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1
Simon, Ralph T. "Historic changes in the channel geometry and migration of the Susquehanna River from Conklin to Apalachin, New York, and their causes." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
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2
Steward, Alisha Louise. "When the River Runs Dry: The Ecology of Dry River Beds." Thesis, Griffith University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366740.
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Temporary rivers and streams that naturally cease to flow can be found on every continent. Many others that were once perennial now also have temporary flow regimes due to the effects of water extraction or changes in land-use and climate, while others that used to run dry no longer do so due to water releases and waste water discharges. The dry beds of temporary rivers are an integral part of river landscapes and have: a role as seed and egg banks for aquatic biota; a unique diversity of aquatic, amphibious and terrestrial biota; a role as dispersal corridors; as temporal ecotones linking wet and dry phases; and as sites for the storage and processing of organic matter and nutrients. They also have a societal values, such as significance in human language and culture; agricultural uses; sources of sand and gravel for building purposes; and as places for recreation. ‘Traditional’ conceptual models of riverine ecosystem structure and function do not consider the dry phase. As a consequence, these models are incomplete and are thus not fully applicable to many parts of the world where temporary rivers are common and the dry phase is significant.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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3
Hemert, A. J. "Making rivers modular emerging river science 1980-2005 /." Enschede : University of Twente [Host], 2008. http://doc.utwente.nl/60225.
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4
Alam, Khorshed. "Cleanup of the Buriganga River: Integrating the environment into decision making." Thesis, Alam, Khorshed (2003) Cleanup of the Buriganga River: Integrating the environment into decision making. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2003. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/22/.
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This research attempts to fill in some specific gaps in the area of economic valuation of non-market goods and services with respect to development projects, and the integration of those values in the policy decision-making process. The concept and theory of non-market valuation and project appraisal are examined. In a developing country context, the conventional contingent valuation method is extended to include respondents' contribution in terms of time, irrespective of their decision to contribute money. This extension of the conventional contingent valuation method allows the inclusion of economic activities that are non-monetized and transactions in the form of 'barter exchange', which are typical for developing countries such as Bangladesh. The values generated by this new approach are integrated into an extended cost-benefit analysis, which reveals that the cleanup of dying rivers is not only an environmental imperative, but is also socially and economically justifiable. Apart from the theoretical investigation, another important dimension of this research is to contribute to the policy decision-making process with regard to public sector investment in developing countries.
The Buriganga River, which passes through Dhaka City, the capital of Bangladesh, has been selected as the case study for this research. Although considered to be the lifeline of the capital, the city part of the Buriganga River has become biologically and hydrologically dead because of the indiscriminate dumping of domestic and industrial wastes, encroachment by unscrupulous people, and negligence on the part of the authority to enforce rules and regulations pertaining to the ecological health of the river.
A cleanup programme has been designed for the Buriganga River to restore its water quality and develop new facilities in and around the river. This hypothetical cleanup programme is used: (i) to estimate the non-market benefits of an environmentally healthy waterway; (ii) to measure the total benefits; and (iii) to examine the desirability of public funding for the cleanup programme. An extended contingent valuation (ECV) survey of 400 households was carried out in Dhaka City in 2001. It reveals that not only are a significant proportion of the respondents willing to contribute direct cash for the environmental improvement of the river, they are also willing to contribute their time. When the contribution in terms of time is monetized, it is estimated to represent about 60 percent of the total contribution (the remaining 40 percent being cash payment).
The total non-market benefits from the Buriganga River cleanup programme are estimated at Tk 388 million (US$ 6.80 million) in the first year, rising to Tk 1805 million (US$ 31.66 million) by the 10th year of the programme. The public decision making process in Bangladesh does not consider such benefits. Failures to do so lead to gross under-estimation of the potential for, and contribution of, undertaking environmental improvement activities.
The total benefits of the cleanup programme are estimated within the framework of total economic value: the non-market benefits are estimated using the ECV survey inputs, and the market benefits are measured using secondary information, market methods and a benefit transfer approach. The cost estimate of the cleanup programme is made using market and secondary information with appropriate adjustments. The extended cost-benefit analysis (ECBA), which integrates the non-market benefits of the cleanup programme, shows that such public funding is worth undertaking. The study also reveals that a significant portion (68 percent) of this investable funding can be generated from the community.
The need for a cleanup programme of the Buriganga River is not an isolated case in Bangladesh. Many rivers in that country, and also throughout the developed and developing world are under threat of becoming biologically and hydrologically dead. This study provides a framework for addressing such environmental problems. It demonstrates that the ECV survey is a useful tool in estimating economic values of resources even in extremely poor economies. The modification of the contingent valuation method takes into account the local context, including cultural, economic, social and political settings. The extended cost-benefit analysis, which integrates better resource values could provide important information for the policy decision-making process. This is particularly useful for countries where the democratic system is not fully developed and there is limited experience in integrating the environment into the decision making.
5
Alam, Khorshed. "Cleanup of the Buriganga River : integrating the environment into decision making /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040820.120416.
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6
Serlet, Alyssa. "Biomorphodynamics of river bars in channelized, hydropower-regulated rivers." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368649.
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Over the past 200 years, rivers in industrialized countries have been significantly altered by human interventions such as channelization, hydropower development, and sediment mining causing observable biogeomorphological changes. In the European Alpine region, many large rivers have been impounded and channelized, yet few studies have conducted in-depth research on the temporal patterns of the causes and trajectories of these biogeomorphological responses, in comparison to rivers that can adjust their planform. Moreover, it is well-known that within channelized rivers alternating bars may appear due to an instability of the riverbed, but the development and influence of vegetation on such bars, its feedbacks on the morphodynamics of the bars and the degree to which these mutual interaction processes responds to anthropic stressors related to alterations in the flow and sediment supply regimes has received little attention.
The present research aims to disentangle the mechanisms that may determine dramatically diverging biogeomorphological trajectories in regulated Alpine rivers. It further intends to identify the underlying relations of the triad that connects vegetation – sediment – flow regime and its feedbacks in regulated, channelized, rivers with vegetated bars.
The methodology comprises an interdisciplinary approach which combines field and historical investigations with theoretical predictions, and integrates a variety of spatial and temporal scales and different levels of detail in characterising processes.
Two case studies in the Alpine region (the Isère river in southeast France and the Noce river in northeast Italy) were selected for a quantitative, historical analysis of the bio-morphological trajectories using remotely sensed data to investigate the apparent responses to human-induced modifications of natural processes. Both rivers have been heavily impacted, with a notable increase of human stressors since the mid-20th century which can be associated with the transition of both systems from an initial, stable dynamic state characterized by bars having only sparse colonizing vegetation with a frequent turnover to a new, apparently stable state characterised by reduced morphodynamics and an increased vegetation cover in recent decades.
The Isère river, which underwent a shift from unvegetated, migrating bars to vegetated, stable bars, was further explored with a hydromorphodynamic modelling approach to investigate historical changes in riparian vegetation recruitment and survival related to changes in the flow regime. The Windows of Opportunity model was successful at revealing temporal changes in recruitment conditions in response to flow regime alterations. Further results indicated a reduction in relevant high flow events that might be competent to induce large bar migration in the system. Alterations of the flow regime are assumed to have played a major role in vegetation encroachment directly by affecting vegetation recruitment through reduced flow disturbances and indirectly inducing modifications of bar morphodynamics.
Field observations of root development were also made on the Noce and Isère rivers, focusing on two species Salix alba and Phalaris arundinacea, with the aim of improving understanding of the role of roots on the presence and movement of vegetated bars. When comparing results from different sites, more predictable linear relationships between root properties and depth below the ground surface were associated with stronger flow regulation. Bar morphology (surface elevation or depth of sedimentation and sediment calibre) and flow regime were found to be the main drivers of root architecture. Furthermore, roots were found to have an important role in the stabilization of the bars with the ability to stabilise fine sediments trapped by the plant’s canopy during phases of bar aggradation.
To understand the current state of channelized Alpine rivers, which often show diverging biogeomorphic features, it is necessary to understand the underlying interactions between flow, sediment, and vegetation dynamics. Only through investigating the historical biomorphological evolution of rivers and the main drivers of that evolution it is possible to design measures that can be effective in rehabilitating desired ecosystem functions that have been markedly modified by those state transitions.
In summary, this study has provided novel, quantitative insights about the complexity of flow – vegetation – morphology interactions occurring in channelized river systems in relation to anthropogenic stressors causing alteration in their flow and sediment supply regimes. By integrating different approaches, this study has shown how these river systems can be highly sensitive to even small changes in the anthropogenic stressors, depending on the stage in their evolutionary trajectory, which is crucial to be detected to support the development of sustainable management strategies aimed at restoring or improving target riverine functions and processes.
7
Serlet, Alyssa. "Biomorphodynamics of river bars in channelized, hydropower-regulated rivers." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2018. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/3528/1/Thesis_Alyssa_Serlet_final.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past 200 years, rivers in industrialized countries have been significantly altered by human interventions such as channelization, hydropower development, and sediment mining causing observable biogeomorphological changes. In the European Alpine region, many large rivers have been impounded and channelized, yet few studies have conducted in-depth research on the temporal patterns of the causes and trajectories of these biogeomorphological responses, in comparison to rivers that can adjust their planform. Moreover, it is well-known that within channelized rivers alternating bars may appear due to an instability of the riverbed, but the development and influence of vegetation on such bars, its feedbacks on the morphodynamics of the bars and the degree to which these mutual interaction processes responds to anthropic stressors related to alterations in the flow and sediment supply regimes has received little attention.
The present research aims to disentangle the mechanisms that may determine dramatically diverging biogeomorphological trajectories in regulated Alpine rivers. It further intends to identify the underlying relations of the triad that connects vegetation – sediment – flow regime and its feedbacks in regulated, channelized, rivers with vegetated bars.
The methodology comprises an interdisciplinary approach which combines field and historical investigations with theoretical predictions, and integrates a variety of spatial and temporal scales and different levels of detail in characterising processes.
Two case studies in the Alpine region (the Isère river in southeast France and the Noce river in northeast Italy) were selected for a quantitative, historical analysis of the bio-morphological trajectories using remotely sensed data to investigate the apparent responses to human-induced modifications of natural processes. Both rivers have been heavily impacted, with a notable increase of human stressors since the mid-20th century which can be associated with the transition of both systems from an initial, stable dynamic state characterized by bars having only sparse colonizing vegetation with a frequent turnover to a new, apparently stable state characterised by reduced morphodynamics and an increased vegetation cover in recent decades.
The Isère river, which underwent a shift from unvegetated, migrating bars to vegetated, stable bars, was further explored with a hydromorphodynamic modelling approach to investigate historical changes in riparian vegetation recruitment and survival related to changes in the flow regime. The Windows of Opportunity model was successful at revealing temporal changes in recruitment conditions in response to flow regime alterations. Further results indicated a reduction in relevant high flow events that might be competent to induce large bar migration in the system. Alterations of the flow regime are assumed to have played a major role in vegetation encroachment directly by affecting vegetation recruitment through reduced flow disturbances and indirectly inducing modifications of bar morphodynamics.
Field observations of root development were also made on the Noce and Isère rivers, focusing on two species Salix alba and Phalaris arundinacea, with the aim of improving understanding of the role of roots on the presence and movement of vegetated bars. When comparing results from different sites, more predictable linear relationships between root properties and depth below the ground surface were associated with stronger flow regulation. Bar morphology (surface elevation or depth of sedimentation and sediment calibre) and flow regime were found to be the main drivers of root architecture. Furthermore, roots were found to have an important role in the stabilization of the bars with the ability to stabilise fine sediments trapped by the plant’s canopy during phases of bar aggradation.
To understand the current state of channelized Alpine rivers, which often show diverging biogeomorphic features, it is necessary to understand the underlying interactions between flow, sediment, and vegetation dynamics. Only through investigating the historical biomorphological evolution of rivers and the main drivers of that evolution it is possible to design measures that can be effective in rehabilitating desired ecosystem functions that have been markedly modified by those state transitions.
In summary, this study has provided novel, quantitative insights about the complexity of flow – vegetation – morphology interactions occurring in channelized river systems in relation to anthropogenic stressors causing alteration in their flow and sediment supply regimes. By integrating different approaches, this study has shown how these river systems can be highly sensitive to even small changes in the anthropogenic stressors, depending on the stage in their evolutionary trajectory, which is crucial to be detected to support the development of sustainable management strategies aimed at restoring or improving target riverine functions and processes.
8
O'Donnell, Thomas Kevin. "River restoration in the upper Mississippi River Basin." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4532.
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Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 27, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
9
Burge, Leif M. "Dynamics of a transitional river pattern : a multi-scale investigation of controls on the wandering pattern of Miramichi rivers, New Brunswick, Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84484.
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The wandering river pattern represents one of the last remaining river patterns that are not well understood. Many aspects of these rivers are not well known, particularly the processes of their creation and maintenance. The term wandering describes gravel or cobble bedded rivers, transitional between braided and meandering, with multiple channel sections around semi-permanent islands connected by single channel sections. This dissertation investigates the controls on the characteristics of wandering rivers within the Miramichi region of New Brunswick through time and at three nested spatial scales.At the scale of rivers, three factors appear to be needed for wandering to occur: (1) wide valleys, (2) channel energy between braiding and meandering, and (3) avulsion triggers, frequent overbank flows caused by icejams in the Miramichi. Principal component analysis showed that larger wandering rivers displayed greater anabranching intensity than smaller rivers, perhaps related to higher stage ice jams within larger rivers.
At the scale of channels, the wandering pattern of the Renous River was found to be in a state of dynamic equilibrium, with channel creation balanced by channel abandonment. The anabranch cycle model was developed to illustrate the temporal dynamics of anabranch creation, maintenance and abandonment within wandering rivers.
Also at the channel scale, principal component analysis of channel reaches within the Renous River displayed differences in grain size and hydraulic efficiency between side-channels and main-channels. Energy and sediment mobility within side-channels was related to their formation, maintenance and abandonment. Energy and sediment mobility within main-channels was related to mega bedforms called bedwaves. The apex of some bedwaves occurred at diffluences.
At the scale of channel elements, diffluences are stable where a large bar is formed and accretes upstream, creating a large reservoir of sediment upstream of anabranch channels to buffer their degradation. Where diffluences are unstable, a large bar forms within one anabranch channel to partially block flow and may cause its abandonment. The dissertation illustrates that within wandering rivers, processes occurring at multiple spatial and temporal scales interact to create and maintain the pattern.
10
Picco, Lorenzo. "Long period morphological dynamics in regulated braided gravel-bed rivers: comparison between Piave River (Italy) and Waitaki River (New Zealand)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426981.
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Aim of this research has been to make an analysis of long and medium term morphological dynamics that may affect the regulated gravel-bed braided rivers as the Piave river (Italy) and the Waitaki river (New Zealand).
The Piave river (drainage area around 4000km2), is one of the largest rivers in the north-east of Italy, the study reach is, mainly, 37 km long, and represent the intermediate course of the river within the mountain district. In addiction were been study different sub-reaches until a minimum of around 1,5 km long.
The Waitaki river (drainage area around 11000 km2), is a large gravel-bed river draining the eastern slope of Southern Alps, South Island, New Zealand, has been analyzed along a 13 km long subreach.
The flow regime and the sediment supply of these rivers have been considerably altered by hydroelectric dams, flow diversions and, along the Piave river, gravel mining. In addiction, river dynamics have been affected by the construction of stream-bank protection structures.
To document these changes, an historical analysis was performed using aerial photographs, cross section survey data and a LiDAR dataset.
Morphological features that were examine included planform configuration, active corridor extension, channel width, channel top depth, flow area, number of channels and bed elevation.
Vegetation features that were examine included, instead, areal island cover extension and different vegetation class extension.
The results indicate as remarkable changes occurred during the study period.
In both river there was a marked tendency to the diminution in the number of channels and in the active corridor extension, just subsequently to the main flood events is possible see an increase in the active corridor extensions.
Along the Piave river was possible see a marked tendency to narrowing and channel incision during the last 80 years.
The island, along both rivers, tend to encroachment and maturation for many years, occupying the active corridor. The island extension could decrease just after considerably flood events (RI > 10 years) or thanks to many close flood events. Regarding islands, has been possible see their tendency to joining with perifluvial vegetation, in consequence of long no-flood periods.Obbiettivo della presente ricerca è quello di eseguire un’analisi di lungo e medio periodo sulla dinamica della morfologia fluviale riguardante fiumi a canali intrecciati a fondo ghiaioso, sottoposti a regolazione dei regimi idrici, come il fiume Piave (Italia) e il fiume Waitaki (Nuova Zelanda). Il fiume Piave (area del bacino di circa 4000 km2), è uno dei principali fiumi del nord-est d’Italia; il tratto analizzato ha una lunghezza di circa 37 km e si trova nella parte centrale del bacino montano. Inoltre, sono stati studiati diversi sottotratti fino ad un minimo di 1.5 km di lunghezza. Il fiume Waitaki (area del bacino di circa 11000 km2) è il più importante fiume delle Nuova Zelanda per valori di portata, scorre dal versante est delle Alpi del Sud dell’isola del Sud della Nuova Zelanda; il tratto analizzato ha una lunghezza di circa 13 km. Il regime delle portate e l’apporto di sedimenti di questi due fiumi sono stati considerevolmente alterati dalla presenza di dighe per la produzione di energia idroelettrica e dalla presenza di opere trasversali e di difesa spondale. Per studiare le variazioni che si sono succedute nel tempo si è eseguita una ricostruzione storica con l’ausilio di fotografie aeree, dati storici di rilievi topografici e un set di dati LiDAR. Le caratteristiche che si sono analizzate sono l’estensione dell’alveo attivo, la larghezza massima dei canali, la profondità massima dei canali, l’area bagnata dei canali, il numero di canali e le caratteristiche altimetriche del letto del fiume. Si sono, anche, condotte analisi sulla variazione e la dinamica della vegetazione presente in alveo, attraverso la misurazione dell’area delle isole fluviali e l’estensione delle diverse tipologie di vegetazione presente nell’area perifluviale. I risultati ottenuti indicano come nel corso degli anni considerati vi siano stati delle variazioni considerevoli. In entrambi i fiumi c’è stata una marcata tendenza alla diminuzione dei numeri di canali e dell’estensione de corridoio attivo, solamente a seguito di eventi di piene rilevanti è stato possibile osservare un aumento dell’estensione del corridoio attivo. Lungo il corso del fiume Piave è stato possibile osservare una marcata tendenza all’incisione del canale durante gli ultimi 80 anni. Le isole fluviali tendono a maturare e stabilizzarsi per molti anni, occupando così il corridoio attivo. L’estensione delle isole diminuisce solamente a seguito di eventi di piena con tempi di ritorno marcati (> 10 anni), oppure a seguito di eventi che si succedono frequentemente, anche se di intensità minore. Infine si è potuto notare una tendenza delle isole fluviali a fondersi con la vegetazione perifluviale circostante, limitando ancor più l’estensione del corridoio attivo.
11
McQuain, Kelly. "Cheat River." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2007. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1065.
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Cheat River is a novel about balancing family obligations against self-preservation. That is what's at stake for Allison and Andrew McKenna, a pair of siblings in rural Appalachia who must endure their father's abandonment and their pregnant mother's breakdown. At first, the two find solace from their parents' problems on the banks of the river from which the novel takes its name. But eventually, Andrew's homosexual feelings drive him to the bohemian streets of Philadelphia in the early '90s where he falls in with political activists and a household of misfits. He disappears, and Allison comes to the city to look for him. By retracing her brother's life, she realizes not only what he meant to her but what it will take to survive on her own.
12
Madden, Ruth. "River People." TopSCHOLAR®, 1989. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2567.
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In the introduction to The World of the Short Story, Kay Boyle challenges the short story writer "to invest a brief sequence of events with reverberating human significance by means of style, selection and ordering of detail, and -- most important -- to present the whole action in such a way that it is at once a parable and a slice of life, at once symbolic and real, both a valid picture of some phase of experience, and a sudden illumination of one of the perennial moral and psychological paradoxes which lie at the heart of la condition humaine." River People is my attempt to meet that challenge. It is a creation of short stories about people I know or might know, small-town, seemingly ordinary people whose characters and activities are universal expressions of truth and humanity.
The short story genre allows me to inculcate variety in form, style and character. This collection includes several points of view, limited and omniscient, objective and unreliable. It offers brief revelations and more thorough studies. It deals with the past as well as the present. Lastly, it touches the lives of the young and the aged, men and women, the respected and the scandalous, the romantic, the tragic, the realistic.
13
Hägglund, Rachael. "Blood River." VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5419.
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Blood Riveris an exploration of lineage and blood connection as families are made and remade over generations. The poems rise from the physical body, from birth, and again from death. The lyric is used as a mode of investigation as she writes to discover what it means to become a mother, what it means to be a daughter and wife, and finally what it means to remake the self in order to embody all that we are. The poems are born from the heart and explore the connections between us all.
14
Bertoldi, Walter. "River Bifurcations." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2004. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368908.
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Bifurcation is one of the fundamental building blocks of a braided network; it is the process that determines the distribution of flow and sediments along the downstream branches. Braiding is a complex and highly dynamical system, whose evolution is at present predictable only on a short time scale; in this context bifurcations are the crucial process that control the adjustment of braiding intensity, being one of the main causes of the system continuous evolution. A complete description of river bifurcations is still lacking in the literature, though their importance for the onset of braiding is clearly recognized. Moreover, the physical quantitative description of river bifurcation appears as one of the main limitation of the most effective predictive models available at present, i.e. the branches or object-based models.
In the first part of the work the attention has been focused on the quantitative description of the evolution of a single laterally unconstrained channel until the occurrence of the first bifurcation.
The analyses has been carried out performing four different sets of experimental runs with both uniform and graded sediments. An objective criterion for the occurrence of the bifurcation has been established, using the data provided by the Fourier analysis of the evolving bank profiles; the procedure enabled to characterise the morphodynamic sequence leading to flow and channel bifurcation and to point out the importance of the mutual interactions between the bed deformation and the planimetric configuration of the channel.
Along with the characterisation of the onset of bifurcations, it is crucial to investigate their further evolution, that has been pursued starting from the theoretical findings of Bolla Pittaluga et al. (2003), concerning their possible equilibrium configurations. Two sets of experiments has been carried out on a “Y-shaped†symmetrical configuration, in which the upstream channel diverge into two branches. The experimental results show the existence of an unbalanced configuration, when the Shields stress reaches relatively low values and the width to depth ratio is large enough. This asymmetrical configuration is characterised by different values of water and sediment discharges in the downstream branches and by a different bed elevation at their inlet, the channel carrying the lowest discharge showing a higher elevation. Experimental runs characterised by the presence of migrating alternate bars displayed an oscillating behaviour, generally leading to a more unbalanced configuration and, in some cases, to the abandonment of one of the branches.
Experimental findings can be interpreted in the light of the morphodynamic influence theory (Zolezzi & Seminara, 2001): the distance of the flow from the resonant value of the aspect ratio seems to be a good parameter to represent such phenomenon.
The dynamics of river bifurcation were also analysed in the field. Two field campaign were performed on the Ridanna Creek, Italy and on the Sunwapta River, Canada, joining an international research group. The detailed and repeated measurements allowed to point out the common features showed by the bifurcations, namely the unbalanced water distribution, the difference in bed elevation and the lateral shift of the main flow toward the external bank of the main downstream channel. The monitoring activity on the Ridanna Creek provided also the description of the planimetric and altimetric configurations of the study reach, employing both traditional survey techniques and digital photogrammetry together with the complete characterisation of morphological and hydraulic patterns. Moreover, the analysis of the long term evolution of the network pointed out the existence of three regions in the braided reach, with different morphological features and highlighted the crucial role of bifurcations in controlling braiding evolution.
Theoretical analysis, laboratory and field investigations have allowed a much deeper insight in the bifurcation process, giving a quantitative detailed description of the phenomenon. The investigation now provides a suitable description of the bifurcation process that can readily be implemented in predictive models for braiding evolution, for which the adoption of physically based nodal point conditions would be highly desirable and represent the main sought outcome of the present analysis.
15
Bertoldi, Walter. "River Bifurcations." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2004. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/615/1/Walter_Bertoldi.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Bifurcation is one of the fundamental building blocks of a braided network; it is the process that determines the distribution of flow and sediments along the downstream branches. Braiding is a complex and highly dynamical system, whose evolution is at present predictable only on a short time scale; in this context bifurcations are the crucial process that control the adjustment of braiding intensity, being one of the main causes of the system continuous evolution. A complete description of river bifurcations is still lacking in the literature, though their importance for the onset of braiding is clearly recognized. Moreover, the physical quantitative description of river bifurcation appears as one of the main limitation of the most effective predictive models available at present, i.e. the branches or object-based models.
In the first part of the work the attention has been focused on the quantitative description of the evolution of a single laterally unconstrained channel until the occurrence of the first bifurcation.
The analyses has been carried out performing four different sets of experimental runs with both uniform and graded sediments. An objective criterion for the occurrence of the bifurcation has been established, using the data provided by the Fourier analysis of the evolving bank profiles; the procedure enabled to characterise the morphodynamic sequence leading to flow and channel bifurcation and to point out the importance of the mutual interactions between the bed deformation and the planimetric configuration of the channel.
Along with the characterisation of the onset of bifurcations, it is crucial to investigate their further evolution, that has been pursued starting from the theoretical findings of Bolla Pittaluga et al. (2003), concerning their possible equilibrium configurations. Two sets of experiments has been carried out on a “Y-shaped” symmetrical configuration, in which the upstream channel diverge into two branches. The experimental results show the existence of an unbalanced configuration, when the Shields stress reaches relatively low values and the width to depth ratio is large enough. This asymmetrical configuration is characterised by different values of water and sediment discharges in the downstream branches and by a different bed elevation at their inlet, the channel carrying the lowest discharge showing a higher elevation. Experimental runs characterised by the presence of migrating alternate bars displayed an oscillating behaviour, generally leading to a more unbalanced configuration and, in some cases, to the abandonment of one of the branches.
Experimental findings can be interpreted in the light of the morphodynamic influence theory (Zolezzi & Seminara, 2001): the distance of the flow from the resonant value of the aspect ratio seems to be a good parameter to represent such phenomenon.
The dynamics of river bifurcation were also analysed in the field. Two field campaign were performed on the Ridanna Creek, Italy and on the Sunwapta River, Canada, joining an international research group. The detailed and repeated measurements allowed to point out the common features showed by the bifurcations, namely the unbalanced water distribution, the difference in bed elevation and the lateral shift of the main flow toward the external bank of the main downstream channel. The monitoring activity on the Ridanna Creek provided also the description of the planimetric and altimetric configurations of the study reach, employing both traditional survey techniques and digital photogrammetry together with the complete characterisation of morphological and hydraulic patterns. Moreover, the analysis of the long term evolution of the network pointed out the existence of three regions in the braided reach, with different morphological features and highlighted the crucial role of bifurcations in controlling braiding evolution.
Theoretical analysis, laboratory and field investigations have allowed a much deeper insight in the bifurcation process, giving a quantitative detailed description of the phenomenon. The investigation now provides a suitable description of the bifurcation process that can readily be implemented in predictive models for braiding evolution, for which the adoption of physically based nodal point conditions would be highly desirable and represent the main sought outcome of the present analysis.
16
Zhu, Yan Carleton University Dissertation Geography. "Water quality of the South Nation River, Rideau River and Mississippi River; a statistical survey." Ottawa, 1993.
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17
Birkholz, Sharon Alice. "Human-river relationships in the Kat River catchment and the implications for integrated water resource management (IWRM) : an exploraratory study." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1581/.
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Wharton, Geraldene. "River discharge estimated from river channel dimensions in Britain." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252678.
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Knight, Carolyn M. "Utilisation of off-river habitats by lowland river fishes." Thesis, Durham University, 2006. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1915/.
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This study assessed the importance for fish of lateral connectivity of river side-channels to the River Frome, a lowland chalk. stream in Southern England. Lateral connectivity and habitat complexity is under threat in many floodplain river systems due to human disturbance. A holistic approach was used to investigate fish communities in seven sidechannels (including drainage ditches, natural streams and a millstream) and to assess the functionality provided by these habitats to fish species. Seasonal electric fishing over three years was used to monitor fish assemblages in each channel in relation to biotic and abiotic variables. Fish movements between the main channel and lateral habitats were monitored continuously in five locations with PIT (passive integrated transponder) telemetry. In total over one hundred pike (Esox lucius) and dace (Leuciscus leuciscus) were radio tracked to monitor the movements of individual fish with increased sensitivity. Each side-channel provided a distinct habitat and supported a different fish community. Flow was the main discriminating factor between channels and their assemblages. Multiple linear regression of/biotic and abiotic variables did not predict abundances of individual species effectively. In contrast, habitat stability was a good indicator of species diversity and may prove a useful management tool. Side-channels were used for different functions by different species. A single fish species used a range of habitats within the river system, each for different functions with functional differences in use between seasons. The River Frome dace population exhibited a metapopulation structure with a main river source population and sink sub-populations in side-channels. The structure of the population is based upon the availability of both lateral' and longitudinal connectivity, with dace moving between the main river and side-channels and also making excursions over 10 km along the main river channel. Drainage ditches are a particularly important pike spawning location, with males arriving earlier onto this distinct habitat. Protandry (early arrival strategy of some males) was exhibited by slow-growing male pike which arrived as early as December. Growth was also related to home range size in males, with faster growing males inhabiting larger, home ranges.
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Lucas, Damian. "Shifting currents : a history of rivers, control and change /." Electronic version, 2004. http://adt.lib.uts.edu.au/public/adt-NTSM20050331.183915/index.html.
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McKim, Kenneth J. "South Red River access study, search for a river spirit." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ53189.pdf.
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Tassi, Pablo. "Numerical modelling of river processes: flow and river bed deformation." Enschede : University of Twente [Host], 2007. http://doc.utwente.nl/57998.
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Norreys, Richard. "Water quality river impact model (RIM) for river basin management." Thesis, University of Salford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305863.
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Pereira, Joao Miguel Faisca Rodrigues. "Numerical Modeling of River Diversions in the Lower Mississippi River." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2011. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1309.
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The presence of man-made levees along the Lower Mississippi River (MR) has significantly reduced the River sediment input to the wetlands and much of the River's sediment is now lost to the Gulf of Mexico. The sediment load in the River has also been decreased by dams and river revetments along the Upper MR. Freshwater and sediment diversions are possible options to help combat land loss. Numerical modeling of hydrodynamics and sediment transport of the MR is a useful tool to evaluate restoration projects and to improve our understanding of the resulting River response. The emphasis of this study is on the fate of sand in the river and the distributaries. A 3-D unsteady flow mobile-bed model (ECOMSED; HydroQual 2002) of the Lower MR reach between Belle Chasse (RM 76) and downstream of Main Pass (RM 3) was calibrated using field sediment data from 2008 – 2010 (Nittrouer et al. 2008; Allison, 2010). The model was used to simulate River currents, diversion sand capture efficiency, erosional and depositional patterns with and without diversions over a short period of time (weeks). The introduction of new diversions at different locations, e.g., Myrtle Grove (RM 59) and Belair (RM 65), with different geometries and with different outflows was studied. A 1-D unsteady flow mobile-bed model (CHARIMA; Holly et al. 1990) was used to model the same Lower MR reach. This model was used for longer term simulations (months). The simulated diversions varied from 28 m3/s (1, 000 cfs) to 5, 700 m3/s (200, 000 cfs) for river flows up to 35, 000 m3/s (1.2x106 cfs). The model showed that the smaller diversions had little impact on the downstream sand transport. However, the larger diversions had the following effects: 1) reduction in the slope of the hydraulic grade line downstream of the diversion; 2) reduction in the available energy for transport of sand along distributary channels; 3) reduced sand transport capacity in the main channel downstream of the diversion; 4) increased shoaling downstream of the diversion; and 5) a tendency for erosion and possible head-cutting upstream of the diversion.
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Langham, Joseph Anthony. "Self organisation in braided systems : DEM analysis of the River Feshie, Scotland." Thesis, University of Hull, 2004. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8093.
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Mokwe, Ozonzeadi Ngozi Uzoamaka. "River sediment sampling and environment quality standards : a case study of the Ravensbourne River." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2014. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/964y5/river-sediment-sampling-and-environment-quality-standards-a-case-study-of-the-ravensbourne-river.
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Sediment is a major sink for heavy metals in river, and poses significant risks not only to river quality but also to aquatic and benthic organisms. At present in the UK, there are no mandatory sediment quality standards. This is partly due to insufficient toxicity data but also due to problems with identification of appropriate sediment monitoring and analytical techniques. The aim of this research was to examine the sampling different river sediment compartments in order to monitor compliance with any future UK sediment environmental quality standards (EQS). The significance of sediment physical and chemical characteristics on sampling and analysis was also determined. The Ravensbourne River, a tributary of the River Thames located in the highly urbanised South Eastern area of London was used for this study. Sediment was collected from the bed using the Van Veer grab, the bank using hand trowel, and from the water column (suspended sediment) using the time integrated suspended tube sampler between the period of July 2010 and December, 2011. The result for the total metal extraction carried out using aqua regia found that there were no significant differences in the metal concentrations retained in the different compartments by the <63μm sediment fraction but there were differences between the 63μm-2mm fractions of the bed and bank. The metal concentration in the bed, bank and suspended sediment exceeded the draft UK sediment quality guidelines. Sequential extraction was also carried out to determine metal speciation in each sediment compartment using the Maiz et al. (1997) and Tessier et al. (1979) methods. The Maiz et al. (1997) found over 80% of the metals in each sediment compartment were not bioavailable, while Tessier et al. (1979) method found most of the metals to be associated with the Fe/Mn and the residual phase. The bed sediment compartment and the <2mm (<63μm + 63μm-2mm) fraction appears to be the most suitable sediment sample for sediment monitoring from this study.
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Rosgen, David L. "Applied river morphology." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.405231.
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Chi, Kylie. "River of Names." Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2018. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/499.
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Blackbeard, Susan Isabel. "Kat River revisited." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27847.
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There is a paucity of oral-history works on Kat River. Likewise, although various histories of Kat River/Stockenstrom exist, few have focused on the forced removals of Stockenstrom coloured people in the 1980s, the effects of displacement on them, and their involvement in current land claims issues. This dissertation seeks to redress these lacunae and provide information from "the underside" on the Kat River Rebellion of 1851-1853. In order to accomplish this, between 2011 and 2016 the author interviewed, with their consent, people of Khoikhoi descent in Kat River, recording, transcribing and analysing the interviews. The interviews, which range from conversations with male and female subsistence farmers and lay preachers to activists - such as the late Manie Loots, aka James Stewart - are set in the broader context of a selective Kat River history from 1829 to the present. Vagrancy legislation during the historical period is discussed; showing the link between pauperism, vagrancy, and colonial perceptions of disease such as leprosy, which was often associated with "loose" women. It is argued that the above perceptions, together with fear, led to the targeting of women and lepers during the attack on Fort Armstrong in 1852. Despite attempts to marginalise them, it was found that both colonial women, including rebels, and women in present-day Kat River exercised, and continue to exercise, remarkable agency. This thesis also reassesses the ideological bases of the Kat River Settlement, arguing that they were cultivation and militarism, with the latter exemplified in the Kat River settlers' service in frontier wars. Further, it found that neo-Marxist theories of commoning can shed light on the etiology of the Kat River Rebellion, and that people, whose access to their commons or other rights is restricted or denied, become radicalised. It was also found that, although their dispossession from Kat River took place in the 1980s, the interviewees, who all demonstrated strong ties to the land on which they grew up, still feel the effects of it, their all-consuming aim being the recognition of their land claims and the restoration of their titles.
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Weindelmayer, Laura Celeste. "Rappahannock River Edge." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31352.
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Inherent in river is a dual nature: it is a dynamic, flooding entity which never moves but causes movement. This cord which ties the lands and towns along its edges also ties the individual town to the water. The river's character becomes apparent through the life of the town and the provision through trade and industry. River, in this case, has a more static quality as it becomes a constant, a known factor in the life of a man. The dynamic of river shows forth when its character changes faces to overtake the town which grew from its edge. In this thesis, an 1800 foot site along the Rappahannock becomes the stage which responds to the actions of a river.Master of Architecture
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Desalvatore, Ryan Joseph. "River Edge Retreat." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52642.
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Nature has the power to provide persepctive, an atmosphere of reflection and contemplation, and also allows one to retreat to seclusion and recharge. A retreat on a river's edge provides access to these attributes of
nature. An effort to blur the boundary of the outdoors was made to encourage emersion into it. The choice of natural and relatively local material provides a relationship between the built and the natural, allowing the
inhabitant to experience the marriage of the two. The rhythm of heavy timber framework contrasts and
compliments the delicate and transulcent southern facade; the existence of the two perpetuates the
perspective of balance and harmony. The intention of balance and harmony was not successful the first couple of tries. Trying to manipulate the structure against it's natural geometry and rhythm only produced problems. Once the structure was allowed influence the form instead of vice versa, better spatial opportunities became apparent.Master of Architecture
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Liang, Qing. "Living With River." Thesis, KTH, Stadsbyggnad, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297403.
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This project aims to establish a river park with purification capacity and conservation of soil and water, protecting habitats for plants and animals. Combining local history and culture to form new urban landscape and improve the urban living environment. Historically, Yangquan had a very favorable ecological environment and was one of the birthplaces of agriculture and culture in Shanxi province. From the 1950s, after a long period of exploration, it was discovered that Yangquan had a large amount of coal resources. Since then Yangquan City has become a coal mining-oriented city. With the development of coal mining industry in recent years, the ecological environment has been deteriorated due to over-exploitation, discharge. The city's most important river, Taohe River, has suffered from declining water volume and fragile water environment, which even led to the loss of self-purification ability of the rivers. Pollution is not the only issue with the Taohe River, but there are also floods and droughts caused by extreme weather. Therefore, river management is necessary before Yangquan transforms into a livable city. Three strategies, Optimize Water Resource, Anti-Flooding and Diverse Programs, are proposed to solve urban river issues and achieve the aim of living with river.
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Piwonka, Greg. "Drawings with River." VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5440.
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These paintings are a record of my recent past, a past with a new son, major life shifts, big decisions and risks. These paintings are a record of my distant past, of my relationship with my father and siblings. These paintings are a record of my present, my relationship to art, current, past, good and bad. These paintings are both joyful and cathartic, simple and confusing. They are about my life, and my attempt to not repeat the mistakes of the past, but to try create joys for the future.
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Buhlmann, Kurt Andrew. "Population and habitat ecology of the river cooter (Pseudemys concinna) in the New River Gorge National River, W.V." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45754.
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During 1984-85 I investigated population ecology and habitat relationships of river cooters (Pseudemys concinna) in the New River Gorge National River (NRGNR), West Virginia. Cooter colonies occurred in 3 pool habitats characterized by slow current velocities (x=0.22m/s), shallow water (0-2m), aquatic macrophyte beds, and basking sites.
The estimated adult population during summer 1985 was 64 individuals. Six, 25%, and 35% of the captures at the three study sites respectively, were juveniles. Most hatchling cooters apparently overwintered in the nest and emerged in April. Juvenile growth was rapid and linear until 6 years of age. Adult female cooters were larger (P=0.03) and heavier (P=0.0004) than males.
Adult cooters consumed mostly eelgrass (Vallisneria americanaElodea canadensis), although some crayfish remains were found in fecal samples. Juveniles consumed vegetation as well as invertebrates and fish.
Cooters did not move out of the pool habitats in which they were marked. Movements within pool habitats were influenced by basking site availability and location, which varied with river flow fluctuations. Two radio-marked cooters wintered in shallow backwater channels. Potential factors limiting the population are collecting and high artificial summer flows which scour weed beds. Addition of basking sites may increase habitat suitability for cooters.Master of Science
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Luger, Michael Karl. "Environmentally-sensitive river management : assessment and mitigation of impacts on urban rivers." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13886.
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Includes bibliographies.Urban development and engineering works have resulted in the majority of rivers that drain urban areas being severely degraded, both ecologically and in terms of their potential amenity value. This dissertation explores the reasons for this "spiral of degradation" and it describes the ecological and social impacts on rivers caused by urban development, channelisation and canalisation. It then suggests possible measures to mitigate the impacts at the levels of the catchment, floodplain and river channel. The present cycle of degradation of urban rivers in the Cape Metropolitan Area (and elsewhere) can be halted. In addition, where degradation has already occurred, mitigation and rehabilitation are possible and could restore some of the lost conservation and ecological values, as well as the potential amenity, recreation and education functions. Early colonisation of Cape Town by Europeans inflicted severe impacts on the rivers surrounding and passing through the city. These included: catchment degradation, water abstraction, the disposal of unpurified sewage and industrial effluents, removal of riparian forests, clearing of instream vegetation and the draining of wetlands. During the 20111 century, many urban rivers have been "improved" by straightening or confining within rectangular concrete-lined canals in order to protect urban development in flood-prone areas. The unquestioning faith in technology during this period and the attitude that human ingenuity could "improve nature" are now regarded by the scientific community, together with some local and regional authorities and informed members of the public, as mistakes that resulted in ecological and environmental degradation. These technical solutions merely treated the symptoms of the problem without recognising, let alone attempting to treat, the causes, that is poor catchment and floodplain management. However, there is still a public demand for canalisation of the remaining "natural" rivers in the greater Cape Town area and beyond. At the same time, there has been an increase in environmental awareness, as well as a growing appreciation of the value of holistic and multi-objective planning in the engineering and planning professions. This dissertation aims to assess the impacts of urbanisation, channelisation and canalisation on the aquatic ecosystem and socio-economic environment of urban rivers, and to develop possible measures to mitigate these impacts.
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Vaicenaviciene, Monika. "What Is a River? : A report about a picture book on rivers." Thesis, Konstfack, Grafisk design & illustration, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-5869.
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The thesis consist of two parts - a creative part and a written report.The creative part is a picture book about rivers and the plentiful connections they have with The creative part is a picture book about rivers and the plentiful connections they have with us humans. It follows a child and her grandma as they look for answers to a question – what is a river? In their imaginary expedition, they discover rivers flowing in the sky and in living organisms; meet pilgrims and conquistadores, magical shape-shifting river dolphins and older-than-dinosaurs species of sturgeons; fish and bathe; gathering all the stories they participate in into their own story about the river. The book combines factual information, various stories from riverine environments as well as more loose associations and metaphors. The themes I touch upon include folklore, myths, daily needs of people rivers cater to, cultural metaphors, environmental problems, peculiarities of plants and animals, history, language etc. Every spread of the book is like a different chapter about different meanings rivers might have in different contexts. The book tells about a river as a journey, home, a refreshment, a name, a meeting place, a riddle, memory, depth, energy, a reflection, a path, the ocean; and as a thread that connects stories of different times and places. To make my book, I used a variety of materials, including pencils, watercolours, gouache, digital drawing; and a collection of geographical, historical, mythological references I have gathered as well as my own memories of growing up close to a river. I have tried to balance both factually accurate and poetic storytelling to create a story of interconnectedness and wonder. The key questions I worked with were: how to tell a story about natural environment in an engaging way; how to find a narrative structure that would communicate my story effectively and would have its inner logic; how to deal with issues of historical consciousness, ecological awareness, management of natural resources in a context of children’s books; how to encourage readers to think about relations of their physical and emotional environemnts. The title of the book is What Is a River? . It is supposed to be for children, but also for adults who would find the subject interesting. The report analyses the background, processes, and results of making the book.
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Empfield, Jeffrey Morgan. "Wilderness rivers : environmentalism, the wilderness movement, and river preservation during the 1960s /." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03302010-020640/.
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Simsek, Gul. "An Approach To Urban River Rehabilitation For Coexistence Of River And Its Respective City: Porsuk River Case And City Of Eskisehir." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613339/index.pdf.
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All living things mostly the humans, as builders of civilizations, have always been in intrinsic bonds with water. This interaction between water (oceans, seas, lakes, rivers etc.) and settlements has existed since ancient civilizations. Among water resources, &lsquoflowing waters&rsquo
such as rivers, streams, creeks, etc. have a prominent role as they are the lifeblood of most cities in terms of providing transportation, security, energy, irrigation, commerce, and recreation. By the late 19th century, developments of terrestrial transportation modes diminished the magnetism of rivers and riverfronts, and growing industries led to the deterioration of rivers. Owing to these reasons, along with many others, they turned into sewage channels, were covered up, and became water scopes detached from the urban life. Particularly since the 1970s, with more attention given to sustainability of resources, a greater awareness has grown of the vital role of urban rivers as a resource for humans and a lifeline for cities. After being neglected for decades, urban rivers have started to be rehabilitated to solve the related problems. The new approach to urban river rehabilitation beyond classical practices that aim at recovering the physical conditions of rivers has come to the fore to address the problems comprehensively. Instead of independent and one-dimensional practices, the urban rivers have become to be seen as a vital part of urban water system and of the city itself. While rehabilitating urban rivers, recovering river health can be ensured provided that the entire urban water ecosystem is taken into consideration. The ecocity approach is one of the major new approaches that geared toward achieving a healthy city, and sustainability of water system is the significant goal within this approach. In this regard, the thesis first asserts that the ecocity criteria are likely to give way to a more sustainable future for urban rivers. Besides being a part of the ecosystem, urban rivers have transformed together with the surrounding built environment throughout the history of cities. Significant focal elements of the urban pattern, urban rivers should be dealt with other urban focal points, with the introduced concept of river-city integration, which is proposed as the second assertion of the thesis. In this respect, the study attempts to investigate urban rivers and their rehabilitation in relation with both the ecocity approach, and the river-city integration concept. The research methodology in the present study involves comparative anaysis of best practices and case study analysis. Porsuk River and the city of Eskisehir, which the river passes through, were selected as a case for empirical study. Criteria sets that determined within the frames of ecocity and river-city integration, and the testing of the criteria in the case area offers an opportunity to contribute to literature of river and city coexistence.
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Garaci, Michael C. "River terrace development of the lower Saugeen River Valley, Southern Ontario." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0002/MQ40759.pdf.
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Luo, Jinbin, and 羅錦斌. "Rethinking the urban river: strategies of urban transformation Donghaoyong River, Guangzhou." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4500982X.
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Fairclough, Keith Roland. "The River Lea 1571-1767: a river navigation prior to canalisation." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1987. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1568.
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In pre-industrial England river navigations were subject to improvement by canalisation, the introduction of artificial navigation cuts and pound locks. Along the Lea this did not happen until 1767. Before that the navigation, except for one short period, relied upon a less efficient technology, the provision of flashes from fishing weirs, turnpikes and mills. Yet the river was still an important transport route, particularly for the supply of grain, meal and malt to London. It had been this during the mediaeval period, but not by the middle of the sixteenth century. Then in 1571 the City of London sponsored legislation to construct a canal from the Lea to London. Parliamentary opposition thwarted the original ambitious scheme, so two cheaper, shorter canals were considered, but never built. Instead an ambitious and unique river improvement scheme was successfully implemented. This experimental navigation (reducing reliance on flashes to a minimum) survived 20 years, before persistent and violent opposition from land carriers closed it. A Star Chamber case upheld the rights of the bargemen, but the experimental navigation was not restored. Instead the traditional flash-lock navigation re-appeared, and was to last, with only minor improvementg until 1767. In the intervening years the navigation continued to expand and prosper., This despite the admitted problems of relying on flashes and tides, and despite a series of major disputes with the New River Companyq the millers, fishermen and riparian land-owners. Conflict there certainly was, but also compromise. Ultimately all parties were prepared to accept the conflicting rights of other users, provided they could defend their own. commissions of Sewers provided an effective administrative forum to effect and authorise such compromise, even after the appointment of a body of Trustees in 1739. That the Lea was an adequate navigation before canalisation, despite a 'second-best' technology and an unpaid part-time administrative structure means' that a valid comparison with the concept of Appropiate Technology, discussed in modern-day development theory, is possible.
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Grapes, Timothy Rupert. "Groundwater-river interaction in a chalk catchment : the River Lambourn, UK." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2004. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4036/.
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Chalk streams are of high ecological value and are dependent upon groundwater discharge to support flows. This study investigates chalk stream-aquifer interaction, focusing on a near-natural catchment; the River Lambourn of the West Berkshire Downs. The topographic catchment of the Lambourn is 234km², principally underlain by Upper Chalk. The river has a perennial length of c.16km, and a 7.5km seasonal section. Temporal dynamics of the recharge-storage-discharge sequence are investigated using linear regression techniques to identify the lag between recharge and discharge. The effective maximum duration of groundwater flow is 9.1 months, which is used with regional hydraulic gradients to calculate a bulk (interfluve) hydraulic conductivity of 114m/d (using Sy=1%), suggesting that interfluve permeability has been historically underestimated. Spatial flow accretion on the Lambourn is defined from 12 reaches (each 1-2km long), exhibiting mean accretion rates between -0.019 and 0.211 cumecs/km. The accretion rate profile approximates a sinusoidal pattern (λ=12km) suggesting a catchment scale litho-structural control. However, local topography and lithology also exert influence. High accretion rate reaches are associated with major dry valley intersections and elevated valley floor permeability, whilst the presence of Chalk Rock at shallow depths restricts local accretion.
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Andrews, Matthew B. (Matthew Bryan) 1981. "Natural attenuation of organophosphates in river systems: Chattahoochee River case study." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/30138.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2004.Includes bibliographical references.
Three organophosphoric acid triesters, tributyl phosphate (TBP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) have been detected in surface waters across the world, primarily the result of sewage treatment plant discharge. Despite concentrations as low as a few parts per trillion, there is growing concern over the potential impact these compounds can have on human and environmental health. This study is an attempt to identify the presence of natural removal processes for these three organophosphoric acid triesters within the Chattahoochee River near Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Samples were collected during the month of January at various sites along the Chattahoochee River. They were subsequently analyzed for concentration of all three organophosphoric acid triesters. These concentrations were then implemented in the construction of mass balances with the intention of identifying a sink term for each compound. A separate set of samples were collected and analyzed at various times over a 24-hour period. These results were used to calculate a biodegradation rate for each organophosphoric acid triester within the Chattahoochee River. The results demonstrate that these three compounds are persistent in the Chattahoochee River over the course of one day. This conclusion is specific to the time of year and location of sampling. Despite findings of no significant natural attenuation, this study should be used as a foundation for future research into the removal of low-level contaminants within the Chattahoochee River.
by Matthew B. Andrews.
M.Eng.
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Shimizu, Daigo. "People's Water and River Perceptions in the Selangor River Basin, Malaysia." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253262.
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Luo, Jinbin. "Rethinking the urban river : strategies of urban transformation Donghaoyong River, Guangzhou /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42927493.
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Shaw, Gregory Alan. "Rehabilitation of the Orange River Mouth Salt Marsh : seed, wind and sediment characteristics." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/603.
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The Orange River is an important source of freshwater and like many other wetlands in semi-arid regions, supports various social (Spurgeon, 1998), economic (Spurgeon, 1998; Bornman et al., 2005) and ecological functions. The saltmarsh at the Orange River Mouth has become degraded over time following numerous anthropogenic impacts. As a result the Transboundary RAMSAR site was placed on the Montreux record emphasising the importance for rehabilitation. The potential of the marsh for natural rehabilitation was assessed through three physical factors which were considered to have the most influence on the saltmarsh i.e. 1) sediment 2) water 3) wind. Three sampling areas were chosen to investigate the sediment characteristics of the ORM saltmarsh and the suitability for seed germination and adult survival. Site A was representative of the general marsh area, Site B was thought to have favourable sediment conditions for saltmarsh growth because of the large numbers of seedlings and Site C was prone to inundation by wind blown sediment. The sites were sampled in 2005 (dry conditions) and in 2006 after high rainfall and river flooding. Electrical conductivity (EC) of the sediment throughout the marsh was hypersaline in many instances above the tolerance range for S. pillansii (> 80 mS.cm-1) The freshwater event in 2006 lowered salinity significantly in two of the three sites. Differences in sediment characteristics were also compared for three habitats i.e. driftlines, open sites and under vegetation. Driftlines (C. coronopifolia = 872 seedlings m-2; S. pillansii = 1296 seedlings m-2) and the microhabitat associated with adult plants (C. coronopifolia = 803 seedlings m-2; S. pillansii = 721 seedlings m-2) created favourable conditions for seedling growth, however open unvegetated (C. coronopifolia = 56 seedlings m-2; S. pillansii = 49 seedlings m-2) areas had significantly lower seedling density. Due to the marsh currently being in a desertified state this study aimed to establish whether the remaining vegetation could produce enough seed to revegetate the marsh. Laboratory studies indicated that seeds of both species germinated best in freshwater (0 psu). The germination of S. pillansii seeds was 40 percent at 0 psu compared to 5 percent at 35 psu. After storage under hypersaline conditions (35 psu) C. coronopifolia showed 100 percent seed germination when returned to freshwater whereas storage at 70 psu decreased the viability of S. pillansii seeds. The plants are producing adequate seed that will allow for regrowth and rehabilitation if sediment and groundwater characteristics are suitable for seed germination, seedling growth and adult survival. However the increase in bare areas at the Orange River mouth as a result of salt marsh dieback has increased the available sediment source. The wind blown sediment has covered large areas of the remaining adult salt marsh vegetation, particularly in the northern corner at Site C, causing further die-back.
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Lindenschmidt, Karl-Erich. "River water quality modelling for river basin and water resources management with a focus on the Saale River, Germany." [Potsdam] : [Bibliothek des Wissenschaftsparks Albert Einstein], 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=981609600.
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Dollar, E. S. J. "The determination of geomorphologically effective flows for selected eastern sea-Board Rivers in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005499.
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In South Africa the need to protect and manage the national water resource has led to the development of the Reserve as a basic right under the National Water Act (1998). The Ecological Reserve relates to the quality and quantity of water necessary to protect the sustainable functioning of aquatic ecosystems. The geomorphological contribution to setting the Reserve has focussed on three groups of information requirements: the spatial and temporal availability of habitat, the maintenance of substratum characteristics, and the maintenance of channel form. This thesis focusses on the second and third information requirements. The thesis has attempted to achieve this by adding value to the theoretical and applied understanding of the magnitude and frequency of channel forming discharge for selected southern African rivers. Many of the eastern sea-board rivers are strongly influenced by bed rock in the channel perimeter, and by a highly variable hydrological regime. This has resulted in characteristic channel forms, with an active channel incised into a larger macro-channel being a common feature of eastern seaboard rivers. Within the active channel inset channel benches commonly occur. This alluvial architecture is used to provide clues as to the types of flows necessary to meet the Reserve. Three river basins are considered : the Mkomazi, Mhlathuze and Olifants. The Mkomazi is a relatively un-impacted perennial eastern-sea board river and forms the research component of the study. The Mhlathuze and Olifants rivers are highly regulated systems and form the application component of the study. Utilising synthesised daily hydrological data, bed material data, cross-sectional surveys, hydraulic data and relevant bed material transport equations, channel form was related to dominant discharge and effective discharge in an attempt to identify the magnitude and frequency offlows that can be considered to be ' effective'. Results from the Mkomazi River indicate that no single effective discharge exists, but rather that there is a range of effective discharges in the 5-0.1% range on the 1-day daily flow duration curves that are responsible for the bulk (>80%) of the bed material transport. Only large floods (termed 'reset'discharges) with average return periods of around 20 years generate sufficient stream power and shear stress to mobilise the entire bed. The macro-channel is thus maintained by the large ' reset' flood events, and the active channel is maintained both by the range of effective discharges and the ' reset 'discharges. These are the geomorphologically 'effective' flows. Results from the Mhlathuze River have indicated that the Goedertrouw Dam has had a considerable impact on the downstream channel morphology and bed material transport capacity and consequently the effective and dominant discharges. It has been suggested that the Mhlathuze River is now adjusting its channel geometry in sympathy with the regulated flow environment. Under present-day conditions it has been demonstrated that the total bed material load has been reduced by up to three times, but there has also been a clear change in the way in which the load has been distributed around the duration curve. Under present-day conditions, over 90% of the total bed material load is transported by the top 5% of the flows, whereas under virgin flow conditions 90% of the total bed material load was transported by the top 20% of the flows. For the Olifants River there appears to be no relationship between the estimated bankfull discharge and any hydrological statistic. The effective discharge flow class is in the 5-0.01% range on the 1-day daily flow duration curve. It has also been pointed out that even the highest flows simulated for the Olifants River do not generate sufficient energy to mobilise the entire bed. It is useful to consider the Olifants River as being adapted to a highly variable flow regime. It is erroneous to think of one ' effective' discharge, but rather a range of effective discharges are of significance. It has been argued that strong bed rock control and a highly variable flow regime in many southern African rivers accounts for the channel architecture, and that there is a need to develop an ' indigenous knowledge' in the management of southern African fluvial systems
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Silveira, André Filipe. "Polycentricity and the adaptive capacity of river basin governance systems : insights from the River Rhine and the Pearl River (Zhujiang)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708546.
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Snidow, Dean C. "Assessing the impact of urbanization on White River water and sediment geochemistry in an agricultural watershed." CardinalScholar 1.0, 2009. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1477281.
Full textAbstract:
Increased urbanization in the United States and the rest of the world, has led to more research on the effects it has on the local ecology. Urbanization can be defined as the creation of impervious cover in areas previously covered by natural vegetation (forest, grassland or farmland) as well as the potential influence of sewage treatment plants. Small increases in impervious cover can cause noticeable changes in stream chemistry. The goal of this study is to quantify the impact of smaller industrial cities on water and sediment geochemistry in a largely agricultural watershed. The study area is in east-central Indiana along the west fork of the White River and includes the cities of Winchester, Muncie and Anderson. This area is dominated by agriculture and the impact of cities in the region on water chemistry has not been studied. To evaluate this impact, sampling sites were selected up- and downstream of the three cities to characterize White River water chemistry before and after it flows through the cities as well as sewage treatment plants. Sampling was done over the course of one year to obtain samples characteristic of high and low flow river conditions. Samples were analyzed for major cation and anion concentrations as well as total suspended solids. Metals data was also obtained in sediments, although sampled only twice throughout the study. Results show that sediment load, on average, increases on the downstream side as the river flows through urbanized areas. Chemical analyses show that major cations and anions, Na, K, SO4 and Cl, have distinct spikes in concentration on the downstream side of the cities, as well. Na and Cl are specifically linked to human and urbanized activity, and were up to four times higher downstream of urbanized cities. The concentration of other major ions, including Ca, Mg and NO3, was mostly due to agricultural land use and local bedrock
geology. Trace metals characteristic of pollution from automobiles, including Cd, Cr and Zn, showed large increases downstream of urban areas as well. This indicates that even in an area that is largely dominated by agriculture, smaller cities have a quantifiable impact to White River water quality.Department of Geology