Sholikhah, Miatus, and Siti Zunariyah. "GERAKAN ECOTON DALAM UPAYA PEMULIHAN SUNGAI BRANTAS." Journal of Development and Social Change 2, no. 1 (May 15, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jodasc.v2i1.41653.

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<p>Most of Indonesia’s rivers fall into the heavily polluted category. One of the heavily polluted rivers in Indonesu is the Brantas River. This research had purpose to understanding the problems in Brantas River and also to know the environmental movement in order to recovering Brantas River. The theory which was used in this research was New Social Movement theory from Rajendra Singh. This research was qualitative research with etnography methods. Data was obtained by observation, detailed interview, and also documentation. The subject of this research was Ecoton, the public accompanied by Ecoton on the headwaters and the downstream of the Brantas River, and the school accompanied by Ecoton. Researcher was using source triangulation techniques to test the collected data legitimation. Researcher used Miles and Huberman’s outlook in data analysis, which consist of three activity lines; data reduction, data presentation and draw conclusions.</p> Results show that there were many problems happened in Brantas River from the headwaters to the downstream. There were five problems found in this research. <em>First,</em> problems in Brantas River headwaters was reclaiming the land functions and illegal logging. <em>Second,</em> there were many abandoned buildings on the riverside. <em>Third</em>, domestic pollution from household. The buildings which were built on the riverside had made the people to easily throw away their garbages to the Brantas River. Mostly it was diapers, which could endanger human and the fishes whom lives in Brantas River. <em>Fourth</em>, the industrial pollution which already exceeds the permittable treshold. Industry had oftenly disposed their waste to the river without conducted the sewage management procedure which then created the new problems in Brantas River: a mass death fish. A mass death fish had become the <em>fifth</em> problems in Brantas River. The damage of environmental condition of Brantas River had pushed the movement from Ecoton. In their movement, Ecoton had the characteristic new social movement which was the ideology of care to the Brantas River damage. The strategy which was used by Ecoton were conducted partitions research, environmental education, advocation and also involved the media on every movement they had done. Ecoton had the non-institutional structure, which was unconcerned with power but put their focus to reach the aims and the visions.
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Khandoker, A., MA Islam, MM Rahman, AA Husna, S. Das, and MM Khatun. "Bacterial contamination of street-vended spicy puffed-rice sold at Bangladesh Agricultural University campus." Bangladesh Veterinarian 31, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bvet.v31i1.22839.

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This study was undertaken to investigate the bacterial contamination of spicy puffed rice (Jhalmuri) sold by the street vendors at Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) campus. Fifteen spicy puffed rice samples were collected from street vendors at the Botanical Garden, Library premises, Riverside, Krishi Bishhobiddaloy (KB) High School and Veterinary Teaching Hospital compound at BAU campus. Microbial quality was assessed by total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC) and total staphylococcal count (TSC). Samples were inoculated into selective media Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar, Salmonella Shigella (SS) agar, Thiosulphate Citrate Bile Salts Sucrose (TCBS) agar and Mannitol Salt (MS) agar. E. coli and Staphylococcus spp. were identified from the samples. The TVC in spicy puffed rice sample ranged from log 4.5 cfu/g to log 5.4 cfu/g, TSC ranged from log 4.4 cfu/g to log 5.2 cfu/g and TCC ranged from log 1.4 cfu/g to log 4.3 cfu/g. Antibiotic sensitivity test showed that the isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. E. coli were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and cephalexin and Staphylococcus spp. were resistant to ampicillin, cephalexin and vancomycin. Spicy puffed rice sold by the street vendors at BAU campus harboured multidrug resistant food borne bacteria which may cause public health hazard. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bvet.v31i1.22839 Bangl. vet. 2014. Vol. 31, No. 1, 20-26
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Free, Caroline, Ona L. McCarthy, Melissa J. Palmer, Rosemary Knight, Phil Edwards, Rebecca French, Paula Baraitser, et al. "Safetxt: a safer sex intervention delivered by mobile phone messaging on sexually transmitted infections (STI) among young people in the UK - protocol for a randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 10, no. 3 (March 2020): e031635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031635.

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IntroductionYoung people aged 16 to 24 have the highest prevalence of genital chlamydia and gonorrhoea compared with other age groups and re-infection rates following treatment are high. Long-term adverse health effects include subfertility and ectopic pregnancy, particularly among those with repeated infections. We developed the safetxt intervention delivered by text message to reduce sexually transmitted infection (STI) by increasing partner notification, condom use and (STI) testing among young people in the UK.Methods and analysisA single-blind randomised trial to reliably establish the effect of the safetxt intervention on chlamydia and gonorrhoea infection at 1 year. We will recruit 6250 people aged 16 to 24 years who have recently been diagnosed with chlamydia, gonorrhoea or non-specific urethritis from health services in the UK. Participants will be allocated to receive the safetxt intervention (text messages designed to promote safer sexual health behaviours) or to receive the control text messages (monthly messages asking participants about changes in contact details) by an automated remote online randomisation system. The primary outcome will be the cumulative incidence of chlamydia and gonorrhoea infection at 1 year assessed by nucleic acid amplification tests. Secondary outcomes include partner notification, correct treatment of infection, condom use and STI testing prior to sex with new partners.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained from NHS Health Research Authority - London – Riverside Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 15/LO/1665) and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. We will submit the results of the trial for publication in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberInternational Standard Randomised Controlled Trials Number:ISRCTN64390461. Registered on 17thMarch 2016.WHO trial registration data setavailable at:http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN64390461.Trial protocol version12, 19thJuly 2018.
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Cardoso, Fernanda Costa, and Kátia Paulino dos Santos. "VIOLÊNCIA SEXUAL INFANTIL E OS MECANISMOS DE INIBIÇÃO ADOTADOS POR ESCOLA PÚBLICA DA COMUNIDADE RIBEIRINHA DA ILHA DE SANTANA - AMAPÁ / CHILD SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND THE MECHANISMS OF INHIBITION ADOPTED BY A PUBLIC SCHOOL IN THE RIVERSIDE COMMUNITY OF SANTANA ISLAND – AMAPÁ." Brazilian Journal of Development 7, no. 2 (2021): 15825–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv7n2-282.

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CARMO (UFPA), Nilce Pantoja do, and Waldir Ferreira de ABREU (UFPA). "SABERES E AUTONOMIA DOCENTE: UM DIÁLOGO ENTRE ELEMENTOS IMPRESCINDÍVEIS À FORMAÇÃO DO PROFESSOR." Revista Margens Interdisciplinar 14, no. 23 (February 19, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18542/mri.v14i23.5778.

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O presente trabalho faz-se como um desdobramento da dissertação “Um rio no caminho: processos de escolarização de alunos ribeirinhos em contexto escolar urbano”, apresentada em 2019 como critério avaliativo do título de Mestre em Educação ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação (do Instituto de Ciências da Educação da Universidade Federal do Pará). Neste ínterim, “Saberes e autonomia docente: um diálogo entre elementos imprescindíveis à formação do professor”, caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa bibliográfica, que objetiva compreender as relações peculiares aos saberes e à autonomia, discorrendo sobre como essa interação vem se constituindo no processo de formação do professor. Para tanto, buscou-se aporte nos trabalhos de Freire (1996), Contreras (2002) e Tardif (2014), autores que se debruçaram na abordagem de tais categorias (saberes e autonomia) vinculadas ao contexto formativo daqueles que estão afrente da prática educativa formal dos sujeitos. Os resultados do estudo apontam que a constituição da autonomia se associa diretamente ao aguçar dos saberes. Assim, a formação do professor deve considerar a relevância dos saberes como basilares ao fomento da autonomia docente.Palavras-chave: Saberes; Autonomia; Formação do Professor.KNOWLEDGE AND TEACHING AUTONOMY: A DIALOGUE BETWEEN COMPREHENSIVE ELEMENTS FOR TEACHER TRAININGThe present work unfolds from the dissertation “A river on the way: schooling processes of riverside students in an urban school context”, presented in 2019 as an evaluation criterion for the title of Master in Education to the Graduate Program in Education (from the Institute of Educational Sciences of the Federal University of Pará). In the interim, “Teacher knowledge and autonomy: a dialogue between elements essential to teacher education”, is characterized as bibliographic research, which aims to understand the peculiar relations to knowledge and autonomy, discussing how this interaction has been constituted in the teacher training process. Therefore, we sought theoretical contribution in the works of Freire (1996), Contreras (2002), and Tardif (2014), authors who focused on the apprehension and approach of such categories (knowledge and autonomy) linked to the formative context of those who are responsible for the formal educational practice of the subjects. The results of the study show that the constitution of autonomy is directly associated with the improvement of knowledge. Thus, teacher education must consider the relevance of knowledge as fundamental to the promotion of teacher autonomy.Keywords: Knowledge; Autonomy; Teacher Education
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Singh, Gopal K., Hyunjung Lee, and Romuladus E. Azuine. "Marked Inequalities in COVID-19 Vaccination by Racial/Ethnic, Socioeconomic, Geographic, and Health Characteristics, United States, January 6 – February 15, 2021." International Journal of Translational Medical Research and Public Health 5, no. 2 (June 2, 2021): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijtmrph.357.

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a substantial adverse impact on the health and wellbeing of populations in the United States (US) and globally. Since the availability of COVID-19 vaccines in December 2020, efforts have been underway to vaccinate priority populations who are at increased risks of COVID-19 infections, morbidity, and mortality, but rigorous and analytical national data on vaccination rates are lacking. Using the latest nationally representative data, we examine disparities in COVID-19 vaccination among US adults aged 18 years and older by a wide range of social determinants. Methods: Using three consecutive rounds of the US Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey from January 6 to February 15, 2021 (N=224,458), disparities in vaccination rates by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, health insurance, health status, and metropolitan area were modeled by multivariate logistic regression. Results: An estimated 33.6 million or 13.6% of US adults received COVID-19 vaccination. Vaccination rates varied 5-fold across the age range, from a low of 5.8% for adults aged 18-24 to 19.1% for those aged 65-74, and 29.0% for those aged ≥75 years. Males, non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, divorced/separated and single individuals, those with lower education and household income levels, renters, not-employed individuals, the uninsured, and individuals with higher depression levels reported significantly lower rates of vaccination. Controlling for covariates, non-Hispanic Blacks had 11% lower odds and Asians had 50% higher odds of receiving vaccination than non-Hispanic Whites. Adults with less than a high school education had 64% lower adjusted odds of receiving vaccination than those with a Master’s degree. Adults with an annual income of <$25,000 had 33% lower adjusted odds of vaccination than those with a ≥$200,000. Vaccination rates ranged from 10.7% in Riverside-San Bernardino, California to 16.1% in Houston, Texas. Conclusion and Implications for Translation: Ethnic minorities, socioeconomically-disadvantaged individuals, uninsured adults, and those with serious depression reported significantly lower vaccination rates. Equitable vaccination coverage is critical to reducing inequities in COVID-19 health outcomes. Copyright © 2021 Singh. et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in this journal, is properly cited.
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Olds, G. Richard, and Kathryn A. Barton. "Building Medical Schools Around Social Missions: The Case of the University of California, Riverside." Health Systems & Reform 1, no. 3 (April 3, 2015): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23288604.2015.1054548.

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Carvalho, Márcia Da Silva, and Maria do Perpétuo Socorro Cardoso da Silva. "EDUCAÇÃO BÁSICA NA AMAZÔNIA: as águas da diversidade inundando as escolas ribeirinhas." Cadernos de Pesquisa 27, no. 4 (December 29, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2229.v27n4p54-72.

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O presente artigo traz a importância da educação básica em conectar-se com toda biodiversidade do vasto território amazônico e as salas de aula atentando para a necessidade da formação inicial e continuada de professores de forma intercultural refenciando os cenários de diversidades amazônica. Os autores pautados trouxeram maresias de saberes para o presente estudo: Fleuri (2018), Oliveira(2016), Freire (1986), Giroux (2009), entre outros. Observa-se com estudos inicias em escola ribeirinha da Ilha de Paquetá/PA, que os professores passam por formações em conjuntos com toda a rede de ensino, não tendo uma formação e planejamento especifico para as escolas ribeirinhas, tendo que em suas horas pedagógicas adaptarem o planejamento global. Deve-se considerar sempre o ir e vir das águas, desobscurecendo a amazônia e identificando-a nos discursos, nos currículos de forma intercultural, minimizando a invisibilidade do povo das águas e todo seu potencial cultural.Palavras-chave: Educação Básica. Diversidade. Interculturalidade. Amazônia.PRIMARY EDUCATION IN AMAZONIA: the waters of diversity flooding the riverside schoolsAbstractThis article conveys the importance of primary education over connecting it with all the biodiversity of the vast amazonian territory and the classrooms, observing the necessity of basic and ongoing training of teachers in a intercultural manner referring to the diverse amazonian setting.The guiding authors to bring seas of knowledge to this study: Fleuri (2018), Oliveria (2016), Freire (1986), Giroux (2009), among others. It is noted with initial studies in riverside schools of Ilha de Paquetá/PA, that teachers go through general training with all the teaching network, not having a specific training or planning for riverside schools, having to use their pedagogical hours to adapt from a global planning. It must always be considered the ebb and flow of the waters, enlightening Amazônia and identifying it in the speeches and curriculums in an intercultural manner, uncloaking the water people and all their cultural potential.Key Words: Primary Education. Diversity. Interculturality. Amazonia.EDUCACIÓN BÁSICA EN LA AMAZONIA: las aguas de la diversidad inundando las escuelas ribereñasResumenEste artículo trae la importancia de la educación básica en la conexión con toda la biodiversidad del vasto territorio amazónico y las aulas atentando a la necesidad de la formación inicial y continua de profesores de forma intercultural reflotando los escenarios de diversidades amazónicas. Los autores de las pautas han traído maresias de saberes para el presente estudio: Fleuri (2018), Oliveira(2016), Freire (1986), Giroux (2009), entre otros. Se observa con estudios iniciales en escuela ribereña de la Isla de Paquetá/PA, que los profesores pasan por formaciones en conjuntos con toda la red de enseñanza, no teniendo una formación y planificación específica para las escuelas ribereñas, teniendo que en sus horas pedagógicas adaptar la planificación global. Se debe considerar siempre el ir y venir de las aguas, desobscurendo la Amazonia y identificándola en los discursos de forma intercultural, minimizando la invisibilidad del pueblo de las aguas y todo su potencial cultural.Palabras Clave: Educación Básica. Diversidad. Interculturalidad. Amazonia.
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Hornby, Richard. "Feeding the System: the Paradox of the Charismatic Acting Teacher." New Theatre Quarterly 23, no. 1 (January 16, 2007): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x06000649.

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British actor training has always been linked closely with the names of particular schools or conservatories. American actor training, however, has at least until recently been associated with the names of charismatic individuals – star teachers who conceived it as their function to prepare their pupils to be star actors, whether in film or on stage. Now that generation of teachers has died, and in the following article Richard Hornby explores the legacy of their teaching, in terms both of the training methods now practised and the expectations about a future career they are framed to meet. Richard Hornby is Professor of Theatre at the University of California, Riverside, and for over twenty years has been regular theatre critic for The Hudson Review. He is the author of five books and over a hundred articles on theatre. Notable books include Script into Performance, Mad about Theatre, and The End of Acting.
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Ben Shoshan, Liat Savin. "Architecture, cinema, and images of childhood in 1950s Britain." Architectural Research Quarterly 22, no. 2 (June 2018): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135913551800043x.

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In 1956, Independent Group member Eduardo Paolozzi, close friend and collaborator of Alison and Peter Smithson, starred in the film Together, directed by Lorenza Mazzetti, who had met him while a student at the Slade School of Fine Art. Strikingly, the imagery and setting of the film shares much in common with the images used by the Smithsons in their work, particularly those by Nigel Henderson, of children playing in the East End. Together is a 52-minute film screened in 1956, as part of Free Cinema programme. East London, with its narrow streets, riversides, docks, and multiple bomb sites, as well as the manner in which this location was shot, expressed the sense of disharmony – even chaos; a scenery patched together out of the remnants of prewar daily routines; a mix of dwellings, cranes, industry, and children running among the ruins. Looking more closely at Free Cinema's use of image and at the postwar concern with childhood allows us to better understand how and why children figured in the Smithsons’ work and how they came to inspire a new creative consciousness in New Brutalism more generally.
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Swanson, H. Lee, and Margaret Howell Ashbaker. "Working memory, short-term memory, speech rate, word recognition and reading comprehension in learning disabled readers: does the executive system have a role?11The research was supported by Peloy Endowment Funds awarded by the first author. This work is truly a collaborative endeavor. First authorship primarily reflects responsibility for write-up and data analysis and second authorship reflects data collection. Data was collected by the second author in the Redlands Unified School District. The authors are thankful to staff at the Redlands School District and for the comments of Jerry Carlson, Richard Eyman, Kathy Wilson, Carole Lee, Randy Engle, and the two reviewers of this journal on an earlier draft. Inquiries and requests should be directed to H. Lee Swanson, Educational Psychology, School of Education, University of California, Riverside, CA., 92521-0128." Intelligence 28, no. 1 (February 2000): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-2896(99)00025-2.

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Bastos, Roosevelt S., Ângela Xavier, Aline Megumi Arakawa, José Roberto Magalhães Bastos, and Magali Lourdes Caldana. "E-health: A Health Promotion Tool for Brazilian Amazon Region." World Journal of Dentistry 3, no. 4 (2012): 320–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1182.

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ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to describe the e-health activities of Project USP in Rondônia to promote health into the Amazonian Brazilian State Rondônia in different types of educational resources. Methods Population of Monte Negro county was reached by the e-health promotion activities including tele-education for community health workers, teachers and local health professionals with the videoconferencing, CD-ROM development and Cybertutor technologies. The population reached was calculated by the reach of these professionals into their daily activities. Results The e-health activities held by Project USP in Rondônia are reaching local stakeholders to expand the spread of health knowledge within a region with severe difficulties of access to information and health care. These stakeholders, mainly working locally in the educational and auxiliary health professions, are seizing their opportunity to provoke autonomy in the population they work with, disseminating information among children in public schools and health care, possibly reaching more than 1,380 families. Conclusion E-health activities showed to be important tool for health promotion to Amazonian communities. People living in regions with difficult access to many social needs, such as riverside communities, must be respected as citizens and thus their right to health must be ensured, which is provided in the Brazilian constitution, and it should be promoted through education, prevention and adequate health services. How to cite this article Bastos RS, Arakawa AM, Xavier A, Bastos JRM, Caldana ML. E-health: A Health Promotion Tool for Brazilian Amazon Region. World J Dent 2012;3(4):320-323.
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CALDER, DALE R., and LESTER D. STEPHENS. "The hydroid research of American naturalist Samuel F. Clarke, 1851–1928." Archives of Natural History 24, no. 1 (February 1997): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.1997.24.1.19.

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Samuel Fessenden Clarke was the leading specialist on hydroids (phylum Cnidaria) in North America over the last quarter of the nineteenth century. During that period he published taxonomic papers on hydroids from both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the continent, from the Gulf of Mexico, and from the eastern Pacific off Central and South America. He also authored a section on hydrozoan biology for “The Riverside Natural History” series. Most of his papers on hydroids were published while he was in his twenties. Clarke described as new 61 nominal species, three nominal genera, and one nominal family, as well as two “varieties” of hydroids. A list of these, and their current taxonomic status, appears in the present work. Clarke consistently provided sound descriptions and locality data for all supposed new species, and drew accurate illustrations of most of them. His research on Hydrozoa, beyond alphataxonomy, was directed towards faunal distributions and the use of hydroid assemblages as biogeographic indicators. In addition to investigations on hydroids, Clarke carried out research on the developmental biology of amphibians and reptiles. His doctoral dissertation at Johns Hopkins University was based on the embryology of the “Spotted Salamander” (=Yellow-spotted Salamander), and he published a major paper on the habits and embryology of the American Alligator. Most of Clarke's career was devoted to academic duties at Williams College, Massachusetts, where he was recognized as a dedicated and inspiring teacher. He served the American Society of Naturalists in various capacities, including a term as its president, was an influential trustee of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, and promoted the study of science in American schools.
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Valverde, Isabel Cavadas. "Dançando com motion capture: experimentações e deslumbramentos na expansão somático-tecnológica para corporealidades pós-humanas[Isabel Cavadas Valverde]." Repertório, no. 28 (December 5, 2017): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.9771/r.v0i28.25009.

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<p class="p1">Resumo:</p><p class="p2"><span class="s1">Neste artigo, relato, reflito e indago a pesquisa em Dança-tecnologia que venho desenvolvendo, com ênfase nos projetos experimentais com o Sistema de Captura de Movimento ou Motion Capture (Mocap). Inicialmente, durante a aprendizagem e primeiras experiências desse sistema de Virtualização Tridimensional (3D) do movimento humano, integrado na pesquisa doutoral teórica em interfaces dança-tecnologia, na Universidade da Califórnia (UCRiverside), 2000-2004, fui motivada pela vontade e necessidade de compreender através da prática suas potencialidades de aplicação estética-poética em obras por outros artistas, e também por querer experimentá-lo criativamente. Depois, no contexto da pesquisa pós-doutoral (onde fui bolsista Pós-Doc Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia), desenvolvida no Institute of Humane Studies and Intelligent Sciences e no Grupo Visualization and Intelligent Multi Modal Interfaces/Instituto Nacional de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores-Investigação e Desenvolvimento/Instituto Superior Técnico/Universidade de Lisboa (2005-2008) e no Grupo de Agentes Inteligentes e Personagens Sintéticas da mesma instituição (2008-2011), assim como no Move Lab da Universidade Lusófona das Humanidades e Tecnologias,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>explorei o Mocap em conjunto com outros sistemas em projetos experimentais próprios e colaborativos transdisciplinares, respetivamente, Reais Jogos Virtuais/Real Virtual Games e Lugares Sentidos/Senses Places. Aí, adotando uma abordagem de integração dos vários interesses de pesquisa, norteada progressivamente pela prática artística (dança-tecnologia) como pesquisa. Sobre a atividade mais recente como pesquisadora pós-doutoral, no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Dança da Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), sob a supervisão da profa. dra. Lenira Peral Rangel – Bolsa CAPES/PNPD 2016/2017 –, partilho os aspetos cruciais no desenvolvimento dos projetos em curso Lugares Sentidos/Senses Places, Terreno de Toque/Touch Terrain, e Fado Dança, e no novo projeto Biblioteca de Dança Mocap. Aqui retomo, de forma mais aprofundada, o Mocap integrado no trabalho de pesquisa em dança somática-tecnológica no novo Laboratório Mocap da Escola de Dança. Assim, adequando-se ao setor Bastidores, este artigo focaliza as minhas experiências com o sistema Mocap nos principais vetores da pesquisa, em projetos realizados em diversos momentos ou períodos de trabalho e situação vivencial com uma abrangência de 15 anos.</span></p><p class="p3"><span class="s1">Palavras-chave:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Dança-tecnologia. Somática. Sistema de captura de movimento. Interação Humano-Máquina. Corporealidades pós-humanas. Interatividade. Transmedialidade. Prática como pesquisa.</p><p class="p3"> </p><p>DANCING WITH MOTION CAPTURE: CHALLENGING EXPERIMENTATION WITHIN SOMATIC-TECNOLOGICAL EXPANSION TOWARDS POSTHUMAN CORPOREALITIES</p><p class="p1"><em>Abstract:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></em></p><p class="p2"><span class="s1"><em>In this article I reflect with the Dance-technology research that I have been developing, emphasizing the experimental projects with the Motion Capture System (Mocap). Initially, during the learning experiences of this system of tridimensional virtualization of human movement, integrated in the doctoral research in dance-technology interfaces at the University of California, Riverside (UCRiverside) (2000-2004), motivated to understand through practice its aesthetic-poetic application potentialities in artworks by various artists, but also wanting to experiment creatively. Then, in the context of the post-doctoral research (Post-doctoral Fellow Foundation for Science and Technology) developed at Institute of Humane Studies and Intelligent Sciences (IHSIS) and at Visualization and Intelligent Multi Modal Interfaces Group/National Institute of Systems Engineering and Computers-Research and Development/Technical Superior Institute/University of Lisbon (VIMMI/INESC-ID/IST/UL, 2005-2008) and at the Intelligent Agents and Synthetic Characters’ Group (GAIPS/INESC-ID/IST/UL, 2008-2011), as well as at MoveLab of Lusofona University of the Humanities and Technologies (ULHT), I explore the Mocap together with other interface systems in experimental trans-disciplinary collaborative projects, respectively, Real Virtual Games and Senses Places. Adopting an integrative approach of several research interests, progressively headed by the artistic practice as research. Presently, as post-doctoral researcher at the Postgraduate Dance Program of the Bahia Federal University (PPGDance/UFBA, CAPES/PNPD, 2016/2017), supervised by prof. dr. Lenira Peral Rangel, I share crucial aspects in the development of the ongoing projects Senses Places, Touch Terrain, and Fado Dance, and the new project Mocap Dance Library,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>depth integrated in the somatic-technological dance research at the new Mocap Laboratory of the Dance School. Therefore, adequate to Bastidores, this article encompasses my experiences with the Mocap system in the main research vectors within 15 years.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></em></span></p><p class="p3"><span class="s1"><em>Keywords:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></em></span><em>Dance-technology. Somatics. Motion capture. Posthuman corporealities. Practice as research.</em></p>
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Mendes, Vanessa Alves, Débora Aparecida da Silva Santos, Edson dos Santos Farias, Dario Pires de Carvalho, and Wanderley Rodrigues Bastos. "Prevalence and factors associated with mercury exposure in riverside communities in the Brazilian Western Amazon." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 73, suppl 5 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0100.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to verify mercury exposure prevalence and identify its possible associated factors in two riverside communities in the Madeira River basin of the Western Brazilian Amazon. Method: a cross-sectional study comprising 95 children and adolescents. Age cycle, school attendance, Bolsa Família, number of siblings, meals, fish consumption, height by age were measured. Binary logistic regression was used to verify relationships between mercury exposure and its possible associated factors. Results: the general prevalence of mercury exposure was 46.3%; children, 35.4%; and adolescents, 57.4%. Associated factors were fish consumption (aOR=1.84; 95%CI 1.56-2.16), age cycle (aOR=2.50; 95%CI 1.09-5.7), parasites (aOR=1.22; 95%CI 1.02-2.71), and short stature (aOR=1.32; 95%CI 1.05-2.02). Conclusion: mercury exposure prevalence in riverside children and adolescents was considered worrying, with association with fish consumption, adolescence, parasites, and short stature.
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Rodrigues, J., B. Leite, G. Vasconcellos, L. A. Dias, M. J. Muniz, M. V. Espinosa, N. Nishida, M. V. Ferrero, B. Reis, and E. R. Cabral. "Socioeconomic and environmental status of riverside communities of Tapajós River, Brazil." European Journal of Public Health 30, Supplement_5 (September 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.333.

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Abstract Introduction Public health care acknowledges socioeconomic factors as one of the multiple facets to promote or protect individual or collective health. Understanding and being more acquainted with the dynamics carried out in riverside communities is fundamental to investing in policies aimed at fighting diseases and illnesses that are particular to those communities. Objective Describing socioeconomic characteristics, healthcare infrastructure, and occupational activities of population from riverside communities along Tapajós river, Brazil. Methodology A descriptive study with 96 residents of communities of Tapajós river, Brazil. Participants have answered a semi-structure questionnaire and the analyses were descriptive and the variable categories were expressed as frequencies. Results There was a predominance of male participants (77.09%), incomplete elementary school (58.51%), involved in agricultural sector (85.10%), with a family income up to 1 minimum wage (68.81%). However, only 21.50% have declared making their living exclusively out of agriculture. Seedlings and seeds are mainly obtained through an exchange system running inside the community. In relation to infrastructure, the water comes from artesian wells (68.88%) and 51.63% claim not treating water whatsoever. All interviewees mentioned the lack of a sewage system and residues are taken to a rudimentary cesspool (76.59%). Waste produced by the community is burned out (93.61%). The main difficulties pointed out by the interviewees were: transportation (44.94%), health (32.14%), communication (21.42%) and government cooperation (15.47%). Conclusions The communities in this project show similar structural dynamic based on subsistence family agriculture and poor infrastructure of basic services. The data collected can be the basis for future public policies aiming at the promotion of food production autonomy, economic autonomy, and improvement of health indicators of these communities. Key messages Contextualizing the structural dynamic of vulnerable populations is key to plan actions aimed at tackling and dealing with social determinants involved in the health-illness process. Contextualizing the structural dynamic of vulnerable populations is fundamental to guide strategies aimed at intervening in the social and health determinants.
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Hemingway, Bree L., Jamie Q. Felicitas-Perkins, C. Anderson Johnson, Michael Osur, Darleen V. Peterson, Jay Orr, and Nicole M. Gatto. "Learning Through Practice: The Design and Implementation of an Advanced Integrative Practicum for DrPH Students." Pedagogy in Health Promotion, June 16, 2020, 237337992093189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2373379920931896.

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Students enrolled in Doctor of Public Health (DrPH) programs accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health complete an applied practice experience resulting in an advanced project. This requirement can vary by program, but it commonly occurs as a singular experience after students have begun coursework. In 2016, we assessed the practicum component for the Doctor of Public Health degree at Claremont Graduate University. We sought feedback from employers and reviewed other professional programs with required practice experiences. Data indicated that successful experiences integrated didactic coursework with practice, suggesting the design of an embedded format versus a stand-alone requirement. The Advanced Integrative Practicum (AIP) was launched in Fall 2017 through a partnership between Claremont Graduate University School of Community and Global Health and Riverside University Health System. The practicum series began with an introduction to the health system through rotations led by Riverside University Health System (AIP-A), continued with students engaging with experts to propose solutions to public health issues (AIP-B), and concluded with a high-level practice-based project (AIP-C) where students, under supervision of a mentor at an external entity, implement projects. Qualitative data obtained through final written syntheses indicated that a majority of students feel the experience was integral to their DrPH training. Steps were taken to address threats to sustainability and a program component that seemed not sufficiently engaging. Although the practicum was not continued in its piloted form, best practices were realized as were lessons learned, ultimately leading to broader modifications in the DrPH program curriculum.
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"Book Reviews." Journal of Economic Literature 48, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 779–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.48.3.757.r8.

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Carlisle Ford Runge of University of Minnesota reviews “Climate Change and Agriculture: An Economic Analysis of Global Impacts, Adaptation and Distributional Effects” by Robert Mendelsohn, Ariel Dinar,. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins “Examines the impact of climate change on agriculture and considers what farmers do to adapt to climate. Discusses the role of climate in agricultural production; a literature review of economic impacts of climate change on agriculture; the Ricardian method; modeling adaptation to climate change; structural Ricardian models; Ricardian analyses of aggregate data; Ricardian models of individual farms; adaptation studies; structural Ricardian studies; a summary of results; and policy implications and future research needs. Mendelsohn is Edwin Weyerhaeuser Davis Professor in the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University. Dinar is Professor of Environmental Economics and Policy and Director of the Water Science and Policy Center at the University of California, Riverside. Index.”
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"Book Reviews." Journal of Economic Literature 53, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 1040–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.53.4.1017.r13.

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Peter Debaere of Darden Business School, University of Virginia reviews “Water Pricing Experiences and Innovations”, by Ariel Dinar, Victor Pochat, and Jose Albiac-Murillo. The Econlit abstract of this book begins: “Twenty-two papers examine water pricing experiences in various countries from 2000 to 2015. Papers discuss water pricing in Australia—unbundled politics, accounting, and water pricing; water pricing in Brazil—successes, failures, and new approaches; water pricing in Canada—recent developments; water pricing in Chile—decentralization and market reforms; water pricing in China— the impact of socioeconomic development; water pricing in Colombia—the transition from bankruptcy to full-cost recovery; water pricing in France—moving toward more incentives to conserve water; water pricing experiences in India—emerging issues; water pricing in Israel—various waters, various neighbors; water pricing in Italy—beyond full-cost recovery; water pricing in Mexico—pricing structures and implications; water pricing in the Netherlands; New Zealand water pricing; water pricing—the case of South Africa; water pricing in Spain—following the footsteps of somber climate change projections; introducing new mechanisms into water pricing reforms in China; how to integrate social objectives into water pricing; sustainable water rate design at the Western Municipal Water District—the art of revenue recovery, water use efficiency, and customer equity; pricing urban water services in the developing world—the case of Guayaquil, Ecuador; the price for domestic water supply—an innovative method developed for the Tucano aquifer in the state of Bahia, Brazil; pricing for reclaimed water in Valencia, Spain—externalities and cost recovery; and pricing municipal water and wastewater services in developing countries—whether utilities are making progress toward sustainability. Dinar is a professor of environmental economics and policy with the School of Public Policy at the University of California, Riverside. Pochat is a professor at the National University of Litoral. Albiac-Murillo is a researcher at the Agrifood Research and Technology Center and a professor at the University of Zaragoza.”
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"Bilingual education & bilingualism." Language Teaching 39, no. 1 (January 2006): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444806263316.

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06–127Ameel, Eef (U Leuven, Belgium; eef.ameel@psy.kuleuven.ac.be), Gert Storms, Barbara C. Malt & Steven A. Sloman, How bilinguals solve the naming problem. Journal of Memory and Language (Elsevier) 53.1 (2005), 60–80.06–128Choi, Jinny K. (U Texas at Arlington, USA), Bilingualism in Paraguay: Forty years after Rubin's study. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Multilingual Matters) 26.3 (2005), 233–248.06–129Echeverria, Begoña (U of California, Riverside, USA), Language attitudes in San Sebastian: The Basque vernacular as challenge to Spanish language hegemony. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Multilingual Matters) 26.3 (2005), 249–264.06–130Enright Villalva, Kerry (U North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA), Hidden literacies and inquiry approaches of bilingual high school writers. Written Communication (Sage) 23.1 (2006), 91–129.06–131Gentil, Guillaume (Carleton U, Canada), Commitments to academic biliteracy: Case studies of Francophone university writers. Written Communication (Sage), 22.4 (2005), 421–471.06–132Lasagabaster, David (U the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain), Attitudes towards Basque, Spanish and English: An analysis of the most influential variables. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Multilingual Matters) 26.4 (2005), 296–316.06–133Malcolm, Ian G. (Edith Cowan U, Mount Lawley, Australia) & Farzad Sharifian, Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue: Australian Aboriginal students' schematic repertoire. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Multilingual Matters) 26.6 (2005), 512–532.06–134Mishina-Mori, Satomi (Rikkyo U, Japan; morisato@rikkyo.ac.jp), Autonomous and interdependent development of two language systems in Japanese/English simultaneous bilinguals: Evidence from question formation. First Language (Sage) 25.3 (2005), 291–315.06–135Pickford, Steve (Charles Sturt U, Australia), Emerging pedagogies of linguistic and cultural continuity in Papua New Guinea. Language, Culture and Curriculum (Multilingual Matters) 18.2 (2005), 139–153.06–136Sebastián-Gallés, Núria (U Barcelona, Spain; nsebastian@ub.edu), Sagrario Echeverría & Laura Bosch, The influence of initial exposure on lexical representation: Comparing early and simultaneous bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language (Elsevier) 52.2 (2005), 240–255.06–137Starks, Donna (U Auckland, New Zealand), The effects of self-confidence in bilingual abilities on language use: Perspectives on Pasifika language use in South Auckland. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development (Multilingual Matters) 26.6 (2005), 533–550.06–138Yang, Jian (Seattle U, USA; yangj@seattleu.edu), Lexical innovations in China English. World Englishes (Blackwell) 24.4 (2005), 425–436.
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Koehler, Andressa Dias, Taiane Christo Chaga, and Lucimar Aparecida Stein Kuster. "Educação Especial em escolas do campo: um recorte sobre a inclusão educacional no interior do Espírito Santo." Revista Brasileira de Educação do Campo, 2020, 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.rbec.e9068.

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This study discusses the special education developed in rural schools from exploratory research made by means of a semi-structured questionnaire applied to teachers of two rural schools, located in the interior of the State of Espírito Santo. The study aims to analyse how has occurred the inclusion of the target students of the special education in these institutions based on testimony of the teachers. The research reveals that some impasses of these schools in relation to inclusion this target group are similar to urban context, for example, in the formation of teachers and need of public investment. However, when are added the geographical, social and cultural realities in the campesino context, there is a need of a look more applied to special education in rural schools, thinking about a specialized educational attendance and formation of articulated teachers to local realities of small farmers, quilombolas, Indian communities, fishemen, squatters, riverside communities, farm workers, landless workers and everyone else who lives in the countryside.
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Little, Christopher. "The Chav Youth Subculture and Its Representation in Academia as Anomalous Phenomenon." M/C Journal 23, no. 5 (October 7, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.1675.

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Introduction“Chav” is a social phenomenon that gained significant popular media coverage and attention in the United Kingdom in the early 2000s. Chavs are often characterised, by others, as young people from a background of low socioeconomic status, usually clothed in branded sportswear. All definitions of Chav position them as culturally anomalous, as Other.This article maps out a multidisciplinary definition of the Chav, synthesised from 21 published academic publications: three recurrent themes in scholarly discussion emerge. First, this research presents whiteness as an assumed and essential facet of Chav identity. When marginalising Chavs because of their “incorrect whiteness”, these works assign them a problematic and complex relationship with ethnicity and race. Second, Chav discourse has previously been discussed as a form of intense class-based abhorrence. Chavs, it would seem, are perceived as anomalous by their own class and those who deem themselves of a higher socioeconomic status. Finally, Chavs’ consumption choices are explored as amplifying such negative constructions of class and white ethnic identities, which are deemed as forming an undesirable aesthetic. This piece is not intended to debate whether or not Chav is a subculture, clubculture or neotribe. Although Greg Martin’s discussion around the similarities between historical subcultures and Chavs remains pertinent and convincing, this article discusses how young people labelled as Chavs are excluded on a variety of fronts. It draws a cross-disciplinary mapping of the Chav, providing the beginnings of a definition of a derogatory label, applied to young people marking them anomalous in British society.What Is a Chav?The word Chav became officially included in the English language in the UK in 2003, when it was inducted into the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). The current OED entry offers many points for further discussion, all centred upon a discriminatory positioning of Chav:chav, n. Etymology: Probably either < Romani čhavo unmarried Romani male, male Romani child (see chavvy n.), or shortened < either chavvy n. or its etymon Angloromani chavvy. Brit. slang (derogatory). In the United Kingdom (originally the south of England): a young person of a type characterized by brash and loutish behaviour and the wearing of designer-style clothes (esp. sportswear); usually with connotations of a low social status.Chav was adopted by British national media as a catch-all term encompassing regional variants. Many discussions have likened Chav to groups such as “Bogans” in Australia and “Trailer Trash” in the US. Websites such as UrbanDictionary and Chavscum have often, informally, defined Chav through a series of derogatory “backcronyms” such as Council Housed And Violent or Council House Associated Vermin, positioning it as a derogatory social label synonymous with notions of perceived criminality, poverty, poor taste, danger, fear, class, and whiteness.Chav came to real prominence in the early 2000s in mainstream British media, gaining visibility through television shows such as Shameless (2004-2013), Little Britain (2003-2006), and The Catherine Tate Show (2004-2009). The term exploded across the tabloid press, as noted by Antoinette Renouf in 2005. Extensive tabloid press coverage drove the phenomenon to front-page coverage in TIME magazine in 2008. Chavs were observed as often wearing Burberry check-patterned clothing. For the first time since its founding in 1856, and due to the extent of Chav’s negative media coverage, Burberry decided to largely remove its trademark check pattern between 2001 and 2014 from sale. Chavs in AcademiaThe rubric of the Chav did not emerge in academia with the same vigour as it did in popular media, failing to gain the visibility of previous youth social formations such as Punks, Mods, et al. Rather, there has been a modest but consistent number of academic publications discussing this subject: 1-3 publications per year, published between 2006-2015. Of the 22 academic texts explicitly addressing and discussing Chavs, none were published prior to 2006. Extensive searches on databases such as EBSCO, JSTOR and ProQuest, yielded no further academic publications on this subject since Joanne Heeney’s 2015 discussion of Chav and its relationship to contested conceptualisations of disability.From a review of the available literature, the following key thematic groupings run through the publications: Chavs’ embodiment of a "wrong" type of white identity; their embodiment of a "wrong" type of working-class identity; and finally, their depiction as flawed consumers. I will now discuss these groupings, and their implications for future research, in order to chart a multidisciplinary conceptualisation of the Chav. Ultimately, my discussion will evidence how "out of place" Chavs appear to be in terms of race and ethnicity, class, and consumption choices. Chavs as “Wrong” WhitesThe dividing practices (Foucault) evident in UK popular media and websites such as Urbandictionary in the early 2000s distinctly separated “hypervisible ‘filthy whites’” (Tyler) from the “respectable whiteness” of the British middle-class. As Imogen Tyler puts it, “the cumulative effect of this disgust is the blocking of the disenfranchised white poor from view; they are rendered invisible and incomprehensible”, a perspective revisited in relation to the "celebrity chav" by Tyler and Joe Bennett. In a wider discussion of ethnicity, segregation and discrimination, Colin Webster discusses Chav and “white trash”, within the context of discourses that criminalise certain forms of whiteness. The conspicuous absence of whiteness in debates regarding fair representation of ethnicity and exclusion is highlighted here, as is the difficulty that social sciences often encounter in conceptualising whiteness in terms exceeding privilege, superiority, power, and normality. Bennett discusses Chavspeak, as a language conceived as enacting combinations of well-known sociolinguistic stereotypes. Chavspeak derives from an amalgamation of Black English vernaculars, potentially identifying its speakers as "race traitors". Bennett's exploration of Chavs as turncoats towards their own whiteness places them in an anomalous position of exclusion, as “Other” white working-class people. A Google image search for Chav conducted on 8th July 2020 yielded, in 198 of the first 200 images, the pictures of white youth. In popular culture, Chavs are invariably white, as seen in shows such as Little Britain, The Catherine Tate Show and, arguably, also in Paul Abbott’s Shameless. There is no question, however, that whiteness is an assumed and essential facet of Chav identity. Explorations of class and consumption may help to clarify this muddy conceptualisation of ethnicity and Chavs. Chavs as “Wrong” Working ClassChav discourse has been discussed as addressing intense class-based abhorrence (Hayward and Yar; Tyler). Indeed, while focussing more upon the nexus between chavs, class, and masculinity, Anoop Nayak’s ethnographic approach identifies a clear distinction between “Charver kids” (a slang term for Chav found in the North-East of England) and “Real Geordies” (Geordie is a regional term identifying inhabitants from that same area, most specifically from Newcastle-upon-Tyne). Nayak identified Chavs as rough, violent and impoverished, against the respectable, skilled and upwardly mobile working-class embodied by the “Real Geordies” (825). Similar distinctions between different types of working classes appear in the work of Sumi Hollingworth and Katya Williams. In a study of white, middle-class students from English urban state comprehensive schools in Riverside and Norton, the authors found that “Chav comes to represent everything about whiteness that the middle-classes are not” (479). Here, Chav is discussed as a label that school-age children reserve for “others”, namely working-class peers who stand out because of their clothing, their behaviour, and their educational aspirations. Alterity is a concept reinforced by Bennett’s discussion of Chavspeak, as he remarks that “Chavs are other people, and Chavspeak is how other people talk” (8). The same position is echoed in Sarah Spencer, Judy Clegg, and Joy Stackhouse’s study of the interplay between language, social class, and education in younger generations. Chavspotting is the focus of Bennett’s exploration of lived class experiences. Here, the evocation of the Chav is seen as a way to reinforce and reproduce dominant rhetoric against the poor. Bennett discusses the ways in which websites such as Chavscum.com used towns, cities and shopping centres as ideal locations to practice Chav-spotting. What is evident, however, is that behind Chavspotting lies the need for recontextualisation of normalising social practices which involve identification of determinate social groups in social spaces. This finding is supported by the interviews conducted by Ken McCullock et al (548) who found the Chav label, along with its regional variant of Charva, to be an extension of these social practices of identification, as it was applied to people of lower socioeconomic status as a marker of difference: “Chav/Charva … it’s what more posh people use to try and describe thugs and that” (McCulloch et al., 552).The semi-structured interview data gathered by Spencer, Clegg, and Stackhouse reveals how the label of Chav trickled down from stereotypes in popular culture to the real-life experiences of school-aged children. Here, Chavs are likened by school children to animals, “the boys are like monkeys, and the girls are like squeaky squirrels who like to slap people if they even look at you” (136) and their language is defined as lacking complexity. It bears relevance that, in these interviews, children in middle-class areas are once again “othering” the Chav, applying the label to children from working-class areas. Heeney’s discussion of the Chav pivots around questions of class and race. This is particularly evident as she addresses the media contention surrounding glamour model Katie Price, and her receipt of disability welfare benefits for her son. Ethnicity and class are key in academic discussion of the Chav, and in this context they prove to be interwoven and inexorably slippery. Just as previous academic discussions surrounding ethnicity challenge assumptions around whiteness, privilege and discrimination, an equally labyrinthine picture is drawn on the relationship between class and the Chavs, and on the practices of exclusion and symbolic to which they are subject. Chavs as “Wrong” ConsumersKeith Hayward and Majid Yar’s much-cited work points to a rethinking of the underclass concept (Murray) through debates of social marginality and consumption practices. Unlike previous socio-cultural formations (subcultures), Chavs should not be viewed as the result of society choosing to “reject or invert mainstream aspirations or desires” but simply as “flawed” consumers (Hayward and Yar, 18). The authors remarked that the negative social construction and vilification of Chav can be attributed to “a set of narrow and seemingly irrational and un-aesthetic consumer choices” (18). Chavs are discussed as lacking in taste and/or educational/intelligence (cultural capital), and not in economic capital (Bourdieu): it is the former and not the latter that makes them the object of ridicule and scorn. Chav consumption choices are often regarded, and reported, as the wrong use of economic capital. Matthew Adams and Jayne Rainsborough also discuss the ways in which cultural sites of representation--newspapers, websites, television--achieve a level of uniformity in their portrayal of Chavs as out of place and continually framed as “wrong consumers", just as Nayak did. In their argument, they also note how Chavs have been intertextually represented as sites of bodily indiscretion in relation to behaviours, lifestyles and consumption choices. It is these flawed consumption choices that Paul Johnson discusses in relation to the complex ways in which the Chav stereotype, and their consumption choices, are both eroticised and subjected to a form of symbolic violence. Within this context, “Council chic” has been marketed and packaged towards gay men through themed club events, merchandise, sex lines and escort services. The signifiers of flawed consumption (branded sportswear, jewellery, etc), upon which much of the Chav-based subjugation is centred thus become a hook to promote and sell sexual services. As such, this process subjects Chavs to a form of symbolic violence, as their worth is fetishised, commodified, and further diminished in gay culture. The importance of consumption choices and, more specifically, of choices which are considered to be "wrong" adds one final piece to this map of the Chav (Mason and Wigley). What was already noted as discrimination towards Chavs centred upon notions of class, socioeconomic status, and, ethnicity, is amplified by emphasis on consumption choices deemed to be aesthetically undesirable. This all comes together through the “Othering” of a pattern of consumerist choices that encompasses branded clothes, sportswear and other garments typically labelled as "chavvy". Chav: Not Always a LabelIn spite of its rare occurrence in academic discourse on Chavs, it is worth noting here that not all scholarly discussions focus on the notion of Chav as assigned identity, as the work of Kehily, Nayak and Young clearly demonstrates.Kehily and Nayak’s performative approach to Chav adopts an urban ethnography approach to remark that, although these socio-economic-racial labels are felt as pejorative, they can be negotiated within immediate contexts to become less discriminatory and gain positive connotations of respectability in given situations. Indeed, such labels can be enacted as a transitional identity to be used and adopted intermittently. Chav remains an applied label, but a flexible label which can be negotiated and adapted. Robert Young challenges many established conceptualisations of Chav culture, paying particular attention to notions of class and self-identification. His study found that approximately 15% of his 3,000 fifteen-year old respondents, all based in the Glasgow area, self-identified as Chav or "Ned" (a Scottish variant of Chav). The cultural criminological approach taken by Young does not clearly specify what options were given to participants when selecting "Neds or popular" as self-identification. Young’s work is of real value in the discussion of Chav, since it constitutes the only example of self-identification as Chav (Ned); future work reasserting these findings is required for the debate to be continued in this direction. Conclusion: Marginalised on All Fronts?Have Chavs been ostracised for being the wrong type of white person? Much has been discussed around the problematic role of ethnicity in Chav culture. Indeed, many scholars have discussed how Chav adopted the language, dress and style of ethnic minority groups. This assimilation of non-white identities leaves the Chav stranded on two fronts: (1) they are marked as Other by predominantly white social groups and vilified as race/ethnicity traitors (Bennett, Chavspeak); (2) they stand apart from ethnic minority identities through a series of exaggerated and denigrated consumption choices – adopting a bricolage identity that defines them against other groups surrounding them. Are Chavs the wrong type of white, working-class consumer? We know from the seminal works of Dick Hebdige and Stuart Hall that subcultural styles can often convey a range of semiotic messages to the outside world. If one were to bear in mind the potentially isolated nature of those considered Chavs, one could see in their dress a consumption of "status" (McCulloch et al., 554). The adoption of a style predominantly consisting of expensive-looking branded clothes, highly-visible jewellery associated with an exaggerated sporting lifestyle, stands as a symbol of disposable income and physical prowess, a way of ‘fronting up’ to labels of poverty, criminality and lack of social and cultural capital.As my charting process comes to a conclusion, with the exclusion of the studies conducted by Young, Kehily and Nayak, Chav is solely discussed as an “Othering” label, vastly different from the self-determined identities of other youth subcultures. As a matter of fact, a number of studies portray the angry reactions to such labelling (Hollingworth and Williams; Bennett; Mason and Wigley). So are Chavs vilified because of their whiteness, their class, or their consumption choices? More likely, they are vilified because of a combination of all of the above. Therefore, we would not be mistaken in identifying Chavs as completely lacking in identity capital. What is apparent from the literature discussed is that the Chav exists in an anomalous “no man's land”. ReferencesAdams, Matthew, and Jayne Raisborough. "The Self-Control Ethos and the Chav: Unpacking Cultural Representations of the White Working Class." Culture & Psychology 17.1 (2011): 81-97.Bennett, Joe. "‘And What Comes Out May Be a Kind of Screeching’: The Stylisation of Chavspeak in Contemporary Britain." Journal of Sociolinguistics 16.1 (2012): 5-27.———. "Chav-Spotting in Britain: The Representation of Social Class as Private Choice." Social Semiotics 23.1 (2013): 146-162.Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Boston: Harvard UP, 1984.Foucault, Michel. “The Subject and Power." Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics. Eds. Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow. Brighton: Harvester, 1982. 777-795.Hayward, Keith, and Majid Yar. "The Chavphenomenon: Consumption, Media and the Construction of a New Underclass." Crime, Media, Culture 2.1 (2006): 9-28.Hebdige, Dick. Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London: Methuen, 1979. Heeney, Joanne. "Disability Welfare Reform and the Chav Threat: A Reflection on Social Class and ‘Contested Disabilities’." Disability & Society 30.4 (2015): 650-653.Hollingworth, Sumi, and Katya Williams. "Constructions of the Working-Class ‘Other’ among Urban, White, Middle-Class Youth: ‘Chavs’, Subculture and the Valuing of Education." Journal of Youth Studies 12.5 (2009): 467-482.Johnson, Paul. "’Rude Boys': The Homosexual Eroticization of Class." Sociology 42.1 (2008): 65-82.Kehily, Mary Jane, and Anoop Nayak. "Charver Kids and Pram-Face Girls: Working-Class Youth, Representation and Embodied Performance." Youth Cultures in the Age of Global Media. Eds. Sara Bragg and Mary Jane Kehily. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. 150-165.Maffesoli, Michel. The Time of the Tribes: The Decline of Individualism in Mass Society. London: SAGE, 1995.Martin, Greg. "Subculture, Style, Chavs and Consumer Capitalism: Towards a Critical Cultural Criminology of Youth." Crime, Media, Culture 5.2 (2009): 123-145.Mason, Roger B., and Gemma Wigley. “The Chav Subculture: Branded Clothing as an Extension of the Self.” Journal of Economics and Behavioural Studies 5.3: 173-184.McCulloch, Ken, Alexis Stewart, and Nick Lovegreen. "‘We Just Hang Out Together’: Youth Cultures and Social Class." Journal of Youth Studies 9.5 (2006): 539-556.Murray, Charles. The Emerging British Underclass. London: IEA Health and Welfare Unit, 1990.Nayak, Anoop. "Displaced Masculinities: Chavs, Youth and Class in the Post-Industrial City." Sociology 40.5 (2006): 813-831.Oxford English Dictionary. "Chav." 20 Apr. 2015.Renouf, Antoinette. “Tracing Lexical Productivity and Creativity in the British Media: The Chavs and the Chav-Nots.” Lexical Creativity, Texts and Contexts. Ed. Judith Munat. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 2007. 61-93. Spencer, Sarah, Judy Clegg, and Joy Stackhouse. "Language, Social Class and Education: Listening to Adolescents’ Perceptions." Language and Education 27.2 (2013): 129-143.Thornton, Sarah. Club Cultures: Music, Media and Subcultural Capital. Cambridge: Polity, 1995.Tyler, Imogen. “Chav Scum: The Filthy Politics of Social Class in Contemporary Britain”. M/C Journal 9.5 (2006). 7 July 2020 <http://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/0610/09-tyler.php>.Tyler, Imogen, and Bruce Bennett. "‘Celebrity Chav’: Fame, Femininity and Social Class." European Journal of Cultural Studies 13.3 (2010): 375-393.Webster, Colin. "Marginalized White Ethnicity, Race and Crime." Theoretical Criminology 12.3 (2008): 293-312.Young, Robert. "Can Neds (or Chavs) Be Non-Delinquent, Educated or Even Middle Class? Contrasting Empirical Findings with Cultural Stereotypes." Sociology 46.6 (2012): 1140-1160.
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Felton, Emma. "Brisbane: Urban Construction, Suburban Dreaming." M/C Journal 14, no. 4 (August 22, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.376.

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When historian Graeme Davison famously declared that “Australia was born urban and quickly grew suburban” (98), he was clearly referring to Melbourne or Sydney, but certainly not Brisbane. Although the Brisbane of 2011 might resemble a contemporary, thriving metropolis, its genealogy is not an urban one. For most of its history, as Gillian Whitlock has noted, Brisbane was “a place where urban industrial society is kept at bay” (80). What distinguishes Brisbane from Australia’s larger southern capital cities is its rapid morphology into a city from a provincial, suburban, town. Indeed it is Brisbane’s distinctive regionalism, with its sub-tropical climate, offering a steamy, fecund backdrop to narratives of the city that has produced a plethora of writing in literary accounts of the city, from author David Malouf through to contemporary writers such as Andrew McGahan, John Birmingham, Venero Armanno, Susan Johnson, and Nick Earls. Brisbane’s lack of urban tradition makes its transformation unique among Australian cities. Its rapid population growth and urban development have changed the way that many people now live in the city. Unlike the larger cities of Sydney or Melbourne, whose inner cities were established on the Victorian model of terrace-row housing on small lots, Brisbane’s early planners eschewed this approach. So, one of the features that gives the city its distinction is the languorous suburban quality of its inner-city areas, where many house blocks are the size of the suburban quarter-acre block, all within coo-ee of the city centre. Other allotments are medium to small in size, and, until recently, housed single dwellings of varying sizes and grandeur. Add to this a sub-tropical climate in which ‘green and growth’ is abundant and the pretty but flimsy timber vernacular housing, and it’s easy to imagine that you might be many kilometres from a major metropolitan centre as you walk around Brisbane’s inner city areas. It is partly this feature that prompted demographer Bernard Salt to declare Brisbane “Australia’s most suburban city” (Salt 5). Prior to urban renewal in the early 1990s, Brisbane was a low-density town with very few apartment blocks; most people lived in standalone houses.From the inception of the first Urban Renewal program in 1992, a joint initiative of the Federal government’s Building Better Cities Program and managed by the Brisbane City Council (BCC), Brisbane’s urban development has undergone significant change. In particular, the city’s Central Business District (CBD) and inner city have experienced intense development and densification with a sharp rise in medium- to high-density apartment dwellings to accommodate the city’s swelling population. Population growth has added to the demand for increased density, and from the period 1995–2006 Brisbane was Australia’s fastest growing city (ABS).Today, parts of Brisbane’s inner city resembles the density of the larger cities of Melbourne and Sydney. Apartment blocks have mushroomed along the riverfront and throughout inner and middle ring suburbs. Brisbane’s population has enthusiastically embraced apartment living, with “empty nesters” leaving their suburban family homes for the city, and apartments have become the affordable option for renters and first home purchasers. A significant increase in urban amenities such as large-scale parklands and river side boardwalks, and a growth in service industries such as cafes, restaurants and bars—a feature of cities the world over—have contributed to the appeal of the city and the changing way that people live in Brisbane.Urbanism demands specific techniques of living—life is different in medium- to high-density dwellings, in populous places, where people live in close proximity to one another. In many ways it’s the antithesis to suburban life, a way of living that, as Davison notes, was established around an ethos of privacy, health, and seclusion and is exemplified in the gated communities seen in the suburbs today. The suburbs are characterised by generosity of space and land, and developed as a refuge and escape from the city, a legacy of the nineteenth-century industrial city’s connection with overcrowding, disease, and disorder. Suburban living flourished in Australia from the eighteenth century and Davison notes how, when Governor Phillip drew up the first town plan for Sydney in 1789, it embodied the aspirations of “decency, good order, health and domestic privacy,” which lie at the heart of suburban ideals (100).The health and moral impetus underpinning the establishment of suburban life—that is, to remove people from overcrowding and the unhygienic conditions of slums—for Davison meant that the suburban ethos was based on a “logic of avoidance” (110). Attempting to banish anything deemed dangerous and offensive, the suburbs were seen to offer a more natural, orderly, and healthy environment. A virtuous and happy life required plenty of room—thus, a garden and the expectation of privacy was paramount.The suburbs as a site of lived experience and cultural meaning is significant for understanding the shift from suburban living to the adoption of medium- to high-density inner-city living in Brisbane. I suggest that the ways in which this shift is captured discursively, particularly in promotional material, are indicative of the suburbs' stronghold on the collective imagination. Reinforcing this perception of Brisbane as a suburban city is a history of literary narratives that have cast Brisbane in ways that set it apart from other Australian cities, and that are to do with its non-urban characteristics. Imaginative and symbolic discourses of place have real and material consequences (Lefebvre), as advertisers are only too well aware. Discursively, city life has been imagined oppositionally from life in the suburbs: the two sites embody different cultural meanings and values. In Australia, the suburbs are frequently a site of derision and satire, characterized as bastions of conformity and materialism (Horne), offering little of value in contrast to the city’s many enchantments and diverse pleasures. In the well-established tradition of satire, “suburban bashing is replete in literature, film and popular culture” (Felton et al xx). From Barry Humphries’s characterisation of Dame Edna Everage, housewife superstar, who first appeared in the 1960s, to the recent television comedy series Kath and Kim, suburbia and its inhabitants are represented as dull-witted, obsessed with trivia, and unworldly. This article does not intend to rehearse the tradition of suburban lampooning; rather, it seeks to illustrate how ideas about suburban living are hard held and how the suburban ethos maintains its grip, particularly in relation to notions of privacy and peace, despite the celebratory discourse around the emerging forms of urbanism in Brisbane.As Brisbane morphed rapidly from a provincial, suburban town to a metropolis throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, a set of metropolitan discourses developed in the local media that presented new ways of inhabiting and imagining the city and offered new affiliations and identifications with the city. In establishing Brisbane’s distinction as a city, marketing material relied heavily on the opposition between the city and the suburbs, implying that urban vitality and diversity rules triumphant over the suburbs’ apparent dullness and homogeneity. In a billboard advertisement for apartments in the urban renewal area of Newstead (2004), images of architectural renderings of the apartments were anchored by the words—“Urban living NOT suburban”—leaving little room for doubt. It is not the design qualities of the apartments or the building itself being promoted here, but a way of life that alludes to utopian ideas of urban life, of enchantment with the city, and implies, with the heavy emphasis of “NOT suburban,” the inferiority of suburban living.The cultural commodification of the late twentieth- and twenty-first-century city has been well documented (Evans; Dear; Zukin; Harvey) and its symbolic value as a commodity is expressed in marketing literature via familiar metropolitan tropes that are frequently amorphous and international. The malleability of such images makes them easily transportable and transposable, and they provided a useful stockpile for promoting a city such as Brisbane that lacked its own urban resources with which to construct a new identity. In the early days of urban renewal, the iconic images and references to powerhouse cities such as New York, London, and even Venice were heavily relied upon. In the latter example, an advertisement promoting Brisbane appeared in the Sydney Morning Herald colour magazine (May 2005). This advertisement represented Brisbane as an antipodean Venice, showing a large reach of the Brisbane river replete with gondolas flanked by the city’s only nineteenth-century riverside building, the Custom’s House. The allusion to traditional European culture is a departure from the usual tropes of “fun and sun” associated with promotions of Queensland, including Brisbane, while the new approach to promoting Brisbane is cognizant of the value of culture in the symbolic and economic hierarchy of the contemporary city. Perhaps equally, the advertisement could be read as ironic, a postmodern self-parodying statement about the city in general. In a nod to the centrality of the spectacle, the advertisement might be a salute to idea of the city as theme park, a pleasure playground and a collective fantasy of escape. Nonetheless, either interpretation presents Brisbane as somewhere else.In other promotional literature for apartment dwellings, suburban living maintains its imaginative grip, evident in a brochure advertising Petrie Point apartments in Brisbane’s urban renewal area of inner-city New Farm (2000). In the brochure, the promise of peace and calm—ideals that have their basis in suburban living—are imposed and promoted as a feature of inner-city living. Paradoxically, while suggesting that a wholesale evacuation and rejection of suburban life is occurring presumably because it is dull, the brochure simultaneously upholds the values of suburbia:Discerning baby boomers and generation X’ers who prefer lounging over latte rather than mowing the quarter acre block, are abandoning suburban living in droves. Instead, hankering after a more cosmopolitan lifestyle without the mind numbing drive to work, they are retreating to the residential mecca, the inner city, for chic shops and a lively dining, arts and theatre culture. (my italics)In the above extract, the rhetoric used to promote and uphold the virtues of a cosmopolitan inner-city life is sabotaged by a language that in many respects capitulates to the ideals of suburban living, and evokes the health and retreat ethos of suburbia. “Lounging” over lattes and “retreating to a residential mecca”[i] allude to precisely the type of suburban living the brochure purports to eschew. Privacy, relaxation, and health is a discourse and, more importantly, a way of living that is in many ways anathema to life in the city. It is a dream-wish that those features most valued about suburban life, can and should somehow be transplanted to the city. In its promotion of urban amenity, the brochure draws upon a somewhat bourgeois collection of cultural amenities and activities such as a (presumably traditional) arts and theatre culture, “lively dining,” and “chic” shops. The appeal to “discerning baby boomers and generation X’ers” has more than a whiff of status and class, an appeal that disavows the contemporary city’s attention to diversity and inclusivity, and frequently the source of promotion of many international cities. In contrast to the suburban sub-text of exclusivity and seclusion in the Petrie Point Apartment’s brochure, is a promotion of Sydney’s inner-city Newtown as a tourist site and spectacle, which makes an appeal to suburban antipathy clear from the outset. The brochure, distributed by NSW Tourism (2000) displays a strong emphasis on Newtown’s cultural and ethnic diversity, and the various forms of cultural consumption on offer. The inner-city suburb’s appeal is based on its re-framing as a site of tourist consumption of diversity and difference in which diversity is central to its performance as a tourist site. It relies on the distinction between “ordinary” suburbs and “cosmopolitan” places:Some cities are cursed with suburbs, but Sydney’s blessed with Newtown — a cosmopolitan neighbourhood of more than 600 stores, 70 restaurants, 42 cafes, theatres, pubs, and entertainment venues, all trading in two streets whose origins lie in the nineteenth century … Newtown is the Catwalk for those with more style than money … a parade where Yves St Laurent meets Saint Vincent de Paul, where Milano meets post-punk bohemia, where Max Mara meets Doc Marten, a stage where a petticoat is more likely to be your grandma’s than a Colette Dinnigan designer original (From Sydney Marketing brochure)Its opening oppositional gambit—“some cities are cursed with suburbs”—conveniently elides the fact that like all Australian cities, Sydney is largely suburban and many of Sydney’s suburbs are more ethnically diverse than its inner-city areas. Cabramatta, Fairfield, and most other suburbs have characteristically high numbers of ethnic groups such as Vietnamese, Korean, Lebanese, and so forth. Recent events, however, have helped to reframe these places as problem areas, rather than epicentres of diversity.The mingling of social groups invites the tourist-flâneur to a performance of difference, “a parade where Yves St Laurent meets Saint Vincent de Paul (my italics), where Milano meets post-punk bohemia,” and where “the upwardly mobile and down at heel” appear in what is presented as something of a theatrical extravaganza. Newtown is a product, its diversity a commodity. Consumed visually and corporeally via its divergent sights, sounds, smells and tastes (the brochure goes on to state that 70 restaurants offer cuisine from all over the globe), Newtown is a “successful neighbourhood experiment in the new globalism.” The area’s social inequities—which are implicit in the text, referred to as the “down at heel”—are vanquished and celebrated, incorporated into the rhetoric of difference.Brisbane’s lack of urban tradition and culture, as well as its lack of diversity in comparison to Sydney, reveals itself in the first brochure while the Newtown brochure appeals to the idea of a consumer-based cosmopolitanism. As a sociological concept, cosmopolitanism refers to a set of "subjective attitudes, outlooks and practices" broadly characterized as “disposition of openness towards others, people, things and experiences whose origin is non local” (Skrbis and Woodward 1). Clearly cosmopolitan attitudes do not have to be geographically located, but frequently the city is promoted as the site of these values, with the suburbs, apparently, forever looking inward.In the realm of marketing, appeals to the imagination are ubiquitous, but discursive practices can become embedded in everyday life. Despite the growth of urbanism, the increasing take up of metropolitan life and the enduring disdain among some for the suburbs, the hard-held suburban values of peace and privacy have pragmatic implications for the ways in which those values are embedded in people’s expectations of life in the inner city.The exponential growth in apartment living in Brisbane offers different ways of living to the suburban house. For a sub-tropical city where "life on the verandah" is a significant feature of the Queenslander house with its front and exterior verandahs, in the suburbs, a reasonable degree of privacy is assured. Much of Brisbane’s vernacular and contemporary housing is sensitive to this indoor-outdoor style of living, a distinct feature and appeal of everyday life in many suburbs. When "life on the verandah" is adapted to inner-city apartment buildings, expectations that indoor-outdoor living can be maintained in the same way can be problematic. In the inner city, life on the verandah may challenge expectations about privacy, noise and visual elements. While the Brisbane City Plan 2000 attempts to deal with privacy issues by mandating privacy screenings on verandahs, and the side screening of windows to prevent overlooking neighbours, there is ample evidence that attitudinal change is difficult. The exchange of a suburban lifestyle for an urban one, with the exposure to urbanity’s complexity, potential chaos and noise, can be confronting. In the Urban Renewal area and entertainment precinct of Fortitude Valley, during the late 1990s, several newly arrived residents mounted a vigorous campaign to the Brisbane City Council (BCC) and State government to have noise levels reduced from local nightclubs and bars. Fortitude Valley—the Valley, as it is known locally—had long been Brisbane’s main area for nightclubs, bars and brothels. A small precinct bounded by two major one-way roads, it was the locus of the infamous ABC 4 Corners “Moonlight State” report, which exposed the lines of corruption between politicians, police, and the judiciary of the former Bjelke-Petersen government (1974–1987) and who met in the Valley’s bars and brothels. The Valley was notorious for Brisbanites as the only place in a provincial, suburban town that resembled the seedy side of life associated with big cities. The BCC’s Urban Renewal Task Force and associated developers initially had a tough task convincing people that the area had been transformed. But as more amenity was established, and old buildings were converted to warehouse-style living in the pattern of gentrification the world over, people started moving in to the area from the suburbs and interstate (Felton). One of the resident campaigners against noise had purchased an apartment in the Sun Building, a former newspaper house and in which one of the apartment walls directly abutted the adjoining and popular nightclub, The Press Club. The Valley’s location as a music venue was supported by the BCC, who initially responded to residents’ noise complaints with its “loud and proud” campaign (Valley Metro). The focus of the campaign was to alert people moving into the newly converted apartments in the Valley to the existing use of the neighbourhood by musicians and music clubs. In another iteration of this campaign, the BCC worked with owners of music venues to ensure the area remains a viable music precinct while implementing restrictions on noise levels. Residents who objected to nightclub noise clearly failed to consider the impact of moving into an area that was already well known, even a decade ago, as the city’s premier precinct for music and entertainment venues. Since that time, the Valley has become Australia’s only regulated and promoted music precinct.The shift from suburban to urban living requires people to live in very different ways. Thrust into close proximity with strangers amongst a diverse population, residents can be confronted with a myriad of sensory inputs—to a cacophony of noise, sights, smells (Allon and Anderson). Expectations of order, retreat, and privacy inevitably come into conflict with urbanism’s inherent messiness. The contested nature of urban space is expressed in neighbour disputes, complaints about noise and visual amenity, and sometimes in eruptions of street violence. There is no shortage of examples in the Brisbane’s Urban Renewal areas such as Fortitude Valley, where acts of homophobia, racism, and other less destructive conflicts continue to be a frequent occurrence. While the refashioned discursive Brisbane is re-presented as cool, cultured, and creative, the tensions of urbanism and tests to civility remain in a process of constant negotiation. This is the way the city’s past disrupts and resists its cool new surface.[i] The use of the word mecca in the brochure occurred prior to 11 September 2001.ReferencesAllon, Fiona, and Kay Anderson. "Sentient Sydney." In Passionate City: An International Symposium. Melbourne: RMIT, School of Media Communication, 2004. 89–97.Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). Regional Population Growth, Australia, 1996-2006.Birmingham, John. "The Lost City of Vegas: David Malouf’s Old Brisbane." Hot Iron Corrugated Sky. Ed. R. Sheahan-Bright and S. Glover. St Lucia: U of Queensland P, 2002. xx–xx.Davison, Graeme. "The Past and Future of the Australian Suburb." Suburban Dreaming: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Australian Cities. Ed. L. Johnson. Geelong: Deakin University Press, 1994. xx–xx.Dear, Michael. The Postmodern Urban Condition. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.Evans, Graeme. “Hard-Branding the Cultural City—From Prado to Prada.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 27.2 (2003): 417–40.Evans, Raymond, and Carole Ferrier, eds. Radical Brisbane. Melbourne: The Vulgar Press, 2004.Felton, Emma, Christy Collis, and Phil Graham. “Making Connections: Creative Industries Networks in Outer Urban Locations.” Australian Geographer 14.1 (Mar. 2010): 57–70.Felton, Emma. Emerging Urbanism: A Social and Cultural Study of Urban Change in Brisbane. PhD thesis. Brisbane: Griffith University, 2007.Glover, Stuart, and Stuart Cunningham. "The New Brisbane." Artlink 23.2 (2003): 16–23. Harvey, David. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1990. Horne, Donald. The Lucky Country: Australia in the Sixties. Ringwood: Penguin, 1964.Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991.Malouf, David. Johnno. St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1975. ---. 12 Edmondstone Street. London: Penguin, 1986.NSW Tourism. Sydney City 2000. Sydney, 2000.Salt, Bernard. Cinderella City: A Vision of Brisbane’s Rise to Prominence. Sydney: Austcorp, 2005.Skrbis, Zlatko, and Ian Woodward. “The Ambivalence of Ordinary Cosmopolitanism: Investigating the Limits of Cosmopolitanism Openness.” Sociological Review (2007): 1-14.Valley Metro. 1 May 2011 < http://www.valleymetro.com.au/the_valley.aspx >.Whitlock, Gillian. “Queensland: The State of the Art on the 'Last Frontier.’" Westerly 29.2 (1984): 85–90.Zukin, Sharon. The Culture of Cities. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1995.
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