Journal articles on the topic 'Rivers and borders'
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Popelka, Sarah J., and Laurence C. Smith. "Rivers as political borders: a new subnational geospatial dataset." Water Policy 22, no. 3 (May 6, 2020): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.041.
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Abstract Rivers are commonly used to define political borders, but no global study has quantified the importance of rivers on territorial delimitation at subnational scales. This paper presents Global Subnational River-Borders (GSRB), a first comprehensive geospatial dataset of subnational, as well as national, political borders set by large rivers. GSRB incorporates three previous vector datasets (GAUL, GRWL + +, and WDBII) to map and quantify the use of large rivers as political borders at local, state, and national scales. GSRB conservatively finds that at least 58,588 km (23%) of the world's interior (non-coastal) national borders, 199,922 km (17%) of the world's interior state/province borders, and 459,459 km (12%) of the world's interior local-level political borders are set by large rivers. GSRB finds 222, 2,350, and 14,808 dyads sharing river-borders at these three administrative scales, respectively. While previous studies have emphasized transboundary rivers separating nations, GSRB highlights the abundance of river-borders at subnational scales, where numerous domestic stakeholders share jurisdiction in water resource management. These participants, identified with GSRB, ought not to be ignored when crafting water policy and instituting whole-basin management regimes. GSRB should prove useful for global, geospatial analyses of riparian stakeholders across administrative scales. The GSRB dataset (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3906566) can be found via the following link https://zenodo.org/record/3906567#.XvN-GGhKjIU.
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Uddipta Ranjan Boruah. "Human Folly and Border Fences: Looking to Non-Human Actors at the Indo–Bangladesh Border." Borders in Globalization Review 3, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/bigr31202120260.
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The obsession with inter-state territorial borders and the associated paraphernalia of border management and security makes borders and their management a primarily human-centric discourse. This paper makes an attempt at introducing the agency of rivers as non-human actors—or rather as actants—in shaping and managing international borders. The paper looks specifically at the riverine sector of the Indo-Bangladesh border, where the international boundary has been re-negotiated each year by the transnational rivers, primarily the Brahmaputra (also the Gangadhar), through flooding, erosion, and deposition of sediment. By interrogating the role of rivers in shaping the border and border management strategies, the paper argues that humans, despite persisting as the primary agents in border management, are not the only actors. Drawing on Actor Network Theory (ANT), a case is made to appreciate the general symmetry between humans and non-humans as a-priori equal. Incorporating both in an actor-network may provide insights into border management in complex borderlands.
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Bieda, Agnieszka, and Ryszard Hycner. "Administrative legal borders run along rivers." Geomatics and Environmental Engineering 6, no. 2 (2012): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7494/geom.2012.6.2.15.
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Sutarno. "Analysis of landforms, early warning system, locations and evacuation paths for reducing flood disaster risk in Sragen, Central Java, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 986, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/986/1/012023.
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Abstract One of the areas in Central Java Province that is prone to flooding is Sragen Regency. The distribution of flood disasters occurs in commensurate rivers and river confluences in lowlands which are dominated by settlements and agricultural land. The purpose of this study was to analyze the distribution of landforms along riverbanks in residential areas and rice fields, refugee shelter locations and evacuation routes for handling disaster risk reduction. The research method is grounded research by recording the population census and public facilities at the affected residential locations. Determination of evacuation locations and routes by using evacuation criteria parameters and safe distance parameters to determine the classification of refugee evacuation locations. The results of the study found that there was a lack of understanding of the landforms of river borders for agricultural and residential land, the utilization and loss of embankments on comparable rivers, especially in areas of interconnection between rivers in the lowlands. To minimize the risk of flooding, it is necessary to add EWS, river border land that is already owned by the community, the use of right of use must be gradually returned as a river border and the selection of the right location and route evacuation.
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Thomas, Kimberley Anh. "International rivers as border infrastructures: En/forcing borders in South Asia." Political Geography 89 (August 2021): 102448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2021.102448.
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Kitamura, Shuhei, and Nils-Petter Lagerlöf. "Geography and State Fragmentation." Journal of the European Economic Association 18, no. 4 (July 18, 2019): 1726–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz032.
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Abstract Some of the richest places in the world have very high historical border presence, and are often located in particular geographic environments. In this paper we compile grid-cell level data on borders between sovereign states in Europe and surrounding areas from 1500 until today to document that state borders tend to be located in rugged and mountainous terrain, by rivers, and where it rains a lot. Moreover, two commonly used measures of economic activity—night lights and population density—are higher in cells with more borders, in particular more stable borders. This result holds also when controlling for geography. However, by the same metric, cells with more borders than neighboring cells are less developed than those neighbors. These patterns are consistent with a theory in which state competition benefits long-run development, but these benefits accrue more to the center than the periphery of states.
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Chirtoaga, Ion. "Benderlies outside the borders of the Tighina kadiatate." Revista de istorie a Moldovei, no. 1-2(129-130) (November 2022): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.58187/rim.129-130.01.
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In the sangeak (district) Tighina (constituted after the campaign of Suleiman I in 1538) entered the localities located between the Rivers Bậc (to the north) and Botna with the Upper Traian Wave (to the south). From Botna the southern border passed near the village of Chitcani to the Dniester. To the west the boundary of the district was established on the borders of the estates on the Lower Course of the Colinder, from where it followed to the south near the spring of the Larga River. During the period of economic crisis, through which the Ottoman Empire periodically passed, some Turkish dignitaries organized Private Economic Enterprises (called chiftlik), using the land resources of the state inside and outside the sangeak. In this way, chiftliks appeared in the territory remaining under the authority of Moldova, creating problems for the locals in the use of land resources. After 1774 the economic activity of the Turkish inhabitants outside the border of the sangeak Tighina was limited. A new Ottoman administration appeared in Căușeni, which replaced that of the Crimean Khan. The locality of Sălcuța, with Romanian population, being for a century under the administration of the Crimean Khan, was included in the borders of the sangeak Thighina.
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Istomin, Kirill V. "Roads versus Rivers." Sibirica 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/sib.2020.190202.
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In northwestern Siberia, rivers historically played an essential role in structuring economic, cultural, and administrative space. The rivers’ role in spatial perception is reflected in vocabulary of some local languages. With the recent development of roads and railroads, a new way has emerged to structure socioeconomic and political space. The two systems of spatial structuring contradict each other, and their relative importance for different local groups depends on their professional and ethnocultural affiliation. This leads to different perceptions of space, distances, and geographic directions by the members of these groups. Furthermore, since the administrative borders reflect the “river” system, but the administrative power is increasingly projected along the roads and railroads, the conflict between the two systems has a political dimension.
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Kim, Dongsei. "Borders as Urbanism: A Preliminary Study on Realigning Border Rivers as Productive Spaces." Journal of Seoul studies 79 (May 31, 2020): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17647/jss.2020.05.79.61.
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Cebrykow, Paweł, Mirosław Krukowski, Mirosław Meksuła, and Adrian Zarański. "Changes in Administrative Borders and Their Stability in Lubelskie Region in 1949–2010." Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i Prognozy 11, no. 2 (August 26, 2013): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.56583/br.1129.
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The article presents the problem of changes in administrative borders in the Lubelskie region throughout the past 60 years, since the end of World War II. In this period Poland experienced four major reforms that transformed the system and structure of administrative division. In five periods between the reforms there were also certain minor changes along the national borders. The analysis of changes was primarily based on cartographic materials presenting the administrative divisions, which allowed for efficient analyses of the border routes. Using the archive maps the authors prepared analytical maps from 8 temporal perspectives. Consequently, synthetic maps presenting all the observed changes in voivodship (Polish: województwo), county (Polish: powiat) and commune (Polish: gmina) borders were drafted. Such materials were the base for preparing the final maps illustrating the stability of the border routes between voivodships, counties and communes. The analyses of the materials allowed number of conclusions to be drawn. Firstly, the borders of Lubelskie Voivodship are relatively stable, particularly the fragments which run along the Vistula and the Bug Rivers. In the case of county borders, their permanence is much lower. At the lowest level of administrative division, variability is the highest, yet the share of permanent borders reaches 40%. Generally, it can be stated that the higher the level of administrative division, the higher the stability of borders. The present article may constitute a basis for further research on the causes and effects of borders between administrative units. Along with the analysis of border permanence, another problem that the authors addressed is the method of linear presentation of object changes. In order to analyse border changes effectively, the authors propose an indirect presentation of border stability by showing the stability of the area marked within these borders. Such a device substitutes the troublesome analysis of overlapping linear structure with an analysis of a clearer image of stability, presented with contour lines.
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Saputra, Stepanus Andi, Margareta Maria Sudarwani, and Sri Pare Eni. "Arrangement of Green Open Space on River Borders with Constructed Wetlands Concept." Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan 24, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jtsp.v24i1.34456.
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Abstract. The decline in river quality is due to the role of 60%-70% of domestic waste, 30% of industrial waste, and 10% of agricultural and livestock waste that pollutes rivers. In addition, because there are settlements on the banks of the river, if it is not handled, the quality of the rivers in Jakarta will certainly be bad. One way of treating wastewater is Constructed Wetlands, the goal is to improve water quality and reduce the harmful effects of waste, as well as water conservation efforts. Constructed Wetlands are usually applied to settlements that have yards, while settlements in Jakarta currently only have narrow yards there are no yards left. From this aspect, the post-normalization riverbank arrangement will be carried out using the Constructed Wetlands approach. The research located at the Kampung Baru, Cakung,River, East of Jakarta. To find out the results of this application, the method used is descriptive in knowing the conditions of settlements, and then data collection will be carried out from literature reviews and interviews. Furthermore, an analysis is carried out with basic mathematical calculations to answer the space requirements in the application of Constructed Wetlands so that it will produce a spatial pattern model for settlements.
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Karlsson Hammarfelt, Linda. "River writing and “the tyranny of beginnings:” Autobiographies along rivers." Moderna Språk 114, no. 4 (July 9, 2020): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.58221/mosp.v114i4.7321.
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Many contemporary autobiographical texts that depict a transcultural self prominently feature waterscapes in the foreground. The present study focuses on how rivers are functionalized in two autobiographical accounts: the essayistic Flodernas bok (The book of rivers, 2012) by the Swedish poet and essayist Nina Burton, and the autofictional novel Am Fluß (2014) by Esther Kinsky. Both combine the literary representation of travels along rivers with an exploration of European cultural history, but also the history of the self.Using Schmitz-Emans’s (2008) concept of ‘water writing’ for studying ‘riverlike’ writing modes and discussing the findings against the backdrop of research on the cultural significance of water, this article demonstrates how both texts challenge the presumed linearity of rivers by focusing on how they are embedded in a global circuit of waters. It shows that a river’s ability to transgress national borders makes ‘river writing’ attractive for autobiographical enterprises. Finally, both texts emphasize the relationship between man and water as well as that between man and the environment through water. This relatedness of humans and landscape through the fluid element indicates that the self is not sovereign, stable and hovering above its environment, but rather an embedded entity, interwoven in complex fluid networks of interaction.
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ABBOTT, JAMES, LISA M. CAMPBELL, CLINTON J. HAY, TOR F. NAESJE, AMON NDUMBA, and JOHN PURVIS. "Rivers as resources, rivers as borders: community and transboundary management of fisheries in the Upper Zambezi River floodplains." Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien 51, no. 3 (September 2007): 280–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.2007.00179.x.
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Nuruzzaman, Md, Abdullah Al Mamun, and Md Noor Bin Salleh. "A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF RIVER REHABILITATION EXPERIENCES." IIUM Engineering Journal 18, no. 1 (May 30, 2017): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v18i1.589.
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Rehabilitation of polluted rivers has gained great importance to many countries in the world since the last century as the river is a vital water resource and it is being altered because of urbanization and industrialization causing great threat to the environment. Literatures on river rehabilitation projects have been reviewed focusing on the developing part of the world such as USA, UK, Japan etc. Rehabilitation issues of rivers crossing borders have also been discussed in this paper. Key lessons from different experiences in different regions have been extracted and comparison has been done. Statistics on different experiences has also been presented. Finally, some guidelines have been provided based on different experiences, which should be helpful for developed and developing nations making river rehabilitation efforts.
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Smedley, D. A., and K. M. Rowntree. "Rivers as borders, uniting or dividing? The effect of topography and implications for catchment management." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 3 (August 1, 2012): 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.186.
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South Africa's water resources are unequally distributed over space and time and an already stressed water resource situation will only be exacerbated by climate change if current predictions are correct. The potential for conflict over increasingly strained water resources in South Africa is thus very real. In order to deal with these complex problems, national legislation is demanding that water resource management be decentralized to the local level where active participation can take place in an integrated manner in accordance with the principles of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). However, administrative and political boundaries rarely match those of catchments as, throughout South Africa, rivers have been employed extensively to delineate administrative and political boundaries at a number of spatial scales. The aim of this research is to determine if rivers act as dividing or uniting features in a socio-political landscape and whether topography will influence their role in this context. The Orange-Senqu River is used as a case study. This paper goes on to consider the implications of this for catchment management in South Africa. No study known to the authors has explored the effect of the river itself, and its topographic setting, on the drivers that foster either conflict or cooperation, and allow for participatory management. This study presents evidence that the topography of a catchment has the ability to aggravate or reduce the impact of the variables considered by water managers and thereby influence the role of a river as a dividing or uniting feature. South Africa's proposed form of decentralized water management will have to contend with the effects of different topographies on the way in which rivers are perceived and utilized.
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Venter, F. J., and A. R. Deacon. "Managing rivers for conservation and ecotourism in the Kruger National Park." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 5-6 (September 1, 1995): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0610.
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Six major rivers flow through the Kruger National Park (KNP). All these rivers originate outside and to the west of the KNP and are highly utilized. They are crucially important for the conservation of the unique natural environments of the KNP. The human population growth in the Lowveld during the past two decades brought with it the rapid expansion of irrigation farming, exotic afforestation and land grazed by domestic stock, as well as the establishment of large towns, mines, dams and industries. Along with these developments came overgrazing, erosion, over-utilization and pollution of rivers, as well as clearing of indigenous forests from large areas outside the borders of the KNP. Over-utilization of the rivers which ultimately flow through the KNP poses one of the most serious challenges to the KNP's management. This paper gives the background to the development in the catchments and highlights the problems which these have caused for the KNP. Management actions which have been taken as well as their results are discussed and solutions to certain problems proposed. Three rivers, namely the Letaba, Olifants and Sabie are respectively described as examples of an over-utilized river, a polluted river and a river which is still in a fairly good condition.
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MAZUMDER, RAJASHREE. "Illegal Border Crossers and Unruly Citizens: Burma-Pakistan-Indian borderlands from the nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries." Modern Asian Studies 53, no. 04 (January 28, 2019): 1144–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000579.
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AbstractThis article studies borders and border crossers in the area that became Burma, India, and Pakistan from the colonial period through to the immediate post-independence years in the mid-twentieth century. At independence, the new states’ borders not only confused vast sections of their populations by their imprecision but deprived them of their traditional practices of traversing forests, lands, and rivers to use those resources or visit kin. Border crossers’ complaints about the loss of customary access were largely ignored by the states, which tended to view crossers as illegal interlopers or plotters sent over by neighbouring polities. The states redoubled efforts to control such movement by strictly defining citizenship and foreignness, and by militarizing the border police. In addition, the introduction of boundaries between India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar caused conflict between diverse groups within the borderlands and between those groups and the state, often on the basis of religion and ethnicity, which persist to this day and has resulted in the displacement of thousands of people across the borders. An examination of states’ actions and popular reactions shows the evolution of states’ citizenship criteria, their implementation, and challenges to them by mundane or violent ‘transgressions’ of borderlanders. In doing so, it clarifies the mechanics—and the breakdowns—of state-making.
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Wainarisi, Yane Octavia Rismawati, and Stynie Nova Tumbol. "Perubahan Makna Teologis Sungai Kahayan Bagi Masyarakat Bukit Rawi." Manna Rafflesia 9, no. 1 (October 31, 2022): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.38091/man_raf.v9i1.273.
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Dayak Ngaju tribe is a biggest tribe in Center Borneo. This tribe community have big interest to live in along of river Borders. It’s because this community hang all side of their life to the river. Kahayan Rivers as the target of research is a one of biggest river in Center of Borneo Abstract which have significant meaning for Kahayan community in economic, social so on theological perspectives. In the past, rivers reputed as connector between human and god. Because of this, Kahayan River became a place to do all local religion ritual from the pregnant time to the dead time of this tribe community. But since the development age, the are a meaning shift of theological meaning of Kahayan River for local people of Kahayan. This research made by qualitative study case approach to find the background of Theological meaning shift of Kahayan River for the people of Kahayan in Bukit Rawi Pulang Pisau Residence.
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Yunussova, Gulnara, and Józef Mosiej. "Transboundary water management priorities in Central Asia countries – Tobol River case study in Kazakhstan." Journal of Water and Land Development 31, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2016-0047.
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AbstractChanges in transboundary water resources management in Central Asia brought the river pollution issue even more up to date than runoff and water distribution problems. This survey demonstrates that the analysis of river flow dynamics. Their water consumption and pollution makes it possible to prioritize these aspects of water management.As in the case of the Tobol-Torgay basin in Kazakhstan it was shown that for this type of basins. anthropogenic pollution remains a priority factor in transboundary water management. The Tobol River a tributary of the Ob and the Irtysh rivers belongs to the Kara Sea basin and is situated in the territory of Kazakhstan and Russia. Tobol-Torgay River basin located within borders of Kostanay region of Kazakhstan covers the upper reaches of the Tobol River and its tributaries. It has been determined that the water quality of the rivers in the region is stable for the decade under study and its formation remains due to natural factors. The priority contaminants in the basin are heavy metals and organic matter introduced by anthropogenic sources.The idea of the article was to present the issues of cross-border water management, one of the largest in terms of area countries in the world (ranked 9th in the world in terms of area), Kazakhstan. In the scientific community involved in water management Kazakhstan is usually associated with a catchment area of two large bodies without the possibility of outflow – the Aral Sea and the Caspian Sea.
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Arslanova, Marina M., Elena A. Shornikova, and Madina I. Muzieva. "The analysis of spatio-temporal features of microbiological and hydrochemical indicators of the rivers within Surgutsky and Oktyabrsky Districts in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug – Yugra." Samara Journal of Science 9, no. 2 (May 29, 2020): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv202102.
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The study of the environmental situation in river basins, including the assessment of actual water pollution, has recently become relevant. Water bodies located within the borders of oil production territories are experiencing constant and intense anthropogenic impact, which occurs not only during the operation of fields, but also during the preparation of areas for exploration and production drilling, construction of multi-well pads, communications, etc. This paper analyzes peculiarities of microbiological and hydrochemical indicators distribution of the rivers within Surgutsky and Oktyabrsky Districts in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug Yugra. The cluster analysis method determines cascade systems based on the total microbial number of the studied rivers. The characteristics of the generic composition and distribution of the identified microorganisms are given. As a result of the cluster analysis, it was revealed that organoheterotrophic microflora is found mainly in the studied rivers. 16 bacterial cultures and 3 cultures from the mycelial microflora were identified among the isolated microorganisms. The paper also presents the results of rivers monitoring in 20182019 on the following water quality indicators: pH, ammonium ions and acute toxicity. The time variability of hydrochemical indicators correlates with different phases of the hydrological regime of rivers.
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Bognar, Helena Ilona, and Andrija Bognar. "Povijesni razvoj i političko-geografska obilježja granice i pograničja Republike Hrvatske s Republikom Slovenijom na Žumberku i Kupsko-čabranskoj dolini." Geoadria 15, no. 1 (January 11, 2017): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.549.
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Although natural basis cannot be a decisive criterion in defining borders, historical and politico-geographic development of the researched area reveals that natural bounds have been considerably used in the boundary demarcation between the Republic of Croatia and Republic of Slovenia. This can be also concluded for the analyzed sectors which are tied with the Žumberak Mountain and the Kupa and Čabranka River valleys. Besides natural favours (the boundary line runs over the top ridges of the mountain massif of Žumberak/Gorjanci, as well as along the river flows), one must point out the fact that it is adapted to spatial organization of the borderland. Therefore, the boundary line is subsequent and co-operative here. Evolutionally, the border and borderland developed from terra nullius, frontier, and, finally, since the 16th century, have become a boundary line on the rivers Kupa and Čabranka, and since 1816, on Žumberak. Consequently, in spite of disputes in particular historical periods about the researched area's state and property appurtenance, the border has a centuries-old continuity. This can explain that nowadays the quoted sectors are least disputable in the boundary demarcation of the two sovereignties.
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Cidreira, Jefferson Henrique, and Josué da Costa Silva. "‘Imaginary geographies’: the aquatic roads in the (de)construction of the stereotyped representations of the Pan-Amazon space." Terr Plural 15 (2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5212/terraplural.v.15.2116686.003.
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The essay has as its theme the water roads on the MAP border in Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia, inserted in the great Pan-Amazon, while crucial elements to deconstruct representations of an Amazon seen as "green hell", "isolated". To this end, we used to move across the borders of Geography, History, Literature, Cultural Studies and Discourse Analysis to make the role of rivers visible in the process of deconstructing discourses cemented in literary canons, cartoons and in the social and cultural imagery that one has of region, from them as a place of transit, of social relations, and with nature.
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Astapenka, Anatol. "Borders of the Belarusian Ethnos-nation in the Historical Retrospective." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 63 (2021): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2021.63.10.
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The boundaries of the Belarusian people were determined by the area of settlement of the ancient tribes that form the future Belarusian ethnos-nation and have changed relatively little over the centuries. The ancestors of modern Belarusians were the Slavic tribes Krivichi, Dregovichi and Radimichi, as well as Lithuania. The boundaries of the settlement of the Krivichi according to modern encyclopedic information are the upper reaches of the Western Dvina, Dnieper and Volga, the territory of the present Vitebsk, Mogilev, Pskov, Bryansk and Smolensk regions. The eastern border of the settlement of the Dregovichi tribes was determined along the Dnieper River, the northern border ran from Novo-Bykhov to the northwest along the watershed of the Drut and Berezina rivers to Borisov. The southern border according to data from the Ipatiev list of the Tale of Bygone Years is the Pripyat and Western Dvina rivers. From that source, we know that the Radimich tribes settled in the Sozh River basin. The formation of the Belarusian pro-ethnic group dates back to the time of the formation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Lithuanian tribe played a decisive role in this process, the boundaries of which were precisely determined by N. I. Ermolovich. The chronicle Lithuania lay not far from Minsk: these are Upper Panemonia, Novogradchina, Karelichi lands, the Shchara river (Slonim district) is mentioned as the southern border. At the beginning of the twentieth century academician E. F. Karsky in his monograph «Belarusians», for the first time outlined the boundaries of the Belarusian ethnos. At present a detailed study and analysis of the maps of the settlement of Belarusians in the historical context have been carried out by E. E. Shiryaev in the monograph «White Rus, Black, Lithuania in Maps». In this work attention is drawn to the fact that there is a tendency for the transformation of ethnic Belarusians into Poles on the territory of the Bialystok Voivodeship, which became part of Poland in 1944. On these lands Belarusians have always been the authentic population. Another problem that constantly faced Belarusians in the twentieth century is the problem of the Vilna region. On October 10, 1939 in Moscow an Agreement was signed on the transfer of the city of Vilna and the Vilna region to the Republic of Lithuania. In 1991 the National Democratic Party of Belarus (NDPB) issued a statement in which it was said that the Vilna region should be granted a separate status of state autonomy, and self-government should be formed on the principles of equal representation of «the main peoples: Belarusians, Lithuanians, Poles and Russians». In addition it was proposed to give Vilna the status of a free city and turn it into a European center (The Golden Bridge is in the terminology of the 20–30s).
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Hayes, Malorie M., Holden J. Paz, Carla C. Stout, David C. Werneke, and Jonathan W. Armbruster. "A hotspot atop: rivers of the Guyana Highlands hold high diversity of endemic pencil catfish (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Siluriformes)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 129, no. 4 (March 12, 2020): 862–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa023.
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Abstract The Pakaraima Mountains are an ancient mountain range along the borders of Guyana, Brazil and Venezuela. The high plateau is drained by multiple river systems in all directions. Although hypotheses have been presented for the biogeographical relationships of lowland rivers, the interconnectivity of rivers on the top of the plateau is unknown. With multiple complex rivers in a small, upland area, we predicted a high level of endemism for stream fishes and complex biogeographical relationships. We explored this with the incredibly diverse pencil catfish genus Trichomycterus. Using collections from recent expeditions to the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana, we amplified three mitochondrial (16S, COI and Cytb) and one nuclear marker (rag2). We constructed individual gene trees and a concatenated tree to determine the placement of these taxa within the Trichomycterus of the trans-Andean/Amazonian clade. Herein, we identify six endemic lineages of Trichomycterus from the highlands of the Pakaraima Mountains. Of the identified lineages, we find two species occupying multiple basins, suggesting that Pakaraima streams either maintain connectivity or had some degree of recent connectivity.
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Grigoryeva, Elena, and Konstantin Lidin. "cracks, seams and borders." проект байкал 19, no. 74 (January 5, 2023): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.51461/pb.74.20.
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Sometimes there are real cracks (and even gaps) between alternatives, and sometimes these borders look like seams joining the opposites. One of the peculiarities of architectural thinking is that it is like mosaic or patchwork. Scars and seams are inherent in architecture. Sometimes they are tried to be hidden, while sometimes to be aestheticized. How inclusive is the ‘patchwork’ of architectural thinking, or is it an exclusive stigma, a scar on the ‘profession’s skin’?Philosophical reflections on the semantic and philosophical-symbolic interpretation of the image of crack, rupture or gap in a broader context of cultural evolution, and, above all, in its current cultural-methodological meaning are presented by Leo Salmin and Petr Kapustin in their articles.Administrative boundaries can also turn into cracks. One of the most difficult tasks of urban planning and territorial management is to prevent ‘sprawling’ at the seams between regions. The border between the subjects adjacent to Lake Baikal runs directly along the water area of this glorious sea. And now, after the transfer of Transbaikalia to the Far Eastern Federal District, it is the border between the federal districts. But it is clear that the town planning documents should cover the whole lake, together with hundreds of rivers and streams flowing into it. Invisible seams prevent full comprehension of the whole complex. This is what Alexander Kolesnikov writes about.The seams of the borders within the Russian Empire were fantastically variable, including not only those of its provinces, but also of its cities. Such changes have occurred over the centuries for a variety of reasons, including political ones.The selection of materials in this section tells what is happening on the line of the collision of alternatives.
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Kružíková, K., T. Randák, R. Kenšová, H. Kroupová, D. Leontovyčová, and Z. Svobodová. "Mercury and Methylmercury Concentrations in Muscle Tissue of Fish Caught in Major Rivers of the Czech Republic." Acta Veterinaria Brno 77, no. 4 (2008): 637–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200877040637.
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The aim of the study was to evaluate mercury contamination at twelve outlet sites of rivers in the Czech Republic (Labe, Ohře, Vltava, Berounka, Sázava, Otava, Lužnice, Svratka, Dyje, Morava and Odra). As an indicator, we used muscle tissue of the chub (Leuciscus cephalus) caught at selected sites in 2007. A total of 96 fish were examined. Total mercury was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using the AMA 254 analyzer and methylmercury was determined by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations ranged 0.039–0.384 mg kg-1 fresh weight and 0.033–0.362 mg kg-1 fresh weight, respectively. Mercury bound in methylmercury (HgMe) made up on average about 82.2% of total mercury. The highest mercury concentrations were found in fish from Obříství, a site on Labe (THg 0.263 ± 0.086 mg kg-1; MeHg 0.256 ± 0.084 mg kg-1). Mercury concentrations in fish from rivers that cross the borders of the Czech Republic (Labe, Odra and Morava) were low. The Czech Republic therefore does not contribute significantly to river pollution outside its national borders. Hazard indices of the sites monitored were well below 1, and reached 1.365 only in Obříství on Labe for fisherman’s family members (i.e. in the case of annual consumption of 10 kg fish). This indicates possible hazards involved in eating meat of fish caught in that location. Based on PTWI for methylmercury, the maximum amount of fish meat allowed for consumption per week was calculated. The site with the lowest value was Obříství on Labe (0.44 kg). The results of this study present a partial contribution to health risk assessment on the major rivers in Czech Republic.
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Feletar, Dragutin, and Martin Glamuzina. "Granica Mađarske i Hrvatske na starim kartama." Geoadria 6, no. 1 (January 11, 2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.164.
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For centuries Croatia has been in a political association with Hungary. The borderbetween these two states lies on the Drava and the Mura rivers and is actually one of the oldest in Middle Europe, although between 1102 and 1526 there was a common Croatian-Hungarian kingdom and between 1526 and 1918 Hapsburg Monarchy (between 1867 and 1918 Austria- Hungary). The changes of the state border caused by the changes of the Drava and Mura’s bed, political interventions in the area of Međimurje and Baranja, especially from 18th to the middle of 20th century (1945) can be traced on the old maps, and these cartographic presentations represent a valuable historical source. The issue of border changes between Croatia and Hungary can be analyzed from two aspects: 1. macro analysis – i.e. bigger territory changes of the border between Croatia and Hungary 2. microanalysis – i.e. determining the border on the troubled rivers of the Drava and the Mura The macro plan includes the border changes between Croatia and Hungary where the most important issue is the borders in border areas of Međumurje, Prekodravlje and Baranje. For centuries there were arguments about the border in Prekodravlje. This part of Croatia, in Koprivnica area, has been populated by the Croats in the middle Ages, and in 16th and 17th century it was destroyed by Turks. At the beginning of 19th century Prekodravlje was again populated by Croats, two parishes, Gola and Ždala, were founded and they belonged to Zagreb bishopric (in 1854 it became archbishopric). Baranja was a part of the Hungarian district the longest of all border areas and beside Hungarians and Germans it was also populated by Croats and Serbs. It was annexed to Kingdom SHS (i.e. Republic of Croatia) by Trianon peace treaty in 1920. The old maps are very interesting because they document the microanalysis of the Croatian-Hungarian border, especially the border on the troubled Drava river. In this area the Drava is already a typical lowland-river, and in some Holocene sand and pebbles accumulation it meandered and changed its bed. For this reason it was necessary to determine the borderline which won’t change and will not depend on the river. Military land surveys conducted from 1781 to 1785 determined the borderline in the former Drava bed which was later verified by Trianon peace treaty.
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Goemans, Hein E., and Kenneth A. Schultz. "The Politics of Territorial Claims: A Geospatial Approach Applied to Africa." International Organization 71, no. 1 (October 19, 2016): 31–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818316000254.
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AbstractWhy do states make claims to some border areas and not others? We articulate three models of territorial claims and test them using a novel geospatial data set that precisely maps disputed and undisputed border segments in post-independence Africa. The geospatial approach helps eliminate problems of aggregation by permitting an analysis of variation both within and between dyadic borders. We find that ethnic political considerations are the most important driver of territorial claims in Africa, while institutional features of the border play a secondary role. Border segments that partition ethnic groups are at greatest risk of being challenged when the partitioned groups are politically powerful in ethnically homogeneous societies. Border segments that follow well-established and clear focal principles such as rivers and watersheds are significantly less likely to be disputed, while changes to the border in the colonial period created opportunities for later disputes to arise. Power considerations or resources play only a minor role in explaining the location of territorial claims.
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Bykov, Andrey, Sergey Brazhnik, and Viacheslav Obrazov. "To evaluate the work on the reaclimatization of sterlet Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus, 1758 in the upper reaches of the Dnieper." Fisheries 2022, no. 5 (October 14, 2022): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37663/0131-6184-2022-5-69-76.
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Based on the results of ichthyological monitoring of VNIRO, a preliminary assessment of the work on the reaclimatization of sterlet in the upper reaches of the Dnieper River within the borders of the Smolensk region is given. Data on its occurrence in catches of smooth nets, size and age indicators, stages of maturity of gonads are given. A comparison of the nutrition composition of the Dnieper sterlet with the sterlet of the upper reaches of the Oka and Klyazma rivers is given. The dynamics of the output of juveniles, the average biomass of sterlet in the riverbed within the borders of the Smolensk region are shown. Accounting of early juvenile fish in the Dnieper for a number of years showed the absence of sterlet larvae in ichthyoplankton traps. To confirm the naturalization of this species of sturgeon, it is necessary to increase the number of ichthyological monitoring sites on the territory of the Republic of Belarus.
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Khodzinskaya, Anna Gennadievna. "THE BORDERS OF THE RIDGE FORMS OF SEDIMENT MOVEMENT." Vestnik MGSU, no. 9 (September 2015): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2015.9.122-129.
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The article describes the active equilibrium motion of bed forms, which occurs in rivers during high water periods. The authors consider the relation between an average size of the particles of which little bed-forms (rifles) are formed and an average size of non-cohesive material in case of which armoring is formed in a river. These particles have a diameter of 0.5…0.6 mm. This boundary is associated with different mechanisms of stability loss for smaller particles, for which the probability of weighing is greater than for the larger particles. The article offers the extrapolation of the dependence of the ratio of average speed to critical speed received by V.N. Goncharov at small depths (up to 0.2 m) at the depth of 5 m on the basis of the experiments presented by V. Rijn. It is shown that the ratio of the dynamic speed to its critical value decreases with the increase in the size of alluvial particles, for bed formation and wash moments. For the moments of bed formation reaching the maximum bed height (maximum resistance in the channel) and erosion of the bed-forms was well confirmed by the values of the dimensionless parameter (the ratio of average velocity to hydraulic size taking into account the flow regime) for a particle size of about 1 mm.
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Hoogweg, P. H. A., and F. Colijn. "Management of Dutch Estuaries the Ems-Dollard and the Western Scheldt." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 7-8 (October 1, 1992): 1887–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0633.
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In this paper the ecological situation of two Dutch estuaries will be described in relation to efforts of the Government to maintain or restore their environmental quality. The two estuaries are the Ems-Dollard estuary and the Western Scheldt. Both form the border with Germany and Belgium respectively and therefore are a potential management problem with respect to pollution crossing the borders between the countries involved. Therefore international consultation is needed to tackle environmental problems. Both estuaries are the remaining real estuaries of the Netherlands which can be conceived as one large Delta region of the rivers Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt and Ems. Plans for the sanitation of all rivers have been proposed and are in development as e.g. the Rhine Action Plan. For the smaller rivers like the Ems and Scheldt agreements about the reduction of pollutants have been made within the framework of the North Sea ministerial conferences. The ecological values of these estuaries are diminished through pollution, resulting in a reduced biological diversity, or reduced numbers of species. At present measures are taken to improve the ecological value which is based on the former ecological situation (ten Brink et al., 1991). Besides pollution also dredging and dumping of dredged material has levelled down the biological diversity and numbers of plants and animals.
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Wennemers, Sander. "De Mauritslinie langs de IJssel." Tijdschrift voor Historische Geografie 6, no. 3 (January 1, 2021): 282–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/thg2021.3.004.wenn.
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Abstract The Mauritsline on the IJssel border. A cultural-historical structure in the present landscape At the end of the 16th century the Dutch Republic formed its outer borders alongside the major rivers. Prince Maurits instigated the build of 26 defensive structures (schansen, redoubts) on the IJssel border. Due to a lack of documentation, little is known of the location and the remains of these structures. This article is a first step to start to locate these former border posts. A list with a description of the locations was the starting point. Old maps, aerial photos and landscape biotopes were used to locate the redoubts. After the location of the structures this article proposes to develop a cultural-historical experience of the former ‘Maurits IJssellinie’, which can be done in several ways. It is an important story in the history of the beginning of the Dutch Republic.
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Islam, Md Saidul, and Md Nazrul Islam. "“Environmentalism of the poor”: the Tipaimukh Dam, ecological disasters and environmental resistance beyond borders." Bandung: Journal of the Global South 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40728-016-0030-5.
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The Indian government recently resumed the construction of the Tipaimukh Dam on the Barak River just 1 km north of Bangladesh’s north-eastern border. The construction work was stalled in March 2007 in the wake of massive protests from within and outside India. Experts have argued that the Dam, when completed, would cause colossal disasters to Bangladesh and India, with the former being vastly affected: the Dam would virtually dry up the Surma and Kushiara, two important rivers for Bangladesh. Therefore, this controversial Dam project has generated immense public discontents leading to wider mass-movements in Bangladesh, India, and around the world. The movement has taken various forms, ranging from simple protests to a submission of a petition to the United Nations. Drawing on the “environmentalism of the poor” as a conceptual metaphor, the article examines this global movement to show how environmental resistance against the Tipaimukh Dam has transcended national borders and taken on a transnational form by examining such questions as: who is protesting, why, in what ways, and with what effects. In order to elucidate the impending social and ecological impacts, which would potentially disrupt communities in South Asia, the paper offers some pragmatic policy recommendations that also seek to augment social mobility in the region.
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Nodari, Eunice, and Marcos Gerhardt. "The Uruguay River: A Permeable Border in South America." Review of International American Studies 14, no. 1 (September 30, 2021): 201–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/rias.10047.
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The Uruguay River basin in South America has held a social, cultural, environmental, and economic relevance for many centuries. The river flows for about 2,000 km, linked to an important remnant of native forest, the Selva Misionera in Argentina, and to a Brazilian conservation unit for biodiversity, the Turvo State Park. The Uruguay River is fed by several other important rivers, forming a basin region in which thousands of people live and work. The history of the Uruguay River is intensively linked to the permeable borders between Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay where different social groups circulated in diverse historical time periods. Forests along the river played a very important role with emphasis on the extraction and trade of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis, Saint-Hilaire), a forest product widely consumed in southern America, and also the timber extraction from native forests, during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. As a result, a profound socio-environmental transformation took place with the reconstruction of regional landscapes shaped by the Uruguay River basin.
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Steinke, Valdir Adilson, Gabriella Emilly Pessoa, Romero Gomes Pereira da Silva, and Carlos Hiroo Saito. "Conceptual and Methodological Foundations for the Articulation of Geospatial Data on Water Resources in South America’s Cross-Border Hydrographic Basins." Water 14, no. 15 (August 5, 2022): 2427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14152427.
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When observing transboundary waters through the lens of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), it is essential to emphasize the principle of watershed unicity, which must overcome geopolitical interests while being supported by technical criteria. This paper used a multilevel and multiscale approach for integrated management of transboundary water resources in two South American transboundary river basins: the Javari River Basin (between Brazil and Peru) and the Quaraí River Basin (between Brazil and Uruguay). The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) provided spatialized data for South American watersheds. Our research focused on several broad issues concerning regional transboundary water management: (a) Because only Peru and Brazil use the Otto–Pfafstetter method, a uniform method within a regional agreement about methodological differences for delimiting hydrographic basins in each country is required; (b) It is necessary to organize accurate databases to avoid problems of mismatched borders by overlapping national databases or mismatches due to scale problems; (c) It is also necessary to establish a coordinating body capable of working with each country’s representatives. In this case, building integrated and collaborative cartographic database becomes critical; (d) Because river meanders can change, historical data of a river’s morphology is required. In this sense, this research provides guidelines to make water management in transboundary rivers feasible in South America.
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Issa, I. E., N. A. Al-Ansari, G. Sherwany, and S. Knutsson. "Trends and future challenges of water resources in the Tigris–Euphrates Rivers basin in Iraq." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2013): 14617–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-14617-2013.
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Abstract. Iraq is one of the riparian countries within basins of Tigris–Euphrates Rivers in the Middle East region. The region is currently facing water shortage problems due to the increase of the demand and climate changes. In the present study, average monthly water flow measurements for 15 stream flow gaging stations within basins of these rivers in Iraq with population growth rate data in some of its part were used to evaluate the reality of the current situation and future challenges of water availability and demand in Iraq. The results showed that Iraq receives annually 70.29 km3 of water 45.4 and 25.52 km3 from River Tigris and Euphrates respectively. An amount of 18.04 km3 is supplied by its tributaries inside Iraq. The whole amount of water in the Euphrates Rivers comes outside the Iraqi borders. Annual decrease of the water inflow is 0.1335 km3 yr−1 for Tigris and 0.245 km3 yr−1 for Euphrates. This implies the annual percentage reduction of inflow rates for the two rivers is 0.294 and 0.960% respectively. Iraq consumes annually 88.89% (63.05 km3) of incoming water from the two rivers, where about 60.43 and 39.57% are from Rivers Tigris and Euphrates respectively. Water demand increases annually by 0.896 km3; of which 0.5271 and 0.475 km3 within Tigris and Euphrates basins respectively. The average water demand in 2020 will increase to 42.844 km3 yr−1 for Tigris basin and for Euphrates 29.225 km3 yr−1 (total 72.069 km3 yr−1), while water availability will decrease to 63.46 km3 yr−1. This means that the overall water shortage will be restricted to 8.61 km3.
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Kolbovskiy, E. J., and O. A. Klimanova. "GIS-modelling and mapping peninsulas land borders (on an example of peninsulas Yamal and Gydansky)." Geodesy and Cartography 941, no. 11 (December 20, 2018): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2018-941-11-34-46.
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The problem of delimitating the peninsula boundaries is based on modeling the watersheds’ matrix for different river basins in the difficult conditions of the boggy and lacustrine territory of the north of the West Siberian lowland and the Yamal and Gydansky peninsulas. It is shown that the main difficulties in carrying out the land boundaries of the peninsulas are associated with the complex arrangement of the estuary areas formed by large rivers, containing three sections, the estuary, the delta and the mouth – in each of which a gate serving as the initial and final point of the peninsula boundary may be located. In this case, the optimal method to implement the proposed algorithm is associated with the solution when a natural boundary is adopted for the river gate, where the mouth area passes into the delta. The algorithm considered allows us to establish the peninsula as a whole physico-geographical region and a large geosystem, united by the flows of matter and energy, and, consequently, as a single area of nature management.
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Rudenko, Valeriy, and Kateryna Grek. "TERRITORY AND POPULATION OF UKRAINE" (1918) AS A FUNDAMENTAL GEOGRAPHICAL WORK OF DR. MYRON KORDUBA." SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY 50, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.21.1.1.
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The creative work of Dr. Myron Korduba (1876 - 1947) is revealed in his fundamental geographical research "Territory and population of Ukraine" (1918). The article covers the well-grounded and clearly defined by scientists the boundaries of the ethnographic territory of Ukraine as a whole, as a foundation for establishing the political boundaries of the future Ukrainian state.
Only those counties (which are the primary territorial unit of assessment) where the proportion of Ukrainians exceeds 50% of the total population, or when the Ukryayans in these counties are quantitatively dominant, are the first among other nationalities, are referred to the "continuous Ukrainian ethnographic territory" by Dr. Myron Korduba.
The basis for determining the boundaries of "ethnographic Ukraine" by Dr. Myron Korduba was the materials of the all-Russian 1897 population census and a similar population census in Austria-Hungary in 1900.
In the ethnographic borders of Ukraine defined by scholars, almost 9/10 of the total territory accounted for "Russian Ukraine", about 8% - for "Austrian", less than 2% - for "Hungarian Ukraine".
The population of Ukraine within its ethnographic borders, according to Myron Korduba, in January 1914 amounted to more than 46 million souls, of which 86% lived within Tsarist Russia, about 13% - in "Austrian Ukraine", more than 1% - in "Hungarian Ukraine. ". The ethnic composition of the population of "ethnographic Ukraine": 71.0% - Ukrainians, 11.7% - Great Russians, 8.2% - Jews, 4.5% - Poles, 1.9% - Germans, 0.9% - Volokhs, 1.8% - other nationalities.
The most important result of Dr. Myron Korduba's geographical study is the definition of the northern, eastern, southern and western borders of the "continuous Ukrainian territory", the so-called "ethnographic borders of Ukraine".
In the north-west, scientists outline them as follows: Brest, Kobrin, Bielsk counties of Grodno province; in the north - Pinsk and the southern part of Mozyr district of Minsk province, then - northeast of Ovruch - the northern border of Kiev province to the Dnieper - then along the Dnieper to the north of its tributary Sozh and the basin of the river Snov.
The Great Russian-Ukrainian border stretched: from the upper Snov to the mouth of the Sudota River, which flows into the Desna, then - east along the administrative border between Chernihiv and Orel provinces, then - Ukrainian were Grayvoronsky, Novo-Oskolsky, Putivelsky and the southern part of Sudzhansky district of Kursk. province.
In the southern part of the Voronezh province - in Biryuchensky, Bogucharsky, Valuysky, Ostrogodsky and in the south of Pavlovsky counties Ukrainians "live in continuous masses…". Then the border ran along the watershed of the Potudan and Saena rivers to the Don, and in the Don Army Region Ukrainians predominated only in Rostov and Taganrog counties. Myron Korduba referred to the Kuban region, Blagodarensky and Svyatokhrestovsky districts of Stavropol as "continuous Ukrainian territory".
"Ethnographic Ukraine" in the south included Berdyansk, Melitopol and Dnieper counties of the Tavriya province, all counties of the Kherson province (except Odessa).
In Austria-Hungary, the Ukrainian-Wallachian border ran west from Novoselytsia near Chernivtsi to the Suceava-Zolota Bystritsa River.
In Hungary, the Ukrainian ethnographic territory included separate parts of the Maramarosky, Ugotsky, Berezky, Uzhsky, Zemplinsky, Sharyshsky, and Spysky counties.
The south-western and western wedges of the Ukrainian ethnic territory were located on the right bank of the Poprad - Hrybiv - Horlytsia - Zhmyhorod - Yasolky - Ivanych - Rymaniv - north of Sanok - upper Xiang - Dinov - stream Rokytnytsia - Sinyava - mouth of Zolota - north to the Russian-Galician .
Finally, in the northwest, in the newly formed Kholm province, Ukrainians constituted an absolute majority in Bielsko, Volodavsk, Hrubieszów, and Konstantinów, with an overwhelming majority in Kholm and Zamość counties.
Key words: Myron Korduba, ethnographic borders and population of Ukraine.
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Straw, Michelle. "Forest Dialect." English Today 36, no. 3 (September 2020): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078420000188.
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The Forest of Dean (henceforth Forest) is one of the lesser known English Royal Forests. The area is considered locally to be a special place with a distinctive dialect. The Forest lies at the intersection of three regions: South East Wales, West Country, also known as the South West, and the West Midlands. The Forest is situated between two rivers: the River Severn to the East separates it from the rest of Gloucestershire; the River Wye to the West separates it from Wales. National borders and physical boundaries seem to play an important role in identity construction. ‘Identities matter most’ (Llamas & Watt, 2010: 17) to those communities ‘at the physical margins of the nation state’ (Llamas, 2010: 225). Such communities may engage in practices that differentiate their dialect and situate it at the centre of their own region.
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Łysoń, Piotr, Stanisław Radkowski, and Wacława Kraśniewska. "Perception and preservation of national heritage in historically conditioned regions." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 63, no. 11 (November 28, 2018): 56–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0724.
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The aim of the article is to present an author’s proposal to distinguish regions based on the analysis of historical borders (from the last 400 years, mainly the borders crossing Poland in the 19th and the 20th century) and to verify the hypothesis that those historical borders diversify our country in the sphere of perception and preservation of national heritage and in relation to the analysed social indicators. The study contains statistical data on the perception and preservation of national heritage generalised for the elaborated historically conditioned regions from the cyclic, multidimensional Social Cohesion Survey conducted by Statistics Poland in 2015. In addition, data on monuments of the National Heritage Board of Poland and population data based on National Official Register of the Territorial Division of the Country (TERYT) were also taken into account. The largest differences in relation to the country’s average values of the analysed indicators occurred in the western and northern territories of Poland, the Śląskie voivodship area in Poland before the World War II, as well as Galicia and the eastern part of Russian partition within the present borders of Poland — east of the Vistula, Narew and Pisa rivers.
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Kushnareva, M. D. "The Role of the Yakut Merchant of the Second Guild V. I. Fefilov in the Economic Development and Development of Shipping on the North-Eastern Borders of the Russian Empire in the Late 19th – Early 20th Century." Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series History 42 (2022): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2222-9124.2022.42.77.
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The article analyzes the role of the Yakut merchant of the 2nd guild V. I. Fefilov in the development of navigation on the Aldoma and Ola rivers flowing into the Sea of Okhotsk and the development of their coastal territories. It is noted that the problem of the role of representatives of the Siberian merchants in the development of river navigation on the north-eastern borders of the Russian Empire in the late 19th – early 20th centuries is up to date. This article continues the cycle of previous studies, highlights new facets of the process of economic development of remote territories of the north-east of Siberia and the Far East by the Yakut merchant V. I. Fefilov. The article presents two key stages in the process of studying the navigable rivers of the region by V. I. Fefilov. In 1892–1893 V. I. Fefilov organized an expedition to the river Ola. In 1908–1909 Yakut merchant explored the navigable section of the river Aldoma. As a result of the expeditions, the Olsko-Kolyma and YakutskAldom tracts were equipped. The reserves of commercial fish of the river Ola were identified and described, work was done on measuring the depths of Aldoma, a detailed map of Aldoma and Aldoma Bay was compiled. On the coastal territories of Aldoma and Ola, the development of gold deposits and timber deposits was discovered and organized, wharfs and points for the delivery of commercial cargo to the fishing areas were equipped.
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Rai, Subash P., Aaron T. Wolf, and Nayan Sharma. "Hydropolitics and hydropolitical dynamics between India and Nepal: an event-based study." Water Policy 19, no. 5 (May 20, 2017): 791–819. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.063.
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India and Nepal not only share common borders and cultures, but also share precious freshwater sources, i.e., rivers. Rivers have been discussed often in the political corridors because they cross international borders, which transform water reserves into a competitive resource and lead to hydropolitical dynamics between riparian countries. Nepal and India are two of the major riparian nations that share the mighty and complex Ganges Basin. The objective here was to study the more-than-a-century-old hydro-diplomacy between India and Nepal, passing through tumultuous political scenarios to understand how water relations have been shaped and reshaped with time. For this, a database of historical individual events/actions of water cooperation and conflict from 1874 to 2014 was compiled. These events/actions were ranked by intensity, using precise definitions of conflict and cooperation as suggested by the Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database under the Basins at Risk project formulated at Oregon State University. Statistical analyses indicated cooperative events greatly outnumbered conflictive events. Out of 351 events, only 4% were conflictive, 92% were cooperative, and the remaining 4% were neutral. The study revealed an abundance of cooperative events; however, when seen through the lens of conflict-cooperation levels, the findings indicated a moderately positive cooperation, without much concrete action.
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Al-Musawi, Nawar. "Evaluation water quality of Diyala River in Iraq using Bhargava method." MATEC Web of Conferences 162 (2018): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816205001.
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Diyala River is a tributary of Tigris River, it is one of the important rivers in Iraq. It covers a total distance of 445 km (275 miles). 32600 km2 is the area that drains by Diyala River between Iraqi-Iranian borders. This research aims to evaluate the water quality index WQI of Diyala River, where three stations were chosen along the river. These stations are D12 at Jalawlaa City at the beginning of Diyala River, the second station is D15 at Baaquba City at the mid distance of the river, and the third station is D17 which is the last station before the confluence of Diyala River with Tigris River at Baghdad city. Bhargava method was used in order to evaluate the water quality index for both irrigation and drinking uses. The results indicated that Diyala river water quality at its beginning was excellent for irrigation and good for drinking, while at the mid distance of the river, it was good for irrigation but heavily polluted and unsafe for drinking. Water quality of the river at the third site was acceptable for irrigation but again severely polluted and unsafe for drinking.
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Ozgur, Ozge. "Byzantine Monuments of Adrianoupolis." Chronos 35 (November 4, 2018): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31377/chr.v35i0.203.
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Adrianoupolis, or with its current name Edime, was one of the most important cities of Thrace during the ancient era. Located in Eastern Thrace, in the area of the intersection of Hebrus River (Evros in Modern Greek, Meri9 in Modern Turkish and Maritsa in Slavic languages), Arda and Tunca rivers, Adrianoupolis, during the Roman era, was located on the heart of BelgradeSofia- Constantinople military road and maintained close connections with the nearby - 250 km far away - Byzantine capital. The city, during the ancient times was referred to by the names of Uskudama, Orestiada or Orestian respectively. (Samothrakis 1963: 15) Included in the Roman Empire borders in AD 46-47, the city was re-established by Roman Emperor Hadrian in AD 127 and given its new name after its founder: Hadrianopolis or Adrianoupolis.
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بد الله الجميلي, عامر ع. "المواقع الجغرافية لمنطقة واسط في ضوء المصادر المسمارية - دراسة في الجغرافية التاريخية." Journal of Education College Wasit University 1, no. 20 (January 18, 2018): 319–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/eduj.vol1.iss20.261.
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This study deals with the geographical sites included in the cuneiformsources of villages, towns and rivers, which are situated today within the administrative borders of Wasit governorate depending on Hebrew, Syriac, and Arabic sources.
Moreover; this study dealt also with the investigation into the identification and the fact of those geographical sites which are known today with local names included some effects of the old names given to the city itself
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Dragan, Radu. "Communiquer avec l'Autre monde: limites et trous dans l'espace habité. Quelques exemples roumains." European Journal of Sociology 39, no. 2 (November 1998): 309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975600007657.
Full textAbstract:
In this analysis of elements which break the continuity of natural spaces (gullies, forests, rivers, hills) or constructed spaces (bridges, paths, crossroads, borders, milestones) we see that they are primarily considered as crossover places between different worlds. Places where spirits and ‘experts in exstasy’ circulate. Among these are the Calusari, esoteric groups whose practices recall those of shamanism. The analysis of their rituals reveals the importance for traditional societies of the notion of ‘limits’.
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Chymyrov, Akylbek, Dogdurbek Chontoev, and Bakyt Zhakeev. "Creation of the digital relief models based on open remote sensing data for improvement the borders of river basins in the Issyk-Kul Lake cavity." InterCarto. InterGIS 26, no. 2 (2020): 349–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2020-2-26-349-365.
Full textAbstract:
The importance of Remote Sensing (RS) in various scientific and practical studies, including hydrology, is increasing today. New Global Digital Elevation Models (DEM), based on satellite imagery, serve as the main resources in hydrological research due to their openness or low cost, increasing accuracy and improved spatial resolution. The main aims of this work are study the capabilities of Global DEMs based on AW3D30, ASTER GDEM V003 and SRTMGML1 with 30 m spatial resolution in modeling basins of rivers and Issyk-Kul Lake in Kyrgyzstan and their comparative analysis. Topographic maps of the study area were used as sources of verification data when analyzing their spatial accuracy. The influence of the reference point heights above sea level on the accuracy and reliability of the models in high mountainous conditions was also studied. UTM, SK-42, Kyrg-06 and the Albers Equal-Area Conic coordinate systems were used in calculations of the lake basin area. The results of the study showed that the AW3D30 DEM has higher accuracy compared to other models and can be successfully used in modeling river basins in mountainous areas. The catchment areas of the Dzhergalan and Tyup rivers were modeled and calculated based on AW3D30, ASTER GDEM V003 and SRTMGML1 DEMs. The research results on boundaries and areas of the river basins in the lake depression indicate the need for further refinement based on modern remote sensing data, taking into account the differences in the geoid/quasigeoid models used and the reference point heights determined using satellite-based positioning and leveling methods.
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Dehodiuk, S. E., Е. G. Degodiyk, and Yu P. Borko. "Basin-centric approach to the sustainable development of agriculture in the context of climate change." Agriculture and plant sciences: theory and practice, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54651/agri.2021.02.01.
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The aim is to develop conceptual principles of sustainable development of the agrosphere and reproduction of degraded riverbeds of small rivers under climate change. Methods. Methodology and methods of system approach, monitoring, statistical analysis, and synthesis of scientific data. Results. It has been determined the ecological condition in Ukraine and the world has been by the manifestations of degradation processes in terrestrial ecosystems and small river basins on the principle of causation. It has been suggested the conceptual bases of restoration of channels of small rivers and their basins by carrying out engineering, culture-technical works in channels and floodplains of small rivers, the organization of adaptive landscaping of the territory, and also carrying out agro-, chemo-, bio- and phyto-meliorations in their basins without disturbance the basis of erosion and giving impetus to self-renewal of natural fauna and flora. In the processes of nature restoration, the leading role of domestic science in the methodological and methodological support of projects has been identified, and importance is attached to the restoration of natural biodiversity and biologization in agricultural systems. We proposed to create a state mortgage land bank with a concentration in it of land fees of ecological funds with the involvement of domestic and foreign investment. It is recommended to test the idea in several model pools of soil-climatic zones with further replication in Ukraine and the spread of technology beyond its borders. Conclusions. А systematic approach is needed to carry out reclamation works in the basins of small rivers is to implement the basin approach. To implement the program, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine must adopt the Law of Ukraine “On Agriculture, Sustainable Development of the Biosphere and Ecological Nature Management”, the project of which was developed at the NSC “Institute of Agriculture of NAAS”. The NSC “Institute of Agriculture of NAAS” with appropriate financial and personnel support on a multifunctional basis can perform the functions of a methodological center for the development of methodology and techniques of land management and reclamation in the process of restoring small river basins.
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Mansur, Maria C. D., and Daniel M. Pimpão. "Triplodon chodo, a new species of pearly fresh water mussel from the Amazon Basin (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionoida: Hyriidae)." Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 25, no. 1 (March 2008): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752008000100015.
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A new species of the genus Triplodon Spix, 1827 is described based on shell samples collected on Rivers Jamari (Rondônia State) and Aripuanã (Amazonas State) from the Madeira River Basin; on the Amazon at Oriximiná and on the mouth of Tapajós River at Alter do Chão (Pará State). Triplodon chodo is a new species considered closely related to T. stevensi Lea, 1871, (described from the part of the River Essequibo which borders the Guianas). Triplodon chodo is distinguished from the latter by its smaller, lighter shell, the absence of a wing in the anterior region and by the delicate shape of the external sculpture, which is composed of minuscule nodules organized in rows that converge and crosses on the centre of the valves. The straight and vertical posterior margin forms a right or slightly obtuse angle with the shell's dorsal and ventral margins. The anterior region is short, low and slightly tapering, with the distal extremity situated on the half of the shell height. The dorsal and ventral margins are equally curved.
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Osband, Mechael, Oren Zingboym, Eran Meir, and Amos Frumkin. "A Survey of the Site and Caves at Tell el-Hawy by the Confluence of the Rukkad and Yarmuk Rivers." Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 3, no. 2 (2022): 208–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52486/01.00003.11.
Full textAbstract:
The site of Tell el-Hawy is located above the confluence of the Rukkad and Yarmuk Rivers, near Israel’s present-day borders with Syria and Jordan. A survey revealed ancient remains on the hilltop and slopes dating mainly from the Iron Age, Late Hellenistic, and Roman periods. Twenty caves were found, including a large burial cave with loculi. The finds from the survey, as well as the caves, are described. The location of the site and its function are also discussed.